Articles de revues : « Labor economics – United States »

1

Hodson, Randy. « Book Review : Labor Economics : Jones's Minimal : Low-Wage Labor in the United States ». ILR Review 47, n^o 3 (avril 1994) : 527–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399404700324.

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BAILEY, MARTHA J. « Women's Economic Advancement in the Twentieth-Century United States ». Journal of Economic History 66, n^o 2 (juin 2006) : 480–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050706240208.

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The integration of women into formal labor markets was one of the most salient changes of the twentieth century. The “female century,” in the words ofThe Economist, witnessed an extraordinary transformation of women's opportunities and outcomes both in and outside the household. My dissertation explores both the causes and the consequences of women's move from home to market in the United States during three episodes of rapid change. It begins by documenting demand-side shifts during the 1940s that increased the earnings and occupational choices of African-American women; then demonstrates the impact of contraceptive technology on the extent and intensity of women's participation in the formal labor market after 1960; and, finally, estimates the consequences of shifts in women's labor supply for the growth of earnings inequality in the United States during the 1980s.

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Rimlinger, Gaston V., et Sima Lieberman. « Labor Movements and Labor Thought : Spain, France, Germany and the United States ». Southern Economic Journal 53, n^o 3 (janvier 1987) : 808. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1058789.

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Hoffmann, Florian, David S. Lee et Thomas Lemieux. « Growing Income Inequality in the United States and Other Advanced Economies ». Journal of Economic Perspectives 34, n^o 4 (1 novembre 2020) : 52–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.34.4.52.

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This paper studies the contribution of both labor and non-labor income in the growth in income inequality in the United States and large European economies. The paper first shows that the capital to labor income ratio disproportionately increased among high-earnings individuals, further contributing to the growth in overall income inequality. That said, the magnitude of this effect is modest, and the predominant driver of the growth in income inequality in recent decades is the growth in labor earnings inequality. Far more important than the distinction between total income and labor income, is the way in which educational factors account for the growth in US labor and capital income inequality. Growing income gaps among different education groups as well as composition effects linked to a growing fraction of highly educated workers have been driving these effects, with a noticeable role of occupational and locational factors for women. Findings for large European economies indicate that inequality has been growing fast in Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom, though not in France. Capital income and education don’t play as much as a role in these countries as in the United States.

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Barenberg, M. « Labor federalism in the United States : lessons for international labor rights ». Journal of International Economic Law 3, n^o 2 (1 juin 2000) : 303–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/3.2.303.

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Brown, Douglas M., et Michael Goldfield. « The Decline of Organized Labor in the United States ». Southern Economic Journal 55, n^o 1 (juillet 1988) : 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1058877.

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Juhn, Chinhui, et Simon Potter. « Changes in Labor Force Participation in the United States ». Journal of Economic Perspectives 20, n^o 3 (1 mai 2006) : 27–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.20.3.27.

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The labor force participation rate in the United States increased almost continuously for two-and-a-half decades after the mid-1960s, pausing only briefly during economic downturns. The pace of growth slowed considerably during the 1990s, however, and after reaching a record high of 67.3 percent in the first quarter of 2000, participation had declined by 1.5 percentage points by 2005. This paper reviews the social and demographic trends that contributed to the movements in the labor force participation rate in the second half of the twentieth century. It also examines the manner in which developments in the 2000s reflect a break from past trends and considers implications for the future.

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Robertson, Raymond. « Wage Shocks and North American Labor-Market Integration ». American Economic Review 90, n^o 4 (1 septembre 2000) : 742–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.90.4.742.

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This study uses household-level data from the United States and Mexico to examine labor-market integration. I consider how the effects of shocks and rates of convergence to an equilibrium differential are affected by borders, geography, and demographics. I find that even though a large wage differential exists between them, the labor markets of the United States and Mexico are closely integrated. Mexico's border region is more integrated with the United States than is the Mexican interior. Evidence of integration precedes the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and may be largely the result of migration. (JEL F15, F20, J61)

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Rosenbloom, Joshua L. « Occupational Differences in Labor Market Integration : The United States in 1890 ». Journal of Economic History 51, n^o 2 (juin 1991) : 427–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700039048.

