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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Labor mobility – Social aspects »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Labor mobility – Social aspects"

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Bucăța, George. « The Challenges of Human Resources Department – The Impact of the Demographic Evolution (The Case of Migration) ». Scientific Bulletin 23, no 2 (31 décembre 2018) : 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bsaft-2018-0010.

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Abstract Employees must adapt to these permanent changes by acquiring new skills required to use new technologies. One of the phenomena developed in order to meet these challanges is labour mobility. For the purpose of economic and social mobility, labour is a form of movement in relation to the ever-changing needs of the productive factors. Mobility in the labor market can be considered from several aspects. At the EU level, the phenomenon of labour mobility is promoted by the desire to meet the challanges arising in the labour market. From a economic and political point of view, the free movement of people is inteded to create a common market for labour and promoting EU citizens, by removing barriers in this area.
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Jung, Robert C., et Rainer Winkelmann. « Two aspects of labor mobility : A bivariate Poisson regression approach ». Empirical Economics 18, no 3 (septembre 1993) : 543–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01176203.

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Pries, Ludger, et Martina Maletzky. « The Transnationalization of Labor Mobility : Development Trends and Selected Challenges Involved in Its Regulation ». Review of European Studies 9, no 2 (9 avril 2017) : 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/res.v9n2p115.

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Internationalization of value chains and of for-profit as well as non-profit organizations, and as a result of cheaper and safer mass migration, transnational labor mobility is of increasing importance. The article presents the development of the different types of cross-border labor mobility (from long-term labor migration over expatriats/inpatriats up to business traveling); it analyses crucial aspects of labor conditions and how the collective regulation of working, employment and participation conditions in general is affected: could local or national forms of labor regulation cope with these new conditions? What are the main challenges when it comes to collective bargaining and the monitoring of labor conditions? The article is based on a three year international and comparative research in Germany and Mexico. First, different ideal types of transnational labor mobility are distinguished that have emerged as a result of increasing cross-border labor mobility. Then potential sources of labor related social inequality and challenges in the regulation of the working, employment and participation conditions for transnational workers are discussed. Finally, some conclusions are drawn for further research.
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Ranita, Sylvia Vianty, Nasri Bachtiar, Fashbir Noor Siddin, Fajri Muharja et Febriandi Prima Putra. « Women Workers : Social Aspects and Accessibility in The Residential Neighborhood and Probability to Commuting ». Webology 19, no 1 (20 janvier 2022) : 1070–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/web/v19i1/web19073.

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Women are often faced with considerations including the choice of mobility with or without commuting, which is inseparable from the role of social in the neighborhood. This study aims to analyze the probability of women workers commuting in Indonesia through social capital and accessibility from the neighborhood to the labor market. The logit model and marginal effect were applied in this research, using the 2018 microdata obtained from Indonesia National Labor Force Survey (Sakernas) and Indonesian Village Potential (Podes). These data are combined based on residence similarity at the district level of each individual. The results showed that trust and solidarity increase, the probability of women workers commuting declines by 3.9%. The group and networks level increases through women groups in the residential neighborhood area cause commuting probability to decline of 14.3% on women workers. The variable of facilities will increase with a rise in women workers' commuting probability by 2.5%. These results were controlled by sectoral variables, work, income, education, age, and marital status of women workers in Indonesia. The findings in this study explain the social aspect in the social capital approach originating from the residential neighborhood causes a decreased probability of that decision. The indicates that the social ties of traditional society are still attached to women workers in Indonesia. However, the accessibility in this article is that public transportation gives a positive probability to the decision to commute to women workers in Indonesia.
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Gutorova, E. V. « Social Mobility of the Labor Force : Assessment in the Republic of Belarus (Regional Aspect) ». Statistics and Economics 19, no 5 (12 novembre 2022) : 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2500-3925-2022-5-4-12.

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The world community emphasizes the problem of growing inequality in the world, among the causes of which are the rapid development of technologies and globalization processes, and pays a special role to increasing social mobility as a key direction for solving this issue. The increasing influence of social mobility on the economy, confirmed by the results of a number of studies, increases the relevance of determining the level of social mobility, including for the Republic of Belarus. The absence of a country among the participants of the GSMI (Global Social Mobility Index) rating and the consequences arising in this regard, primarily related to the difficulty of assessing social mobility in the republic, increase the need to develop an integrated approach to this issue. Thus, the article proposes the author’s methodology for assessing the social mobility of the labor force in the Republic of Belarus, taking into account the national peculiarities of providing official statistical information in open access, suggesting a comparative analysis of the country’s regions in three directions: equal employment opportunities, fair and safe work, and improving living standards.The purpose of the research is to determine the level of social mobility in the labor market of the Republic of Belarus, having previously studied the results of foreign experience in assessing and regulating this phenomenon.Empirical base and research methods. The empirical base is the data of the National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus, formed both at the national level and in the context of the regions of the country. The work is based on general scientific research methods, as well as comparative analysis methods.Results. To achieve this goal, a number of tasks were solved: according to the developed methodology, the positions of the country’s regions in the proposed rating of social mobility of the workforce were determined, followed by their comparison with the national level; a “problem field” was formed for each region separately; the leaders and “outsiders” of the rating have been identified. A number of barriers preventing a comprehensive assessment of the social mobility of the labor force in the Republic of Belarus were identified. In particular, a number of indexes are listed that are of interest from the point of view of their application in calculating the proposed index, but are not used due to statistical inaccessibility in a regional context.Conclusion. The practical value of the paper lies in the possibility of applying its results in the process of making managerial decisions in the field of state regulation of the labor market. The proposed methodology for determining the level of social mobility of the workforce can significantly expand the understanding of the social and labor sphere of the Republic of Belarus, complementing the traditional approach to analyzing the state of the labor market of our country. The formation of an appropriate database, taking into account the proposed recommendations for the provision of individual statistical indexes by regions of the country, will significantly increase the objectivity of the rating of social mobility of the workforce presented in the framework of this study.
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Franz, Barbara. « Bosnian Refugee Women in (Re)settlement : Gender Relations and Social Mobility ». Feminist Review 73, no 1 (avril 2003) : 86–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.fr.9400077.

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Bosnian refugee women adapted more quickly than their male partners to their host environments in Vienna and New York City because of their self-understanding and their traditional roles and social positions in the former Yugoslavia. Refugee women's integration into host societies has to be understood through their specific historical experiences. Bosnian women in exile today continue to be influenced by traditional role models that were prevalent in the former Yugoslavia's 20th-century patriarchal society. Family, rather than self-fulfillment through wage labor and emancipation, is the center of life for Bosnian women. In their new environment, Bosnian refugee women are pushed into the labor market and work in low-skill and low-paying jobs. Their participation in the labor market, however, is not increasing their emancipation in part because they maintain their traditional understanding of zena (women) in the patriarchal culture. While Bosnian women's participation in low-skill labor appeared to be individual families’ decisions more in New York City than in Vienna, in the latter almost all Bosnian refugee women in my sample began to work in the black labor market because of restrictive employment policies. In contrast to men, women were relatively nonselective and willing to take any available job. Men, it seems, did not adapt as quickly as women to restrictions in the labor market and their loss of social status in both host societies. Despite their efforts, middle-class families in New York City and Vienna experienced substantial downward mobility in their new settings. Women's economic and social downward mobility in (re)settlement, however, did not significantly change the self-understanding of Bosnian women. Their families’ future and advancements socially and economically, rather than the women's own independence and emancipation remained the most important aspect of their being.
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Цырюльников. « Pendulum labour migration in context of manpower traffic control : problems and prospects (on Moscow region´s material) ». Management of the Personnel and Intellectual Resources in Russia 2, no 1 (12 février 2013) : 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/203.

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Pendulum labor migration is an important source of manpower formation in megalopolises and large cities; it promotes the development of population’s social mobility and the spread of urban lifestyle. The author on the basis of this phenomenon’s theoretical ideas analyzes the character, content and main directions of pendulum migration between Moscow and Moscow region as well as its social, fi nancial and moral aspects. Importance of this problem’s scientifi c studying is emphasized.
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Popova, Ekaterina S. « On the theoretical-methodological aspects of studying the influence of professional education on social stratification ». VESTNIK INSTITUTA SOTZIOLOGII 11, no 3 (2020) : 14–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/vis.2020.11.3.660.

