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1
Diehl, Claudia, et Michael Blohm. « Rights or Identity ? Naturalization Processes among “Labor Migrants” in Germany ». International Migration Review 37, no 1 (mars 2003) : 133–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2003.tb00132.x.
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The determinants of the decision to naturalize for first and second generation “labor migrants” in Germany are examined. We assume that Turkish migrants’ comparatively high naturalization rate cannot be explained by the legal advantages they gain by naturalizing. We argue instead that naturalization offers an opportunity for individual upward mobility to Turkish migrants who have achieved a high level of individual assimilation. Using data from the GSOEP, we show that individual assimilation does in fact promote naturalization for Turkish migrants, but not for members of other ethnic groups, which generally have higher status within German society.
2
Kyzyma, Iryna, et Olaf Groh-Samberg. « Estimation of intergenerational mobility in small samples : evidence from German survey data ». Social Indicators Research 151, no 2 (5 juin 2020) : 621–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-020-02378-9.
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AbstractUsing data from the German socio-economic panel, this paper provides new evidence on intergenerational mobility in Germany by focusing on intergenerational association in ranks—i.e. positions, which parents and children occupy in their respective income distributions. We find that the association of children’s ranks with ranks of their fathers is about 0.242 for individual labor earnings and it is higher for sons than for daughters. It is also higher in East Germany compared to West Germany. The results further show that rank-based measures of mobility are less sensitive than conventional measures of intergenerational income elasticity to different methodological and sample specification choices, such as the stages of the life cycle when incomes of children and parents are measured, the number of years for which incomes are considered, the treatment of zero values in income variables and the choice of annual versus hourly earnings. Moreover, they are more robust for sub-group comparisons of intergenerational mobility (e.g. across gender and region). This evidence suggests that, similarly to large administrative datasets, rank-based measures of intergenerational mobility perform better than elasticity-based measures in small samples based on survey data.
3
Pries, Ludger, et Martina Maletzky. « The Transnationalization of Labor Mobility : Development Trends and Selected Challenges Involved in Its Regulation ». Review of European Studies 9, no 2 (9 avril 2017) : 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/res.v9n2p115.
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Internationalization of value chains and of for-profit as well as non-profit organizations, and as a result of cheaper and safer mass migration, transnational labor mobility is of increasing importance. The article presents the development of the different types of cross-border labor mobility (from long-term labor migration over expatriats/inpatriats up to business traveling); it analyses crucial aspects of labor conditions and how the collective regulation of working, employment and participation conditions in general is affected: could local or national forms of labor regulation cope with these new conditions? What are the main challenges when it comes to collective bargaining and the monitoring of labor conditions? The article is based on a three year international and comparative research in Germany and Mexico. First, different ideal types of transnational labor mobility are distinguished that have emerged as a result of increasing cross-border labor mobility. Then potential sources of labor related social inequality and challenges in the regulation of the working, employment and participation conditions for transnational workers are discussed. Finally, some conclusions are drawn for further research.
4
Korpi, Tomas, et Antje Mertens. « Training Systems and Labor Mobility : A Comparison between Germany and Sweden* ». Scandinavian Journal of Economics 105, no 4 (décembre 2003) : 597–617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0347-0520.2003.00005.x.
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5
Hartmann, Jörg. « Assimilation over the Life Course ? The Career Mobility of Second-Generation Turkish Men in Germany ». Zeitschrift für Soziologie 45, no 4 (1 août 2016) : 281–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zfsoz-2015-1016.
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Abstract: Studies of second-generation migrant assimilation have thus far focused on intergenerational mobility. However, career-mobility processes can also contribute to ethnic assimilation over the course of migrants’ careers. This study analyzes second-generation Turkish men’s labor-market and income mobility over the course of their early careers relative to those of autochthonous Germans. The results indicate that second-generation Turkish men experience higher unemployment, lower re-employment, and higher income-mobility risks at the beginning of their careers, all of which is largely caused by their lower host country-specific human capital. Over the course of their early careers, their employment and re-employment opportunities become more similar to those of native-born German men, while their higher upward and downward income mobility risks persist. The cumulative effects of initial disadvantages have negative effects on the development of second-generation Turkish men’s unemployment risks over the course of their early careers.
6
KHOUDOUR-CASTÉRAS, DAVID. « Welfare State and Labor Mobility : The Impact of Bismarck's Social Legislation on German Emigration before World War I ». Journal of Economic History 68, no 1 (mars 2008) : 211–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050708000077.
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The rapid decline of German emigration before World War I constitutes a puzzle that traditional explanations have difficulty in solving. The article shows that the social legislation implemented by Bismarck during the 1880s—the most developed at the time—played a key role in this process. Indeed, candidates for migration considered not only the gap between “direct wages” (labor earnings) in the United States and Germany, but also the differential in “indirect wages,” that is, social benefits. In that way, Bismarck's insurance system partly offset low wage rates in Germany and furthered the fall of the emigration rate.O sprecht! warum zogt ihr von dannen?Das Neckartal hat Wein und Korn;Der Schwarzwald steht voll finstrer Tannen,Im Spessart klingt des Ålplers Horn.Wie wird es in den fremden WäldernEuch nach der Heimatberge Grün,Nach Deutschlands gelben Weizenfeldern,Nach seinen Rebenhügeln ziehn!Ferdinand Freiligrath1
7
GARST, W. DANIEL. « From Factor Endowments to Class Struggle ». Comparative Political Studies 31, no 1 (février 1998) : 22–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414098031001002.
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Ronald Rogowski's recent and important work, Commerce and Coalitions, sets forth a farranging and parsimonious theory of trade and political cleavages. This article closely investigates its validity in the case of pre-World War I Germany, where trade has long been seen as a critical factor determining coalition formation and Rogowski's argument appears at first glance to be especially compelling. Close investigation, however, reveals that the key variable in Rogowski's theory, relative factor endowments, fails to account for the political alignment of capital and labor in Germany following 1890. This article puts forward an alternative theory in which business-labor coalition formation is determined not only by the alliance possibilities associated with trade but also by their intersection with the strength of worker organization and capital-labor mobility. This argument both addresses the anomalies that prewar Germany poses for Rogowski's account of trade and cleavages and provides a potential explanation for the absence of business-labor collaboration elsewhere in Western Europe before 1914.
8
Schönberg, Uta. « Wage Growth Due to Human Capital Accumulation and Job Search : A Comparison between the United States and Germany ». ILR Review 60, no 4 (juillet 2007) : 562–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979390706000406.