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When labor markets are subject to large demand or supply shocks, as was the case in the late nineteenth-century United States, geographic wage differentials may not be an accurate index of market integration. This article uses a conceptually more appealing measure—the elasticity of local labor supply—to compare the integration of urban labor markets for a variety of occupations in 1890. According to this measure, markets, for unskilled labor and skilled metal-working trades appear relatively well integrated in comparison to those for the skilled building trades.

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Emerson, Jamie. « Unemployment and labor force participation in the United States ». Economics Letters 111, n^o 3 (juin 2011) : 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2011.02.022.

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Guvenen, Fatih, Greg Kaplan, Jae Song et Justin Weidner. « Lifetime Earnings in the United States over Six Decades ». American Economic Journal : Applied Economics 14, n^o 4 (1 octobre 2022) : 446–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20190489.

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Between the 1957 and 1983 labor market entry cohorts, median lifetime earnings declined by 10–19 percent for men and increased by 22–33 percent for women, albeit relative to very low median lifetime earnings for the early cohorts. The difference between newer and older cohorts comes from differences in median earnings at the time of labor market entry. Inequality in lifetime earnings has increased significantly within each gender group, but the closing lifetime gender gap has kept overall lifetime inequality flat. The increase among men is largely attributable to subsequent cohorts entering the labor market with progressively higher levels of inequality. (JEL D15, J16, J31, J32)

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12

Martin, Philip. « Labor Standards in the United States and Canada ». American Journal of Agricultural Economics 88, n^o 4 (novembre 2006) : 1119–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8276.2006.00921_4.x.

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Hoynes, Hilary, et Jesse Rothstein. « Universal Basic Income in the United States and Advanced Countries ». Annual Review of Economics 11, n^o 1 (2 août 2019) : 929–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-080218-030237.

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We discuss the potential role of universal basic incomes (UBIs) in advanced countries. A feature of advanced economies that distinguishes them from developing countries is the existence of well-developed, if often incomplete, safety nets. We develop a framework for describing transfer programs that is flexible enough to encompass most existing programs as well as UBIs, and we use this framework to compare various UBIs to the existing constellation of programs in the United States. A UBI would direct much larger shares of transfers to childless, nonelderly, nondisabled households than existing programs, and much more to middle-income rather than poor households. A UBI large enough to increase transfers to low-income families would be enormously expensive. We review the labor supply literature for evidence on the likely impacts of a UBI. We argue that the ongoing UBI pilot studies will do little to resolve the major outstanding questions.

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Albouy, David, Alex Chernoff, Chandler Lutz et Casey Warman. « Local Labor Markets in Canada and the United States ». Journal of Labor Economics 37, S2 (juillet 2019) : S533—S594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/703579.

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Blau, Francine D., et Lawrence M. Kahn. « Female Labor Supply : Why Is the United States Falling Behind ? » American Economic Review 103, n^o 3 (1 mai 2013) : 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.3.251.

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In 1990, the US had the sixth highest female labor participation rate among 22 OECD countries. By 2010 its rank had fallen to seventeenth. We find that the expansion of “family-friendly” policies, including parental leave and part-time work entitlements in other OECD countries, explains 29 percent of the decrease in US women's labor force participation relative to these other countries. However, these policies also appear to encourage part-time work and employment in lower level positions: US women are more likely than women in other countries to have full time jobs and to work as managers or professionals.

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Whaples, Robert, et Robert A. Margo. « Wages and Labor Markets in the United States, 1820-1860 ». Southern Economic Journal 68, n^o 1 (juillet 2001) : 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1061524.

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Silva, André C. « Taxes and labor supply : Portugal, Europe, and the United States ». Portuguese Economic Journal 7, n^o 2 (25 juin 2008) : 101–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10258-008-0029-1.

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Falzone, Joseph S. « Labor Force Participation and Educational Attainment in the United States ». International Advances in Economic Research 23, n^o 3 (août 2017) : 321–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11294-017-9646-8.

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Jaravel, Xavier. « Inflation Inequality : Measurement, Causes, and Policy Implications ». Annual Review of Economics 13, n^o 1 (5 août 2021) : 599–629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-091520-082042.