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This article presents an attempt to define the framework and the possible guidelines for analyzing the influence of professional education on social stratification given the current conditions of social reality. The author points out that the structural changes in all social institutions (including professional education and the labor market), the fluidity and dynamism of modern social reality, and conserving a dichotomy of fluidity when speaking of the Russian context – rigidity, the expansion and inflation of professional education combined with the preservation of inequality when it comes to implementing educational trajectories – all of this makes studying the connection between social stratification, professional education and social mobility ever the more relevant. Researchers face the following acute questions: what sort of role is played by professional education in promoting or restricting an individual’s social mobility? How has the expansion and inflation of education redefined the selection and allocation of human capital? In which way does the connection change between social stratification, professional education and social mobility, what are the foundations, the sociological study tradition and the theoretical-methodological prospects for the future? In order to find answers, the author examines both traditional theoretical-methodological approaches, and ones that are new to sociology of education. The article substantiates the notion that structural-functional theory does not possess a comprehensive explanatory potential in the study of the socio-structural role of professional education in regards to social mobility. The author substantiates the following thesis from a conflict analysis standpoint: democratizing access to professional education does not mean the reduction of class inequality or the emergence of a society of equal opportunity. Within the paradigm of an activity-related approach in sociology of education, where education is viewed not just as a separate social institution, but as part of a larger system of social action and social inequality, the definitive role of motivation and proactiveness is emphasized, with them producing a positive effect when it comes to attaining higher professional status. The accelerating rate of change in society, the multidimensionality and polyvariance in implementing educational and professional trajectories in modern society indicate the need for a multidimensional evaluation of social mobility. In regards to the topic of education, and when it comes to analyzing the implementation of educational trajectories, professional education represents a vital condition and a necessary prerequisite for an individual to exercise social mobility both in terms of objective and subjective coordinates of mobility, and in regards to research methods and methodology, this demands synthesizing quantitative and qualitative research strategies, and, consequently, opens up new opportunities for interpreting results and perceiving social reality.
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Gurieva, Svetlana, Kristi Kõiv et Olga Tararukhina. « Migration and Adaptation as Indicators of Social Mobility Migrants ». Behavioral Sciences 10, no 1 (9 janvier 2020) : 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs10010030.

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The economic and social changes in modern society have resulted in intensive and extensive migrant activity. The article contains a review of social, psychological, and gender aspects of migration from three countries of Central Asia (former Soviet republic)—Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan—in Russia (St. Petersburg). The main objective of our study was to identify socio-psychological mechanisms of migration from Central Asia—the general and specific peculiarities of the acculturation process of migrant workers. Participants in the study were labor migrants from Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan. The research was conducted in St. Petersburg. In total, 98 people aged from 19 to 42 years old took part in the research (median age = 32.26, SD = 3.44), among them, women made up 44% and men made up 56%. Three ethnic groups were represented in the sample: Kyrgyz people (34 persons), Tajik people (32 persons), and Uzbek people (32 persons). The research found both general and specific features related to certain ethnic groups. The research results showed that there were significant differences between the migrants from Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan by the following acculturation indicators: number of social contacts (friends) among representatives of their own ethnicity and among the Russian-speaking population, type of acculturation strategy, degree of life satisfaction, cultural and economic safety, and anxiety level.
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Ericksno, Christopher L., et Sarosh Kuruvilla. « Labor Costs and the Social Dumping Debate in the European Union ». ILR Review 48, no 1 (octobre 1994) : 28–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399404800103.

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This study examines the labor cost incentive for capital movement in manufacturing within the European Union, a key aspect of the “social dumping” debate in Western Europe. The authors find that the percentage differences in unit labor costs between the more developed and less developed countries in the Union not only were large in 1980 but actually grew between 1980 and 1986, and separate estimates of compensation and productivity growth rates do not indicate that significant convergence occurred over the remainder of the 1980s. Although these findings apparently confirm that a labor cost incentive for capital mobility does exist, analysis of foreign direct investment data indicates that during the period 1980–88 capital flows to the lower labor cost countries actually were not much larger than capital flows to the higher labor cost countries.
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Thèses sur le sujet "Labor mobility – Social aspects"

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Klanarong, Nisakorn. « Female international labour migration from Southern Thailand / ». Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2003. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phk632.pdf.

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Janiak, Alexandre. « Essais sur la mobilité géographique, sectorielle et intra-sectorielle en périodes de changement structurel : le rôle du capital humain, du capital social et de l'ouverture aux échanges ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210600.

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Résumé de la thèse d’Alexandre Janiak intitulée « Essais sur la mobilité géographique, sectorielle et intra-sectorielle en périodes de changement structurel »

Le changement structurel est un processus nécessaire qui améliore considérablement les conditions de vie dans nos sociétés. Il peut découler par exemple de l'introduction de nouvelles avancées technologiques qui permettent d'augmenter à long terme la productivité agrégée dans nos économies. En retour, la hausse de la productivité a un impact sur notre consommation de tous les jours. Elle nous permet notamment de vivre dans un plus grand confort. Les individus peuvent alors s'épanouir dans leur ensemble. Il est évident que le changement structurel peut prendre d'autres formes que celle du changement technologique, mais il est souvent issu d'une transformation des forces qui influencent les marchés et en général aboutit à long terme à une amélioration du bien-être global.

Mais le changement structurel est aussi un processus douloureux. Il peut durer plusieurs décennies et, durant cette période, nous sommes beaucoup à devoir en supporter les coûts. Comme nous allons l'illustrer dans ce chapitre introductif, le changement structurel a pour conséquence une modification du rapport aux facteurs de production, ce qui alors mène à modifier l'ensemble des prix relatifs qui caractérisent une économie. En particulier, la modification des prix est due à une transformation des demandes relatives de facteurs. Ces derniers se révèlent alors inutiles à l'exécution de certaines tâches ou sont fortement demandés dans d'autres points de l'économie.

Souvent, le changement structurel entraîne alors un processus de réallocation. Des pans entiers de travailleurs doivent par conséquent se réallouer à d'autres tâches. Les lois du marché les incitent ainsi à devoir s'adapter à un nouveau contexte, mais elles le font pour un futur meilleur.

Cette thèse s'intéresse à cette problématique. Elle suppose que tout processus de changement structurel implique un mouvement de réallocation des facteurs de production, notamment des travailleurs puisqu'il s'agit d'une thèse en économie du travail, mais qu'un tel processus engendre souvent des coûts non négligeables. Elle se veut surtout positive, mais la nature des questions qu'elle pose mène naturellement à un débat normatif. Par exemple, elle cherche des réponses aux interrogations suivantes: comment s'ajuste une économie au changement structurel? Quelle est la nature des coûts associés au changement? Ces coûts peuvent-ils en excéder les gains? Le processus de réallocation en vaut-il vraiment la peine? Les gains issus d'un tel processus sont-ils distribués de manière égale?

La thèse est composée de quatre chapitres qui chacun considère l’impact d’un changement structurel particulier.

Le premier chapitre s’intéresse à l’impact de l’ouverture internationale aux échanges sur le niveau de l’emploi. Il s’appuie sur des travaux récents en économie internationale qui ont montré que la libéralisation du commerce mène à l’expansion des firmes les plus productives et à la destruction des entreprises dont la productivité est moins élevée. La raison de cette dichotomie est la présence d’un coût à l’entrée sur le marché des exports qui a été documentée par de nombreuses études. Certaines entreprises se développent suite à la libéralisation car elles ont accès à de nouveaux marchés et d’autres meurent car elles ne peuvent pas faire face aux entreprises les plus productives. Puisque le commerce crée à la fois des emplois et en détruit d’autres, ce chapitre a pour but de déterminer l’effet net de ce processus de réallocation sur le niveau agrégé de l’emploi.

Dans cette perspective, il présente un modèle avec firmes hétérogènes où pour exporter une entreprise doit payer un coût fixe, ce qui implique que seules les entreprises les plus productives peuvent entrer sur le marché international. Le modèle génère le processus de réallocation que l’ouverture au commerce international suppose. En effet, comme les entreprises les plus productives veulent exporter, elles vont donc embaucher plus de travailleurs, mais comme elles sont également capables de fixer des prix moins élevés et que les biens sont substituables, les entreprises les moins productives vont donc faire faillite. L’effet net sur l’emploi est négatif car les exportateurs ont à la marge moins d’incitants à embaucher des travailleurs du au comportement de concurrence monopolistique.

Le chapitre analyse également d’un point de vue empirique l’effet d’une ouverture au commerce au niveau sectoriel sur les flux d’emplois. Les résultats empiriques confirment ceux du modèle, c’est-à-dire qu’une hausse de l’ouverture au commerce génère plus de destructions que de créations d’emplois au niveau d’un secteur.

Le second chapitre considère un modèle similaire à celui du premier chapitre, mais se focalise plutôt sur l’effet du commerce en termes de bien-être. Il montre notamment que l’impact dépend en fait de la courbe de demande de travail agrégée. Si la courbe est croissante, l’effet est positif, alors qu’il est négatif si elle est décroissante.

