Articles de revues sur le sujet « L.D. Nathan Group of Companies »

Purpose. To investigate factors with a significant relationship with the absence of musculoskeletal disease (MSD: osteoporosis, knee osteoarthritis (K-OA), and lumbar spondylosis (L-OA)) in elderly people ≥70 years old. Methods. The subjects were 279 people (134 males, 145 females, mean age: 75.2 years) who attended an annual health checkup and were prospectively included in the study. Osteoporosis was defined as %YAM ≤70%, K-OA as Kellgren–Lawrence grade ≥2, and L-OA as osteophytes of Nathan class ≥3. Subjects were divided into those with (group D) and without (group N) any MSD. Clinical variables including locomotive syndrome (LS), frailty, sarcopenia, and QOL (SF-36) were compared between the groups. Results. There was no significant difference in age or gender between group N (n=54) and group D (n=225). Lower BMI and pain, including neuropathic pain; greater back muscle strength, physical ability, and balance with eyes closed; larger lumbar lordosis, sacral inclination, and lumbar ROM; and smaller spinal inclination were found in group N. The rates of LS and sarcopenia were significantly lower and QOL was significantly higher in group N. Conclusions. This study firstly revealed the significant musculoskeletal factors and geriatric syndromes related to an absence of MSD, which may form the basis of interventions to improve QOL in elderly people ≥70 years old.

Abstract Sarcomas encompass a group of malignant diseases arising from mesenchymal origins. Given their rarity and diversity, a fundamental understanding of the genomic underpinnings for many sarcoma subtypes is still lacking. Studies are often limited to one or several of the more common subtypes or a narrow evaluation of a broader sampling. We therefore report on one of the largest comprehensive omics evaluation in sarcomas to date, including whole exome sequencing (WES; n = 1170) and RNA-sequencing (n = 983) of tissues from 29 different sarcoma histologic subtypes collected at 13 institutions in the US as part of the Oncology Research Information Exchange Network (ORIEN). We identified recurrent somatic mutations previously identified in sarcomas (e.g. TP53, KIT) as well as other cancer types (e.g. BRCA1). The burden of putatively pathogenic driver point mutations was higher in metastatic samples (median = 3) as compared to primary tumor samples (median = 2; p < 0.001). We observed frequent copy number alterations including whole genome doubling more commonly in metastatic compared to primary tumors (23.4% vs. 16.9%; p = 0.0.25). Inspection of gene expression dimensionality reduction (UMAP) showed separation of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), leiomyosarcomas, myxoid liposarcomas, and well/de-differentiated liposarcomas from the other histologies. Differential expression analysis for these four histologies with gene set enrichment analysis highlights the diversity of disease-specific pathways and need for sarcoma subtype-specific translational focus. Estimation of immune cell abundances based on RNA-seq followed by hierarchical clustering identified five immune subtypes. The subtypes ranged from low (clusters A, B) to high (clusters D, E) immune infiltration with higher abundance of T, B, Natural Killer (NK), and myeloid cells (FDR < 0.01). Intermediate immune group C was predominantly composed by GISTs and marked by an enrichment for NK cells (FDR < 0.01) compared to all groups except the immune “hot” group E; however, this immune group exhibited modest infiltration by other immune cell types. Notably, we observed significant differences in the overall survival of patients with sarcomas in immune enriched (C, D, E) compared to immune depleted clusters (A, B; p = 0.002). In summary, we report the genomic and expressional landscape of over 1000 sarcomas, representing one of the largest comprehensive profiling efforts in this disease. We identify the mutational and copy number variation landscape and observe differences between primary and metastatic samples. We highlight expression pathways that are enriched in histologic subtypes that cluster most distinctly from others, providing a subtype-specific roadmap for further translational efforts. Finally, we define immune enriched or depleted sarcoma subgroupings that carry a prognostic impact. Citation Format: Alex C. Soupir, Oscar E. Ospina, Dale Hedges, Jamie K. Teer, Michael D. Radmacher, David M. McKean, Nathan Seligson, Martin McCarter, Breelyn Wilkey, Greg Riedlinger, John Groundland, Benjamin J. Miller, Bryan Schneider, Reema Patel, Abdul Rafeh-Naqash, Stephen Edge, Bodour Salhia, Chris Moskaluk, Maggy Johns, Michelle L. Churchman, Oliver Hampton, David Liebner, Brooke L. Fridley, Andrew S. Brohl. Genomic landscape and estimation of immune infiltration of soft tissue sarcoma histology subtypes from the ORIEN network [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 3928.