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This paper compares the sources of wage growth of young male workers in two countries with very different labor market institutions, the United States and Germany. The author first develops a simple method for decomposing wage growth into components due to general human capital accumulation, firm-specific human capital accumulation, and job search. The empirical analysis uses data from administrative records (Germany) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (United States) for cohorts entering the labor market in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Although the two countries differed substantially in mobility rates, they were similar in the sources of wage growth, with general human capital accumulation being the most important single source and job search accounting for an additional 25% or more of total wage growth. There is no evidence that returns to firm-specific human capital accumulation were higher for German apprentices than for U.S. high school dropouts or graduates.
9
Hofmeister, Heather, Lena Hünefeld et Celina Proch. « The role of job-related spatial mobility in the household division of labor within couples in Germany and Poland ». Journal of Family Research 22, no 3 (1 décembre 2010) : 308–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.20377/jfr-260.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This paper will examine the self-reported division of housework and childcare in Germany and Poland considering the job-related spatial mobility within dual-earner couples who are living in a household together with a partner, using 2007 data from the Job Mobility and Family Lives in Europe Project. We find that men who are spatially mobile for work often report shifting housework to their partners. Polish couples show a stronger tendency toward an egalitarian division of labor than German couples do, especially in terms of childcare. But the central finding of this research is, gender trumps national differences and spatial mobility constraints. Polish and German women, whether mobile for their work or not, report doing the majority of housework and childcare compared to their partners.
Zusammenfassung
Dieser Artikel untersucht die Aufteilung von Hausarbeit und Kinderbetreuung auf Basis von Selbsteinschätzungen berufsbedingt räumlichmobiler sowie nicht mobiler Befragter in Deutschland und Polen. Anhand von Daten des Projektes Job Mobility and Family Lives in Europe (2007) betrachten wir Personen, die mit ihrem Partner in einem Doppelverdienerhaushalt leben. So geben beruflich mobile Männer häufig an, die Hausarbeit auf ihre Partner zu übertragen. Polnische Paare zeigen eine stärkere Tendenz zu einer egalitären Arbeitsteilung als deutsche, insbesondere im Hinblick auf die Kinderbetreuung. Das zentrale Ergebnis unserer Untersuchung ist jedoch, dass das Geschlecht sowohl Mobilitäts- als auch nationale Unterschiede überlagert. Sowohl polnische als auch deutsche Frauen, ob beruflich mobil oder nicht, übernehmen den Hauptanteil an der Hausarbeit und Kinderbetreuung.
10
Carmona, Carmen, Fernando Marhuenda Fluixá, Nerea Hernaiz-Agreda et Almudena A. Navas Saurin. « Educated for migration ? Blind spots around labor market conditions, competence building, and international mobility ». European Educational Research Journal 17, no 6 (7 mars 2018) : 809–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474904118760338.
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Young European graduates are crossing borders to work abroad more often than in the past. This trend is particularly evident in Southern Europe, where recent economic downturn has significantly diminished professional opportunities and career prospects. This study will investigate Spain, a country where unemployment has increased dramatically since 2008, as a case study to examine recent graduate’s experiences to develop a professional career in Germany. In particular, this study will draw upon various sources: official statistics; review literature; and education and training policies throughout the European Union. The investigation features an interview with Spanish graduates working in Germany to offer insight into the experiences of perhaps the best-prepared generation of the Spanish workforce. Our results indicate that young Spaniards, leaving the country to work out of necessity rather than choice, learn through the benefits and challenges of a career abroad. We finish our article by discussing the notions of education, competencies and adaptation, and how citizen and professional identities are redefined after the experience of working abroad.
11
Lersch, Philipp M., Wiebke Schulz et George Leckie. « The Variability of Occupational Attainment : How Prestige Trajectories Diversified within Birth Cohorts over the Twentieth Century ». American Sociological Review 85, no 6 (17 novembre 2020) : 1084–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003122420966324.
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This study develops and applies a framework for analyzing variability in individuals’ occupational prestige trajectories and changes in average variability between birth cohorts. It extends previous literature focused on typical patterns of intragenerational mobility over the life course to more fully examine intracohort differentiation. Analyses are based on rich life course data for men and women in West Germany born between 1919 and 1979 from the German Life History Study and the German National Educational Panel Study ( N = 16,854 individuals). Mixed-effects growth-curve models with heterogeneous variance components are applied. Results show that birth cohorts systematically differ in their variability; cohorts who entered the labor market in the late 1950s and 1960s and experienced mostly closed employment relations have exceptionally homogenous trajectories. Earlier and later cohorts, who experienced more open employment relations, are more heterogeneous in their trajectories. Cohorts with higher variability at labor market entry are characterized by persistently strong intracohort differentiation. Women’s variability within employment is similar to men’s but markedly increases once employment interruptions are considered.
12
Abraham, David. « America, Germany, Israel : Three Modes of Citizenship and Incorporation ». International Labor and Working-Class History 78, no 1 (2010) : 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547910000189.
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AbstractIn today's liberal democracies, the “social question” and the “immigration question” have become entwined as rarely before. Elites and citizens alike ask who belongs to the national political and social community of the “we” and what belonging entails in the way of rights and obligations. Under the impact of unprecedented free mobility for both capital and labor and the crises of the social welfare state, the borders and bonds of citizenship have been changing, mostly weakening. This essay takes a preliminary look at how these two questions are intertwined in the United States, Germany, and Israel.
13
Ganesch, Franziska. « Regional Mobility and Spatial Inequality : Determinants of Spatial Labor Market Behavior Considering Firm- and Region-Specific Factors ». Raumforschung und Raumordnung 76, no 6 (31 décembre 2018) : 497–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13147-018-0551-2.
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Abstract Regional disparities exist between states as well as within countries. In the Federal Republic of Germany, as a result of reunification, there are still considerable regional differences in terms of economic conditions. Local economic and structural circumstances affect individual employment opportunities and can be a motive for migration. Based on rational-economic approaches, the article examines the spatial labor market behavior of full-time employees subject to social security contributions, taking into account individual, firm-specific and regional characteristics. Workplace mobility is analyzed as a job move between the macro regions of North, South and East Germany. For this purpose, a linked employer-employee dataset (LIAB) from the “Institute for Employment Research” is used, supplemented by regional structural indicators (INKAR) at the level of the spatial planning regions. The analyses using binary logistic regression models show that transregional mobility especially depends on individual characteristics such as age and qualifications. Regarding regional features, it can be seen that the emigration tendency of younger employees increases with the local level of unemployment. Overall, the results do not indicate that there is a single-track brain drain from structurally weak regions. Nevertheless, these regions face a problem in age-specific migration patterns. The outflow of young workers weakens structurally poor areas directly and permanently.
14
Hallerberg, Mark. « Tax Competition in Wilhelmine Germany and Its Implications for the European Union ». World Politics 48, no 3 (avril 1996) : 324–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wp.1996.0010.