Le troisième chapitre essaie de comprendre quels sont les déterminants de la mobilité géographique. Le but est notamment d’étudier le niveau du chômage en Europe. En effet, la littérature a souvent affirmé que la faible mobilité géographique du travail est un facteur de chômage lorsque les travailleurs sans emploi préfèrent rester dans leur région d’origine plutôt que d’aller prospecter dans les régions les plus dynamiques. Il semble donc rationnel pour ces individus de créer des liens sociaux locaux si ils anticipent qu’ils ne déménageront pas vers une autre région. De même, une fois le capital social local accumulé, les incitants à la mobilité sont réduits.

Le troisième chapitre illustre donc un modèle caractérisé par diverses complémentarités qui mènent à des équilibres multiples (un équilibre avec beaucoup de capital social local, peu de mobilité et un chômage élevé et un autre avec des caractéristiques opposées). Le modèle montre également que le capital social local est systématiquement négatif pour la mobilité et peut être négatif pour l’emploi, mais d’autres types de capital social peuvent en fait faire augmenter le niveau de l’emploi.

Dans ce troisième chapitre, une illustration empirique qui se base sur plusieurs mesures montre que le capital social est un facteur dominant d’immobilité. C’est aussi un facteur de chômage lorsque le capital social est clairement local, alors que d’autres types de capital social s’avèrent avoir un effet positif sur le taux d’emploi. Cette partie empirique illustre également la causalité inverse où des individus qui vivent dans une région qui ne correspond pas à leur région de naissance accumulent moins de capital social local, ce qui donne de la crédibilité à une théorie d’équilibres multiples.

Finalement, en observant que les individus dans le Sud de l’Europe semblent accumuler plus de capital social local, alors que dans le Nord de l’Europe on tend à investir dans des types plus généraux de capital social, nous suggérons qu’une partie du problème de chômage en Europe peut mieux se comprendre grâce au concept de capital social local.

Enfin, le quatrième chapitre s’intéresse à l’effet de la croissance économique sur la qualité des emplois. En particulier, il analyse le fait qu’un individu puisse avoir un emploi qui corresponde ou non à ses qualifications, ce qui, dans le contexte de ce chapitre, détermine s’il s’agit de bons ou mauvais emplois.

Ce chapitre se base sur deux mécanismes qui ont été largement abordés par la littérature. Le premier est le concept de « destruction créatrice » qui dit que la croissance détruit de nouveaux emplois car elle les rend obsolètes. Le second est le processus de « capitalisation » qui nous dit que la croissance va créer de nombreux emplois car les entreprises anticipent des profits plus élevés dans le futur.

Alors que des études récentes, suggèrent que la destruction créatrice ne permet pas d’expliquer le lien entre croissance et chômage, ce chapitre montre qu’un tel concept permet de mieux comprendre la relation entre croissance et qualité des emplois.

Avec des données issues du panel européen, nous illustrons que la corrélation entre croissance et qualité des emplois est positive. Nous présentons une série de trois modèles qui diffèrent de la manière suivante :(i) le fait de pouvoir chercher un emploi ou non alors qu’on en a déjà un, (ii) le fait pour une entreprise de pouvoir acquérir des équipements modernes. Les résultats suggèrent que pour expliquer l’effet de la croissance sur la qualité des emplois, la meilleure stratégie est une combinaison entre les effets dits de destruction créatrice et de capitalisation. Alors que le premier effet influence le taux de destruction des mauvais emplois, le second a un impact sur la mobilité du travail des mauvais vers les bons emplois.


Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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McEntarfer, Erika L. « Three Essays on Social Networks in Labor Markets ». Diss., Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29531.

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This dissertation consists of three essays examining the important role of job connections, references, and word of mouth information in labor markets. The first essay examines the importance of job connections for internal migrants. In this chapter, I develop a theoretical model where labor market networks provide labor market information with less noise than information obtained in the formal market. This model predicts lower initial wages and greater wage growth after migration for migrants without contacts. I then use data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY) to examine whether migrants who used social connections when finding their first job assimilate faster in the new region. Consistent with the theoretical model, I find that migrants who did not use social connections take longer to assimilate in the new region. The second essay models how screening workers through social networks impacts labor mobility in markets with adverse selection. When there is asymmetric information in labor markets, worker mobility is constrained by adverse selection in the market for experienced workers. However, if workers can acquire references through their social networks then they can move more easily between jobs. In this chapter I develop a simple labor market model in which workers can learn the productivity of other workers through social interaction. I show that networks increase wages and mobility of high-productivity experienced workers; however, networks discourage workers from accepting jobs outside their job-contact network, because of adverse selection. The third essay in this dissertation examines the importance of social networks in labor markets when work is produced jointly. Most employers cite poor attitude and poor fit with firm culture as their greatest problems in recruiting employees, rating these factors more important than skill. This is easily explained when the output of the firm requires that workers engage in work together. In this essay, I explain why it might be rational for firms to hire through social networks even when worker skill is observed perfectly, if these workers are better able to do joint work with the firm s existing employees.
Ph. D.
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Pope, Naomi Elizabeth. « Beyond Hollywood the social and spatial division of labor in the motion picture industry / ». Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1579190531&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Lam, Wing-yee Winnie, et 林泳怡. « Individual mobility for socially sustainable transport ». Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B47752889.

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A socially sustainable transport system has to make sure that opportunities are accessible to all. The social dimension is important as transport-related barriers can contribute to social injustice. A well-functioning transport system should promote greater equity by linking people and places together. The discussion in this thesis revolves around the main concept of individual mobility. It refers to the ease with which an individual can move from one place to another to access opportunities. The main research objective of the thesis is to investigate the factors affecting individual mobility of three selected transport-disadvantaged groups, namely children, working mothers and the elderly. The thesis presents three in-depth case studies within a framework of time geography. Each study highlights the individual mobility problems confronted by the selected transport-disadvantaged group. The first case study is a detailed investigation of children’s mobility to access educational opportunities. The next chapter examines gendered mobility of working mothers and their counterparts. Finally, a walkability study is carried out to evaluate how the walking environment affects outdoor mobility of the aging population. This research employs a suite of methods in evaluating individual mobility. Children’s access to educational opportunities is examined through the computation of the size of potential path area and the number of weighted opportunities reachable within given space-time constraints. To move on, multilevel analysis is carried out to compare the daily activity spaces of married couples. Finally, a walkability assessment is conducted to evaluate factors affecting older people’s access to health-care facilities. These approaches build up to a comprehensive and holistic view to explore the issue of socially sustainable transport. By providing a more focused picture on the transport problems faced by groups which run the risks of being excluded in the mainstream transport development, this study has the potential to provide a new and comprehensive outlook in the theme of social sustainability in transport research. This thesis brings the social, spatial and temporal dimensions together in planning for a socially sustainable transport system. The results of each case study provide advice and develop initiatives to work towards a more inclusive, equitable and sustainable society. The findings from the chapter on children show that place disadvantage is an important issue to be addressed. For working mothers, the household responsibility hypothesis is evident, despite the compact city environment. The final chapter shows that active transport can benefit elderly citizens in a multitude of ways. More walkability assessments surrounding health-care and other opportunities should be looked into and audited. From the findings, the research concludes that the needs of these groups are not thoroughly addressed in Hong Kong, and related geographical research is also limited in the field. The urge to address the preferences and needs of these groups are of strategic importance. Recommendations for future research include an improved understanding of the needs among an expanded range of stakeholders and depending on the locations in where they live.
published_or_final_version
Geography
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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Guerreiro, Augusto Marc. « Social participation for sustainable mobility : The effects of digital transformation on mobility behavior ». Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Jönköping University, IHH, Informatik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-49241.

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Overall traffic in Germany is constantly increasing. Automobiles account for 57 percent of all trips in the country (BMVI, 2018). Steady population growth, urban agglomeration, and sprawl of cities contribute significantly to this trend. Simultaneously, the rise of digital services is progressively complementing travel by route planning, navigation, and ticketing. Therefore, a redesign and reinterpretation of the traditional understanding of the mobility landscape is required. The purpose of this work is twofold. First, to investigate the effects of digital transformation on people’s mobility behavior in public space, arguing for ecosystems in blended space being a consequence of the digital transformation at large. Second, to explore how social participation can lead to societal change for sustainable travel in the context of digital transformation. Digital technology has blurred the boundaries between physical and digital. Although physical and digital spaces are treated as separate parts, the former relates to the success of the latter. Qualitative interviewing was applied to systematically create an understanding about key actors’ roles and interdependencies as well as their perspective on how digital technologies modify today’s mobility landscape. This work concludes that the digital transformation allows individuals to influence travel demand purposefully. The system’s underlying structure reveals travel as purposive demand, a pattern extending the understanding of travel as a derived demand and valued activity. The Multi-Layered Participatory Process (MLPP), developed on the basis of the study’s findings, provides means to enable large scale social acceptance for sustainable mobility behavior.
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Eberle, Meghan Lea. « Precarity and social mobilization among migrant workers from Myanmar in Thailand ». Thesis, Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2010. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B43756372.