The multiple factors that define and relate service quality and customer or consumer satisfaction have served as the basis for the development of several multidimensional models that have allowed the study of this important issue. The level of research that will be used in this work is the explanatory levelbecause it is intended to evaluate the role of innovation in the design of the service quality improvement plan and its impact on customer satisfaction. As a case study, the M7D model was applied to two national banks. Among other results, national banks obtained 83.5% compliance with the M7D model, the dimensions with the best performance are customer satisfaction, organization, processes and social responsibility. While, medium-sized banks have a compliance level of 62.7% with the M7D model, the dimensions with the best performance are customer satisfaction, Social responsibility and leadership. It is concluded that banks must innovate at the level of preparation and training of human resources and adequacy. Keywords: quality of service, customer satisfaction, models, innovation References [1]Silva-Treviño J. C., Macías-Hernández B. A., Tello-Leal E., Jesús Gerardo Delgado-Rivas (2021) Ciencia UAT. 15(2): 85-101. [2]Mora Contreras C. E.(2011) REMark - Revista Brasileira de Marketing, São Paulo, v. 10, n. 2, p 146-162, mai./ago. 2011. [3]Bustamante, J. C. (2015). Uso de variables mediadoras y moderadoras en la explicación de la lealtad del consumidor en ambientes de servicios. Estudios Gerenciales. 31(136): 299-309. [4]Lai, C. and Nguyen, M. (2017). Factors affecting service quality, customer satisfaction and loyalty of mobile phone servi-ce providers in Vietnam. International Journal of Organizatio-nal Innovation. 10(2): 75-85. [5]Ahrholdt, D. C., Gudergan, S. P., and Ringle, C. M. (2017). Enhancing service loyalty: The roles of delight, satisfaction, and service quality. Journal of Travel Research. 56(4): 436-450. [6]Blut, M., Frennea, C. M., Mittal, V., and Mothersbaugh, D. L. (2015). How procedural, financial and relational switching costs affect customer satisfaction,repurchase intentions, and repurchase behavior: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Re- search in Marketing. 32(2): 226-229. [7]Kasiri, L. A., Guan-Cheng, K. T., Sambasivan, M., and Sidin, S. M. (2017). Integration of standardization and customization: Impact on service quality, customer satisfaction, and loyalty. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services. 35: 91-97. [8]Bilderbeek, R y otros. Services en Innovation: Knowledge Intensive Business Services (KIBS) as Co-producers of Innovation. En SI14S Project. SI14SSynthesis Papers nro. 3. STEP Group, 1998. [9]Parasuraman, V; Zeithaml, A; Berry, L. SERVQUAL: A Multiple Item Scale for Measuring Costumer Perceptions of Service Quality. Journal of Retailing.Vol 64, Nro 1. Spring. pp. 12-40, 1998. [10]Puente, Raquel. Del mercadeo de servicios a la gerencia de servicios. Revista Debates IESA. Vol. X. Nro. 3. Caracas. pp. 13-16, 2005. [11]Santarelli, E; Piergiovanni, R. Analyzing literature based innovation output indicators: the Italian experience. Research Policy. Vol 25. pp. 689-711, 1996. [12] ACSI, American Customer Satisfaction Index (2018). Customer satisfaction reports. American Customer Satisfaction In-dex. [Online]. Available:https://www.theacsi.org/news-and -resources/customer-satisfaction-reports/reports-2018. [13]Azman, I. and Yusrizal, S. (2016). Service quality as a predictor of satisfaction and customer loyalty. Scientific Journal of Logistics. 12(4): 269-283. [14]Aznar, J. P., Bagur, L., and Rocafort, A. (2016). Impact of service quality on competitiveness and profitability: The hotel industry in the Catalan coast. Intangible Capital. 12(1): 147-166. [15]Cronin, J., Morris, M. H., and Taylor, S. (1994). Servperf vs. Servqual: reconciling performance based and perceptions minus expectations measurement of service quality. Journal of Marketing. 58(1): 125-131. [16]El-Adly, M. I. (2019). Modelling the relationship between hotel perceived value, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services. 50: 322-332. [17]Guesalaga, R. and Pitta, D. (2014). The importance and formalization of service quality dimensions: a comparison of Chile and the USA. Journal of Consumer Marketing. 31(2): 145-151. [18]Kumar, V. and Hundal, B. S. (2019). Evaluating the service quality of solar product companies using SERVQUAL model. In- ternational Journal of Energy Sector Management. 13(3): 670-693. [19]Shi, Y., Prentice, C., and He, W. (2014). Linking service quality, customer satisfaction and loyalty in casinos, does membership matter. International Journal of Hospitality Management. 40: 81-91. [20]Tomaz-de-Aquino, J., Valença-de-Souza, J., Lima da Silva, V., Jerônimo, T., and Melo, F. (2018). Factors that influence the quality of services providedby the bus rapid transit system. Ben-chmarking: An International Journal. 25(9): 4035-4057. [21]López, L. I. y Díaz, J. D. (2012). Propuesta metodológica para la gestión del cliente. Mercados y Negocios. 