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The twenty-five German states from 1871 to 1914 present a useful data set for examining how increasing economic integration affects tax policy. After German unification the national government collapsed six currencies into one and liberalized preexisting restrictions on capital and labor mobility. In contrast, the empire did not directly interfere in the making of state tax policy; while states transferred certain indirect taxes to the central government, they maintained their own autonomous tax and political systems through World War I. This paper examines the extent to which tax competition forced the individual state tax systems to converge from 1871 to 1914. In spite of a diversity of political systems, tax competition did require states to harmonize their rates on mobile factors like capital and high income labor, but it did not affect tax rates on immobile factors. In states where the political system guaranteed agricultural dominance, taxes on land were reduced, while in states with more open systems, tax rates remained higher. One unexpected result is that tax rates on capital and income converged upward instead of downward. The most dominant state, Prussia, served as the lowest-common-denominator state, but pressure from the national government, especially to increase expenditures, forced all states to raise their tax rates. These results suggest possible ways for the European Union to avoid a forced downward convergence of member state tax rates on capital and mobile labor.
15
Lindemann, Kristina. « How Labor-Market Integration Affects Perceptions of Discrimination : School-to-Apprenticeship Transitions of Youth with Migration Background in Germany ». International Migration Review 54, no 4 (21 novembre 2019) : 1045–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0197918319885892.
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This article examines the relationship between structural integration and perceived discrimination among young people with migration backgrounds in Germany. Assimilation theories expect ethnic boundaries to lessen through minority groups’ upward mobility, while the recently proposed integration paradox asserts that structural integration increases perceptions of discrimination. Using longitudinal data from the German National Educational Panel Study, this article investigates how a successful transition from school to the training market affects young people’s perceptions of ethnic discrimination. Results of propensity score matching and linear probability models show that perceptions of discrimination increase only in response to unsuccessful entry into the training market, partially due to occupational aspirations and personal discrimination experiences. Findings also show that perceptions of discrimination do not increase for young people who are well integrated in the educational system, even if they take up a training position that is not in accordance with their desired profession. These findings highlight the importance of considering perceptions of discrimination in longitudinal and life-course perspectives to better understanding dynamics in these perceptions.
16
Belov, Vladislav. « German-Russian Cooperation – Challenges of 2020 and Prospects for 2021. Part 1. Political aspects ». Scientific and Analytical Herald of IE RAS, no 1 (28 février 2021) : 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/vestnikieran120217080.
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The events of 2020 had a significant impact on all aspects of political and economic cooperation between Germany and Russia. The year began with a constructive political dialogue on a number of different international issues. However, in the second half of the year, when the FRG was the chairman of the Council of the European Union, it found itself in a deep crisis. The main reason is the so-called «The Navalny factor». At the same time, Berlin proposed to build relations with Russia in the field of security from a position of strength. The coronavirus pandemic has prompted Berlin and Moscow to restrict capital and labor mobility. In the spring, there was a sharp drop in world oil prices. This negatively affected the mutual trade flows. The volume of foreign trade has dropped significantly. Against this background, the investment activity of German companies in the Russian regions has been continued. A new area of cooperation has emerged – hydrogen energy. In September 2020, the Year of Germany began in Russia, and in December – the cross Year of Economy and Sustainable Development. In the first part, the author analyzes the political results of 2020 and the beginning of 2021 and assesses the medium-term prospects of German-Russian cooperation in the field of politics. The second part deals with the economic aspects of cooperation
17
Hauser, Richard, et Holger Fabig. « LABOR EARNINGS AND HOUSEHOLD INCOME MOBILITY IN REUNIFIED GERMANY : A COMPARISON OF THE EASTERN AND WESTERN STATES ». Review of Income and Wealth 45, no 3 (septembre 1999) : 303–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1999.tb00342.x.
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Burkhauser, Richard V., Douglas Holtz-Eakin et Stephen E. Rhody. « Labor Earnings Mobility and Inequality in the United States and Germany during the Growth Years of the 1980s ». International Economic Review 38, no 4 (novembre 1997) : 775. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2527215.
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19
Uunk, W. « Job Mobility in the Former East and West Germany : The Effects of State-Socialism and Labor Market Composition ». European Sociological Review 21, no 4 (6 juin 2005) : 393–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/esr/jci027.
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Caciagli, Mario. « Le sette elezioni federali nella Germania unita (1990-2013) ». Quaderni dell Osservatorio elettorale QOE - IJES 72, no 4 (30 décembre 2014) : 55–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/qoe-9571.
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Stability and predictability had been the norm in the German political system before the unification. The seven federal elections in the unified Germany from 1990 to 2013 did have significant consequences on the traditional continuity. After the last two governments headed by Helmut Kohl (1990-1998), the Social Democrat Gerhard Schröder became Chancellor in a Red-Green coalition (1998-2005) and the Christian Democrat Angela Merkel became Chancellor, fi rst in a Grand Coalition with the Social Democrats (2005-2009), than in a coalition with the Liberals (2009-2013), and after the 2013 elections in a Grand Coalition again. These frequent changes can be explained by the mobility of the electorate: the cumulative effect of the growth of the middle class and the general social mobility have eroded traditional loyalties, as the disaffection of the youth includes changing electoral choices or tendency to no-vote. Economic and social issues too did have effect on voting behavior: because their critical social situation the electors of the East had preferred fi rst Kohl’s CDU, than Schröder’s SPD and again the CDU under Merkel’s leadership; in the West millions of left electors disappointed by Schröder’s contentious reforms of the labor market leaved the SPD in the 2009 and 2013 elections; the performance of the economy in the last years after periods of crisis, collocating Germany at the top of the European Union, has stimulated the support to Merkel. Because a new party, the PDS than Linke, which has stable roots in the East, but can’t be partner of a government; because the exclusion from the Bundestag of the liberal FDP; and, finally, because the least reform of the electoral system toward more proportionality: all that injects uncertainty into a “fluid” party and political system.
21
Belov, Vladislav. « German-Russian Cooperation – Challenges of 2020 and Prospects for 2021. Part 2. Economic Aspects ». Scientific and Analytical Herald of IE RAS 20, no 2 (30 avril 2021) : 22–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/vestnikieran220212233.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In the first part of the article, the political results of 2020 and early 2021 were considered and an assessment of the medium-term prospects of German-Russian political cooperation was given. The second part is devoted to the peculiarities of economic cooperation during this period. The economy has come under the influence of restrictions on labor and capital mobility caused by the pandemic, disruptions in global supply chains, as well as negative dynamics of global commodity prices. Together, they led to a significant decrease in mutual trade. Negative processes took place against the background of a deep crisis of political confidence, the introduction of new sanctions by the EU and the US and the extension of existing sanctions. Efforts have increased to create a negative image of Russia in Germany. However, the business community of both countries managed to counter negative trends with steps aimed at stabilizing bilateral cooperation and giving it progressive development. Companies of both countries, despite negative events, did not stop their investment activity. A new area of cooperation has emerged – hydrogen energy, which should become one of the foundations for the energy transition of the EU countries to a climate-neutral economy. Interdepartmental state cooperation in the economic sphere continued. In September 2020, the results of the three-year German-Russian scientific and educational partnership were summed up. At the same time, the Year of Germany began in Russia, and in December, the common German-Russian Year of Economy and Sustainable Development. The article analyzes the features of economic cooperation, highlights the main factors that determine its content and gives a forecast of its mid-term development. Particular attention is paid to the Nord Stream 2 project.