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Wu, Shuang. « Workers' everyday lives and the transformation of China's post-reform state-owned enterprises ». HKBU Institutional Repository, 2020. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/753.

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The interweaving of China's "reform and opening-up" policy of 1978 with globalisation has shifted the landscape of Chinese economic geographies (CEGs). With influential economic, social, and ideological functions, state-owned enterprises (SOEs) vividly illustrate the multiple political economic, geographic, and socio-cultural dimensions of these changes. Regions with concentrations of SOEs have been particularly impacted. This includes North East (NE) China, which historically held the highest proportion of employment in SOEs and has witnessed the closure of many SOEs and regional decline. Explanations of these changes emphasise the structural and institutional mechanisms of reform under globalisation. I argue this extensive literature regards workers as passive factors of production and limits discussions of space and time. Drawing on scholarship on Global Production Networks (GPNs) and Assemblages, I propose a new conceptual framework that positions the everyday life of each worker at the heart of SOE transformation. My central research question is: "how are workers" everyday lives implicated in SOE transformation?" I explore this by re-reading transformation as the coming together of reform under globalisation with the lived experiences, practices, and affective encounters of workers' everyday lives. The novelty of this framework leads me to sketch three general research propositions rather than setting formal hypotheses. I address the research question and demonstrate my framework by using qualitative research methods and building grounded theory. To explore the differentiated ways in which SOEs are transforming, I studied 13 SOEs from three major cities of NE (Harbin, Changchun, and Shenyang). A three-phase research design was deployed. I completed 62 individual and 8 group interviews. To increase the reliability and replicability of the results, I triangulated data by considering in-depth interviews, public policy documents, internet forums, movies and magazines, and on-site field observation. The empirical findings are presented in three chapters which depict, respectively, the lived experiences, practices, and affective encounters of everyday life. First, I explore workers' lived experiences of social relations in the context of reform and their link to specific spatial arrangements. I characterise interdependent social relations and spatial arrangements constitute the socio-spatial formations. The next chapter further explores workers' mobile and immobile practices and the changing meanings of time and space of SOE socio-spatial formation. Third, I describe how encounters and affects give rise to intensity of feelings which reproduces practice and impacts the SOE socio-spatial formation. In a nutshell, understanding SOEs as socio-spatial formations implies that transformation is not "meted out" by a state or abstract market force but an "always already present"process of mutual constitution of lived experiences, practices, and affective encounters in everyday life. Overall, my thesis expands economic geographic knowledge by highlighting the ongoing and processual nature of space and time and, more specifically, by valorising worker agency. I reflect on implications for CEG to combine with cultural and social geographies. I conclude by calling for an ontological shift of focusing on the emergence and contingency of CEGs.
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She, Powen. « Essays on career mobility in the UK labour market ». Thesis, University of Essex, 2017. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/19955/.

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This thesis consists of three substantial chapters on topics related to occupational and industrial mobility. Using quarterly data of the Labour Force Survey (LFS) from 1992 to 2013, Chapter 2 documents the mobility across occupations and industries (referred to as career change). The findings suggest that occupational and industrial mobility are surprisingly high. Both occupational and industrial mobility are procyclical. The majority of instances of career change are associated with wage growth. During an expansion, a career changer's wage grows more than someone who stays in their career. However, this does not apply if the career changer was unemployed and then hired during a recession. The evidence suggests that career mobility during a business cycle is important for understanding the labour market flows and wage growth. The use of interviewing method may affect the accuracy of the data. The dependent interviewing is introduced in the survey, and is helpful in reducing the measurement errors. Chapter 3 uses data from British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) and UK Household Longitudinal Survey (UKHLS) to examine the robustness of the results obtained by using LFS. The procyclicality of occupational and industrial mobility are reassured when the change of interviewing method is controlled for. The further detailed occupational and industrial classification is applied, and the pro-cyclicality of occupational and industrial mobility is found in the further detailing of classifications. Given the solid evidence found in Chaper 2 and 3, Chapter 4 develops a theoretical model to understand the mechanism of workers' reallocation. Aggregate productivity shock, sectoral productivity shock and preference shock are included in order to investigate reallocation through business cycle, net mobility and gross mobility respectively. This model shows the procyclicality of gross mobility between sectors, which is consistent with the findings in Chapter 2 and 3. This chapter also explains the higher level of unemployment during recession. This thesis undertakes a comprehensive analysis of the occupational and industrial mobility in the UK using both empirical and theoretical methods. Limitations of this thesis and suggestions for future research are provided.
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Simsek-Caglar, Ayse. « German Turks in Berlin : migration and their quest for social mobility ». Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=41770.

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This study examines the dynamics of German Turks' practices and life-styles and their relationship with Turkey in the context of the possibilities brought into their lives by their particular type of dislocation. Turkish migrants' "culture" and life-styles are explored in the context of their complex social space, rather than within a framework encapsulated in a reified ethnicity and/or immutable "Turkish culture".
Chapter I discusses concepts of ethnicity, culture and identity and presents a critical account of the literature on German Turks in this respect. Chapter II focuses on the ambiguities and insecurities of German Turks' legal, political and social status in both Turkey and Germany, and traces the consequences of these conditions on Turkish migrants' complex sense of place. The discussion of German Turks' "myths of return" in the context of their liminality and the impact these have on their self-image and their visions about their lives constitute the focus of chapters III and IV respectively. Chapter V explores the changing nature of Turkish migrants' interpersonal relationships. Chapter VI concentrates on the anomalies of the social space occupied by German Turks in German society and discusses their life-styles, practices and emergent cultural forms in the context of social mobility.
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Livres sur le sujet "Labor mobility – Social aspects"

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Berger, Peter A. Individualisierung : Statusunsicherheit und Erfahrungsvielfalt. Opladen : Westdeutscher Verlag, 1996.

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Korpi, Tomas. The unemployment process : Studies of search, selection, and social mobility in the labor market. Stockholm : Dept. of Sociology, Stockholm University, 1998.

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The anxieties of mobility : Migration and tourism in the Indonesian borderlands. Honolulu : University of Hawaiʻi Press, 2009.

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Working Conference on Speculative Migration and Community Impacts (1986 Memorial University of Newfoundland). Papers presented at the Conference, In Search of Work : A Working Conference on Speculative Migration and Community Impacts : February 6-7, 1986, Queen's College, Memorial University of Newfoundland. [St. John's] : Institute of Social and Economic Research, 1986.

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Green, Anne E. Long distance living : Dual location households. Bristol, UK : Policy Press, 1999.

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Ortiz, José Joaquín Hervás. Libertad de circulación de trabajadores : Aspectos laborales y de seguridad social comunitarios : presente y futuro. Madrid [Spain] : Consejo General del Poder Judicial, 2002.

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Irudaya Rajan, S. (Sebastian), 1959-, dir. Kerala's Gulf connection, 1998-2011 : Economic and social impact of migration. New Delhi : Orient Blackswan, 2012.

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G, Harris Richard, Lemieux Thomas, Canada Industry Canada et Canada. Human Resources and Skills Development Canada., dir. Social and labour market aspects of North American linkages. Calgary : University of Calgary Press, 2005.

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Ökonomische, soziale und räumliche Folgen der saisonalen Arbeitsmigration im Herkunftsgebiet : Am Beispiel der Region Konin (Polen). Potsdam : Universitätsverlag Potsdam, 2011.

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Audenino, Patrizia. Un mestiere per partire : Tradizione migratoria, lavoro e communità in una vallata alpina. Milano : F. Angeli, 1990.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Labor mobility – Social aspects"

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Themelis, Spyros. « Quantitative Aspects of Social Mobility ». Dans Social Change and Education in Greece, 111–31. New York : Palgrave Macmillan US, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137108616_7.

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Clogg, Clifford C., Scott R. Eliason et Kevin T. Leicht. « Latent Class Models in the Analysis of Social Mobility ». Dans Analyzing the Labor Force, 95–118. Boston, MA : Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1265-3_4.

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Wenkai, Sun. « Social network and mobility of migrant workers ». Dans A Study of Labor Mobility in China, 162–96. London : Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003254522-8.

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Dudey, Stefan. « Long-Term Aspects of Social Security Financing in Germany ». Dans Labor Markets and Social Security, 371–82. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03599-3_12.

