Articles de revues : « Labor mobility – Social aspects »

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Bucăța, George. « The Challenges of Human Resources Department – The Impact of the Demographic Evolution (The Case of Migration) ». Scientific Bulletin 23, n^o 2 (31 décembre 2018) : 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bsaft-2018-0010.

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Abstract Employees must adapt to these permanent changes by acquiring new skills required to use new technologies. One of the phenomena developed in order to meet these challanges is labour mobility. For the purpose of economic and social mobility, labour is a form of movement in relation to the ever-changing needs of the productive factors. Mobility in the labor market can be considered from several aspects. At the EU level, the phenomenon of labour mobility is promoted by the desire to meet the challanges arising in the labour market. From a economic and political point of view, the free movement of people is inteded to create a common market for labour and promoting EU citizens, by removing barriers in this area.

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Jung, Robert C., et Rainer Winkelmann. « Two aspects of labor mobility : A bivariate Poisson regression approach ». Empirical Economics 18, n^o 3 (septembre 1993) : 543–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01176203.

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Pries, Ludger, et Martina Maletzky. « The Transnationalization of Labor Mobility : Development Trends and Selected Challenges Involved in Its Regulation ». Review of European Studies 9, n^o 2 (9 avril 2017) : 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/res.v9n2p115.

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Internationalization of value chains and of for-profit as well as non-profit organizations, and as a result of cheaper and safer mass migration, transnational labor mobility is of increasing importance. The article presents the development of the different types of cross-border labor mobility (from long-term labor migration over expatriats/inpatriats up to business traveling); it analyses crucial aspects of labor conditions and how the collective regulation of working, employment and participation conditions in general is affected: could local or national forms of labor regulation cope with these new conditions? What are the main challenges when it comes to collective bargaining and the monitoring of labor conditions? The article is based on a three year international and comparative research in Germany and Mexico. First, different ideal types of transnational labor mobility are distinguished that have emerged as a result of increasing cross-border labor mobility. Then potential sources of labor related social inequality and challenges in the regulation of the working, employment and participation conditions for transnational workers are discussed. Finally, some conclusions are drawn for further research.

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Ranita, Sylvia Vianty, Nasri Bachtiar, Fashbir Noor Siddin, Fajri Muharja et Febriandi Prima Putra. « Women Workers : Social Aspects and Accessibility in The Residential Neighborhood and Probability to Commuting ». Webology 19, n^o 1 (20 janvier 2022) : 1070–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/web/v19i1/web19073.

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Women are often faced with considerations including the choice of mobility with or without commuting, which is inseparable from the role of social in the neighborhood. This study aims to analyze the probability of women workers commuting in Indonesia through social capital and accessibility from the neighborhood to the labor market. The logit model and marginal effect were applied in this research, using the 2018 microdata obtained from Indonesia National Labor Force Survey (Sakernas) and Indonesian Village Potential (Podes). These data are combined based on residence similarity at the district level of each individual. The results showed that trust and solidarity increase, the probability of women workers commuting declines by 3.9%. The group and networks level increases through women groups in the residential neighborhood area cause commuting probability to decline of 14.3% on women workers. The variable of facilities will increase with a rise in women workers' commuting probability by 2.5%. These results were controlled by sectoral variables, work, income, education, age, and marital status of women workers in Indonesia. The findings in this study explain the social aspect in the social capital approach originating from the residential neighborhood causes a decreased probability of that decision. The indicates that the social ties of traditional society are still attached to women workers in Indonesia. However, the accessibility in this article is that public transportation gives a positive probability to the decision to commute to women workers in Indonesia.

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Gutorova, E. V. « Social Mobility of the Labor Force : Assessment in the Republic of Belarus (Regional Aspect) ». Statistics and Economics 19, n^o 5 (12 novembre 2022) : 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2500-3925-2022-5-4-12.

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The world community emphasizes the problem of growing inequality in the world, among the causes of which are the rapid development of technologies and globalization processes, and pays a special role to increasing social mobility as a key direction for solving this issue. The increasing influence of social mobility on the economy, confirmed by the results of a number of studies, increases the relevance of determining the level of social mobility, including for the Republic of Belarus. The absence of a country among the participants of the GSMI (Global Social Mobility Index) rating and the consequences arising in this regard, primarily related to the difficulty of assessing social mobility in the republic, increase the need to develop an integrated approach to this issue. Thus, the article proposes the author’s methodology for assessing the social mobility of the labor force in the Republic of Belarus, taking into account the national peculiarities of providing official statistical information in open access, suggesting a comparative analysis of the country’s regions in three directions: equal employment opportunities, fair and safe work, and improving living standards.The purpose of the research is to determine the level of social mobility in the labor market of the Republic of Belarus, having previously studied the results of foreign experience in assessing and regulating this phenomenon.Empirical base and research methods. The empirical base is the data of the National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus, formed both at the national level and in the context of the regions of the country. The work is based on general scientific research methods, as well as comparative analysis methods.Results. To achieve this goal, a number of tasks were solved: according to the developed methodology, the positions of the country’s regions in the proposed rating of social mobility of the workforce were determined, followed by their comparison with the national level; a “problem field” was formed for each region separately; the leaders and “outsiders” of the rating have been identified. A number of barriers preventing a comprehensive assessment of the social mobility of the labor force in the Republic of Belarus were identified. In particular, a number of indexes are listed that are of interest from the point of view of their application in calculating the proposed index, but are not used due to statistical inaccessibility in a regional context.Conclusion. The practical value of the paper lies in the possibility of applying its results in the process of making managerial decisions in the field of state regulation of the labor market. The proposed methodology for determining the level of social mobility of the workforce can significantly expand the understanding of the social and labor sphere of the Republic of Belarus, complementing the traditional approach to analyzing the state of the labor market of our country. The formation of an appropriate database, taking into account the proposed recommendations for the provision of individual statistical indexes by regions of the country, will significantly increase the objectivity of the rating of social mobility of the workforce presented in the framework of this study.

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Franz, Barbara. « Bosnian Refugee Women in (Re)settlement : Gender Relations and Social Mobility ». Feminist Review 73, n^o 1 (avril 2003) : 86–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.fr.9400077.

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Bosnian refugee women adapted more quickly than their male partners to their host environments in Vienna and New York City because of their self-understanding and their traditional roles and social positions in the former Yugoslavia. Refugee women's integration into host societies has to be understood through their specific historical experiences. Bosnian women in exile today continue to be influenced by traditional role models that were prevalent in the former Yugoslavia's 20th-century patriarchal society. Family, rather than self-fulfillment through wage labor and emancipation, is the center of life for Bosnian women. In their new environment, Bosnian refugee women are pushed into the labor market and work in low-skill and low-paying jobs. Their participation in the labor market, however, is not increasing their emancipation in part because they maintain their traditional understanding of zena (women) in the patriarchal culture. While Bosnian women's participation in low-skill labor appeared to be individual families’ decisions more in New York City than in Vienna, in the latter almost all Bosnian refugee women in my sample began to work in the black labor market because of restrictive employment policies. In contrast to men, women were relatively nonselective and willing to take any available job. Men, it seems, did not adapt as quickly as women to restrictions in the labor market and their loss of social status in both host societies. Despite their efforts, middle-class families in New York City and Vienna experienced substantial downward mobility in their new settings. Women's economic and social downward mobility in (re)settlement, however, did not significantly change the self-understanding of Bosnian women. Their families’ future and advancements socially and economically, rather than the women's own independence and emancipation remained the most important aspect of their being.

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Цырюльников. « Pendulum labour migration in context of manpower traffic control : problems and prospects (on Moscow region´s material) ». Management of the Personnel and Intellectual Resources in Russia 2, n^o 1 (12 février 2013) : 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/203.

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Pendulum labor migration is an important source of manpower formation in megalopolises and large cities; it promotes the development of population’s social mobility and the spread of urban lifestyle. The author on the basis of this phenomenon’s theoretical ideas analyzes the character, content and main directions of pendulum migration between Moscow and Moscow region as well as its social, fi nancial and moral aspects. Importance of this problem’s scientifi c studying is emphasized.

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Popova, Ekaterina S. « On the theoretical-methodological aspects of studying the influence of professional education on social stratification ». VESTNIK INSTITUTA SOTZIOLOGII 11, n^o 3 (2020) : 14–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/vis.2020.11.3.660.