22
Ershova, I. V. « University professor : scientific trajectory in the conditions of integration and internationalization ». Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)), no 7 (13 octobre 2021) : 136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2021.83.7.136-144.
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The article considers the concept and the basis of the legal status of a professor of a Russian university. Comparisons with a similar position in France and Germany are given. According to the results of a comparative analysis of legal acts of Russia, Belarus, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, significant differences in scientometric indicators for applicants for the degree of Doctor of Law were revealed. The differences in the criteria for awarding the academic title of professor in the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union are shown. The opinion is expressed about the negative impact of this differentiation on labor mobility and academic mobility. It is concluded that the achievement of scientific indicators is necessary throughout the active creative life of the professor. The tendency of “internationalization” of publication activity is revealed, since the requirements for the availability of publications indexed in international databases are present in legal acts regulating various aspects of the professor's activity. It is recommended to take this factor into account when building the scientific trajectory of a modern professor.
23
Brenzel, Hanna, et Malte Reichelt. « Job Mobility as a New Explanation for the Immigrant-Native Wage Gap : A Longitudinal Analysis of the German Labor Market1 ». International Migration Review 52, no 3 (13 août 2018) : 724–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imre.12313.
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In industrialized countries, wages between migrants and natives usually differ. Previous studies that mostly focused on human capital theory and cross-sectional wage differences failed to fully explain the wage gap. We offer a new explanation and assume that differences in the employment trajectories of migrants and natives contribute to diverging wages after labor market entrance. Utilizing longitudinal data for Germany, we analyze the job mobility of migrants and natives and distinguish among voluntary, involuntary, and internal job changes. Indeed, we find evidence for differences in transition patterns and — using several fixed-effects regressions — are able to explain a substantial part of the gap in hourly wages. The results suggest that the higher number of involuntary changes among migrants increases the wage gap. In contrast, support for more voluntary and internal job changes among migrants should help to counteract diverging earnings trajectories.
24
Dzhyndzhoian, Volodymyr. « PROSPECTS FOR EDUCATIONAL TOURISM IN UKRAINE AND COUNTRIES RECEIVING HUMAN RESOURCES ». Scientific Notes of Ostroh Academy National University, "Economics" Series 1, no 24(52) (31 mars 2022) : 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2311-5149-2022-24(52)-26-31.
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The article considers typical representatives of donor countries, including Ukraine, and recipient countries, which include Germany and Poland, which operate in the market of educational services. The main directions of human resources potential realization are highlighted, among which: increase of migration flows, creation of new jobs, growth of employment, international competitiveness and international mobility of students. The dependence of the foreign students' numbers dynamics on the growth of real GDP is studied. The growth in the number of foreign students in Poland over the past seven years is proportional to the growth of real gross domestic product. In Germany, the picture is similar, but the growth of real gross domestic product is delayed by one year. Ukraine demonstrates a significant rate of export of educational tourists, which in turn is quite negative for the international competitiveness of the economy. The nature and trends of international student mobility are analyzed. Against the global background, after 2018 there is a gradual decrease in the number of international mobile students studying in Ukraine. At the same time, the number of international mobile students studying in foreign countries is constantly growing. The main advantages, disadvantages, opportunities and threats facing donor and recipient countries have been identified. The advantages of the recipient countries are to increase the size of the economy, reduce the cost of doing business by reducing the average wage, increase innovation and intellectual potential, the ability to use labor without the obligation to provide pension services. The shortcomings are based on the additional costs of neutralizing increasing social tensions and criminalization (mainly in the case of illegal migration), the costs of combating illegal migration. Opportunities are focused on increasing labor resources in the economy, increasing production, domestic market (by increasing incomes), smoothing structural imbalances in the labor market, saving on training (in the case of skilled workers). The biggest threats are the increase in the budget burden due to "strong" and "local" unemployment traps, the growth of the shadow sector of the economy and rising social tensions. It was found that educational tourism for Ukraine is more negative than positive. The main disadvantages are the outflow of qualified personnel, resulting in technological backwardness, declining GDP, possible inflation in the event of a large advantage in external transfers. This poses a number of threats to Ukraine: a reduction in the number of labor resources in the long run, a reduction in the amount of tax and other revenues to the state budget as a result of the deficit.
25
Henkel, Marcel, Tobias Seidel et Jens Suedekum. « Fiscal Transfers in the Spatial Economy ». American Economic Journal : Economic Policy 13, no 4 (1 novembre 2021) : 433–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20180294.
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Many countries shift substantial public resources across jurisdictions to mitigate spatial economic disparities. We use a general equilibrium model with multiple asymmetric regions, labor mobility, and costly trade to carve out the aggregate implications of fiscal transfers. Calibrating the model for Germany, we find that transfers indeed deliver smaller disparities across regions. This comes at the cost of lower national output, however, because economic activity is diverted away from core cities and toward remote areas with low productivity. But despite this loss in output per capita by about 2 percent in our baseline specification, welfare still increases by 0.07 percent because the transfer scheme countervails overcongestion in large cities. If the optimal transfer regime was implemented, welfare would increase by 0.06 percent. (JEL H77, J61, R12, R13, R23)
26
Siegert, Andreas. « On socialization, patriotism and trust : the migration of homeward-bound Russian academics ». Nationalities Papers 39, no 6 (novembre 2011) : 977–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2011.614227.
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Because global labor markets affect the self-assignment of academics, they also affect structural changes in migration movements. To understand the migration patterns of highly qualified academic scholars, research has focused on their mobility, including their return migration. Thus far, studies have examined migrants from Latin America to the United States, but the impacts of cultural or societal contexts on migration have not been investigated.Based on an empirical study of Russian academics who have migrated to Germany, we propose theory-based answers to the following questions: Is trust a relevant motivation for homeward-bound academic migrants to return to their native countries, and who or what is the object of this trust? Why do these migrants, in contrast to the vast majority of interviewees, self-identify with their society of origin? Does transaction cost theory explain these academics' motives for migration? Is their temporary stay beneficial to the host society?