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Marjit, Sugata, Biswajit Mandal et Noritsugu Nakanishi. « Virtual Labor Mobility and Its Distributional and Allocative Impacts ». Dans Kobe University Monograph Series in Social Science Research, 109–38. Singapore : Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3906-0_9.

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Hirsch, Jennifer S., Morgan M. Philbin, Daniel Jordan Smith et Richard G. Parker. « From Structural Analysis to Pragmatic Action : The Meso-level Modifiable Social Determinants of HIV Vulnerability for Labor Migrants ». Dans Social Aspects of HIV, 19–43. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63522-4_2.

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Bilecen, Başak. « Reciprocity Within Migrant Networks : The Role of Social Support for Employment ». Dans IMISCOE Research Series, 159–78. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94972-3_8.

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AbstractThis chapter investigates the ways in which migrants’ perceive and mobilize their social relationships to enter into the labor market. Previous literature has ample evidence on the importance of social ties for migrants to find a job usually studying the received job information while underlining ethnicity of ties as if it is the only aspect that matters in the labor market. Going beyond those debates, this chapter argues that not only receiving information on jobs, but also being embedded in a supportive network in other realms such as care is equally significant in explaining the labor market positions of international migrants and their descendants. To this end, based on a qualitative personal network analysis with international migrants and migrant descendants from Turkey living in Germany, this chapter illustrates how such supportive resources are being exchanged in networks as well as their meanings for migrants’ labor market (non-)participation. After all, studying those migrants who found paid employment via their social ties is only one part of the explanation overlooking other factors such as support they receive or (expected to) give.
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Oucho, John O. « Labor Mobility, Regional Integration and Social Protection in Southern Economies ». Dans A New Perspective on Human Mobility in the South, 49–64. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9023-9_3.

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Cornelsen, Doris. « Labor Markets and Social Security Systems Facing Unification : Systemic Challenges in Germany ». Dans Economic Aspects of German Unification, 219–32. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79972-3_10.

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Cornelsen, Doris, et Gerhard Bäcker. « Labor Markets and Social Security Systems Facing Unification : Systemic Challenges in Germany ». Dans Economic Aspects of German Unification, 163–82. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-97379-6_6.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Labor mobility – Social aspects"

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Koev, Krasimir, et Ana Popova. « Social aspects of the intra-EU mobility ». Dans 7th International e-Conference on Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences. Center for Open Access in Science, Belgrade, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32591/coas.e-conf.07.16169k.

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The paper presents a topical picture of the intra-EU mobility on the basis of officially published quantitative data. Several social aspects of this type of internal migration are discussed and analyzed, such as: risks for the health, education and socialization of the migrant children; risks for the stability of the migrant families; demographic and social consequences for the EU countries which are reported as the biggest sources of intra-EU mobility. The official statistical data are compared with the results of the authors’ study on socialization deficits for the children from so called “transnational families”, where one or both parent are labor migrants and have left their children to the care of relatives in the country of origin. The comparative results serve as a basis of conclusions about the negative social impact of the intra-EU mobility on the migrant families and especially on their children.
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Izgarskaya, Anna A., et Ekaterina A. Gordeychik. « WORLD-SYSTEM ASPECTS OF EDUCATIONAL INEQUALITY IN A PERIPHERIZED SOCIETY ». Dans All-Russian Conference with International Participation "Education, Social Mobility, and Human Development : to the 90th Anniversary of Prof. L.G. Borisova". Novosibirsk State University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/978-5-4437-1383-0-151-161.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of the problems of inequality in modern education from the point of view of the world-system approach. The authors establish links between educational inequality and in- 153 equality of societies in the «core – semiperiphery – periphery» structure. The authors attempt to consider the mechanism of the formation of educational inequality in peripheral societies in which social contradictions are most clearly observed from the perspective of the world-system approach. The authors use the theoretical constructions of the world-system approach of I. Wallerstein, S. Amin, F. Cardozo, the ideas of the representatives of the world-system paradigm in comparative education of R.F. Arnove, T. Griffiths, and the concept of a closed circle of inequality in education by R. Flecha. The authors believe that changes in the education system of a society that is integrated into the world-system through the specialization of its economy correspond to those specific transformations that are caused in this society by the innovation spread by the global hegemon. The authors of the article show that the reform of the education system proceeds in the general direction of integrating society into the world system of the division of labor, when the elite forms priority consumption patterns in a peripheralized society (including patterns of knowledge and education), borrowing they from the countries of the core and the hegemon of the world system. The formation of priority patterns leads to the displacement of their own educational culture, the imitation of the masses of the elite and the uneven spread of the patterns. Since full compliance with the priority patterns is unattainable for the majority of the population, its imitations are spreading.
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Aleksandrova, Alevtina, Svetlana Feoktistova et Marina Alekseeva. « Recombination of the academic mobility format of higher schoolteachers in the context of digitalization of education ». Dans Human resource management within the framework of realisation of national development goals and strategic objectives. Dela Press Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56199/dpcsebm.qaxk8823.

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The paper addresses the need to revise the importance of academic mobility of the professorial and teaching staff in the conditions of digitalization processes in the educational sphere. Information technologies are placed at the top in the current economic and social conditions. In the age of the digital economy, innovative projects are being developed and implemented providing for the emergence of completely new specialities. Universities are shifting the directions of education towards the development of unique programs. The labor market shows the demand for highly competent specialists. For these reasons, the authors have set the goal of finding out the necessary degree of recombining the format of academic mobility of higher school teachers in the conditions of changed competence requirements for a university graduate. The digital economy strategy offers new approaches to the training; respectively, the qualification requirements for teachers are raising to a new level. The implementation of the academic mobility opens up a prospect for solving this problem. Academic mobility is aimed at conducting research or exchanging experience with scientists and teachers at the sites of other universities within the framework of professional development and obtaining new knowledge. The research method was the analysis of scientific papers and information platforms of universities, as well as the study of statistical data of analytical agencies in the field of education. The purpose of the study is implemented through joint educational projects with foreign colleagues The issue of academic mobility has recently been in the focus as a key aspect of the development of the scientific and professional community. In the course of the study, we found out that the teaching staff faced the problem of a lack of digital competencies in the training process. Many teachers may not have access (or may not be able to afford) to exchange methods and technologies.
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Ciucan-Rusu, Liviu. « Key Facts about the Decision-making Process of High School Students Regarding Career Options ». Dans ATEE 2020 - Winter Conference. Teacher Education for Promoting Well-Being in School. LUMEN Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc/atee2020/09.

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As a dynamic transformation of the economy, companies put pressure on universities and other educational suppliers to deliver the labor force with new knowledge and skills required, to ensure their innovation and competitiveness. Because of these dynamics, students are also under pressure when they must decide about future jobs. There is also confusion in the mind of young adult that needs to bear the influence of public media, social media, online communities about the personal development in regional, national, or global environment. In this case, universities and high schools have to inform about trends and perspectives of future career and support students in their choice but they lack of communication capabilities or marketing aspects are overestimated. Our study is based on an online survey with more than 500 participants from Mures county high schools during the 2018-2019 academic year. Most of the student wants to continue their study at university 83,2 %. As a preferential channel of information about university programs students voted as very useful, university websites and meetings with representatives of faculties. The main fields students interested in are: business, engineering, informatics, medicine, public administration and law. Around 13.4% of the high school students intend to continue their study abroad. Almost half of the respondents have clear idea of study program to be chosen. Regarding the influence factors of their choice, family and acquaintances who are already university students have the higher impact rather than colleagues, friends and professors. When referring to criteria for choosing the future university, they favor the number of tax-free places and international mobility. Generally, we can say that students consider university the most important next step in their future career and they proof themselves rather independent to decide about this step. Our study also emphasizes significant levels of indecision and we will deepen our further research for better understanding of the phenomenon.
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Trif, Letitia. « PARTICULARITIES OF TEACHER-STUDENT INTERACTION FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS ». Dans eLSE 2020. University Publishing House, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-20-051.

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The contemporary society being an educational society, points out a number of aspects that require the elaboration of the educational policy directions and the reconfiguration of the educational paradigms, at the macro and micro level, starting from elements such as: the high degree of abstraction of some knowledge products; restructuring of the values system promoted by the society; accelerating the dynamics, the pace of changes; scientific, technical, cultura etc., general; the mobility of social life, the need to change tasks, roles and statuses, professions; the evolution of the labor market. Thus, contemporary education systems underline the role of "the teacher who is a facilitator of learning, a student among students, a person who sees learning through the eyes of students." (John Hattie, 2014) In this context, we propose an analysis of identifying the particularities of teacher-student interaction from the perspective of learning environments. We will analyze certain factors, such as: the course materials, the quality of the educational materials from the program, their attractiveness, presentation, clarity, content and references to other materials; quality of the teachers activity: the degree in which it is able to offer help, encouragement and guidance (good communication with the teacher improves the student's learning performance); feedback on the learning process, the recorded performances, the speed and clarity of the reaction received throughout the training program, either in the online environment or in the traditional environment, of the student class; interaction and collaboration with colleagues, how they are able to provide support and encouragement. The present study aims at three important objectives: identifying the students' preference for using the learning environment; analyzing the quality of knowledge acquisition in relation to the preferred learning environment; identification of the particularities of the teacher-student interaction from the perspective of the learning environment.
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Lutsenko, Ekaterina. « Social Aspects Of Labor Migration In Russia ». Dans SCTCMG 2019 - Social and Cultural Transformations in the Context of Modern Globalism. Cognitive-Crcs, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2019.12.04.268.