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This article presents an attempt to define the framework and the possible guidelines for analyzing the influence of professional education on social stratification given the current conditions of social reality. The author points out that the structural changes in all social institutions (including professional education and the labor market), the fluidity and dynamism of modern social reality, and conserving a dichotomy of fluidity when speaking of the Russian context – rigidity, the expansion and inflation of professional education combined with the preservation of inequality when it comes to implementing educational trajectories – all of this makes studying the connection between social stratification, professional education and social mobility ever the more relevant. Researchers face the following acute questions: what sort of role is played by professional education in promoting or restricting an individual’s social mobility? How has the expansion and inflation of education redefined the selection and allocation of human capital? In which way does the connection change between social stratification, professional education and social mobility, what are the foundations, the sociological study tradition and the theoretical-methodological prospects for the future? In order to find answers, the author examines both traditional theoretical-methodological approaches, and ones that are new to sociology of education. The article substantiates the notion that structural-functional theory does not possess a comprehensive explanatory potential in the study of the socio-structural role of professional education in regards to social mobility. The author substantiates the following thesis from a conflict analysis standpoint: democratizing access to professional education does not mean the reduction of class inequality or the emergence of a society of equal opportunity. Within the paradigm of an activity-related approach in sociology of education, where education is viewed not just as a separate social institution, but as part of a larger system of social action and social inequality, the definitive role of motivation and proactiveness is emphasized, with them producing a positive effect when it comes to attaining higher professional status. The accelerating rate of change in society, the multidimensionality and polyvariance in implementing educational and professional trajectories in modern society indicate the need for a multidimensional evaluation of social mobility. In regards to the topic of education, and when it comes to analyzing the implementation of educational trajectories, professional education represents a vital condition and a necessary prerequisite for an individual to exercise social mobility both in terms of objective and subjective coordinates of mobility, and in regards to research methods and methodology, this demands synthesizing quantitative and qualitative research strategies, and, consequently, opens up new opportunities for interpreting results and perceiving social reality.

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Gurieva, Svetlana, Kristi Kõiv et Olga Tararukhina. « Migration and Adaptation as Indicators of Social Mobility Migrants ». Behavioral Sciences 10, n^o 1 (9 janvier 2020) : 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs10010030.

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The economic and social changes in modern society have resulted in intensive and extensive migrant activity. The article contains a review of social, psychological, and gender aspects of migration from three countries of Central Asia (former Soviet republic)—Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan—in Russia (St. Petersburg). The main objective of our study was to identify socio-psychological mechanisms of migration from Central Asia—the general and specific peculiarities of the acculturation process of migrant workers. Participants in the study were labor migrants from Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan. The research was conducted in St. Petersburg. In total, 98 people aged from 19 to 42 years old took part in the research (median age = 32.26, SD = 3.44), among them, women made up 44% and men made up 56%. Three ethnic groups were represented in the sample: Kyrgyz people (34 persons), Tajik people (32 persons), and Uzbek people (32 persons). The research found both general and specific features related to certain ethnic groups. The research results showed that there were significant differences between the migrants from Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan by the following acculturation indicators: number of social contacts (friends) among representatives of their own ethnicity and among the Russian-speaking population, type of acculturation strategy, degree of life satisfaction, cultural and economic safety, and anxiety level.

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Ericksno, Christopher L., et Sarosh Kuruvilla. « Labor Costs and the Social Dumping Debate in the European Union ». ILR Review 48, n^o 1 (octobre 1994) : 28–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399404800103.

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This study examines the labor cost incentive for capital movement in manufacturing within the European Union, a key aspect of the “social dumping” debate in Western Europe. The authors find that the percentage differences in unit labor costs between the more developed and less developed countries in the Union not only were large in 1980 but actually grew between 1980 and 1986, and separate estimates of compensation and productivity growth rates do not indicate that significant convergence occurred over the remainder of the 1980s. Although these findings apparently confirm that a labor cost incentive for capital mobility does exist, analysis of foreign direct investment data indicates that during the period 1980–88 capital flows to the lower labor cost countries actually were not much larger than capital flows to the higher labor cost countries.

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Irkha, K., H. Ahafonova et V. Dudkevych. « The state of implementation of socio-economic transformations in Ukraine in the context of European integration policy ». National Technical University of Ukraine Journal. Political science. Sociology. Law, n^o 4(52) (21 décembre 2021) : 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2308-5053.2021.4(52).248132.

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The author has analyzed ranking indexes of the state in the period before and after active European integrational practices – in 2013 and in 2019. The indexes which, by their content, correspond to the principles which serve as a foundation for social and economical policy of the EU have been paid attention to. As a result, it has been concluded that the reputational progress of Ukraine is conditioned by European integration reforms, in particular, in the areas of entrepreneurship, economic rights and freedoms, information openness in relation to economics and public finances, creating conditions for citizens to manage their property and labor. The study highlights those aspects of the socio-economic plane that are sensitive to European integration processes: migration processes to increase labor, touristic and academic mobility. It has been stated the dual nature of the geographical reorientation of labor migration from Ukraine to the West in contrast to the Russian Federation, due to both the worsening of labor conditions and environmental safety in Russia and the simplification of employment procedures in the EU countries. It is emphasized that this layering of circumstances, in fact, made a choice on behalf of people and European integration in this case is a favorable condition, not a key reason. Four levels of European integration factor in the socio-economic development of Ukraine have been emphasized: adaptation of domestic legislation to the integration of principles and values of EU policy into Ukrainian practices; support and acceleration of systemic reforms, correlated with the European integration course by means of macro-financial assistance and loans; assistance in activation and reorientation of social mobility of Ukrainians to the European direction – within the framework of labor migration, academic mobility and touristic flows; improvement of Ukraine’s reputation indexes in world’s rankings.

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Scholtz, Hanno. « Rational Choice Theory in Comparative Sociology ». Comparative Sociology 14, n^o 4 (13 octobre 2015) : 587–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691330-12341359.

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Among schools of thought in comparative research, Rational Choice Theory (rct) is both the most systematic and the most contested. rct lacks a “classical” foundation but offers a clear internal theory structure. The rationality assumption contains an unquestioned heuristic aspect, although the determinants of choice (especially preferences) lack a universally accepted solution. The choice aspect addresses the understanding of social phenomena as the result of individual actions seen in light of the possible alternatives. This view unifies scholars in the Rational Choice tradition and leads to the macro-micro-macro-scheme. Micro-oriented comparative research has flourished through the availability of multi-level data sets in fields such as social capital theory, social stratification and mobility, including educational attainment or the inclusion of migrants, family studies, criminology, and labor markets. Institutional rct-based comparative research has addressed welfare states, religion, and general questions. In both aspects, rct leaves room for further productivity in comparative research.

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Şahin, Mehmet. « The Influence of Globalization on Turkish Sports ». Journal of Education and Training Studies 6, n^o 4 (6 mars 2018) : 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v6i4.2995.

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This paper addresses the phenomenon of globalization, which has also spread to sports, in terms of its economic, social and cultural aspects; while discussing the concept based on examples from the discipline of football in the premier league of Turkey. In this framework, sports labor emigration mobility is handled, and sponsorship and the effects of globalization in Turkey’s sport is examined in terms of relationships between media and sports. The paper also provides concrete examples from the national and international sports circles by framing the fields where globalization becomes apparent in sports. In this framework, this article addresses the sport labor migration, and studies the effect of globalization in Turkish sports within the relations among sponsorship, media and sports.

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Briody, Elizabeth K. « Patterns of Household Immigration into South Texas ». International Migration Review 21, n^o 1 (mars 1987) : 27–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791838702100102.

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Relatively little is known about household immigration to the U.S. and in particular, the cultural and work-related aspects of the transition faced by households. Results from this article suggest that immigration often leads to downward social mobility with respect to legal status of household members, type of employment, and property ownership. Of particular note is the transformation of the household from a single to a multiple worker unit, in response to agricultural labor demands and growing employment opportunities in the non-agricultural sector. These factors are influential in the modification of the traditional ideology concerning the division of labor by sex and age. This article introduces a hypothesis for explaining the increase and permanency of household immigration.

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ZAITCEVA, LARISA V., et TATYANA V. LUZINA. « LABOR LEGISLATION AS A TOOL FOR ENSURING MIGRATION SAFETY ». Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the RAS 14, n^o 5 (12 décembre 2019) : 168–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.35427/2073-4522-2019-14-5-zaitceva-luzina.

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The labor legislation may have an impact on the level of migration safety in the country. On the one hand, it provides conditions for improvement of the labor force mobility domestically through the establishment of guarantees and compensations due to relocation to another region. On the other hand, the labor legislation ensures control over legal external labor migration and protects internal labor market against illegal migrants and social damping in respect of labor conditions through the establishment of special diferentiation of legal regulation of labor of foreign citizens and individuals without citizenship.Russia demonstrates a traditionally low level of internal labor mobility, the fact that results in preservation of localization of regional labor markets and prevents from efficient usage of labor force. The main challenges in this area are the matters related to provision of housing for displaced persons which is beyond the scope of regulation by the labor legislation.The legal instruments ensuring the exercise of temporary internal labor mi gra-tion are associated with such forms of labor organization as work on a rotational basis, seasonal work, and outstaffing. Remote working can be roughly attributed to such forms.In the Russian Federation citizens still face an employment problem if they do not have registration at their place of residence. The regulations of the labor legislation on prohibition of discrimination, inter alia, based upon place of residence, availability or lack of registration at one’s place of residence as well as regulations on administrative liability for the respective acts serve as sufficient legal remedies against illegal refusal to recruit. The problems of efficiency of such remedies are to a large extent linked to procedural aspects — dissemination of general rules for the shared burden of proof on disputes on discrimination in labor sector.The issues of external migration are governed primarily by the standards of ad mi nistrative law. The labor legislation regulates labor relationships with the participation of foreign citizens and individuals without citizenship and establishes features for regulation of their labor not forming discrimination. Along with this, there are problems to be resolved. The following can be identified. The regulations of the Labor Code of RF governing features for temporary transfer of foreign employees and the related additional grounds for termination of labor contract bring instability into such labor relationships and provide a context for abuses on the part of employer. Regardless the fact that the legislation doesn’t prohibit remote working for foreign citizens, the Ministry of Labor and Social Security of RF considers it impossible to conclude an employment contract on remote working with a foreign employee residing abroad. Moreover, the Russian legislation doesn’t provide for a possibility to conclude an employment contact in the languages of both parties as stipulated in Guidelines No.86 of the International Labor Organization "On migrant workers" (revised in 1949).It is necessary to continue improving the labor legislation for the purposes of facilitating internal labor mobility, protecting employees against discrimination and malpractices of socio-labor damping.