27
Dudyrev, Fedor, Vera Maltseva, Olga Romanova et Evgenii Petrov. « ASSESSMENT OF VOCATIONAL SKILLS AND LEARNING OUTCOMES IN VET : A REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL INITIATIVES ». Journal of Supranational Policies of Education (JoSPoE), no 13 (16 juillet 2021) : 145–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15366/jospoe2021.13.007.
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There is a growing need for valid tools for assessing skills and certifying qualifications in the context of increasing labour migration and mobility. Due to the growing internationalization of business activities, companies are interested in standardized skills assessments that ensure valid and comparable ratings of job applicants and employees. At the same time, assessment of professional or vocational skills, which are highly domain-specific and numerous, remains challenging, especially in terms of comparability. Therefore, objective skills assessment tops the list of challenges faced by national VET systems. This paper presents an overview of practices and tools for assessing vocational skills and VET learning outcomes, and covers the following issues: a) current practices and challenges in measuring vocational skills and learning outcomes in VET; b) initiatives for internationally comparable assessment of vocational skills, including PISA-VET and WorldSkills competitions; c) national initiatives for assessment of VET learning outcomes in the cases of Germany and Russia; d) labor market- and industry-driven initiatives in skills assessment for job seekers and qualification assurance. This paper contributes to the literature on skills assessment by providing a more comprehensive picture of approaches to skills assessments, including well-established ones and emerging initiatives outside the field of measuring learning outcomes in education.
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Nazarska, Georgeta. « Emigrants, Travelers, and Escapers : the Haidutoff Family between Occident and Orient ». Balkanistic Forum 30, no 2 (1 juin 2021) : 166–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v30i2.10.
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The article examines the migrations of young Bulgarians abroad in the 1920-1930s, caused by the Great Depression and in particular the labor migrations of Bulgarian musicians in Egypt and the Near East and their cultural and social interactions with the Bulgarian diaspora there and with the local population. The focus of the study is the travels of the Haidutoff family – a musical trio that has made a living in Egypt for many years, and in the 1920s-1930s traveled and gave concerts in Argentina, France, Italy, Germany, Belgium, Switzerland, Australia and Java island, then returned to Bulgaria and re-emigrated to Egypt. The text analyzes how their mobility is facilitated by blood-related networks, professional networks and interest networks, how it enables their nationalism to interact with the international environment, and how they perceive the West and the East (Orient) as traveling people through their own cultural stereotypes and social distances. The fate of the violinist Nedyalka Simeonova – the daughter-in-law in the family and a member of the musical trio – is traced in detail.
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Krystopchuk, Tatiana. « ROFESSIONAL TRAINING STANDARDS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES AND IN UKRAINE : COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ». Continuing Professional Education : Theory and Practice, no 2 (2019) : 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/1609-8595.2019.2.6367.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article analyzes the normative legal support for the development of professional standards in the context of continuing education in the European countries and in Ukraine. The types of professional standards in the European Union countries that are used in the system of vocational education are distinguished. A typical model of a professional standard of specialist training is presented. The principles of developing professional standards in the system of national education are highlighted: assessment of requirements to the general and professional competencies of certain labour functions and the use of common criteria for their formation; the objectivity of determining the names, content and volume of labor functions by type of employment; taking into account the successful international experience of the countries. It is characterized the program of specialists’ professional training in Germany «Innovations in professional training», the principles of which are: optimization of vocational training for low-income citizens, which requires the reorganization of the financial support system; provision through corporate learning to optimize the transition from one qualification to another; the flexibility of vocational education; expansion of practice bases; increase of employment opportunities; expanding the possibilities of transition from one qualification to another; increasing mobility and level of education; strengthening of the dual system of education; cooperation in the field of industry, education and politics. A comparative analysis of the concepts that make up the scientific thesaurus of the study of standards of vocational training in the countries of the European Union is carried out. It is noted that in the European scientific discourse different names are used to designate the qualifications which are defined in the EU by certain peculiarities: national professional qualifications; certification professional qualifications; professional qualifications. The approaches to professional standards in the European educational space are determined.
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Protsyk, Iryna, et Natalia Kara. « Peculiarities of Ukrainian population migration processes ». Management and Entrepreneurship in Ukraine : the stages of formation and problems of development 2022, no 1 (1 juin 2022) : 231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/smeu2022.01.231.
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The article analyzes the main indicators that characterize the population of Ukraine, in particular unemployment, mobility by region, birth rate and mortality, in particular, the forecast of the population of Ukraine and in terms of two categories such as ages 0–14 years and 65 years and older. The information on the experience of Ukrainians working abroad by regions during 2002 and 2020, trends of international migration for the period 1990–2020 and migration of the population from Ukraine are given. As it shown, the lowest figure was in 2010 and amounted to 5.4 million people living outside the country. The decline in the number of Ukrainian labor migrants abroad has doubled in the last 15 years, in 2010 - due to the global economic crisis and the emergence of problems with employment of migrants abroad and in 2020 – declining trends directly depended on global restrictions and lockdown citizens lost their jobs and were forced to return home. The factors of the international migration of the population and determine its global trends, scale and directions and the main typical causes of migration of Ukrainians, which have the greatest impact on the process of change of the country, were determined. Sometimes it is difficult to determine the main reason for moving and mostly migrants are driven by a combination of reasons and factors. Many foreign countries declare their interest in Ukrainian labor migrants and are ready to introduce additional measures to attract and retain foreign workers in the market. The countries that have significantly weakened the living conditions for Ukrainian labor migrants in order to attract them more, including Poland, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Germany and other countries, have been identified, and the main measures implemented have been described. The migration processes in Ukraine that took place after February 24, 2022 and are related to martial law are also described. As of April 22, according to official figures alone, nearly 13 million Ukrainians had been forced to flee their homes, including about 7.7 million internally displaced persons and more than 6 million people crossing the border into Ukraine. This is almost 32% of the population of Ukraine.
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Noyes, John K. « Nomadic fantasies : producing landscapes of mobility in German southwest Africa ». Ecumene 7, no 1 (janvier 2000) : 47–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096746080000700103.
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In nineteenth-century Germany, ‘nomadism’ was an epithet frequently applied with little distinction to pastoralist, hunter-gatherer and semi-agriculturalist societies. It was used as a description not only of actual indigenous social organizations or economies, but also of a propensity to wander, an inconstancy and hence an obstacle to civilization. This was not confined to anthropological and ethnographic discourse. It also influenced policymaking in the colonies, particularly in discussions of land rights and land utilization. At the same time, discussions of nomadism, when applied to indigenous populations, awakened associations with a key theme in German national identity and national history - that the German nation had once shared this love of wandering. Debates on nomadism in the colonies expressed certain perceptions of German identity, but also anxieties about the mobility of labour and capital. The example chosen in this paper is German southwest Africa at the turn of the century.