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Does inflation vary across the income distribution? This article reviews the growing literature on inflation inequality, describing recent advances and opportunities for further research in four areas. First, new price index theory facilitates the study of inflation inequality. Second, new data show that inflation rates decline with household income in the United States. Accurate measurement requires granular price and expenditure data because of aggregation bias. Third, new evidence quantifies the impacts of innovation and trade on inflation inequality. Contrary to common wisdom, empirical estimates show that the direction of innovation is a significant driver of inflation inequality in the United States, whereas trade has similar price effects across the income distribution. Fourth, inflation inequality and non-homotheticities have important policy implications. They transform cost-benefit analysis, optimal taxation, the effectiveness of stabilization policies, and our understanding of secular macroeconomic trends—including structural change, the decline in the labor share and interest rates, and labor market polarization.

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Hanson, Gordon H. « Illegal Migration from Mexico to the United States ». Journal of Economic Literature 44, n^o 4 (1 novembre 2006) : 869–924. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.44.4.869.

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In this paper, I selectively review recent literature on illegal migration from Mexico to the United States. I begin by discussing methods for estimating stocks and flows of illegal migrants. While there is uncertainty about the size of the unauthorized population, new data sources make it possible to examine the composition of legal and illegal populations and the time-series covariates of illegal labor flows. I then consider the supply of and demand for illegal migrants. Wage differentials between the United States and Mexico are hardly a new phenomenon, yet illegal migration from Mexico did not reach high levels until recently. An increase in the relative size of Mexico's working-age population, greater volatility in U.S.–Mexico relative wages, and changes in U.S. immigration policies are all candidate explanations for increasing labor flows from Mexico. Finally, I consider policies that regulate the cross-border flow of illegal migrants. While U.S. laws mandate that authorities prevent illegal entry and punish firms that hire unauthorized immigrants, these laws are imperfectly enforced. Lax enforcement may reflect political pressure by employers and other interests that favor open borders.

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Orrenius, Pia M., et Madeline Zavodny. « The Impact of Temporary Protected Status on Immigrants' Labor Market Outcomes ». American Economic Review 105, n^o 5 (1 mai 2015) : 576–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20151109.

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The United States currently provides Temporary Protected Status (TPS) to more than 300,000 immigrants. TPS is typically granted if dangerous conditions prevail in migrants' home countries. Individuals with TPS are allowed to stay and work in the United States temporarily. Little is known about how TPS affects beneficiaries, most of whom are unauthorized prior to receiving TPS. Our results suggest that TPS eligibility leads to higher employment rates among women and higher earnings among men. The results have implications for recent programs that allow millions of unauthorized immigrants to receive temporary permission to remain and work in the United States.

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Makhlouf, Hany H. « The Labor Movements In The United States And The United Kingdom ». Review of Social Sciences 1, n^o 4 (25 avril 2016) : 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18533/rss.v1i4.28.

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The rise of the labor movements in the United Kingdom in the 17th century and in the United States in the 19th century, their growth through most of the 20th century, and their steady decline since the 1970s reflect several similarities and differences in their experiences, strategies, tactics, and goals. Both movements faced many early challenges that threatened their survival, and went through growth periods, followed by the current decline phase in which they are struggling to prove their worth and relevance in changing economies and new labor market realities. This article examines the similarities and differences in these labor movements’ experiences, and in their past and current environments. It argues that labor unions are not likely to face the destiny of the dinosaurs, but they may have to continue to evolve, adjust, and innovate to stop their decline and appeal to a changing labor force. Their bread and butter focus, however, is likely to remain as the core of their existence.

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23

Autor, David H., David Dorn et Gordon H. Hanson. « The Geography of Trade and Technology Shocks in the United States ». American Economic Review 103, n^o 3 (1 mai 2013) : 220–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.3.220.

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This paper explores the geographic overlap of trade and technology shocks across local labor markets in the United States. Regional exposure to technological change, as measured by specialization in routine task-intensive production and clerical occupations, is largely uncorrelated with regional exposure to trade competition from China. While the impacts of technology are dispersed throughout the United States, the impacts of trade tend to be more geographically concentrated, owing in part to the spatial agglomeration of labor-intensive manufacturing. Our findings highlight the feasibility of separately identifying the impacts of recent changes in trade and technology on US regional economies.

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Nickell, Stephen. « Is the U.S. Labor Market Really that Exceptional ? A Review of Richard Freeman's America Works : The Exceptional U.S. Labor Market ». Journal of Economic Literature 46, n^o 2 (1 mai 2008) : 384–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.46.2.384.