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Pityulych, Mykhaylo, et Volodymyr Hoblyk. « SYSTEM APPROACH TO ANALYSIS OF THE ESSENCE OF MIGRATION PROCESSES ». Scientific Bulletin of Mukachevo State University. Series “Economics” 1(13) (2020) : 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31339/2313-8114-2020-1(13)-45-50.

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Ukraine's integration into the European Economic Area is accompanied by large-scale labor migration of economically active population. Under the current conditions, it takes on new forms of quality, the motivational component of labor displacements is changing, the structure of the population included in the sphere of migration processes has undergone significant changes, the share of persons with high professional qualification and educational level and considerable work experience has increased. All this requires deep reflection and investigation of the cause and effect relationships of labor migration, a thorough scientific analysis of current trends, identification of benefits and potential threats to the country, the formation of a well-considered state labor migration policy. Paying attention to existing scientific developments, it should be noted that studies of labor migration processes, with a small exception, are at an early stage: many methodological and organizational aspects of their regulation are not properly disclosed, they lack a deep scientific understanding of the essence of migration processes as a complex social and economic phenomenon. The article attempts to reveal the epistemological nature and essence of the migration process as a complex system of social order. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of its system-forming components, which are in causal relationships and ensure its integrity, which is important for the formation of organizational and economic mechanism of regulation of labor migration processes. In the course of the research it was found out that the migration process as a complex system involves a number of interrelated stages - migration environment, migration situation, migration behavior, migration movement, i.e. mobility and adaptation of labor migrants. The article focuses on the analysis of the initial, basic stage of the migration process - the migration environment, which determines the migration situation, under the influence of which migration behavior is formed, and therefore migration mobility and the intensity of labor movements. This understanding of the nature of migration processes is essential for the practice of regulating migration processes and for the formation of an organizational and economic mechanism for regulating labor movements. The analysis of each of the isolated stages makes it possible to ensure the systematic and comprehensive management of labor migration processes, to increase the efficiency of the state migration policy. Keywords: migration process, stages of migration process, mechanism, regulation.

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Hoffmann, Eran B., Davide Malacrino et Luigi Pistaferri. « Earnings dynamics and labor market reforms : The Italian case ». Quantitative Economics 13, n^o 4 (2022) : 1637–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/qe1865.

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This paper summarizes statistics on the key aspects of the distribution of earnings levels and earnings changes using administrative (social security) data from Italy between 1985 and 2016. During the time covered by our data, earnings inequality and earnings volatility increased, while earnings mobility did not change significantly. We connect these trends with some salient facts about the Italian labor market, in particular the labor market reforms of the 1990s and 2000s, which induced a substantial rise in fixed‐term and part‐time employment. The rise in part‐time work explains much of the rise in earnings inequality, while the rise in fixed‐term contracts explains much of the rise in volatility. Both of these trends affect the earnings distribution through hours worked: part‐time jobs reduce hours worked within a week, while fixed‐term contracts reduce the number of weeks worked during the year as well as increase their volatility. We only find weak evidence that fixed‐term contracts represent a “stepping‐stone” to permanent employment. Finally, we offer suggestive evidence that the labor market reforms contributed to the slowdown in labor productivity in Italy by delaying human capital accumulation (in the form of general and firm‐specific experience) of recent cohorts.

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MARTIN LLORENTE, OSCAR. « ARTISAN MOBILITY IN PREINDUSTRIAL EUROPE AND MOBILITY WITHIN THE EUROPEAN HIGHER EDUCATION AREA ». DYNA 96, n^o 6 (1 novembre 2021) : 567–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.6036/9993.

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This research work performs a comparative study between the artisan mobility in the preindustrial Europe and the mobility within the European Higher Education Area (EHEA), emphasizing key aspects of the EHEA associated with mobility such as employability, technological transfer, social cohesion and receptiveness to new ideas. It can be concluded that, indeed, artisan mobility in preindustrial Europe was as a precedent for mobility within the EHEA, in the context of engineering education, from the detailed study of (a) movements of skilled artisan institutionally organized by states and political authorities, (b) tramping system, whose institutional backbone shows a clear parallelism with the organizational framework that supports the mobility within the EHEA, and that also contributed to overcome problems of information asymmetry in the labour market between local employers and itinerant workers, and consequently to solve problems of journeyman unemployment, (c) journeyman mobility as a teaching program integrated into the craft guild framework, which could restrain the information asymmetry in the commodity market by giving traceability and additional validation to the artisan instruction, and (d) minority migrations, which acted as a spur for the mobility within the EHEA because they allowed Europe to be aware of the importance of tolerance and receptiveness to new ideas. Keywords: Technology transfer; Employability; Labour mobility; EHEA; Preindustrial Europe

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Mech, Krishna. « EX- TEA GARDEN TRIBE AND LABOUR MOBILITY : A LOOK AT CHANGING DYNAMISM OF LABOUR IN SONITPUR DISTRICT, ASSAM ». International Journal of Advanced Research 10, n^o 04 (30 avril 2022) : 656–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/14598.

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This paper examines the changing dynamics of labour of the Ex- Tea garden tribe from the Tea garden tribe in the Sonitpur District of Assam. Hence, factors such as migration or labour mobility, social, economic, cultural, and political aspects have been taken into account for understanding the socio-economic contribution of the Ex-Tea garden tribe labour population in the region. The paper also argues that Ex- Tea garden tribe labour despite their distinct identity and socio-economic contribution to the region is overlooked in different aspects of society in the region. This endangers the growth and development of Ex- Tea garden tribe labour community in various fields in the Sonitpur District of Assam.

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Tolbert, Charles M., Troy C. Blanchard et Michael D. Irwin. « Measuring Migration : Profiling Residential Mobility across Two Decades ». Journal of Applied Social Science 3, n^o 2 (septembre 2009) : 24–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/193672440900300203.

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The demography of a local population is a central aspect of applied social science research. Although birth and death rates influence a population, the key contributing factor influencing the demographics of a locality is almost always internal migration—the movement of persons between U.S. regions, states, and localities. Current definitions of internal migration used by the U.S. Census Bureau are limited because confidentiality restrictions require that detailed current and former place of residence geographic information be suppressed in publicly available files. In this paper we report the results of our work with confidential versions of the 1990 and 2000 decennial census microdata to develop an improved measurement of migration in order to develop a profile of internal migration in the United States. We perform our analysis for two contrasting time periods, 1985–1990 and 1995–2000. Our interest here is to assess the stability of the profile of migrants during a time period of economic contraction and expansion. Using confidential internal versions of the 1990 and 2000 Census long-form microdata, we estimate logistic models of the likelihood that individuals will migrate. The geographic detail in the internal Census data permits us to measure migration in ways that are not possible with public-domain Census data on persons. We develop migration definitions that distinguish between local residential mobility likely associated with life course transitions from migration out of the labor market area that may be driven more by employment and other socioeconomic considerations. Using logistic modeling, we find that the same individual attributes predict migration reasonably well during both periods. We also compute some illustrative probabilities of migration that show temporal stability in migration predictors could be lessened by certain changes in population composition.

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Mumtaz, Syra, et Muhammad Zeeshan Younas. « Impact of Globalization on Major Macroeconomic Variables : Empirical Evidence from Pakistan ». Journal of Quantitative Methods 5, n^o 1 (1 mars 2021) : 18–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.29145/2021/jqm/050102.

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Globalization is a multi-dimensional phenomena with profound impact on different aspects of the modern world, including economic, social, political, cultural, environmental, and geographical. This study is an attempt to analyze how various components of globalization, i.e., trade openness, financial liberalization and labor mobility impacts the economic dynamics of a developing country affecting the performance of macroeconomic variables including the budget deficit, inflation and economic growth. In this study, we use the terms trade openness and liberalization along with financial openness, financial liberalization and financial development interchangeably. The purpose is to capture the overall impact irrespective of nature as nature may lead to contradictory results. Furthermore, the labour flows give due attention as human capital is an inevitable avenue for the effective and sustainable growth of any country. It is noticed that various global factors effect budget deficits, inflation and economic growth with varying intensities depending upon the size and dynamics of the economy. The empirical analysis involves the time series data of Pakistan from 1973 to 2014. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) methodology is used to obtain the results and policy related suggestions.

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Nichuhovska, Liliia, et Liudmyla Nikolenko. « ТHE ORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROFESSIONAL MOBILITY OF FUTURE SPECIAL EDUCATION TEACHERS IN THE CONTEXT OF COMPETENCE APPROACH ». Scientific journal of Khortytsia National Academy, n^o 2022-7 (3 décembre 2022) : 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.51706/2707-3076-2022-7-6.