25(13): 5-20. [22]Michna, A. (2018). The mediating role of firm innovativeness in the relationship between knowledge sharing and custo- mer satisfaction in SMEs. Engineering Economics 29(1): 93-103. [23]Jain, P. and Aggarwal, V. S. (2017). The effect of perceived service quality on customer satisfaction and customer loyalty in organized retail chains. Amity Business Review. 18(2): 77-89. [24]Palese, B. and Usai, A. (2018). The relative importance of service quality dimensions in E-commerce experiences. Inter- national Journal of Information Management. 40: 132-140. [25]Zhang, S. and Hou, Y. (2013). A SERVQUAL model for assess- ment of service quality in supply chain. Information Technology Journal. 12(15): 3472-3475. [26]Duque, E. (2005). Revisión del concepto de calidad del servicio y sus modelos de medición. Revista Innovar, 25(ene-jun), 64-80. [27]Falk, T., Hammerschimdt, M., & Schepers, J. (2010). The service quality-satisfaction link revisted: asymmetries and dynamics. Journal of the Academy ofMarketing Science, 38(3), 288-302. [28]Arzola, Minerva; Mejías, Agustín Modelo conceptual para gestionar la innovación en las empresas del sector servicios Revista Venezolana de Gerencia, vol. 12, núm. 37, enero-marzo, 2007, pp. 80-98. [29]González, A., & Brea, F. (2006). Relación entre la calidad del servicio y la satisfacción del consumidor: Su evaluación en el ámbito del turismo termal.Investigaciones Europeas de Dirección y Economía de la Empresa, 12(1): 251-272. [30]Olorunniwo, F.; Hsu, M.K., and Udo, G.J. (2006). Service Quality, customer satisfaction, and behavioral intentions in the service factory. Journal ofServices Marketing, 20(1), 59-72. [31]Morales S. V., and Hernández, A. (2004). Calidad y Satisfacción en los servicios: Conceptualización. Efedeportes Revista Digital, 10(73). [32]Olorunniwo, F.; Hsu, M.K., and Udo, G.J. (2006). Service Quality, customer satisfaction, and behavioral intentions in the service factory. Journal of Services Marketing, 20(1), 59-72. [33]Parasuraman, A.; Zeithalm, V., and Berry, L. (1988). SERVQUAL: A multiple-item scale for measuring consumer perceptions of service quality.Journal of Retailing, 64(1), 12-40. [34]Guadarrama Tavira, E.; Rosales Estrada, E. M. (2015) Marketing relacional: valor, satisfacción, lealtad y retención del cliente. análisis y reflexión teórica Ciencia y Sociedad, vol. 40, núm. 2. 307-340. [35]Bilderbeek, R y otros. Services en Innovation: Knowledge Intensive Business Services (KIBS) as Co-producers of Innovation. En SI14S Project. SI14SSynthesis Papers nro. 3. STEP Group, 1998. [36]Arzola M. (2007) ¿cómo medir la innovación en el sector servicios?: evidencia empírica en el sector financiero, Venezuela, UCT, 11, 45. 115-122.

We probed what are the sustainability initiatives of the selected Publicly Listed Companies in the Philippines that are advancing the pursuit of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, particularly on Good Health and Well-Being and Quality Education. Specifically, we mapped the sustainability programs implemented by the sample companies that are aligned with the 17 UN SDGs. We also determined if these UN SDGs are embedded and articulated in their corporate vision-mission statements. Then, we identified the explicit programs that were implemented by the selected firms that are advancing the pursuit of a few specific targets of SDG#3 and SDG#4. We anchored our study on the theories of Sustainable Development and Humanistic Management and used qualitative descriptive and exploratory research designs. We utilized purposive sampling to select the 20 Publicly Listed Companies based on four criteria. We employed content analysis to determine their specific programs from their Sustainability Reports and/or Annual Reports. Our numeral mapping analysis revealed that the average number of implemented programs related to the 17 UN SDGs by the sample corporations is 11(65%). Companies are pursuing all 17 SDGs while some implemented only six programs. Our data further showed that overall, 15 out of 20 (75%) corporations have articulated and embedded the essence of the UN SDGs either in their vision or mission or combined vision-mission statements. On SDG#3, our findings disclosed that all (100%) of the 20 sampled corporations implemented definite programs for "ending epidemics and communicable diseases" with specific reference to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. On SDG#3, our findings divulged that 13 out of the 20 (65%) sampled firms implemented specific programs that directly addressed the target of "achieving health coverage and wellness for all at all ages." On SDG#4, our results indicated that all (100%) of the 20 sample corporations have implemented programs on quality education. Our propositions that there are specific sustainability programs implemented by the selected Publicly Listed Companies that contributed to achieving Health and Well-Being, as well as Quality Education, were confirmed. We recommended including non-publicly listed companies across industries, increasing the sample size, and using of mixed method design in the methodology for a more rigorous investigation of the achievements and impact of SDG target indicators for future research. ReferencesApex Mining Co., Inc (2020). Sustainability Report. http://www.apexmines.