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ZHYVOTOVA, Svitlana. « THE ESSENCE OF THE DUAL FORM OF EDUCATION IN MODERN CONDITIONS ». Dnipro Academy of Continuing Education Herald. Series : Public Management and Administration, Vol. 1 No. 2 (2022) (31 août 2022) : 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.54891/2786-6998-2022-1-9.
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The article focuses on the need to substantiate the essence and structure of professional training of future skilled workers according to the dual form of education. The interpretation of the main key concepts from the point of view of domestic and foreign scientific opinion is considered: «essence», «structure», «professional competence». Based on the analysis and generalization of scientific research, it was established that professional competence is considered as the formation of future qualified workers according to motivational, cognitive, activity and reflexive criteria. The system model is presented in the form of four interconnected components: value-motivational, innovativecognitive, professional-active, reflective-evaluative. The model of the dual form of education in Germany is disclosed. It was determined that interaction at the individual and institutional level is considered one of the most effective tools for building the professional education system. In our opinion, a theoretical analysis of pedagogical sources of educational and methodological, psychological, pedagogical literature and scientific works of domestic and foreign researchers, regulatory and legal documents has been carried out; modeling (synthesis), comparison, classification, systematization and generalization of theoretical and experimental data. Analysis of sources regarding the prerequisites and features of updating the content of vocational education, management issues of the vocational education system, relevant changes in the vocational training system of qualified workers, bringing the structure of vocational education into line with labor market demand and employers’ requirements. Attention is focused on the formation of professionally important qualities in future specialists, manifested in psychological, theoretical and practical preparation for professional activity. The main reasons and shortcomings of the modern system of professional training are determined, the directions of modernization of professional training of specialists in professional (vocational and technical) education institutions are substantiated. It was concluded that the introduction of elements of a dual form of education into the professional training of future skilled workers is of strategic importance for the development of our country. The use of these elements will increase the attractiveness of training skilled workers; will ensure increased mobility and competitiveness of graduates of vocational and technical education institutions on the labor market; will provide an opportunity for applicants to join the most modern production technologies; will improve the level with employers.
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Prianyshnykova, M. V., et O. D. Hudenko. « Corona-test of the Real Economy and Financial and Economic Imperatives to Overcome the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic ». Problems of Economy 3, no 45 (2020) : 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-0712-2020-3-18-24.
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The article aims at highlighting the financial and economic imperatives and semantics of the practical ways for overcoming the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic by country, and finding capabilities for their implementation in Ukraine, taking into account the corona test results of the real economy expressed in the national measures of sustainable and comprehensive development, traditionally taken as a whole. The state of institutional and sectoral units of the real sector of economy during the COVID-19 global pandemic has been analyzed. The key factors of the negative impact on economic sustainability have been systematized based on the criterial invariance of the quantitative and qualitative indices of the production, logistics, labor availability (saving) and bankruptcy parameters. The research results in suggesting two types of measures to overcome the pandemic effects: the first one is at the enterprise level, and the second one is at the state level. The first group should include the companies’ strategy decomposition, e.g. reducing costs, restructuring activities, diversifying production to meet the domestic market needs, supporting employees’ mobility and engagement in remote work (online operation). The second group should include deferring tax payments, providing assistance (support) to enterprises and employees, state guarantees on loans, interest-free loans, one-time financial help, one-time grants for certain sectors, which are among the most sensitive ones to the COVID-19 pandemic effects. A critical analysis of the best practices in overcoming the pandemic effects in such countries as France, the USA, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Turkey, Japan, China, South Korea and others has been carried out. Possible ways of their application in Ukraine have been offered.
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Waldendorf, Anica. « Bridging the Gap : Making Sense of the Disaccord between Migrants’ Education and Occupation ». Social Inclusion 9, no 1 (18 février 2021) : 130–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v9i1.3582.
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Social mobility is a central topic of interest within sociology and whilst it has been theoretically linked to spatial mobility, there is still little empirical research on the interplay between the two. Using a subsample of highly educated family migrants from a German mixed-methods project, this study qualitatively analyses the impact of geographical mobility on objective social position and on its subjective perception. Six qualitative interviews are analysed and supplemented with descriptive quantitative data from the German Socio-Economic Panel to firstly, reconstruct the spatial mobility trajectories of the individuals and secondly, determine their social position in Germany and ascertain whether they experienced occupational downgrading. These two analyses are integrated to explore how respondents experienced their change in social position. Across the board, respondents migrated as young adults, before or shortly after labour market entry. Five of the participants experienced occupational downgrading. Strikingly, this objective downgrading, whilst acknowledged, was not perceived negatively. The participants constructed a narrative that employed three legitimation strategies to cast their current social position in a positive light: (1) emphasising the rights, stability and security that they experience in Germany, (2) drawing attention to the economic improvement that they experienced and (3) displaying an inner attitude that is marked by modest life aspirations and a high regard for leisure time. By drawing on multinational frames of reference and thus drawing comparisons between their home country and Germany, participants highlighted the experienced benefits.
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Artemov, Vladimir. « FEATURES OF THE EUROPEAN TRAINING SYSTEM СONSTRACTION IN UKRAINE ». Visnyk Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Pedagogy, no 2 (8) (2018) : 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2415-3699.2018.8.01.
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It is shown that the implementation process of the European higher education system in Ukraine lacks a deep understanding of the real consequences and possible perspective of this process. Comparison of European and Ukrainian levels of higher education is performed. It is stated that the degree of junior bachelor can be claimed in the wide labor market. It is proved that the degree of doctor of sciences in Ukraine does not fully correspond to the degree of habilitated doctor of sciences in Germany and other countries, and the requirements to the level of qualification exceed the EQF requirements for these scientists. It is proposed to reform the Ukrainian professional development system to assign graduates a doctorate by profession as analogy with universities and higher professional schools in the United States. . The most detailing of higher education standards should be the subject of the utmost attention from the educational community and state institutions in Ukraine. It is stipulated that the implementation of international academic mobility can contribute to the outflow of Ukrainian prospective skilled personnel abroad. It is stated that the research components of PhD-training programs should be followed by the formation of individual, non-formal, even unique programs. The laws of Ukraine do not provide for educational and research doctors of sciences training programs. It removes from the agenda the issue of doctoral studies programs in Ukraine, leaving, at the same time, high requirements for the qualification of this category of scientists that exceed the EQF requirements. It is proposed by the example of the Baltic states to grant automatically a PhD-degree to all candidates of science who so desire and who are entitled to it but former doctors of sciences to habilitate. It is suggested to continue scientific researches of Ukrainian higher education system in order to ensure effective entry into the European educational community.
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Puhani, Patrick A. « Labour Mobility : An Adjustment Mechanism in Euroland ? Empirical Evidence for Western Germany, France and Italy ». German Economic Review 2, no 2 (1 mai 2001) : 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0475.00031.