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The article considers the important problem of the development of professional mobility of future teachers of special education, the solution of which is actualized by significant changes in the practice of remedial work and approaches to its organization in both special and inclusive institutions, the content of which is significantly restructured in wartime conditions. Solving this problem requires higher education institutions to respond quickly to requests and challenges of educational practice and to pay special attention to updating the content of training of remedial teachers in the aspect of forming personal and professional mobility skills. Тhe article examines the views of scientists on the phenomenon of professional mobility in social, psychological and pedagogical aspects. Professional mobility is presented by the authors as an important component of pedagogical competence, which is manifested in the readiness and ability of future special education teachers to change professional functions within one professional activity and to master new directions of correction and development of personality in the conditions of a dynamically changing labor market, and also requires a high level of social development and personal life-creativity competencies. The authors define content-technological foundations of the development of professional mobility of future teachers of special education in the light of the competence approach. They attributed the following conceptual approaches to it: competence-specific, systemic, activity-based, technological, acmeological, student-centered, synergistic, research, integrated, and life-creativity; principles of pedagogical activity: creativity, personal responsibility, trust and partnership, reflexivity, dynamic integrity, openness, noospheric outlook, self-organization and self-actualization; organizational and pedagogical conditions: actualization of the possibilities of the institution of higher education as a personal development environment, development and implementation of methodological principles for the involvement of future special education specialists in professionally significant creative activities in all possible forms of education. Attention is drawn to the fact that the identified basic approaches, principles and conditions are interrelated, complement each other and collectively represent the most solid scientific basis, on which one can base the technology of developing the professional competence of a special education teacher with a high-quality result in achieving the set goal.

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Ostapenko, V. A., I. M. Morozova et N. V. Kazantseva. « Development of the new employment forms in the context of digital transformation of the economy ». E-Management 5, n^o 3 (27 septembre 2022) : 64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/2658-3445-2022-5-3-64-72.

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The article deals with the problems of the formation of new forms of employment under the influence of digitalisation processes and a protracted economic crisis. The purpose of the study is to consider the little-studied aspects of development of the new forms of employment in the conditions of the “fourth industrial revolution” and determine their prospects. The work shows that the spread of new forms of employment in the context of the formation of a new technological order indicates the digital transformation of the economy and at the same time acts as a response to the economic crisis caused by the obsolescence of the industries of the outgoing modes due to the gradual exhaustion of their efficiency, including impact of the recent COVID-19 pandemic. At the same time, the introduction of new elements of employment into the system of social and labor relations does not eliminate the previously existing conflicts of interests of their participants, but ensures a more dynamic development of the labor market and increases the adaptive potential of workers. Particular attention is paid to such forms of work organization as mobile work based on information and communication technologies, work on platforms and sharing of employees’ labor. The authors conduct a comparative analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of these forms of employment based on employers’ and employees’ interests and points of view. Reserves of growth and restrictions on the development of new forms of employment have been identified. Attention is focused on the social and cultural consequences of increased flexibility and mobility of labor relations in the context of the development of new non-standard forms of employment. The results of the study can be used in developing areas for improvement of employment policy in the context of further deployment of digitalisation processes.

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Motruk, Svitlana. « Migration of Ukrainians to the Czech Republic in the Context of European Integration processes of the 21st Century ». European Historical Studies, n^o 15 (2020) : 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2020.15.5.

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On the basis of a large variety of documents and materials the article analyses the preconditions, main stage and consequences of the Ukrainian migration to the Czech Republic during the period of European integration. The article defines the problems of the migration and the prospects for its development in the 21st century. The author emphasises globalization, world conditions, scientific and technological progress, specialization of markets at regional level, social and public labor potential as the key factors of labor mobility, as well as geopolitical and geocultural factors, that changes people’s world outlook in the context of information society. The study focuses on the main reasons for migration from Ukraine to Czech Republic (relatively stable and positive situation in the Czech economy in comparison to the Ukrainian, position in the labor market, the cultural and linguistic similarities, the long history of mutual migration processes). In addition, the author points out at a number of the modern trends of the migration (the quantitative growth of migrant workers and students in absolute numbers as well as in percentage, the growing number of Ukrainians with the Czech residence permit, the transformation of the social structure of migrants, permanent illegal employment). The changes in the migration policy of the Czech Republic after accession to the EU, its political and social context, positive and negative effects, the contents of the so-called «Ukraine Project» and «Ukraine Mode» are examined. The growing impact of the Ukrainian migrants on the development of the Czech economy and society is underlined. The article identifies of the modern migration as a phenomenon, which is being institutionalized and which transforms from a traditional social movement into a structured social organism (diaspora, network of national public associations, infrastructure of the migration services market, etc.), and thus into the subject and instrument of regulation of the people’s economic activity. Some aspects of the Ukrainian diaspora life in Czech Republic are considered.

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Badmaeva, Nogan V. « Опыт трудовой миграции сельских жителей Калмыкии (по результатам глубинных интервью) ». Oriental Studies 13, n^o 3 (24 décembre 2020) : 688–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2020-49-3-688-695.

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Introduction. Labor migration of Kalmykia’s rural population is a pressing challenge for the region. Permanent nature and endurance of the socioeconomic crisis in the agricultural sector of the republic have been adversely affecting the living standards of ordinary villagers. Lack of work opportunities and low salaries result in that the latter migrate en masse to the regional capital and even further. Goals. The study aims to analyze labor migration experiences of local rural dwellers. Materials and Methods. The paper summarizes a number of in-depth structured interviews. The qualitative research methods employed make it possible to view the issue in the eyes of unrelated actual participants of the migration processes, with certain attention paid to their backgrounds and life paths. Results. The work reveals one of the key economic factors underlying labor migration is the necessity to pay mortgage and consumer loans. And migration waves closely align with individual life cycles, such as marriage, divorce, births and even weddings of children. Some respondents reported their migrations were determined by certain adulthood stages of children. All these aspects give rise a new context of family and marriage relations: there emerge guest marriage patterns and changes in gender roles, e.g., in some families those are women who act as migrant workers. Roles of grandparents experience transformations forcing the latter to assume functions of the absent father of mother. Horizontal social networks come to the fore, including territorial and kindred ties. Such migrant labor experiences become a tool of economic strategies and mobility: people purchase dwellings in the city, and support children funding their plans with the earned money. So, migration of parents definitely serves a landmark for future migrations of their descendants. The results obtained attest to that the social profile of rural labor migrants contains quite a share of active individuals intensely motivated to work, ones who strive for better living standards and can adjust themselves to strenuous living / working conditions staying away from home and family.

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Mumtaz, Saira, et Muhammad Zeeshan Younas. « Impact of Globalization on Budget Deficit, Inflation and Economic Growth : The Case of Pakistan ». Jinnah Business Review 8, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2020) : 62–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.53369/slxl5535.

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Globalization is a multi-dimensional phenomena with profound impact on different aspects of the modern world including economic, social, political, cultural, environmental, and geographical. This study is an attempt to analyze the subject that how various components of globalization i.e. trade openness, financial liberalization and labor mobility impact the economic dynamics of a developing country by affecting the performance of selected macroeconomic variables including budget deficit, inflation and economic growth. In this particular research we used the terms trade openness and liberalization along with financial openness, financial liberalization and financial development interchangeably. The purpose is to capture the overall impact irrespective of the nature as considering nature would lead to contradictory results. The increasing importance of labor flow is also given due attention in this study as human capital is an inevitable avenue for the effective and sustainable growth of any country. Various global factors effect budget deficits, inflation and economic growth with varying intensities depending upon the size and dynamics of the economy. The empirical analysis involves the time series data for years 1973-2014 for the case of Pakistan. The Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) methodology is used to derive the results and conclusion further seconded by the policy suggestions made in the light of this study.

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Berveno, O. V., et L. S. Yurchenko. « The Main Directions of the Employment Promotion Policy in the Conditions of Economy Digitalization ». PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY 4, n^o 46 (2020) : 351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-0712-2020-4-351-356.

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The social and labor sphere in the conditions of digital transformation requires special care of the state and theoretical comprehension of the possibilities of the state employment regulation. The article aims at carrying out systemic analysis of opportunities, features and directions of the state influence on employment in the context of economy digitalization. Technological changes form new challenges in the field of social and labor relations, relations concerning the human resources formation and involvement, and the involvement of people in economic activities. These are changes that create uncertainty and risks both in the system of employment and self-realization of human labor potential, and in the system of income. Digital technologies have created a completely specific work process, bringing changes into all its elements, namely: the subject and means of labor, technology, organization and result of labor. The impact of digital technologies on labor market changes take place in several important directions, namely: the intensification of migration processes; interprofessional and intra-firm mobility; development of modern employees’ adaptive skills; ability to learn throughout life; growth of the competitive advantages of educated, professional, and creative staff; development of flexible forms of employment. Contradictory processes in the field of labor and socio-labor relations make special requirements to socio-economic policies in employment promote. Modern employment policy has close complementary links with human development policy. Its important direction is the one of creating an effective retraining system, helping to acquire new professional competencies, and it involves close cooperation with the educational sphere. Mechanisms for de-shadowing hidden unemployment and eradicating informal employment, especially its precarious forms, are of great relevance to the Ukrainian economy. An important aspect of expanding employment opportunities is promoting the development of remote employment together with its consistent institutionalism.