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/2020-Sustainability-Report-Final.pdfAyala Land (2020). Integrated Report. https://ir.ayalaland.com.ph/wpcontent/uploads/2021/04/ALI-AR-2020-20210420_WEB-1.pdfBenedictus PP. XVI. (2007). Letter of His Holiness Benedict XVI to the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople on the occasion of the seventh symposium of the Religion, Science, and the environment movement. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.BDO Unibank, Inc. (2020). Sustainability Report. https://www.bdo.com.ph/sites/default/files/pdf/BDO-2020-Sustainability-Report.pdfBrundtland, G. H. (1987). Our common guture—call for action. Environmental Conservation, 14(4), 291–294. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44518052Buckley, P. J., Doh, J. P., & Benischke, M. H. (2017). Towards a renaissance in international business research? Big questions, grand challenges, and the future of IB scholarship. Journal of International Business Studies, 48(9), 1045–1064.Centro Escolar University (2020). Annual Report. http://corporate.ceu.edu.ph/static/media/CEU17A-2020.pdfCreswell, J. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approach (4th ed.). Sage Publications.Del Monte (2020). Sustainability Report. https://www.delmontephil.com/hubfs/sustainability/sustainability-report/00,%20Del%20Monte%20FY2020%20Sustainability%20Report.pdfDror, E., Kypraios, E., & Forgues, B. (2019). Employing Finance in Pursuit of the Sustainable Development Goals: The Promise and Perils of Catastrophe bonds https://journals.aom.org/doi/abs/10.5465/amd.2018.0137Edralin, D. & Pastrana, R. (2019). Sustainability initiatives and practices of selected top universities in Asia, Europe, and the USA. Bedan Research Journal. 4, April,24-45.Edralin, D. & Pastrana, R. (2020). The Nexus between Sustainable Business Practices and the Quest for Peace. Bedan Research Journal.Elkington, J. (2018, June 25). 25 years ago I coined the phrase “triple bottom line.” Here’s why it’s time to rethink it. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2018/06/25-years-ago-i-coined-the-phrasetriple-bottom-line-heres-why-im-giving- up-on-it.Ercoskun, O. Y. (2005). Sustainable City Plans against Development Plans. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/83293Far Eastern University (2020). Annual Report. https://investors.feu.edu.ph/reports%20new%20format/2021/01072021/ASM2020_FEU_Chairman's%20_AnnualReport2020_Final_Updated(1)%20(1).pdfFraisl, D., Campbell, J., See, L., When, U., Wardlaw, J., Gold., M., Moorthy, I., Arias, R., Piera, J., Oliver, J., Maso, J., Penker, M., and Fritz, E. (2020). Mapping citizen science contributions to the UN sustainable development goals. Sustain Sci 15, 1735–1751. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-020-00833-7Freeman, R. E. (1994). The politics of stakeholder theory: Some future directions. Business Ethics Quarterly, 4(4), 409–421. https://doi.org/10.2307/3857340George, G., Howard-Grenville, J., Joshi, A., & Tihanyi, L. (2016). Understanding and tackling societal grand challenges through management research. Academy of Management Journal, 59(6), 1880–1895.Global Compact, United Nations. (2006). What is the Global Compact? https://www.unglobal compact.org/aboutGlobe (2020). Integrated Report. https://www.globe.com.ph/content/dam/globe/brie/About-s/sustainability/documents/GLO_IR2020.pdfHoward-Grenville, J., Davis G. F., Dyllick, T., Miller, C. C., Thau, S., & Tsui, A. S. (2019) Sustainable development for a better world: contributions of leadership, management, and organizations. Academy of Management Discoveries, 5(4), 355–366.Johnson, G., Whittington, R., Scholes, K., Angwin, D and Regner, P. (2014). Exploring Strategy, 10th Edition. Pearson Education, Ltd.Jollibee Foods Corp. (2020). SEC Sustainability Report. https://bucketeer-9d45a0bc-28bd-439b-9619-e2bfda478d44.s3.amazonaws.com/public/uploads/ETnPKOuI-FINAL-JFC-2020-SEC-Sustainability-Report-with-Audited-Figures.pdfLBC Express Holdings, Inc. (2020). Annual Report. https://lbcexpressholdings.com/files/2021/09/17/1318/LBCEH_2020_Annual_Report.pdfLu, Y., Nakicenovic, N., Visbeck, M., & Stevance, A. (2015). Five Priorities for the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Nature, 520(7548), 432–433.Megaworld (2020). Annual Report. https://www.megaworldcorp.com/investors/sites/investors/files/2021-06/MEG%202020%20Annual%20Report.pdfMele, D. (2013). Antecedents and current situation of humanistic management. African Journal of Business Ethics, 7(2), 52-61. https://www//doi.org/10.4103/1817-7417.123079]Meralco (2020). Sustainability Report. https://meralcomain.s3.apsoutheast-1.amazonaws.com/2021-07/2020_meralco_sustainability_report_for_web_063021.pdf?nullMetro Retail Stores Group, INC. (2020). Annual Report. https://www.metroretail.com.ph/images/Investor_Relations/Annual_Report/MRSGI_Annual_Report_2020.pdfMorseletto, P. (2020) Restorative and regenerative: Exploring the concepts in the circular economy. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jiec.12987#:~:text=A%20link%20to%20a%20role,Jawahir%20%26%20Bradley%2C%202016).Pilipinas Shell (2020). Annual and Sustainability Report. https://pilipinas.shell.com.ph/sustainability/pilipinas-shell-annualsustainability-report-2020/_jcr_content/par/toptasks_copy.stream/1621654702710/a864f6dffad9daf8c7585772f2322923d148d6b7/pspc-asr-2020.pdfPhilex (2020). Annual and Sustainability Report. http://www.philexmining.com.ph/wp-content/uploads/2020/Philex%20Mining%202020%20Annual%20Report%20FA.pdfPhilippine Airlines (2020). Sustainability Report. https://phi.com.ph/wpcontent/uploads/bsk-pdf-manager/2021/08/Sustainability-Report-2020.pdfPLDT (2020). Sustainability Report. https://pldt.com/docs/defaultsource/annual-reports/2020/pldt-2020-interactive-sr.pdf?sfvrsn=0Robinson Retail (2020). Annual and Sustainability Report. https://www.robinsonsretailholdings.com.ph/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Salute-to-Frontliners-RRHIs-2020-Annual-and-Sustainability-Report.pdfRousseau, H. E., Berrone, P., & Gelabert, L. (2019). Localizing sustainable development goals: nonprofit density and city sustainability. Academy of Management Discoveries, 5(4), 487– 513.Sachs, J. D., Schmidt-Traub, G., Mazzucato, M., Messner, D., Nakicenovic, N., & Rockström, J. (2019). Six transformations to achieve the sustainable development goals. Nature Sustainability, 2(9), 805–814.San Miguel Corporation (2020). Annual Report. https://www.sanmiguel.com.ph/storage/images/article/file/SMC%20AR%202020_0601Aforweb.pdfSaunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2019). Research methods for business students (8th ed.). Pearson Education Limited.SM Investments Corporation (2020). Sustainability Report. https://www.sminvestments.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/SMIC-Integrated-Report-2020.pdfSpreitzer, G. (2007) Giving peace a chance: organizational leadership, empowerment, and peace https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/job.487Sustainable Energy Fund (2021), Regenerative Organizations: Developing an Understanding of How We Work. https://www.thesef.org/regenerative-organizations/#:~:text=Regenerative%20organizations%20use%20or%20develop,work%20in%2C%20and%20Earth%20itselfUN (2016). Report of the Inter-Agency and Expert Group on Sustainable Development Goal Indicators. https://unstats.un.org/unsd/statcom/47th-session/documents/2016-2-iaeg-sdgs-rev1-e.pdfUN (2017). The Sustainable Development Goals Report. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/files/report/2017/TheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsReport2017.pdfUN (2015) Transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 25 September 2015.https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.aspUN News Centre (2015). UN forum highlights the' fundamental' role of the private sector in advancing new global goals. https://news.un.org/en/story/2015/09/509862-un-forumhighlights-fundamental-roleprivate-sector-advancing-new-global-goals#.VgcFQmRVikoUnion bank (2020). Sustainability Report. https://www.unionbankph.com/sites/default/files/202104/2020_UBP_SR_SEC_April_15_opt.pdfUnited Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (2005). UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development 2005 – 2014. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001416/141629e.pdfVan Zanten, J. A. & Van Tulder, R. (2018). Multinational Enterprises and the Sustainable Development Goals: An Institutional Approach to Corporate Engagement. Journal of International Business Policy 1(3–4): 208-233.Virji, H., Sharifi, A., Kaneko, S., & Simangan, D. (2019). The sustainability–peace nexus in the context of global change. Sustain Science, 14(6), 1467–1468. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11625-019-00737-1Von Kimakowitz, E., Spitzeck, H., Pirson, M., Dierksmeier, C., Amann, W. (Eds.) (2011). Humanistic management in practice. Palgrave Macmillan.World Commission on Environment and Development / Brundtland Commission (1987). Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our common future. Oxford University Press.World Health Organization. (2022). Third round of the global pulse survey on continuity of essential health services during the COVID-19 pandemic. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/351527/WHO-2019-nCoV-EHS-continuity-survey-2022.1-eng.pdf?sequence=1World Wildlife Fund (WWF). 2018. The living planet report. https://www.wwf.org.uk/updates/living-planet-report-2018. Wang, C., Guan, D., & Cai, W. (2019). Grand challenges cannot be treated in isolation. One Earth, 1(1), 24–26Wang, C., Guan, D., & Cai, W. (2019). Grand challenges cannot be treated in isolation. One Earth, 1(1), 24–26