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Gimbatov, Sh M. « Social And Demographic Aspects Of Regional Labor Market Development ». Dans SCTCGM 2018 - Social and Cultural Transformations in the Context of Modern Globalism. Cognitive-Crcs, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2019.03.02.236.

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Gishkaeva, Leila. « Some Aspects Of Labor Market Development And Employment Issues ». Dans SCTCMG 2019 - Social and Cultural Transformations in the Context of Modern Globalism. Cognitive-Crcs, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2019.12.04.143.

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Herman, Murdiansyah, Sunardi Sunardi et Imam Sumantri. « Climate Change, Labor Market and Rural Worker Mobility ». Dans Proceedings of the 1st Hasanuddin International Conference on Social and Political Sciences, HICOSPOS 2019, 21-22 October 2019, Makassar, Indonesia. EAI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.21-10-2019.2291544.

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Bezrukova, G. A. « Medical-Demographic And Socio-Hygienic Aspects Of Agricultural Labor Resources ». Dans International Conference on Economic and Social Trends for Sustainability of Modern Society. European Publisher, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2020.10.03.180.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Labor mobility – Social aspects"

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Beuermann, Diether, Nicolas L. Bottan, Bridget Hoffmann, Jeetendra Khadan et Diego A. Vera-Cossio. Suriname COVID-19 Survey. Inter-American Development Bank, mai 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003266.

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This dataset constitutes a panel follow-up to the 2016/2017 Suriname Survey of Living Conditions. It measures welfare related variables before and after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic including labor market outcomes, financial literacy, and food security. The survey was executed in August 2020. The Suriname COVID-19 Survey is a project of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). It collected data on critical socioeconomic topics in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic to support policymaking and help mitigate the crisis impacts on the populations welfare. The survey recontacted households interviewed in 2016/2017 by the Suriname Survey of Living Conditions (SSLC) and was conducted by phone due to the mobility restrictions and social distancing measures in place. It interviewed 1,016 households during August 2020 and gathered information about disease transmission, household finances, labor, income, remittances, spending, and social protection programs. Data and documentation of the 2016/2017 Suriname Survey of Living Conditions can be found at: https://publications.iadb.org/en/suriname-survey-living-conditions-2016-2017 The survey was designed and implemented by Sistemas Integrales. This publication describes the main methodological aspects, such as sample design, estimation procedures, topics covered by the questionnaire, field organization and quality control. It also presents the structure and codebook for the two resulting publicly available datasets.
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Acemoglu, Daron. Obedience in the Labor Market and Social Mobility : A Socio-Economic Approach. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, août 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w29125.

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Araujo,, María Caridad, et Karen Macours. Education, Income and Mobility : Experimental Impacts of Childhood Exposure to Progresa after 20 Years. Inter-American Development Bank, décembre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003808.

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In 1997, the Mexican government designed the conditional cash transfer program Progresa, which became the worldwide model of a new approach to social programs, simultaneously targeting human capital accumulation and poverty reduction. A large literature has documented the short and medium-term impacts of the Mexican program and its successors in other countries. Using Progresas experimental evaluation design originally rolled out in 1997-2000, and a tracking survey conducted 20 years later, this paper studies the differential long-term impacts of exposure to Progresa. We focus on two cohorts of children: i) those that during the period of differential exposure were in-utero or in the first years of life, and ii) those who during the period of differential exposure were transitioning from primary to secondary school. Results for the early childhood cohort, 18-20-year-old at endline, shows that differential exposure to Progresa during the early years led to positive impacts on educational attainment and labor income expectations. This constitutes unique long-term evidence on the returns of an at-scale intervention on investments in human capital during the first 1000 days of life. Results for the school cohort - in their early 30s at endline - show that the short-term impacts of differential exposure to Progresa on schooling were sustained in the long-run and manifested themselves in larger labor incomes, more geographical mobility including through international migration, and later family formation.
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Lazonick, William, Philip Moss et Joshua Weitz. Equality Denied : Tech and African Americans. Institute for New Economic Thinking, février 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp177.

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Thus far in reporting the findings of our project “Fifty Years After: Black Employment in the United States Under the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission,” our analysis of what has happened to African American employment over the past half century has documented the importance of manufacturing employment to the upward socioeconomic mobility of Blacks in the 1960s and 1970s and the devastating impact of rationalization—the permanent elimination of blue-collar employment—on their socioeconomic mobility in the 1980s and beyond. The upward mobility of Blacks in the earlier decades was based on the Old Economy business model (OEBM) with its characteristic “career-with-one-company” (CWOC) employment relations. At its launching in 1965, the policy approach of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission assumed the existence of CWOC, providing corporate employees, Blacks included, with a potential path for upward socioeconomic mobility over the course of their working lives by gaining access to productive opportunities and higher pay through stable employment within companies. It was through these internal employment structures that Blacks could potentially overcome barriers to the long legacy of job and pay discrimination. In the 1960s and 1970s, the generally growing availability of unionized semiskilled jobs gave working people, including Blacks, the large measure of employment stability as well as rising wages and benefits characteristic of the lower levels of the middle class. The next stage in this process of upward socioeconomic mobility should have been—and in a nation as prosperous as the United States could have been—the entry of the offspring of the new Black blue-collar middle class into white-collar occupations requiring higher educations. Despite progress in the attainment of college degrees, however, Blacks have had very limited access to the best employment opportunities as professional, technical, and administrative personnel at U.S. technology companies. Since the 1980s, the barriers to African American upward socioeconomic mobility have occurred within the context of the marketization (the end of CWOC) and globalization (accessibility to transnational labor supplies) of high-tech employment relations in the United States. These new employment relations, which stress interfirm labor mobility instead of intrafirm employment structures in the building of careers, are characteristic of the rise of the New Economy business model (NEBM), as scrutinized in William Lazonick’s 2009 book, Sustainable Prosperity in the New Economy? Business Organization and High-Tech Employment in the United States (Upjohn Institute). In this paper, we analyze the exclusion of Blacks from STEM (science, technology, engineering, math) occupations, using EEO-1 employment data made public, voluntarily and exceptionally, for various years between 2014 and 2020 by major tech companies, including Alphabet (Google), Amazon, Apple, Cisco, Facebook (now Meta), Hewlett Packard Enterprise, HP Inc., Intel, Microsoft, PayPal, Salesforce, and Uber. These data document the vast over-representation of Asian Americans and vast under-representation of African Americans at these tech companies in recent years. The data also shine a light on the racial, ethnic, and gender composition of large masses of lower-paid labor in the United States at leading U.S. tech companies, including tens of thousands of sales workers at Apple and hundreds of thousands of laborers & helpers at Amazon. In the cases of Hewlett-Packard, IBM, and Intel, we have access to EEO-1 data from earlier decades that permit in-depth accounts of the employment transitions that characterized the demise of OEBM and the rise of NEBM. Given our findings from the EEO-1 data analysis, our paper then seeks to explain the enormous presence of Asian Americans and the glaring absence of African Americans in well-paid employment under NEBM. A cogent answer to this question requires an understanding of the institutional conditions that have determined the availability of qualified Asians and Blacks to fill these employment opportunities as well as the access of qualified people by race, ethnicity, and gender to the employment opportunities that are available. Our analysis of the racial/ethnic determinants of STEM employment focuses on a) stark differences among racial and ethnic groups in educational attainment and performance relevant to accessing STEM occupations, b) the decline in the implementation of affirmative-action legislation from the early 1980s, c) changes in U.S. immigration policy that favored the entry of well-educated Asians, especially with the passage of the Immigration Act of 1990, and d) consequent social barriers that qualified Blacks have faced relative to Asians and whites in accessing tech employment as a result of a combination of statistical discrimination against African Americans and their exclusion from effective social networks.
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Terrón-Caro, María Teresa, Rocio Cárdenas-Rodríguez, Fabiola Ortega-de-Mora, Kassia Aleksic, Sofia Bergano, Patience Biligha, Tiziana Chiappelli et al. Policy Recommendations ebook. Migrations, Gender and Inclusion from an International Perspective. Voices of Immigrant Women, juillet 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46661/rio.20220727_1.