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Volokh, Vladimir, et Irina Gerasimova. « Management of migration processes in the Russian Federation : analysis and prospects ». Upravlenie 7, n^o 1 (7 mai 2019) : 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/2309-3633-2019-1-5-12.

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The article analyzes the migration situation taking into account the social and economic development of the Russian Federation. The statistical data on labor migration, illegal migration, as well as indicators of demographic development and the labor market have been adduced. The forecast of changing the demographic situation has been considered. The main trends in the distribution of foreign workers taking into account the professional-qualification structure have been revealed. The authors stated the growing role of migration in the formation of labor potential and its placement in the country’s territory. The main legal instrument in the sphere of migration, according to authors, is the Concept of the State Migration Policy of the Russian Federation for the period 2019-2025, approved by the President of the Russian Federation, which defines the goals, principles, tasks, main directions and mechanisms for implementing the state migration policy of the Russian Federation. The implementation of the Concept activities will improve the migration legislation, using labor market tools related to determining the needs of the Russian economy for foreign workers, simplifying the entry, exit and stay of qualified foreign specialists, entrepreneurs and investors, and the development of educational and academic migration. Improving the mechanisms for foreign citizens to work on the basis of patents from Russian individuals, to facilitate the territorial mobility of Russian citizens are important aspects of the state migration policy. First of all, economic trends in the management of the state migration policy should be aimed at a balanced distribution of labor resources in the territory of the Russian Federation. Special attention has been paid to the international cooperation in the migration field. Attention has been paid to international treaties, aimed at the implementation of labor activity of migrants, the suppression of illegal migration, as well as international treaties on readmission. The prospects of effective management of migration processes in the Russian Federation on the basis of interaction of various levels of power have been determined.

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Bil, Mariana, Oleksandr Makhoniuk et Nazariy Popadynets. « Concept of Regulating youth Migration Mobility of Ukraine in War Conditions ». Journal of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University 9, n^o 3 (31 octobre 2022) : 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/jpnu.9.3.44-54.

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Problematic aspects of the synergy of youth and migration policy, which acquire additional relevance for Ukraine in the war conditions, in the article were considered. The aim of the article is the scientific substantiation of the conceptual provisions regarding the regulation of youth migration mobility with the detection of modern priorities for Ukraine. The analysis of the legislation of Ukraine in the social sphere made it possible to reveal the importance of the issue of state support for youth among the conceptual-strategic and program-target priorities. At a time when developed countries are actively promoting the idea of «Talent on the Move», youth migration in Ukraine is taking on threatening characteristics due to the lack of systematic regulation of it. The results of a sociological survey of young people with migration experience, based on the example of the Lviv region of Ukraine, proved that youth re-emigration intentions were extremely low even before the Russo-Ukrainian War 2022. The emigration of Ukrainian youth is intellectualizing, changing the previous migration labor wave. The current wave of forced emigration also has the face of children and youth, who are highly likely to successfully integrate into host societies. Taking into account the risks of irreversible demographic losses and the social functionality of the state, it is necessary to implement a new concept of regulating the youth migration mobility, which includes measures to influence migration movements and migration potential, as well as support for the main areas of youth life. The new concept should be developed in accordance with the regulated priorities of national security, human and sustainable development, the expediency of youth policy regionalization in the conditions of a successful decentralization reform. The basis of the migration potential regulation is the organization of migration mobility monitoring in the context of the development and capitalization of human potential, that is, the clarification of the consequences of migration for the person and the region (state) of origin. It is mandatory to support of social ties with diaspora institutions. The new concept of regulating the youth migration mobility should aim to stimulate their re-emigration with a promising transition to ensuring circular migration during the post-war recovery period of Ukraine. The obtained results are the basis for further research in the part of determining the mechanisms of stimulating the re-emigration of young people to Ukraine and attracting their potential during further stay abroad.

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Jaya, I. K. D., et Rosmilawati. « Production and income dynamics of maize farmers in dryland of North Lombok Indonesia before and during the Covid-19 pandemic ». IOP Conference Series : Earth and Environmental Science 1107, n^o 1 (1 décembre 2022) : 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1107/1/012009.

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Abstract The Covid-19 pandemic has had a broad impact on several aspects of human life, one of which is the issue of food sufficiency. Due to social restrictions, the agricultural sector, which plays a role in producing food for humans, may be affected by the pandemic. These restrictions impact the availability of farm labor and the market, both agricultural inputs, and outputs. This three-year study examines the factors that influence the productivity and income of maize farmers in the dry sandy lands of Gumantar village, North Lombok, Indonesia, before and during the Covid-19 pandemic. The method used was descriptive quantitative with 50 respondents, determined by accidental sampling. The study results showed variations in land area ownership of respondent farmers, variations in crop productivity, and variations in the form of products sold, such as selling cobs and selling grains. Maize production was more affected by rainfall, fertilizer availability, and pest disturbances than the Covid-19 pandemic. However, the Covid-19 pandemic impacted the income of maize farmers due to restrictions on the mobility of maize buyers.

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Marinescu, Nicolae, Anca Madar, Nicoleta Andreea Neacsu et Camelia Schiopu. « An Empirical Research on the Behavioral Perceptions of University Students on Their ERASMUS Mobilities Abroad ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n^o 9 (9 mai 2022) : 5756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095756.

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The European Union (EU) labor market needs a better-skilled workforce that can work in any of the Member States. In order to develop the skills and competencies of future competitors in this market, several student mobility programs have been set up in the EU, where they can travel to universities in partner countries to further their studies and enrich their academic performance, culture and knowledge. The best known of these programs is ERASMUS (European Region Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Students). Because Romania also participates in this program in the exchange of university students, the authors wanted, through this study, to highlight the benefits and challenges of participation in the program, to analyze how international mobilities are emotionally perceived by students and what are the behavioral reasons that determine Romanian students to choose a certain university as a study destination abroad. For this purpose, the authors conducted quantitative marketing research among students from the Transilvania University of Brasov who have been abroad with ERASMUS scholarships. The research results show that an important component in choosing a certain university is not the financial expense during the mobility as might have been expected, but rather the initial desire to study abroad. Students also consider the improvement of their academic performance as an equally important reason for embarking on mobility to the social aspect of getting to know other cultures.

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Vysochyn, Ivan, Serhii Borodai, Dmytro Borodai, Serhii Galushka, Artem Borodai et Yana Borodai. « THE INFLUENCE OF MIGRATION PROCESSES ON THE FORMATION OF THE URBAN OBJECT STRUCTURE ». Architectural Bulletin of KNUCA, n^o 22-23 (12 décembre 2021) : 114–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2519-8661.2021.22-23.114-125.

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In the article was found that the planned location of new or expansion of existing production clearly coincided with the movement of certain segments of the population to these regions for employment, examining and analyzing the problems of migration of the population of the former USSR. The researches of the Russian town-planners Bocharov Y.P., Belousov V.M., Vladimirov V.V., Maloyan G.A., Lezhava I.G. and other are devoted the problems of development of the theory of settlement with loss of planning component in development of systems of settlement and general plans of cities in new market (social and economic) conditions. Leading domestic urban planners have devoted their research to the problems of the development of the theory of settlement in Ukraine, the system of settlement and the development of master plans in modern market conditions (1992-2014). Some of them are Filvarov G.K., Yezhov V.I., Demin M.M., Lavrik G.I., Repin V.M., Timokhin V.O., Shkodovsky Y.M., Rudnitsky A .М. and other. The article presents the stages of formation of production relations, social, economic, architectural and spatial evolution under the pressure of migration processes, based on the analysis and research: The formation of the labor market (places of employment) in the development of industry, transport links and resettlement (early nineteenth - early twentieth century). Urbanization of cities in the early twentieth century due to migrations (free labor) from near and far agglomerations. Urbanization of the late twentieth century due to the release of labor (the collapse of the collective and state farm system). Under the pressure of migration and transport processes the compositional and planning spatial structure of the city is determined by the following aspects: the hierarchy of the city in the general network of settlements; the level of the city's public transport network; mobility of city residents; location of attractive objects for migrants in the city planning structure; socio-demographic characteristics of residents. Territories of cities with developed production are becoming the poles of industrial industry with the latest technologies, as well as centers of business.

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Bargiacchi, Eleonora, Felipe Campos-Carriedo, Diego Iribarren et Javier Dufour. « Social Life Cycle Assessment of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell stack ». E3S Web of Conferences 334 (2022) : 09001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202233409001.