Abstract Purpose: Latent Grade Group (GG) ≥2 prostate cancer can impact the performance of active surveillance (AS) protocols. To date, molecular biomarkers for AS have relied solely on RNA or protein. We trained and independently validated multimodal (mRNA abundance, DNA methylation, and DNA copy number) biomarkers that more accurately separate GG1 from GG≥2 cancers. Materials and Methods: Low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer patients were assigned to training (n=333) and validation (n=202) cohorts. We profiled the abundance of 342 mRNAs, 100 DNA copy number aberration (CNA) loci and 14 hypermethylation sites at two locations per tumor. Using the training cohort with cross- validation, we evaluated methods for training classifiers of pathologic GG≥2 in centrally reviewed radical prostectomies (RPs). We trained two distinct classifiers, PRONTO-e and PRONTO-m, and validated them in an independent RP cohort. Results: PRONTO-e comprises 353 mRNA and CNA features. PRONTO-m includes 94 clinical, mRNAs, CNAs and methylation features at 14 and 12 loci, respectively. In independent validation, PRONTO-e and PRONTO-m predicted GG≥2 with respective true positive rates of 0.81 and 0.76, false positive rates of 0.43 and 0.26. Both classifiers were resistant to sampling error and identified more upgraded men than a well-validated pre-surgical risk calculator, CAPRA (p <0.001). Conclusions: Two GG classifiers with superior accuracy were developed by incorporating RNA and DNA features and validated in an independent cohort. Upon further validation in biopsy samples, classifiers with these performance characteristics could refine selection of men for AS, extending their treatment-free survival and intervals between surveillance. Citation Format: Anna Y. Lee, David M. Berman, Robert Lesurf, Palak G. Patel, Walead Ebrahimizadeh, Jane Bayani, Laura A. Lee, Nadia Boufaied, Shamini Selvarajah, Tamara Jamaspishvili, Karl-Philippe Guérard, Dan Dion, Atsunari Kawashima, Gina M. Clarke, Nathan How, Chelsea L. Jackson, Eleonora Scarlata, Khurram Siddiqui, John B.A. Okello, Armen G. Aprikian, Madeleine Moussa, Antonio Finelli, Joseph Chin, Fadi Brimo, Glenn Bauman, Andrew Loblaw, Vasundara Venkateswaran, Ralph Buttyan, Simone Chevalier, Axel Thomson, Paul C. Park, D. Robert Siemens, Jacques Lapointe, Paul C. Boutros, John M.S. Bartlett. Multimodal biomarkers that predict the presence of Gleason pattern 4: Potential impact for active surveillance [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Advances in Prostate Cancer Research; 2023 Mar 15-18; Denver, Colorado. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B046.

Various controversies are present along with the issuance of the omnibus law with its copyright law. The presence of this regulation revokes at least 80 other special laws, one of which is the Limited Liability Company Law Number 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies. The issues raised in this research are the concept and implications of the issuance of the copyright law on the legal arrangements of limited liability companies. This research study uses doctrinal normative research with primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials from literature studies. After the research, the results show that the applied method of this omnibus law is the method of legislation by combining various types of laws in a special law. This gives room to eliminate the various interests of each into just one name of interest. In the drafting process, it has violated the principles of openness and participation and is vague in its legal basis. The implication in the limited liability company law is that it raises provisions regarding the individual company model whose concept is contradictory and provisions that eliminate the minimum capital limit of the company, which is feared to result in the vulnerability of a business continuity. ___ References Books with an author: Asikin, Z., & Suhartana, W. P. (2016). Pengantar Hukum Perusahaan. Jakarta: Prenadamedia Group. Bosc, M., & Gagnon, A. (2017). House of Commons Procedure and Practice. Ontario: House of Commons. Christiawan, R. (2021). Omnibus Law: Teori dan Penerapannya. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara. Kartika, S. D. (2020). Politik Hukum RUU Cipta Kerja. Jakarta: Puslit BKD DPR RI. Marzuki, P. M. (2005). Penelitian Hukum. Jakarta: Kencana Prenada. Rahardjo, S. (2010). Ilmu Hukum. Bandung: PT Citra Aditya Bakti. Raharjo, H. (2009). Hukum Perusahaan. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Pustaka Yustisia. Sunaryati, H. (1994). Penelitian Hukum di Indonesia pada Akhir Abad ke-20. Bandung: Alumni. Sutedi, A. (2015). Buku Pintar Hukum Perseroan Terbatas. Jakarta: Raih Asa Sukses. Books with an editor: Eddyono, S. W. (ed). (2020). Catatan Kritis terhadap UU No 11 Tahun 2020 tentang Cipta Kerja (Pengesahan DPR 5 Oktober 2020). Yogyakarta: Fakultas Hukum Universitas Gadjah Mada. Eddyono, S. W. (ed). (2020). Kertas Kebijakan: Catatan Kritis dan Rekomendasi Terhadap RUU Cipta Kerja. Yogyakarta: Fakultas Hukum Universitas Gadjah Mada. Journal articles: Anggono, B. D. (2020). Omnibus Law Sebagai Teknik Pembentukan Undang-Undang: Peluang Adopsi dan Tantangannya Dalam Sistem Perundang-Undangan Indonesia. Jurnal Rechts Vinding, 9(1), 17-37. Azhar, M. (2019). Omnibus Law sebagai Solusi Hiperregulasi Menuju Sonkronisasi Peraturan Perundang-undangan di Indonesia. Administrative Law and Governance Journal, 2(1), 170-178. Aziz, M. F., & Febriananingsih, N. (2020). Mewujudkan Perseroan Terbatas (PT) Perseorangan bagi Usaha Mikro Kecil (UMK) melalui Rancangan Undang-Undang tentang Cipta Kerja. Jurnal