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Abstract We evaluate whether labour mobility is likely to act as a sufficient adjustment mechanism in the face of asymmetric shocks in Euroland. As no adequate data on cross-border migration are available, migration elasticities within nation states (Western Germany, France and Italy) are estimated and interpreted as upper bounds for cross-border migration elasticities between European nation states. Labour mobility is highest in Germany, followed by France and Italy. However, the accommodation of a shock to unemployment by migration takes several years. We conclude that labour mobility is unlikely to act as a sufficient adjustment mechanism to asymmetric shocks in Euroland.
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Buettner, Thiess, et Johannes Rincke. « Labor Market Effects of Economic Integration : The Impact of Re-Unification in German Border Regions ». German Economic Review 8, no 4 (1 décembre 2007) : 536–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2007.00417.x.
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Abstract This paper exploits the significant reduction in impediments to labor mobility in the process of German re-unification in order to identify labor supply shocks in the West German labor market. The focus is on the quasi-experiment of the border removal in the regions situated at the German-German border that faced a massive increase of cross-border labor supply. The results indicate that despite a gain in employment, the border removal was accompanied by a decline in wages and an increase in unemployment relative to other West German regions.
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Paqué, Karl-Heinz. « Was ist am ostdeutschen Arbeitsmarkt anders ? » Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik 2, no 4 (novembre 2001) : 407–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2516.00064.
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Abstract This paper presents and evaluates two interpretations of the eastern German labour market. These interpretations are called `wage gap’ and `innovation gap’. The former follows standard neoclassical thinking and regards high eastern German unemployment as the consequence of too high a wage level. The latter follows endogenous growth theory and regards a lack of product innovations as the main constraint on output and employment growth in the eastern German economy. The paper argues that the `innovation gap’ explains the facts much better than the `wage gap’. From this, the paper draws conclusions for economic policy: given the high interregional mobility of the workforce and the erosion of collective bargaining in eastern Germany, the wage level is not an appropriate policy instrument anymore. Instead, policy should aim at strengthening the innovative power of the eastern German economy by supporting research and development in the region.
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Niebuhr, Annekatrin, Nadia Granato, Anette Haas et Silke Hamann. « Does Labour Mobility Reduce Disparities between Regional Labour Markets in Germany ? » Regional Studies 46, no 7 (juillet 2012) : 841–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2010.532118.
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Dolejš, Martin, Birgit Glorius et Vladan Hruška. « Motives and barriers of migration to Saxony : the case of migrating health professionals from Czechia ». GeoScape 10, no 2 (1 décembre 2016) : 62–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geosc-2016-0006.
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Abstract The regime change in the former German Democratic Republic and its reunification with the Federal Republic of Germany at the beginning of 1990s launched significant social and economic changes which resulted i.a. in high out-migration rate and secondary also rapid demographic ageing of the populations of the states of former Eastern Germany including Saxony. As a consequence, there is a lack of health professionals in Saxon hospitals which is going to be solved by the in-migration of medical staff from abroad. The geographical location of the Federal state of Saxony predetermines representatives of Saxon hospitals to look for missing health care labour in Czechia and latest statistics demonstrate that this could be a successful way to stabilize or even increase the personnel numbers of Saxon health care providers. The aim of this article is not only to bring some basic data about the migration of Czech health professionals to Germany, but especially to focus on processes which facilitate or hinder such kind of mobility, influence the rate of success of their integration both into the work team and German society and form the prospects of their permanent stay in Germany. Ten interviews with Czech health professionals were conducted in order to fulfill these ambitions. As a result, crucial barriers and recommendations for improvements concerning the migration decision making, their integration and sustaining in the migratory destination are presented.
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Pazos, P. J. « Analysis of Peruvian immigrants in Berlin and cultural ruptures in the labor aspect ». Cuadernos Iberoamericanos 9, no 4 (14 mai 2022) : 134–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2021-9-4-134-145.
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The phenomenon of mobility in Peru has defined a particular worldview of the Peruvian people, manifested in the distinction between work and the state. The gender approach is especially important in relation to German state subsidies, whereas state benefits or lack of access to them has become a criterion of stigmatization. The lives of those Peruvians who have been able to adapt in one way or another to working life in Berlin are markedly different. Through their work, Peruvians have been able to gain the trust of many Germans, and to gain the appreciation and respect of their Peruvian and Latin American compatriots, in fact, prestige. In this context, however, it must also be understood that it is the new way of life, which also involves work and daily activities, that brings confrontation between blood relatives and families, generating deep ruptures.
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Martí Marco, María Rosario. « Una introducción a los estudios de Educación Comparada en Alemania ("Vergleichende Erziehungswissenschaft") ». Revista Española de Educación Comparada, no 34 (30 juin 2019) : 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/reec.34.2019.24338.
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Comparative Education is the disciplinary field that employs the comparative method as the dominant research procedure for scientific advancement in multidisciplinary and critical use. It concerns a brief diachronic incursion that is proceeding in Germany. Its historiographical relevance is reflected by the bibliography of the German language in books as well as in articles. It is developed within the meta-theoretical and conceptual scope of the discipline, as well as in its continuity and modernity. To this end, the new globalization paradigm is outlined in the pluralistic society of the XXI century partly due to the population mobility. Allusion is made to the terminological evolution, to the relevance of Hilker's comparative model, to the programme of methodological approaches, the educational theories and to the comparative method in Germany nowadays. This is all to take place for the purpose of the labour market and for the training and research excellence context.
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Pflüger, Michael. « Trade, capital mobility, and the German labour market ». Review of World Economics 137, no 3 (septembre 2001) : 473–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02707627.
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Szelewa, Dorota, et Michal Polakowski. « European solidarity and “free movement of labour” during the pandemic : exposing the contradictions amid east–west migration ». Comparative European Politics 20, no 2 (30 mars 2022) : 238–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41295-022-00287-4.
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AbstractCOVID-19 regulations introduced in EU member states in 2020 meant serious restrictions for the free movement of persons, particularly workers. An ensuing gap in the supply of workers raised concerns of food shortages in the West. Governments in several EU member states enacted regulations to except the workers from restrictions facilitating their travel from Eastern Europe. In this study, we focus on EU-level responses to the COVID-19 crisis in relation to labour shortages in the food industry, and on the reactions in Germany and the UK. Firstly, referring to Schmidt (2020) and Wolff and Ladi (2020), we argue that the COVID-19 crisis placed the EU in a permanent emergency mode facilitating a quick response to enable labour mobility with less priority on the coordination of social rights. Secondly, the crisis exposed issues pertaining to working conditions, including housing and sanitation. Thirdly, differences between the reactions in Germany and the UK were consistent with the pre-existing trends in both countries. While a traditional emphasis on quality working conditions made it “appropriate” for the German government to initiate regulatory change, small-scale measures taken in the UK were directed towards maintaining an influx of migrant workers, rather than ensuring adequate working conditions.