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Hydrogen systems are gaining importance in view of a progressive decarbonisation of societies, and becoming more and more cost-competitive alternatives in many sectors (e.g., mobility). However, the sustainability of these technologies must be carefully assessed following a holistic approach which embraces not only environmental but also social aspects. Social Life Cycle Assessment (S-LCA) is an insightful methodology to evaluate potential social impacts of products along their life cycle. In the frame of the project eGHOST, social risks of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stack were assessed through an S-LCA. The functional unit was defined as one 48 kW stack (balance of plant excluded), targeted for mobility applications. The supply chain was defined assuming Spain as the manufacturing country and involving from the material/energy production plants to the stack manufacturing. Beyond conventional life cycle inventory data, trade information and additional inventory data were retrieved from the UN Comtrade and PSILCA databases, respectively. Besides, working hours for the manufacturing plants of the stack and its subcomponents were calculated based on literature data. Social life cycle inventories were modelled and evaluated using openLCA and the PSILCA method. Two stakeholder categories, workers and society, were considered through the following social indicators: child labour, contribution to economic development, fair salary, forced labour, gender wage gap, and health expenditure. The choice of these indicators is in line with the eGHOST project purpose. Despite the relatively small amount contained in the product, platinum clearly arose as the main social hotspot under each of the selected indicators. At the level of component plants, the manufacturing of bipolar and end plates was also found to be relevant under some indicators. On the other hand, electricity consumption generally accounted for a minor contribution. Overall, in order to avoid burden shifting from environmental to social issues, a careful design of technologies is needed.

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Makhonyuk, Oleksandr V., et Maryana M. Bil. « Sociological studies of migration mobility of Ukrainian youth : experience and prospects ». Regional Economy, n^o 2(104) (2022) : 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.36818/1562-0905-2022-2-5.

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The experience of conducting sociological surveys on migration mobility of Ukrainian youth is analyzed, including nationwide surveys of migrant workers with specifics for different age groups, surveys of youth commissioned by public authorities, and individual surveys of scientists and experts in special studies. A review of existing surveys allowed to identify the most extensive and authoritative studies and conduct a critical evaluation. These include “Youth of Ukraine” (commissioned by the Ministry of Youth and Sports of Ukraine), “Migration activity of student youth of the Carpathian region of Ukraine” (Dolishniy Institute of Regional Research of NAS of Ukraine), “Research on migration sentiments of student youth in the conditions of visa liberalization” and “Study of migration attitudes of students of Lviv (Lviv Polytechnic)”, “Social aspects of the transition from school to university students of rural schools and schools of national minorities of Ukraine” (Taras Shevchenko National University of Luhansk), “Migration moods of student youth” (Uzhgorod National University). The article reveals that the results of the national surveys “External labor migration of the population of Ukraine” for 2008, 2012, and 2017 provide very limited information in terms of different age groups. It argues that despite some experience, there are no systematic sociological surveys of migration mobility of youth in Ukraine to determine the potential of migration and the causal characteristics of migration movements. Given the rapidly growing potential of youth migration in Ukraine, the positive dynamics of educational emigration and the need for sociological surveys of youth on the impact of migration mobility on the development and capitalization of human potential are substantiated. The results of such survey will provide information on how migration impacts the potential of youth and the development potential of the donor territory. The assessment of migration across various components of human potential confirms its impact on the development of youth potential, as well as income and wealth, and reveals the level of its capitalization. The authors emphasize an urgent need to conduct situational surveys of youth on the potential of migration and re-emigration intentions during mass forced displacements.

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González, José Javier Callejo, Jesús Antonio Ruiz Herrero et Ricardo Jiménez Aboitiz. « Residential Aspirations and Perception of Rural Youth of the Opportunities Offered By their Environment : the Case of a Spanish Inland Rural Area ». European Countryside 13, n^o 4 (1 décembre 2021) : 785–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/euco-2021-0042.

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Abstract This study explores aspects which influence whether young people decide to remain in a rural area or move away. Based on a qualitative analysis of 41 open-ended interviews with young people from a rural area of inland Spain, it especially examines the perception they hold of the opportunities provided by their rural environment for labour market integration. The results show that: 1) agriculture, the economic base of the area, is not perceived as a means of social and labour market integration; 2) a high degree of mobility between the village and the city is a necessary condition for young people to remain in a rural area; 3) promoting the natural and cultural resources of an area strengthens the feeling of belonging and identity.

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Žabko, Oksana. « Giving (positive) meaning to downward and horizontal occupational mobility to maintain individual well-being ». Intersections 8, n^o 2 (30 juillet 2022) : 120–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17356/ieejsp.v8i2.834.

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This study addresses some limitations related to knowledge of the circumstances that contribute to perceptions of downward or horizontal occupational mobility as a positive experience, increasing work satisfaction, labour market security, and maintaining subjective well-being. In pursuing this objective, seven working-life biographies are examined that demonstrate causes of occupational mobility, the investment needed for transition and stabilisation, as well as attitudes towards the destination occupation. Although a sense of meaningful work helps individuals accept a reduced income, interviewees treat it as a transitional period, seeing a possibility for at least some increase in salary. Maintaining one’s original social networks while accepting a less qualified occupation also contributes to preserving individual well-being. These aspects are more pronounced in women’s life stories. A more ambiguous attitude can be seen in the experience of men who encountered occupational and financial decline. While decision-making awareness, confidence in one’s choice, and control of the process helps to stabilize potential frustration caused by decline, some isolation from previous networks appears in the keeping of distance, reducing contact intensity, or staying abroad for longer periods. Perhaps to regain their subjective sense of well-being, the former implements the principle of ‘discrete stages’ in their social life, a notion that reflects the situation of their working life.

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Hakim, Abdul, et Azra Aziz. « Socio-cultural, Religious, and Political Aspects of the Status of Women in Pakistan ». Pakistan Development Review 37, n^o 4II (1 décembre 1998) : 727–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v37i4iipp.727-746.

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This paper gives an overview of socio-cultural, religious and political background of Pakistani society and examines the current status of women utilising data from Pakistan Fertility and Family planning Survey 1996-97. The low status of women is one of the many factors in Pakistani society, which interfere with the achievement of development goals. The success of family planning intervention also mainly depends upon the cooperation and involvement of women. The traditional social structures and norms that limit women's roles may limit their ability to contribute in efforts to control population growth. Some indicators, such as education of women, employment of women, women's participation in domestic and child related decisions, women's mobility, communication about family planning, religion and family planning, have been examined from Pakistan Fertility and Family Planning Survey (1996-97) [For detail of PFFPS, see Hakim et at. (1998)]. Data reveal that there is a little improvement in the social indicators of status of women in Pakistan, however, it is still very low which inhibit their participation in education and in the labour force as well as encouraging their high fertility. Maintenance of traditional Islamic and cultural restrictions on women may also conflict with the achievement of development goals in family planning. Hence an examination is required of Islamic teachings and customary laws affecting the status of women in Pakistani society and the family which ultimately restrict women from adopting family planning measures.

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PETROCHKO, Zhanna. « Children’s welfare and safety : current interpretation of notions and their functional context ». EUROPEAN HUMANITIES STUDIES : State and Society, n^o 1 (15 février 2021) : 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.38014/ehs-ss.2021.1.04.

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The essence of the concept of "child well-being" is revealed as the state of needs satisfaction, rights provision and personal achievement of the person under 18 years. The components of the child's well-being (spiritual-moral, psychic, physical, social) are determined. Indicators of integral well-being of the child (moral and aesthetic education; intellectual mobility; emotional and volitional stability; physical and vital tone; orientation in the world of professions; participation in society and decision-making; comfort; social security; and safety of life) are revealed. The concept of "person's safety", "safety of life activities" are defined. Objective and subjective aspects of security are distinguished. Child safety is grounded in the context of national security. Such security is interpreted in the broad sense, (1) as protection from all forms of physical and psychological violence, abuses, from sexual harassment, peer pressure, intimidation, degrading attitude; (2) as protection from exploitation, drugs, involvement in the worst forms of child labor, armed conflict, etc. Circumstances causing a threat to life and health of the child. Circumstances causing the threat to life and health of the child are listed. Signs that predispose a child's vulnerability (1) age of a child; 2) child's characteristics; 3) state child’s health) are named. Safe behavior of the individual is described. The functional role of well-being states and safety for the harmonious development of a growing personality is revealed. Particular attention is paid to the issue of child safety in the context of social and socio-pedagogical work. An example of a child safety project is presented.

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Berg, Adam, Andrew D. Linden et Jaime Schultz. « Manning Up : Modern Manhood, Rudimentary Pugilistic Capital, and Esquire Network’s White Collar Brawlers ». Journal of Sport and Social Issues 44, n^o 1 (12 août 2019) : 70–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193723519867591.

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Debuting in 2013, Esquire Network’s first season of White Collar Brawlers features professional-class men with workplace conflicts looking to “settle the score in the ring.” In the show, white-collar men are portrayed as using boxing to reclaim ostensibly primal aspects of masculinity, which their professional lives do not provide, making them appear as better men and more productive constituents of a postindustrial service economy. Through this narrative process, White Collar Brawlers romanticizes a unique fusion of postindustrial white-collar employment and the blue-collar labors of the boxing gym. This construction, which Esquire calls “modern manhood,” simultaneously empowers professional-class men while limiting the social mobility of actual blue-collar workers. Based on a critical textual analysis that adopts provisional and rudimentary aspects of Wacquant’s conception of “pugilistic capital,” we contend that Esquire Network has created a show where men are exposed to and sold an image of “modern manhood” that reifies class-based differences and reaffirms the masculine hegemony of white-collar identities.