Rechts Vinding: Media Pembinaan Hukum Nasional, 9(1), 91-108. Darmawan, A. (2020). Politik Hukum Omnibus Law Dalam Konteks Pembangunan Ekonomi Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Law and Policy Studies, 1(1), 13-24. Dodek, A. M. (2016). Omnibus Bills: Constitutional Constraints and Legislative Liberations. Ottawa L. Rev., 48, 1. Massicotte, L. (2013). Omnibus Bills in Theory and Practice. Canadian Parliamentary Review, 36(1), 13-17. Permwanichagun, P., Kaenmanee, S., Naipinit, A., & Sakolnakorn, T. P. N. (2014). The Situations of Sole Proprietorship, E-commerce Entrepreneurs and Trends in their E-commerce: A Case Study in Thailand. Asian Social Science, 10(21), 80-88. Purwanda, S., & Wulandari, A. S. R. (2023). Socio-Legal Studies: Methodical Implications of Legal Development in Indonesia. Al-'Adl, 16(2), 152-163. Setiadi, W. (2020). Simplifikasi Regulasi dengan Menggunakan Metode Pendekatan Omnibus Law. Jurnal Rechts Vinding: Media Pembinaan Hukum Nasional, 9(1), 39-52. Sinaga, N. A. (2018). Hal-Hal Pokok Pendirian Perseroan Terbatas di Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum Dirgantara, 8(2), 17-45. Sinaga, L. V., & Lestari, C. I. (2021). Analisis Yuridis Pertanggungjawaban Direksi Terhadap Pailitnya Suatu Perseroan Terbatas. JURNAL RECTUM: Tinjauan Yuridis Penanganan Tindak Pidana, 3(1), 25-34. Sutrisno, N., & Poerana, S. A. (2020). Reformasi Hukum dan Realisasi Investasi Asing pada Era Presiden Joko Widodo. Undang: Jurnal Hukum, 3(2), 237-266. World Wide Web: Indrati, M. F. (2020). “Omnibus Law”, UU Sapu Jagat?. Available online from: https://www.kompas.id/baca/opini/2020/01/04/omnibus-law-uu-sapu-jagat . Kementerian Perindustrian Republik Indonesia. (2023). Investasi Sektor Manufaktur Naik 52 Persen di Tahun 2022, Tembus Rp 497,7 Triliun. Available online from: https://kemenperin.go.id/artikel/23838/Investasi-Sektor-Manufaktur-Naik-52-Persen-di-Tahun-2022 . Muladi. (2019). RKUHP sebagai “Omnibus Law”. Available online from: https://www.kompas.id/baca/utama/2019/11/27/rkuhp-sebagai-omnibus-law . Tempo. (2020). Kemudahan Berbisnis Naik ke Peringkat 73, Jokowi Minta Posisi 40. Available online from: https://bisnis.tempo.co/read/1306661/kemudahan-berbisnis-naik-ke-perangkat-73-jokowi-minta-posisi-40 .

In Uruguay there is a great concern about the arsenic (As) geogenic contamination in groundwater as an environmental health problem, after rather high levels of As in groundwater in some areas (above 20 μg L-1) were reported and considering that the majority of the rural population consumes drinking water from private aquifer wells. On the other hand, Uruguay has an abundance of wells and quality groundwater, and it is vital to protect Uruguayan aquifers as important resources. In this respect we proposed and started to implement a multidisciplinary and interinstitutional program: AsURU Project (“Arsenic in Uruguayan groundwater and associated health risk”) (website: facebook.com/AsURUArsenico) to address this environmental and health problem. Although there are no systematic studies on the quality of groundwater or on the incidence of health effects associated with As exposure, a medical geology study is being performed by the research team led by Nelly Mañay, Ph.D., to assess health risks retrospectively by correlating reported cancer incidence with As groundwater levels, distributed by different localities. The AsURU Project has developed a working plan that consists of: (a) identification of main Uruguayan aquifers with relevant As data, (b) subdivision in study areas, (c) establishment of geographically delimited pilot areas following specific criteria: i) areas which have drinking water supplied by aquifers with As levels above WHO guidelines; ii) should represent a significative extension of the concerned aquifer; iii) have enough information about the aquifer hydraulic parameters and iv) availability of quantitative data about population´s exposure timeline to groundwater and shreds of evidence about health adverse effects (d) hydrogeologic, hydrodynamic and hydrogeochemical study to identify the origin of As and space-time mobility, (e) evaluation of As exposure through groundwater in the pilot areas, (e) recommend solutions like good construction and other remedial actions. The AsURU Project has seen great progress and also encountered challenges. Its main achievements in line with the proposed action plan have been: (1) the identification of pilot areas with As concentration levels in groundwater above 20 μg L-1 (max. permitted level as per Uruguayan regulations); and even with As level concentrations above 10 μg L-1 (max. permitted level as per WHO regulations). (2) the formation of three work groups to develop three related projects: the Groundwater Resource Group, the Chemistry and Medical Geology Group, and the North Littoral Group; (3) meetings were held, including the “I Symposium of Arsenic in Uruguayan Groundwater” in 2018, with the participation of various state-owned companies and the “II Symposium of Arsenic in Uruguayan Groundwater” in 2022. However, there is still no specific financial support for developing the program in its totality.