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America Works is a splendid book and Richard Freeman is to be congratulated on producing a work that sets out what is right and what is wrong with the U.S. labor market while being a joy to read. While I am generally sympathetic to both the analysis and the conclusions, there are a number of points of disagreement that I highlight in this review. In particular, I would add to his policy recommendations by taking a gamble and enacting a law that entitled all employees in the United States to four weeks paid holiday per year in addition to public holidays. This may transform summertime in the United States.

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Borowczyk-Martins, Daniel, et Etienne LalÉ. « Employment Adjustment and Part-Time Work : Lessons from the United States and the United Kingdom ». American Economic Journal : Macroeconomics 11, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2019) : 389–435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.20160078.

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We document that fluctuations in part-time employment play a major role in movements in hours per worker during cyclical swings in the labor market. Building on this result, we develop a stock-flow framework to describe the dynamics of part-time employment. The evolution of part-time employment is predominantly explained by cyclical changes in transitions between full-time and part-time employment. Those transitions occur overwhelmingly at the same employer, entail sizable changes in individual working hours and are associated with an increase in involuntary part-time work. Our findings provide a novel understanding of the cyclical dynamics of labor adjustment on the intensive margin. (JEL E24, E32, J22, J23)

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Mukerjee, Swati. « Childhood Bullying and Labor Market Outcomes in The United States ». Atlantic Economic Journal 46, n^o 3 (septembre 2018) : 313–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11293-018-9587-5.

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Broadberry, Stephen N., et Douglas A. Irwin. « Labor productivity in the United States and the United Kingdom during the nineteenth century ». Explorations in Economic History 43, n^o 2 (avril 2006) : 257–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eeh.2005.02.003.

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Autor, David H., David Dorn et Gordon H. Hanson. « The China Syndrome : Local Labor Market Effects of Import Competition in the United States ». American Economic Review 103, n^o 6 (1 octobre 2013) : 2121–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.6.2121.

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We analyze the effect of rising Chinese import competition between 1990 and 2007 on US local labor markets, exploiting cross-market variation in import exposure stemming from initial differences in industry specialization and instrumenting for US imports using changes in Chinese imports by other high-income countries. Rising imports cause higher unemployment, lower labor force participation, and reduced wages in local labor markets that house import-competing manufacturing industries. In our main specification, import competition explains one-quarter of the contemporaneous aggregate decline in US manufacturing employment. Transfer benefits payments for unemployment, disability, retirement, and healthcare also rise sharply in more trade-exposed labor markets. (JEL E24, F14, F16, J23, J31, L60, O47, R12, R23)

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Amuedo-Dorantes, Catalina, et Cynthia Bansak. « The Labor Market Impact of Mandated Employment Verification Systems ». American Economic Review 102, n^o 3 (1 mai 2012) : 543–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.3.543.

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Employment verification systems covered about one out of four people hired in the United States in 2010. In this paper, we evaluate the impact of state-level employment verification mandates on the employment and wages of likely unauthorized workers across the entire United States between 2004 and 2010. We find that E-Verify mandates, particularly those covering all employers, significantly curtail the employment likelihood of likely unauthorized male and female workers. However, they appear to have mixed effects on wages and may redistribute likely unauthorized labor towards industries often benefiting from specific exclusions, such as agriculture or food services.

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Burfisher, Mary E., Sherman Robinson et Karen Thierfelder. « The Impact of NAFTA on the United States ». Journal of Economic Perspectives 15, n^o 1 (1 février 2001) : 125–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.15.1.125.

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We describe the main economic arguments posed for and against the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) during the U.S. policy debate. To evaluate these arguments, we analyze recent trade data and survey post-NAFTA studies. We find that both the U.S. and Mexico benefit from NAFTA, with much larger relative benefits for Mexico. NAFTA also has had little effect on the U.S. labor market. These results confirm the consensus opinion of economists at the time of the debate. Finally, studies find that trade creation greatly exceeds trade diversion in the region under NAFTA, especially in intermediate goods.

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van Ark, Bart, Mary O'Mahony et Marcel P. Timmer. « The Productivity Gap between Europe and the United States : Trends and Causes ». Journal of Economic Perspectives 22, n^o 1 (1 février 2008) : 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.22.1.25.