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Siedlanowski, Paweł. « Emigration to the Kingdom of the Netherlands as a Perceived Opportunity by Young People ». Economic and Regional Studies / Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne 14, n^o 2 (1 juin 2021) : 220–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ers-2021-0015.

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Abstract Subject and purpose of work: The article is devoted to factors influencing the migration decisions of young Poles to the Kingdom of the Netherlands, and to showing the differences in their perception of the country of emigration and the country of immigration. The elements of youth policy in Poland and the Netherlands were also presented. The hypothesis adopted in the paper was that the decisions of young people in the labor market are mainly influenced by short-term financial aspects. Materials and methods: The observations and assessments used in the article were formulated based on the research literature on the subject, the statistical data collected by the institutions of Poland, the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the European Union, a questionnaire survey and own experiences gained from mobility. Results: The article outlines the course of migration trends of Poles and presents the causes of changes in the choice of the destination country for migration. It presents factors encouraging young people to take up employment in the country and those encouraging them to search a job abroad, specifically in the Netherlands. The barriers and facilities that may be encountered by young people seeking employment in the labor market in both countries were indicated. The reasons for the emigration of young people from Poland were discussed based on the results of the current study, that is a 400-person research sample obtained from an online survey. The aim of the study was to identify three important factors influencing the decision to emigrate and to evaluate this decision. Conclusions: The conducted analysis shows the complexity of the problems of migration of young people. Economic, political, social, cultural, and environmental factors have a significant influence on the decisions made. From the point of view of young people, the unattractive domestic labor market in terms of finance and development, and all the resulting consequences are the biggest problems.

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Kaputa, Vladislav, Frederik Kvočák, Miroslava Triznová, Andrej Tomić et Hana Maťová. « How the global economy reflected the year of the pandemic ». SHS Web of Conferences 129 (2021) : 01014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202112901014.

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Research background: The coronavirus pandemic in 2020 had a significant impact on all aspects of life, from the point of view of the individual by forcing social isolation, moving work and study to the home, enormous pressure on the social and health system, but also by forcing closures of services and direct contact with customers. These, as well as other factors, have also had an impact on the performance of economies around the world. Purpose of the article: The paper aims to evaluate the development of the world's major economies in terms of macroeconomic indicators and foreign trade in the pandemic period and previous periods. The social and environmental aspects of the impact of the pandemic on selected economies are also reflected. Methods: Analysis of the main macroeconomic data, comparison and synthesis of findings. Findings & Value added: The interdependence of economies and interconnectedness of markets on transport routes associated with reduced mobility, forced isolation of people and death of economic activity had a significant impact on all the observed indicators, where a significant decline in GDP could be observed in all countries except China. This country was the only one that managed to keep GDP growth in positive numbers. Unemployment development was not equal in the observed economies due to different labour market environment. On the contrary, the environment has benefited in some way.

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Namrueva, Ludmila V. « Штрихи к портрету сельских территорий Калмыкии (по итогам научной экспедиции 2019 г.) ». Oriental Studies 13, n^o 5 (28 décembre 2020) : 1371–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2020-51-5-1371-1377.

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Introduction. The paper analyzes materials collected during the 2019 (May – June) scientific expedition of Kalmyk Scientific Center of the RAS (Department of Comprehensive Monitoring and Information Technologies) across the territory of the republic. The work contains no value judgments but rather aims at eyewitness analysis. Goals. The article seeks to introduce outcomes of the qualitative surveys (observations, interviews) into scientific discourse. Results. Based on the above, the paper examines actual changes in rural social aspects and the life of contemporary Kalmykia’s villagers. The share of settlements with a population less than 100 keeps increasing, which results from long years of unemployment and subsequent labor migration of rural residents. The negative social trends had been determined by the liquidation of large agricultural enterprises, active use of informal adaptation practices by the population manifested in an increased sociogeographic mobility, i.e. migrations from villages and sometimes further from the republic. Conclusions. It is also noteworthy that there are significant differences between individual rural localities, and the discrepancies between ‘leaders’ and ‘outsiders’ tend to become larger: the former sometimes even keep up with the region’s capital, while the latter lead a miserable, depressed life of the 1990s and are inhabited by elderly individuals only. Despite the socioeconomic problems, settlements with a population up to 500 have sustainably operating educational, healthcare, and cultural institutions ― otherwise such localities shall simply cease to exist. There is a trend to finally tackle some problems of rural territories, and this should improve living conditions of villagers and diminish migration activities.

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Yang, Shuang, Sheling Ye et Haiyan Li. « Comparison of Senior Leisure Activities in China and the United States from the Perspective of Cultural Differences ». Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (23 février 2022) : 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8430490.

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Leisure activities are important in older adults’ life. With the higher mobility and internationalization of population, the leisure behavior and habits of older adults in different countries have become a popular topic among international scholars. This study was to compare the different leisure activities of older adults in two countries—the US and China—to discuss the possible reasons for the differences from traditional and social-cultural aspects. The sample data (192 Chinese aged over 60) was collected in a metropolis in China—Hangzhou—and was compared with data undertaken by Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) published in American Time Use Survey (ATUS). We found that older adults in the US and China spend similar daily leisure time on average; watching TV and walking are the most popular choices of indoor and outdoor leisure activities, respectively, by both Americans and Chinese. Surfing the Internet, communicating with others (indoor) and traditional activities (leisure activities from ancient China, like Taiji, sword dancing, etc.), and physical exercises (outdoor) are the second most popular choices of Chinese older adults; while socializing, reading, working out, and using sports technology equipment for outdoor exercising are popular among older adults in the US. Possible reasons for the differences were discussed from individual differences and collectivist cultures, independent and dependent habits, reliance on family, early education, and the value of young mentality versus conservative spirit.

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Kabdesov, K. T., et A. V. Maldynova. « Commuting in Almaty agglomeration : an analysis of pilot survey results ». Bulletin of "Turan" University, n^o 4 (29 décembre 2021) : 140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.46914/1562-2959-2021-1-4-140-146.

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Commuting is a process that occurs frequently, usually in bigger cities and agglomerations. People living in the periphery tend to travel to work that is located in the center of agglomeration. The choice to commute can vary among the population, and that is explained by internal and external factors such as the economic and financial situation of people, labor market, etc. Even though a routine activity is a central concept of commuting, it takes place in different forms and ways and is impacted by various sociodemographic, economic, and spatial aspects. Hence, it is these social and economic changes in commuting tendencies, characters, and behaviors that this study aims to classify, analyze, and comprehend. Almaty is one of the most populated cities in Kazakhstan. Due to the urbanization processes and urban development, the city captures new territories and becomes an agglomeration. This leads to increased daily human mobility. People living in the periphery of the agglomeration, but working in downtown, travel to their workplace. Therefore, they conduct commuting. Studying commuting is important for the city’s development. The purpose of this article is to identify the characteristics of pendulum migration based on the analysis of the results of a pilot survey conducted in the Almaty region. The methods of descriptive statistics are used for the analysis of the survey results.

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Panda, Shilpi Smita, et Nihar Ranjan Mishra. « Factors affecting temporary labour migration for seasonal work : a review ». Management Research Review 41, n^o 10 (15 octobre 2018) : 1176–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mrr-04-2017-0104.

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Purpose Seasonal labour migration is a common form of temporary migration where the work of the migrant labour depends on seasonal conditions and is performed only during that period of year. This paper aims to identify the factors and subfactors of temporary labour migration from the existing literature. Design/methodology/approach The paper is based on an extensive review of the literature on temporary labour migration. Studies done from 1990 to 2016 were considered for review. The literatures from research articles, book chapters, working papers, conference papers and field-based project reports from various disciplines, like economics, sociology, anthropology, psychology and management studies were reviewed for critically analysing various factors affecting seasonal labour migration. Findings A total of five key factors and 60 subfactors of temporary labour migration were documented from previous studies. The findings of the study are organized under five thematic segments: economic factors, social factors, environmental factors, policy-related factors and psychological factors New aspects of seasonal migration were identified such as “role of labour contractors ”, “inter-generational mobility”, “social networks”, “grassroot politics”, “migrant’s relationship with the agents”, “labour registration process”, “market intervention” and “civil society intervention” after consultation with the subject experts and field study. Research limitations/implications The paper restricts itself to include aspects of temporary labour migration. Only the factors and subfactors affecting temporary migration are taken into purview. Further the findings of the paper can be empirically tested to know the significance of each factor and subfactor. Practical implications The paper has implications for better understanding of the temporary labour migration process in different context by focussing extensively on the factors of migration. The factors identified can be empirically tested in regional and local context, which would provide effective insights for policy formulation for the welfare and protection of the migrant workers. Originality/value The paper fulfils an identified need to provide a holistic review for understanding and documenting various factors and subfactors that affect the process of temporary labour migration.

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Зенькова, Інга Володимирівна. « НАЦІОНАЛЬНА МОДЕЛЬ СТІЙКОГО ЛЮДСЬКОГО РОЗВИТКУ : МЕТА ТА НАПРЯМКИ ». TIME DESCRIPTION OF ECONOMIC REFORMS, n^o 4 (29 décembre 2021) : 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/cher.2021.4.01.