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Bouali, Celia. « Facing Precarious Rights and Resisting EU ‘Migration Management’ : South European Migrant Struggles in Berlin ». Social Inclusion 6, no 1 (29 mars 2018) : 166–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v6i1.1301.
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In this article, I trace struggles regarding EU internal mobility and migrant labour as they emerge in the mobilization of South European migrants in Berlin. The effects of the 2007–2008 financial crisis and European austerity politics have reoriented migration flows within the EU, increasing South-to-North migration with Germany as a prime destination. German public discourse on the matter reveals a view on (EU) migration that focuses on its economic ‘usefulness’ and tries to regulate it accordingly. EU citizenship turns out to be a key instrument of such EU internal ‘<em>migration management</em>’. The emergence of migrant activist groups, however, hints at another force at play. In their fight for social rights and better working conditions, migrant activists show they will not allow themselves to be easily ‘managed’ into precarious ‘productivity’. Against this background, I argue that EU internal mobility is a field of struggle where attempts to control migrant labour clash with moments of <em>autonomy</em> and resistance. My aim is to explore this field from a migration perspective, analysing rationales of EU <em>‘migration management’</em> and their impact on migrants’ lives as well as investigating the strategies that migrants develop in response. Based on an analysis of EU legislation and interviews with Italian activists in Berlin, I trace conflicts around EU internal mobility and migrant labour. Against the background of critical migration studies, I analyse EU internal <em>‘migration management’</em>, especially regarding the role of EU citizenship. Then, I look at EU migrant struggles in Berlin through the lens of <em>autonomy of migration</em>, drawing on the example of the Italian activist group <em>Berlin Migrant Strikers.</em>
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Vicari, Basha, et Stefanie Unger. « No Way Out or No Way In ? The Effect of Standardization, Licensing, and Skills Specificity of the Initial and Target Occupations on Status Mobility ». KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie 72, S1 (25 juin 2020) : 135–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11577-020-00683-2.
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Abstract Occupational mobility is becoming increasingly important today owing to technological change and changing requirements in the employment system. This article examines the extent to which institutional characteristics of occupations hamper intragenerational occupational mobility on the labor market. By combining data from the Adult Cohort of the German National Educational Panel Study (NEPS) with occupational information from the German Federal Employment Agency, we test the power of the characteristics of the initial and target occupations to explain horizontal and vertical status mobility. The occupational characteristics that we focus on are the standardization of certificates, occupational licensing, and the specificity of skills. Using multinomial logistic regression, we find that both initial and target occupations with such characteristics might generate mobility constraints and impede the correction of a disadvantageous starting position. Status increases are mainly possible from standardized to nonstandardized, from specific to nonspecific and, in some instances, from nonlicensed to licensed occupations.
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Sebastian, Raquel, et Magdalena Ulceluse. « The effect of immigration on natives’ task specialisation : the case of Germany ». International Journal of Manpower 40, no 5 (5 août 2019) : 939–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-08-2018-0269.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effect of an increase in the relative supply of immigrants on natives’ task reallocation, with a focus on Germany. Specifically, it investigates whether natives, as a response to increased immigration, re-specialise in communication-intensive occupations, where they arguably have a comparative advantage due to language proficiency. Design/methodology/approach The analysis uses regional data from the German Labour Force Survey between 2002 and 2014. To derive data on job tasks requirements, it employs the US Department of Labor’s O*NET database, the results of which are tested through a sensitivity analysis using the European Working Condition Survey and the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies data sets. Findings The paper finds that indeed German workers respond to increasing immigration by shifting their task supply and providing more communication relative to manual tasks. Importantly, the decrease in the supply of communication tasks is stronger and more robust than the increase in the supply of manual tasks, pointing to a potential displacement effect taking place between natives and immigrants, alongside task reallocation. This would suggest that countries with relatively more rigid labour markets are less responsive to immigration shocks. Moreover, it suggests that labour market rigidity can minimise the gains from immigration and exacerbate employment effects. Originality/value The paper not only investigates task reallocation as a result of immigration in a different institutional context and labour market functioning, but the results feed into broader policy and scholarly discussions on the effects of immigration, including questions about how the institutional context affects labour market adjustment to immigration, worker occupational mobility in a more rigid labour markets and the fine balance needed between flexibility and rigidity.
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Popivanov, Boris, et Siyka Kovacheva. « Patterns of Social Integration Strategies : Mobilising ‘Strong’ and ‘Weak’ Ties of the New European Migrants ». Social Inclusion 7, no 4 (7 novembre 2019) : 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v7i4.2286.
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The European mobility processes raise the issue of the integration strategies of new European migrants in their host societies. Taking stock of 154 in-depth interviews with migrants in the UK, Germany, Italy and Spain, we examine the social ties which they mobilise in order to adapt in a different social environment. The division between ‘strong’ and ‘weak’ ties established in the literature is particularly useful to assess migrants’ experiences in appropriation and transformation of social capital and the variety of their pathways in the labour market. Then we critically study the relative weight of social ties and skill levels in their choice of integration strategies. At the end, four types of strategies corresponding to the types of migrants’ interactions with the home and host contexts are outlined.
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Berge, Peter A. « Sozialstrukturelle Umbruchsdynamiken ». PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 23, no 91 (1 juin 1993) : 205–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v23i91.1035.
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The transformation of the forrner GDR into apart of the FGR leads to extremely high rates of occupational and labour market mobility. Some of these processes are described on the basis of the Socio-Economic Panel and interpreted as a sort of 'double acceleration'. The transition not only means adaption to Western patterns, but also new differenliations in East Germany, esp. in terms of an increasing seggregation of labour market structures between men and women, as well as downward mobility and 'breaks' in biographies. On the other hand 'winners' of the firt phase may turn into 'loosers' in the long run and vice versa.
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Bonin, Holger, et Ulf Rinne. « Die Zeitenwende erreicht den deutschen Arbeitsmarkt ». Wirtschaftsdienst 102, no 9 (16 septembre 2022) : 665–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10273-022-3276-3.
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AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic and the Ukraine war mark a turning point for the German labour market. These crises accelerate transformative forces that have been at work for some time, such as digitalisation and decarbonisation, and are likely to permanently change the international division of labour and mobility. The shortage of skilled workers, which already hampered development ahead of the crisis, has now grown into a broader labour shortage and has also reached the low-wage sector. This article outlines how labour shortages could be countered by concerted action from the supply and demand sides. It shows that coping with the changes in the German labour market requires more efforts from policymakers, firms and the labour force.