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Since the mid-1990s, labor productivity growth in Europe has significantly slowed compared to earlier decades. In contrast, labor productivity growth in the United States accelerated, so that a new productivity gap has opened up. This paper shows that this development is attributable to the slower emergence of the knowledge economy in Europe. We consider various explanations which are not mutually exclusive. These include lower growth contributions from investment in information and communication technology; the small share of information and communications technology–producing industries in Europe; and slower multifactor productivity growth, which proxies for advances in technology and innovation. Underlying these are issues related to the functioning of European labor markets and the high level of product market regulation in Europe. The paper emphasizes the key role of market service sectors in accounting for the productivity growth divergence between the two regions. We argue that improved productivity growth in Europe's market services will be needed to avoid a further widening of the productivity gap.

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Baker, Dean. « Hints of Progress for Labor in the United States ». Intereconomics 52, n^o 3 (mai 2017) : 191–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10272-017-0671-x.

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Rosenbloom, Joshua L. « Strikebreaking and the Labor Market in the United States, 1881–1894 ». Journal of Economic History 58, n^o 1 (mars 1998) : 183–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700019938.

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Using data from a sample of over 2,000 individual strikes in the United States from 1881 to 1894 this article examines geographic, industrial, and temporal variations in the use of strikebreakers and the sources from which they were recruited. The use of strikebrekers was not correlated with business cycle and did not vary appreciably by region or city size, but employers located outside the Northeast or in smaller cities were more likely to use replacement workers recruited from other places. The use of strikebreakers also varied considerably across industries, and was affected by union authorization and strike size.

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Mohseni-Cheraghlou, Amin. « Labor markets and mental wellbeing : Labor market conditions and suicides in the United States (1979–2004) ». Journal of Socio-Economics 45 (août 2013) : 175–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2013.05.003.

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Theodore, Nik, Derick Blaauw, Catherina Schenck, Abel Valenzuela Jr., Christie Schoeman et Edwin Meléndez. « Day labor, informality and vulnerability in South Africa and the United States ». International Journal of Manpower 36, n^o 6 (7 septembre 2015) : 807–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-01-2014-0036.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to compare conditions in informal day-labor markets in South Africa and the USA to better understand the nature of worker vulnerabilities in this market, as well as the economic conditions that have contributed to the growth of day labor. The conclusion considers interventions that are underway in the two countries to improve conditions in day-labor markets. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is based on national surveys of day laborers in South Africa and the USA. A random sample of day laborers seeking work at informal hiring sites was undertaken in each country. The paper presents key findings, compares conditions in South Africa and the USA, and analyzes the relationship between economic change, labor-market dynamics, and worker vulnerability. Findings – Day-labor work is characterized by low pay, hazardous conditions on the job, and tremendous income insecurity. The day-labor markets in South Africa and the USA perform somewhat different functions within regional economies. Within South Africa, day labor can be regarded as a survival strategy. The growth of day labor in South Africa over the past decade is a manifestation of a formal labor market that is incapable of absorbing the structurally unemployed. Here, day labor is the employment of last resort, allowing workers to subsist on the fringes of the mainstream economy, but offering few pathways into the formal sector. In the USA, the day labor workforce is a largely undocumented-immigrant workforce. Workers seek work at informal hiring sites, maintaining a tenuous hold on jobs in the construction industry. There is evidence of some mobility into more stable and better paying employment. Practical implications – This paper documents the need for policies and programs to increase employment opportunities for day laborers and to better enforce labor standards in the informal economy. Originality/value – This paper summarizes findings from the only two national surveys of day laborers that have been conducted, and it compares for the first time the dynamic within growing day-labor markets in a developed- and emerging-market context.

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Wright, David W. « Book Review : The Decline of Organized Labor in the United States ». Review of Radical Political Economics 20, n^o 1 (mars 1988) : 121–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/048661348802000119.

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Blanchard, Olivier. « The Economic Future of Europe ». Journal of Economic Perspectives 18, n^o 4 (1 novembre 2004) : 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/0895330042632735.