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The Republic of Belarus belongs to countries with a very high level of human development, implements the principles of gender-oriented health protection, harmonious combination of parental and professional responsibilities, and therefore the issue of forming a Belarusian model of sustainable human development through the innovative reproduction process of the population is relevant. The purpose of the study is to form a scientifically grounded approach to managing the model of sustainable human development in the system of its goals and areas of implementation. The methodological basis of the study was the modern legislative and regulatory acts regulating the socio-economic and innovative aspects of the development of society. The research tasks and their implementation, achievement of the goal are focused on the formation of the Concept of the Belarusian model of sustainable human development, based on the provisions of the fundamental concept of sustainable development of mankind, the basic concepts of the innovative reproduction process of the population and the world experience of state regulation of employment and sustainable employment. The main hypothesis of the study was the assumption about the possibility and feasibility of forming a Belarusian model of sustainable human development through the innovative reproduction process of the population and consolidated mechanisms in the system of state regulation of employment of the population aimed at increasing welfare. Presentation of the main material. This article is devoted to the analysis of the scientific approach proposed by the authors to the construction of a national model of sustainable human development in the system of its goals and components. The originality and practical significance is confirmed by our proposed goals, objectives of the Concept, directions and tools for its implementation. The formation of the concept of the Belarusian model of sustainable human development predetermines the need to reform the system of state regulation of employment, which leads to a change in the system of sources of formation of employment and mechanisms of state regulation of employment through a superstructure in these systems: sources of formation of innovative forms of full employment of the population, ensuring the reproduction of the labor force and human labor; algorithms of scientific and innovative policy for the implementation of mechanisms of state regulation of employment of the population in the system of decisions made at all levels; consolidated mechanisms in the system of state regulation of employment of the population aimed at increasing welfare; social mechanisms and guarantees for their implementation in the national economy on the principles of social equality. The practical significance and scientific novelty of the proposals lies in the fact that the conceptual foundations of the management of innovative employment of the population in the sustainable development of the national economy are built taking into account the forms of social protection of all age and gender strata of the population and professional strata as the determining role of state policy, contribute to the achievement of the criterion of the effectiveness of youth policy, implying a reduction the share of young people aged 15-24 who do not study and work, do not acquire professional skills, and also contributes to the inter-sectoral mobility of the labor force in social production. Conclusions and prospects for further research. In the future, practical recommendations for a more complete use of the resources of the national economy will allow the national economy to achieve not only the goal - GDP growth, but no less important goal - the satisfaction of the needs of a person of labor of social production.

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King, Russell, Eralba Cela et Tineke Fokkema. « New frontiers in international retirement migration ». Ageing and Society 41, n^o 6 (11 mai 2021) : 1205–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x21000179.

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AbstractIntroducing the special issue, this paper provides a state-of-the-art on established and new trends in the study of international retirement migration (IRM) and summarises the five papers that follow. Early studies on IRM were mainly within Europe and drew on the conceptual framework of lifestyle migration, with some reference to the transnational and mobilities paradigms. New frontiers in IRM are presented under three heads. Firstly, new geographical frontiers extend IRM to new destinations within and proximate to Europe, and to new locations in the global South such as Thailand and Ecuador. Secondly, new typological frontiers involve a broadening of the class and wealth backgrounds of the retirees, including the ‘return of retirement’ of labour migrants to their countries of origin, and attentiveness to IRM's gendered aspects. Thirdly, new conceptual and theoretical frontiers of IRM involve a more in-depth investigation of its transnational aspects, exploration of the various regimes of mobility and, most importantly, a political economy perspective which stresses global inequalities and histories of colonialism in shaping access to privileged lifestyles. In the final part of the paper, the original features of each paper in the special issue are highlighted, demonstrating how they are collectively integrated and contribute to the advancement of IRM research.

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Kataev, Dmitry V., et Anton P. Volkov. « Narrative approach in a Study on Teacher migration ». Alma mater. Vestnik Vysshey Shkoly, n^o 7 (juillet 2022) : 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.20339/am.07-22.022.

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The article is devoted to the theoretical and methodological aspects of the study of teacher migration. It is worth noting that in Russia, the migration of teachers has not become a separate topic for research. Based on the analysis of modern approaches to migration and mobility, the strengths and weaknesses of the research strategies of “mobile turn” and “attachment to place” are revealed, the heuristic possibilities of quantitative and qualitative methodology in the study of teacher migration are revealed. The purpose of the article is to provide a rationale and a conceptual basis for research on the migration of teachers and graduates of pedagogical universities. The article identifies the causes, forms and consequences of teacher migration, as well as key trends characteristic of modern labor migration processes in the educational space of the Russian school, using a specially developed narrative interview technique. The article talks about the need to apply a narrative approach to the analysis of the communicative form of narration. The method of narrative interview was used in the mobile methodology as a “strategy of mixing methods” Go along and Recovery of memories, to study the social experience of the teacher and collect information about the place, time and situational circumstances of his migration. Today, a number of studies are presented in which there are changes in the interpretations of the study of migration, and which form the basis for new theoretical approaches to the study of migration processes.

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López-Sala, Ana. « La(s) Industria(s) de la Migración. ¿Un Nuevo Enfoque en el Análisis de la Movilidad Internacional ? » Empiria. Revista de metodología de ciencias sociales, n^o 46 (12 mars 2020) : 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/empiria.46.2020.26966.

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A lo largo de la última década el enfoque de la industria migratoria ha tenido un amplio desarrollo en los estudios sobre la movilidad internacional de personas. Esta perspectiva ha tenido un particular desarrollo en la literatura de intersección sobre las nuevas formas que ha adoptado la regulación migratoria y los mecanismos de intermediación y privatización. Se trata de un enfoque en construcción donde todavía permanecen abiertas amplias controversias en torno a su contorno, alcance, actores y funciones. Sin embargo, esta literatura ha realizado importantes contribuciones a los estudios sobre la movilidad internacional de trabajadores - a través fundamentalmente del análisis de la intermediación laboral- y la gestión del control migratorio -a través de la conformación de alianzas de nuevo cuño entre el Estado y diversos actores privados. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar y analizar la conformación de este enfoque, los dilemas que han emergido en el seno de esta literatura, así como reflexionar críticamente en torno a sus principales contribuciones al campo de los estudios migratorios. En este sentido, y enmarcado en el presente monográfico, el artículo pretende realizar una aportación que transcienda la mera descripción de esta perspectiva para interrogarse, entre otros, sobre sus peculiaridades como enfoque, su diálogo con otras orientaciones influyentes en los estudios migratorios, o, de forma muy sucinta, sus vínculos con otras teorías. Este recorrido pretende servir también para introducir esta perspectiva en la literatura española, ya que, a pesar del interés que ha despertado a nivel internacional, apenas se ha incorporado a la investigación sobre las migraciones en España.Throughout the past decade the migration industry approach has been broadly used in studies on the international mobility of people. In particular, it has been the focus of literature examining how new forms of migration regulation have converged with intermediation and privatization mechanisms. This approach is still being developed and there continue to be wide-ranging debates regarding its contours, scope, actors and functions. However, this literature has provided important contributions to the study of the international mobility of workers, mainly through analyses of the novel partnerships that have been established between the state and various private actors to provide labor intermediation and migration control management. The objective of this article is to present and analyze the composition of this focus and the dilemmas that have emerged within the literature, as well as to provide a critical reflection regarding its main contributions to the field of migration studies. In this sense, framed within this monograph, the article seeks to go beyond providing a mere description of the perspective to examine, among other aspects, its peculiarities as a focus and its discourse with other influential approaches in migration studies or, succinctly put, its links with other theories. It will also serve to introduce this perspective to the Spanish literature, as, despite the interest it has sparked on an international level, it has barely been incorporated into research on migrations in Spain.

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Coram, Brucetalbot. « Structural Dependence : A Simple Marxian Analysis of the Limits to Redistribution with International Capital Transfers ». British Journal of Political Science 24, n^o 1 (janvier 1994) : 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123400006839.

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States in liberal democracies are said to be structurally dependent on the decisions of private investors in the sense that governments do not directly control the level of investment and economic growth. The general consensus amongst Marxian political economists and neo-classical economists is that this imposes restrictions on the scope of the redistributive policies that governments can pursue. It is also frequently argued that these restrictions are increased with international capital mobility because of the threat or reality of capital flight. The McCracken Report noted this link between capital mobility and restrictions on government as early as 1977. It warned that some governments appeared to have ‘overrated their scope for independent action’ and they had paid insufficient attention to the consequences of ‘capital flight’. Since then, both the rate of capital mobility and the severity of these restrictions have probably increased. In the 1970s, capital outflows from the thirteen leading industrial countries averaged $52 billion per annum. In 1989 they averaged $444 billion. The problems that this presents to governments attempting to make transfers from capital to labour have been described in considerable detail and there is an extensive formal literature in trade theory that deals with capital transfers. There is also some work on strategies for social democratic governments wishing to minimize capital losses. The main gap in this literature, however, is that some of the fundamental political, or ‘democratic choice’, aspects of these problems are not well understood. In particular, little is known about the optimum rate of taxation for a government attempting to maximize workers' consumption out of profits. The purpose of this Note is to contribute towards such an analysis.

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