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This publication is the third product of the Erasmus + Project entitled Voices of Immigrant Women (Project Number: 2020-1-ES01-KA203-082364). This product is based on a set of policy recommendations that provides practical guidance on intervention proposals to those with political responsibilities in governance on migration management and policies for integration and social inclusion, as well as to policy makers in the governance of training in Higher Education (University) at all levels. This is intended to promote the development of practical strategies that allow overcoming the obstacles encountered by migrant women during the integration process, favoring the construction of institutions, administrations and, ultimately, more inclusive societies. The content presented in this book proposes recommendations and intervention proposals oriented to practice to: - Improve Higher Education study plans by promoting the training of students as future active protagonists who are aware of social interventions. This will promote equity, diversity and the integration of migrant women. - Strengthen cooperation and creation of networks between academic organizations, the third sector and public administrations that are responsible for promoting the integration and inclusion of migrant women. - Promote dialogue and the exchange of knowledge to, firstly, raise awareness of human mobility and gender in Europe and, secondly, promote the participation and social, labor and civic integration of the migrant population. All this is developed through 4 areas in which this book is articulated. The first area entitled "Migrant women needs and successful integration interventions"; the second area entitled "Promoting University students awareness and civic and social responsibility towards migrant women integration"; the third area entitled "Cooperation between Higher Education institutions and third sector"; the fourth and last area, entitled "Inclusive Higher Education".
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Altamirano Montoya, Álvaro, Mariano Bosch, Carolina Cabrita Felix, Rodrigo Cerda, Manuel García-Huitrón, Laura Karina Gutiérrez et Waldo Tapia Troncoso. 2020 Pension Indicators for Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, décembre 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002967.

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The PLAC Network's Pension Indicators are a dataset containing information related to the labor markets and pension systems of the nineteen PLAC Network member countries: Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, and Uruguay. The indicators are divided into five main categories: environment, performance, sustainability, society's preparedness for aging and reform, and pension system design. Each one of these categories are divided into a few subcategories as well. These indicators were constructed with the objective of becoming an important tool for the improvement of the following aspects of pension systems: coverage, sufficiency of benefits, financial sustainability, equity and social solidarity, efficiency, and institutional capacity. An important characteristic of this dataset is the comparability of these indicators since it permits the identification of areas of cooperation and knowledge exchange among countries. The dataset is accompanied by a User's Manual, which can be found in this link https://publications.iadb.org/en/users-manual-idb-plac-network-pension-indicators
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Altamirano Montoya, Álvaro, Mariano Bosch, Carolina Cabrita Felix, Rodrigo Cerda, Manuel García-Huitrón, Laura Karina Gutiérrez et Waldo Tapia Troncoso. 2019 Pension Indicators for Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, décembre 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002966.

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The 2019 PLAC Network's Pension Indicators are a dataset containing information related to the labor markets and pension systems of the nineteen PLAC Network member countries: Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, and Uruguay. The indicators are divided into five main categories: environment, performance, sustainability, society's preparedness for aging and reform, and pension system design. Each one of these categories are divided into a few subcategories as well. These indicators were constructed with the objective of becoming an important tool for the improvement of the following aspects of pension systems: coverage, sufficiency of benefits, financial sustainability, equity and social solidarity, efficiency, and institutional capacity. An important characteristic of this dataset is the comparability of these indicators since it permits the identification of areas of cooperation and knowledge exchange among countries. The dataset is accompanied by a User's Manual, which can be found in this link: https://publications.iadb.org/en/users-manual-idb-plac-network-pension-indicators
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Lazonick, William. Investing in Innovation : A Policy Framework for Attaining Sustainable Prosperity in the United States. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, mars 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp182.

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“Sustainable prosperity” denotes an economy that generates stable and equitable growth for a large and growing middle class. From the 1940s into the 1970s, the United States appeared to be on a trajectory of sustainable prosperity, especially for white-male members of the U.S. labor force. Since the 1980s, however, an increasing proportion of the U.S labor force has experienced unstable employment and inequitable income, while growing numbers of the business firms upon which they rely for employment have generated anemic productivity growth. Stable and equitable growth requires innovative enterprise. The essence of innovative enterprise is investment in productive capabilities that can generate higher-quality, lower-cost goods and services than those previously available. The innovative enterprise tends to be a business firm—a unit of strategic control that, by selling products, must make profits over time to survive. In a modern society, however, business firms are not alone in making investments in the productive capabilities required to generate innovative goods and services. Household units and government agencies also make investments in productive capabilities upon which business firms rely for their own investment activities. When they work in a harmonious fashion, these three types of organizations—household units, government agencies, and business firms—constitute “the investment triad.” The Biden administration’s Build Back Better agenda to restore sustainable prosperity in the United States focuses on investment in productive capabilities by two of the three types of organizations in the triad: government agencies, implementing the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, and household units, implementing the yet-to-be-passed American Families Act. Absent, however, is a policy agenda to encourage and enable investment in innovation by business firms. This gaping lacuna is particularly problematic because many of the largest industrial corporations in the United States place a far higher priority on distributing the contents of the corporate treasury to shareholders in the form of cash dividends and stock buybacks for the sake of higher stock yields than on investing in the productive capabilities of their workforces for the sake of innovation. Based on analyzes of the “financialization” of major U.S. business corporations, I argue that, unless Build Back Better includes an effective policy agenda to encourage and enable corporate investment in innovation, the Biden administration’s program for attaining stable and equitable growth will fail. Drawing on the experience of the U.S. economy over the past seven decades, I summarize how the United States moved toward stable and equitable growth from the late 1940s through the 1970s under a “retain-and-reinvest” resource-allocation regime at major U.S. business firms. Companies retained a substantial portion of their profits to reinvest in productive capabilities, including those of career employees. In contrast, since the early 1980s, under a “downsize-and-distribute” corporate resource-allocation regime, unstable employment, inequitable income, and sagging productivity have characterized the U.S. economy. In transition from retain-and-reinvest to downsize-and-distribute, many of the largest, most powerful corporations have adopted a “dominate-and-distribute” resource-allocation regime: Based on the innovative capabilities that they have previously developed, these companies dominate market segments of their industries but prioritize shareholders in corporate resource allocation. The practice of open-market share repurchases—aka stock buybacks—at major U.S. business corporations has been central to the dominate-and-distribute and downsize-and-distribute regimes. Since the mid-1980s, stock buybacks have become the prime mode for the legalized looting of the business corporation. I call this looting process “predatory value extraction” and contend that it is the fundamental cause of the increasing concentration of income among the richest household units and the erosion of middle-class employment opportunities for most other Americans. I conclude the paper by outlining a policy framework that could stop the looting of the business corporation and put in place social institutions that support sustainable prosperity. The agenda includes a ban on stock buybacks done as open-market repurchases, radical changes in incentives for senior corporate executives, representation of workers and taxpayers as directors on corporate boards, reform of the tax system to reward innovation and penalize financialization, and, guided by the investment-triad framework, government programs to support “collective and cumulative careers” of members of the U.S. labor force. Sustained investment in human capabilities by the investment triad, including business firms, would make it possible for an ever-increasing portion of the U.S. labor force to engage in the productive careers that underpin upward socioeconomic mobility, which would be manifested by a growing, robust, and hopeful American middle class.
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Youth Livelihood Opportunities in Egypt. Population Council, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy2001.1000.

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This report presents results from a quantitative and qualitative study on youth livelihood opportunities in Egypt. The study was motivated by growing evidence of increasing unemployment among the young at a time when new entrants into the labor force are also increasing at unprecedented rates. Egypt has a youth population of over 13 million aged 15–24—over a fifth of the total population. They constitute the largest segment of the economically active population. Whether this bulge of young workers entering the labor force is a “demographic gift” or a “demographic burden” depends in large measure on the policies that are in place to guide their entry into the labor force, and their accumulation of human capital. Opportunity structures for youth at this transitional stage of their life will not only contribute to the economic and social development of the country, but also shape and influence all aspects of their lives as adults.
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Monetary Policy Report - January 2022. Banco de la República, mars 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr1-2022.