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After three years of near stagnation, the mood in Europe is definitely gloomy. Many doubt that the European model has a future. In this paper, I argue that things are not so bad, and there is room for optimism. Over the last thirty years, productivity growth has been much faster in Europe than in the United States. Productivity levels are roughly similar today in the European Union and in the United States. The main difference is that Europe has used some of the increase in productivity to increase leisure rather than income, while the United States has done the opposite. Still not everything is well. Unemployment is still high, and Europe suffers from inefficient regulation. Here also however, there is more action than often perceived, and a wide ranging reform process is taking place. This process is driven by reforms in financial and product markets. Reforms in those markets are in turn putting pressure for reform in the labor market. Reform in the labor market is slowly taking place, but not without political tensions. These tensions dominate the news; but they are a symptom of change, not a reflection of immobility.

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Peri, Giovanni. « Immigrants, Productivity, and Labor Markets ». Journal of Economic Perspectives 30, n^o 4 (1 novembre 2016) : 3–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.30.4.3.

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Immigration has been a steady force acting on population and employment within countries throughout human history. Focusing on the last four decades, we show that the mix of immigrants to rich countries has been, overall, rather balanced between college and non-college educated. The growth of immigration has been driven by immigrants from nonrich countries. The economic impact of immigration on receiving economies needs to be understood by analyzing the specific skills brought by immigrants. The complementarity and substitutability between immigrants and natives in employment, and the response of receiving economies in terms of specialization and technological choices, are important when considering the general equilibrium effects of immigration. In the United States, a balanced composition of immigrants between college and noncollege educated, together with the adjustment of demand and technology, imply that general equilibrium effects on relative and absolute wages have been small.

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Fitzgerald, Joan, et Allan McGregor. « Labor-Community Initiatives in Worker Training in the United States and the United Kingdom ». Economic Development Quarterly 7, n^o 2 (mai 1993) : 172–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089124249300700204.

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Rosenfeld, Jake. « US Labor Studies in the Twenty-First Century : Understanding Laborism Without Labor ». Annual Review of Sociology 45, n^o 1 (30 juillet 2019) : 449–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-073018-022559.

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In recent years, labor studies has flourished even as labor unions in the United States have continued their long-term downward trajectory. One strain of this research has situated the labor movement, and its decline, at the center of economic inequality's rise in the United States. Another has explored the labor movement's interconnections with political dynamics in the contemporary United States, including how labor's demise has reshaped the polity and policies. This body of scholarship also offers insights into recent stirrings of labor resurgence, ranging from the teachers’ strikes of 2017 to the Fight for 15 minimum wage initiatives. Yet the field's reliance on official union membership rates as the standard measure of union strength, and on official strike statistics as the standard measure of union activism, prevents it from fully understanding the scope and durability of worker activism in the post-Wagner age.

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Carrère, Céline, Anja Grujovic et Frédéric Robert-Nicoud. « Trade and Frictional Unemployment in the Global Economy ». Journal of the European Economic Association 18, n^o 6 (7 janvier 2020) : 2869–921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvz074.

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Abstract We develop a multicountry, multisector trade model featuring risk-averse workers, labor market frictions, unemployment benefits, and equilibrium unemployment. Trade opening leads to a reduction in unemployment when it simultaneously raises welfare and reallocates labor toward sectors with lower-than-average labor market frictions. We then estimate and calibrate the model using employment data from 31 OECD countries and worldwide trade data. Finally, we quantify the potential unemployment, real wage, and welfare effects of repealing NAFTA and raising bilateral tariffs between the United States and Mexico to 20%. This policy would increase unemployment by 2.4% in the United States and 48% in Mexico.

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Gottschalk, Peter. « Book Review : Labor Economics : Jobs, Earnings, and Employment Growth in the United States ». ILR Review 46, n^o 1 (octobre 1992) : 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399204600126.

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Seltzer, Andrew. « At Home and Abroad. By Francine D. Blau and Lawrence M. Kahn. New York : Russell Sage Foundation, 2002. Pp. xi, 314. $34.95. » Journal of Economic History 63, n^o 1 (mars 2003) : 312–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050703671809.

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In the 1970s the United States had far higher wages than the rest of the developed world; 1979–1981 median weakly earnings of men in full-time employment were $609 in 1998 prices, compared to an average of $419 across six other developed countries. However, the United States also had a higher unemployment rate; in 1973 it was 4.8 percent compared to an average of 2.1 percent in 11 other countries. Fast forward two decades. Median real wages in the United States, although still higher than in the other countries, had fallen 5.5 percent whereas in the other countries they had increased an average of 22.6 percent. However, whereas the unemployment rate in the United States fell slightly over the period, it skyrocketed in most of the other countries, averaging 8.2 percent in the European Union in 1999. By the late 1990s the United States also differed from the rest of the developed world in a number of other labor-market outcomes. The U.S. had: a lower average duration of unemployment and less prevalent long-term unemployment, higher labor-force participation rates among both men and women, longer average hours of work over the course of the year, and greater earnings inequality.

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Black, Dan, Kermit Daniel et Jeffrey Smith. « College Quality and Wages in the United States ». German Economic Review 6, n^o 3 (1 août 2005) : 415–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2005.00140.x.

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Abstract We estimate the effects of the quality of the college a student attends on their later earnings using data from a cohort of US college students from the late 1970s and early 1980s. We rely on a linear selection on observables identification strategy, which is justified in our context by a very rich set of conditioning variables. We find economically important earnings effects of college quality for men and women, as well as effects on educational attainment, spousal earnings and other demographic variables. These effects remain roughly constant over time and result primarily from effects on wages, rather than from effects on hours or labor force participation. We find that, over the lower part of the range of college quality, increases in college quality (which entail higher expenditures per student) pass a simple social cost-benefit test.

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Broadberry, Stephen N. « Manufacturing and the Convergence Hypothesis : What the Long-Run Data Show ». Journal of Economic History 53, n^o 4 (décembre 1993) : 772–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700051317.

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The commonly accepted chronology for comparative productivity levels, based on GDP data, does not apply to the manufacturing sector, which shows evidence of a much greater degree of stationarity of comparative labor productivity performance among the major industrialized countries of Britain, Germany, and the United States. These results for manufacturing suggest that convergence of GDP per worker must have occurred through trends in other sectors and through compositional effects of structural change. The persistent, large labor productivity gap between the United States and Europe cannot be explained simply by differences in capital per worker, but is related to technological choice.

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Parsons, Donald O. « Male Retirement Behavior in the United States, 1930–1950 ». Journal of Economic History 51, n^o 3 (septembre 1991) : 657–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700039607.

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Explanations for the recent decline in the labor force attachment of males 65 years of age and older include the introduction of Old Age and Survivors Insurance and the growth in private pension programs. Neither hypothesis can explain the sizable decline that occurred between 1930 and 1950, when aggregate social security and private pension payments were small. Estimates from pooled state aggregate data indicate that the means-tested Old Age Assistance program established by the Social Security Act of 1935 significantly increased retirement activity in this period, particularly among low-income individuals.

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Atalay, Enghin, Phai Phongthiengtham, Sebastian Sotelo et Daniel Tannenbaum. « The Evolution of Work in the United States ». American Economic Journal : Applied Economics 12, n^o 2 (1 avril 2020) : 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20190070.

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Using the text from job ads, we introduce a new dataset to describe the evolution of work from 1950 to 2000. We show that the transformation of the US labor market away from routine cognitive and manual tasks and toward nonroutine interactive and analytic tasks has been larger than prior research has found, with a substantial fraction of total changes occurring within narrowly defined job titles. We provide narrative and systematic evidence on changes in task content within job titles and on the emergence and disappearance of individual job titles. (JEL E24, J21, J24, J31, N32)

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James, John A., et Jonathan S. Skinner. « The Resolution of the Labor-Scarcity Paradox ». Journal of Economic History 45, n^o 3 (septembre 1985) : 513–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700034483.

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Many distinguished foreign visitors to the United States in the 1850s commented on the advanced states of mechanization in manufacturing. But why, at the same time, were interest rates higher and the aggregate manufacturing capital stock lower in American than in Britain? We resolve this paradox by noting that British engineers were most impressed by only those industries which relied on skilled workers. Using production parameters estimated from 1849 census data, we develop a computable general equilibrium model of the American and British economies which reconciles the apparently contradictory evidence.

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Jiang, Mingming, John Shideler et Yun Wang. « Factor substitution and labor market friction in the United States : 1948–2010 ». Applied Economics 51, n^o 17 (12 octobre 2018) : 1828–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2018.1529397.

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McFarland, Henry. « The effects of United States railroad deregulation on shippers, labor, and capital ». Journal of Regulatory Economics 1, n^o 3 (septembre 1989) : 259–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00134960.

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