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Macroeconomic summary Several factors contributed to an increase in projected inflation on the forecast horizon, keeping it above the target rate. These included inflation in December that surpassed expectations (5.62%), indexation to higher inflation rates for various baskets in the consumer price index (CPI), a significant real increase in the legal minimum wage, persistent external and domestic inflationary supply shocks, and heightened exchange rate pressures. The CPI for foods was affected by the persistence of external and domestic supply shocks and was the most significant contributor to unexpectedly high inflation in the fourth quarter. Price adjustments for fuels and certain utilities can explain the acceleration in inflation for regulated items, which was more significant than anticipated. Prices in the CPI for goods excluding food and regulated items also rose more than expected. This was partly due to a smaller effect on prices from the national government’s VAT-free day than anticipated by the technical staff and more persistent external pressures, including via peso depreciation. By contrast, the CPI for services excluding food and regulated items accelerated less than expected, partly reflecting strong competition in the communications sector. This was the only major CPI basket for which prices increased below the target inflation rate. The technical staff revised its inflation forecast upward in response to certain external shocks (prices, costs, and depreciation) and domestic shocks (e.g., on meat products) that were stronger and more persistent than anticipated in the previous report. Observed inflation and a real increase in the legal minimum wage also exceeded expectations, which would boost inflation by affecting price indexation, labor costs, and inflation expectations. The technical staff now expects year-end headline inflation of 4.3% in 2022 and 3.4% in 2023; core inflation is projected to be 4.5% and 3.6%, respectively. These forecasts consider the lapse of certain price relief measures associated with the COVID-19 health emergency, which would contribute to temporarily keeping inflation above the target on the forecast horizon. It is important to note that these estimates continue to contain a significant degree of uncertainty, mainly related to the development of external and domestic supply shocks and their ultimate effects on prices. Other contributing factors include high price volatility and measurement uncertainty related to the extension of Colombia’s health emergency and tax relief measures (such as the VAT-free days) associated with the Social Investment Law (Ley de Inversión Social). The as-yet uncertain magnitude of the effects of a recent real increase in the legal minimum wage (that was high by historical standards) and high observed and expected inflation, are additional factors weighing on the overall uncertainty of the estimates in this report. The size of excess productive capacity remaining in the economy and the degree to which it is closing are also uncertain, as the evolution of the pandemic continues to represent a significant forecast risk. margin, could be less dynamic than expected. And the normalization of monetary policy in the United States could come more quickly than projected in this report, which could negatively affect international financing costs. Finally, there remains a significant degree of uncertainty related to the duration of supply chocks and the degree to which macroeconomic and political conditions could negatively affect the recovery in investment. The technical staff revised its GDP growth projection for 2022 from 4.7% to 4.3% (Graph 1.3). This revision accounts for the likelihood that a larger portion of the recent positive dynamic in private consumption would be transitory than previously expected. This estimate also contemplates less dynamic investment behavior than forecast in the previous report amid less favorable financial conditions and a highly uncertain investment environment. Third-quarter GDP growth (12.9%), which was similar to projections from the October report, and the fourth-quarter growth forecast (8.7%) reflect a positive consumption trend, which has been revised upward. This dynamic has been driven by both public and private spending. Investment growth, meanwhile, has been weaker than forecast. Available fourth-quarter data suggest that consumption spending for the period would have exceeded estimates from October, thanks to three consecutive months that included VAT-free days, a relatively low COVID-19 caseload, and mobility indicators similar to their pre-pandemic levels. By contrast, the most recently available figures on new housing developments and machinery and equipment imports suggest that investment, while continuing to rise, is growing at a slower rate than anticipated in the previous report. The trade deficit is expected to have widened, as imports would have grown at a high level and outpaced exports. Given the above, the technical staff now expects fourth-quarter economic growth of 8.7%, with overall growth for 2021 of 9.9%. Several factors should continue to contribute to output recovery in 2022, though some of these may be less significant than previously forecast. International financial conditions are expected to be less favorable, though external demand should continue to recover and terms of trade continue to increase amid higher projected oil prices. Lower unemployment rates and subsequent positive effects on household income, despite increased inflation, would also boost output recovery, as would progress in the national vaccination campaign. The technical staff expects that the conditions that have favored recent high levels of consumption would be, in large part, transitory. Consumption spending is expected to grow at a slower rate in 2022. Gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) would continue to recover, approaching its pre-pandemic level, though at a slower rate than anticipated in the previous report. This would be due to lower observed GFCF levels and the potential impact of political and fiscal uncertainty. Meanwhile, the policy interest rate would be less expansionary as the process of monetary policy normalization continues. Given the above, growth in 2022 is forecast to decelerate to 4.3% (previously 4.7%). In 2023, that figure (3.1%) is projected to converge to levels closer to the potential growth rate. In this case, excess productive capacity would be expected to tighten at a similar rate as projected in the previous report. The trade deficit would tighten more than previously projected on the forecast horizon, due to expectations of an improved export dynamic and moderation in imports. The growth forecast for 2022 considers a low basis of comparison from the first half of 2021. However, there remain significant downside risks to this forecast. The current projection does not, for example, account for any additional effects on economic activity resulting from further waves of COVID-19. High private consumption levels, which have already surpassed pre-pandemic levels by a large margin, could be less dynamic than expected. And the normalization of monetary policy in the United States could come more quickly than projected in this report, which could negatively affect international financing costs. Finally, there remains a significant degree of uncertainty related to the duration of supply chocks and the degree to which macroeconomic and political conditions could negatively affect the recovery in investment. External demand for Colombian goods and services should continue to recover amid significant global inflation pressures, high oil prices, and less favorable international financial conditions than those estimated in October. Economic activity among Colombia’s major trade partners recovered in 2021 amid countries reopening and ample international liquidity. However, that growth has been somewhat restricted by global supply chain disruptions and new outbreaks of COVID-19. The technical staff has revised its growth forecast for Colombia’s main trade partners from 6.3% to 6.9% for 2021, and from 3.4% to 3.3% for 2022; trade partner economies are expected to grow 2.6% in 2023. Colombia’s annual terms of trade increased in 2021, largely on higher oil, coffee, and coal prices. This improvement came despite increased prices for goods and services imports. The expected oil price trajectory has been revised upward, partly to supply restrictions and lagging investment in the sector that would offset reduced growth forecasts in some major economies. Elevated freight and raw materials costs and supply chain disruptions continue to affect global goods production, and have led to increases in global prices. Coupled with the recovery in global demand, this has put upward pressure on external inflation. Several emerging market economies have continued to normalize monetary policy in this context. Meanwhile, in the United States, the Federal Reserve has anticipated an end to its asset buying program. U.S. inflation in December (7.0%) was again surprisingly high and market average inflation forecasts for 2022 have increased. The Fed is expected to increase its policy rate during the first quarter of 2022, with quarterly increases anticipated over the rest of the year. For its part, Colombia’s sovereign risk premium has increased and is forecast to remain on a higher path, to levels above the 15-year-average, on the forecast horizon. This would be partly due to the effects of a less expansionary monetary policy in the United States and the accumulation of macroeconomic imbalances in Colombia. Given the above, international financial conditions are projected to be less favorable than anticipated in the October report. The increase in Colombia’s external financing costs could be more significant if upward pressures on inflation in the United States persist and monetary policy is normalized more quickly than contemplated in this report. As detailed in Section 2.3, uncertainty surrounding international financial conditions continues to be unusually high. Along with other considerations, recent concerns over the potential effects of new COVID-19 variants, the persistence of global supply chain disruptions, energy crises in certain countries, growing geopolitical tensions, and a more significant deceleration in China are all factors underlying this uncertainty. The changing macroeconomic environment toward greater inflation and unanchoring risks on inflation expectations imply a reduction in the space available for monetary policy stimulus. Recovery in domestic demand and a reduction in excess productive capacity have come in line with the technical staff’s expectations from the October report. Some upside risks to inflation have materialized, while medium-term inflation expectations have increased and are above the 3% target. Monetary policy remains expansionary. Significant global inflationary pressures and the unexpected increase in the CPI in December point to more persistent effects from recent supply shocks. Core inflation is trending upward, but remains below the 3% target. Headline and core inflation projections have increased on the forecast horizon and are above the target rate through the end of 2023. Meanwhile, the expected dynamism of domestic demand would be in line with low levels of excess productive capacity. An accumulation of macroeconomic imbalances in Colombia and the increased likelihood of a faster normalization of monetary policy in the United States would put upward pressure on sovereign risk perceptions in a more persistent manner, with implications for the exchange rate and the natural rate of interest. Persistent disruptions to international supply chains, a high real increase in the legal minimum wage, and the indexation of various baskets in the CPI to higher inflation rates could affect price expectations and push inflation above the target more persistently. These factors suggest that the space to maintain monetary stimulus has continued to diminish, though monetary policy remains expansionary. 1.2 Monetary policy decision Banco de la República’s board of directors (BDBR) in its meetings in December 2021 and January 2022 voted to continue normalizing monetary policy. The BDBR voted by a majority in these two meetings to increase the benchmark interest rate by 50 and 100 basis points, respectively, bringing the policy rate to 4.0%.
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