Financial information is one of the important information in decision making. However, many cases of fraud committed by management so that the information in the financial statements cannot be relied upon in decision making. Therefore, the auditor's job is to ensure that the company's financial statements are represented correctly (faithful representation) so that financial statement information becomes more quality and useful in making decisions. So this study aims to examine the effect of audit fee on audit quality. In addition, this study also examines important determinants of audit costs, namely company size, profitability, audit risk, complexity, and firm size. By using the purposive sampling method, samples of the financial and manufacturing industry in 2010-2017 used are 39 firms per year. This sample is used to examine the effect of audit fee on audit quality and the determinant of audit fee using simple linear regression analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. The result of this research shows that audit fees have a significant positive effect on audit quality. In addition, this study shows that firm size, complexity, and firm size are important determinants that determine audit fee. However, profitability and audit risk have not been proven to explain audit fees. Keywords: Audit Quality, Audit Fee, Firm Size, Profitability, Audit Risk, Complexity, Auditor Size Referencens: Al-Harshani, Meshari O. (2008), The pricing of audit services: Evidence from Kuwait. Managerial Auditing Journal, 23(7), 685–696. Al-Thuneibat, Ali. Abedalqader, Ream Tawfiq Ibrahim Al Issa, & Rana Ahmad Ata Baker, (2011), Do audit tenure and firm size contribute to audit quality? Empirical evidence from Jordan. Managerial Auditing Journal, 26(4), 317–334. Arens, Alvin A., Randal J. Elder,. Mark S. Beasley (2014), Auditing and Assurance Services: An Integrated Approach. United States: Pearson Education, Inc. Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (2018), Report to the Nations: 2018 Global Study on Occupational Fraud and Abuse, United States: ACFE. Bhandari, L. C. (1988), Debt/Equity Ratio and Expected Common Stock Returns : Empirical Evidence. The Journal of Finance, 43(2), 507–528. Bowerman, Bruce L., Richard T. O'Connell, Emily S. Murphree (2017), Business Statistics in Practice, Eighth Edition, New York: McGraw Hill Education. Brealey, Richard A., Myers, Stewart C. (2000), Principles of Corporate Finance, Boston: McGraw Hill Companies, Inc. Carey, P. J. (2008), The Benefits of Services Provided by External Accountants to Small and Medium Sized Enterprises. Carey, P., & Simnett, R. (2006), Audit partner tenure and audit quality. Accounting Review, 81(3), 653–676. Castro, Walther Bottaro de Lima, Ivam Ricardo Peleias, & Glauco Peres da Silva (2015), Determinants of Audit Fees: A Study in the Companies Listed on the BM&FBOVESPA, Brasil. Revista Contabilidade & Finanças, 26(69), 261–273. Chen, C. (2008), Audit Partner Tenure , Audit Firm Tenure , and Discretionary Accruals : Does Long Auditor Tenure Impair Earnings Quality ?, 25(2), 415–445. Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2014), Business Research Methods (Twelfth Edition). New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. DeAngelo, L. E. (1981), Auditor size and audit quality. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 3(3), 183–199. Dechow, Patricia. M., Richard. G. Sloan, & Amy P. Sweeney (1995), Detecting Earnings Management. The Accounting Review. DeFond, M., & Zhang, J. (2014), A review of archival auditing research. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 58(2–3), 275–326. Deis, Donald R., & Gary Giroux (1996), The effect of auditor changes on audit fees, audit hours, and audit quality. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 15(1), 55–76. Eilifsen, Aasmund, Jr William F Messier, Steven M Glover, Douglas F Prawitt (2014), Auditing & Assurance Services, Third Edition, London: McGraw-Hill. Ettredge, Michael., Elizabeth Emeigh Fuerherm, & Chan Li (2014), Fee pressure and audit quality. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 39(4), 247–263. Ferri, Michael G., & Wesley H. Jones (1979), Determinants of financial structure: a new methodological approach. The Journal of Finance, 34(3), 631–643. Francis, Jere. R. (2011), A Framework For Understanding And Researching Audit Quality. Auditing, 30(2), 125–152. Ghozali, H. Imam (2016), Aplikasi Analisis Multivariete dengan Program IBM SPSS 23, Edisi ke-8, Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro. Gitman, Lawrence J., Chad J. Zutter (2012), Principles Of Managerial Finance (Thirteenth). United States: Lawrence J. Gitman. Hoitash, Rani., Ariel Markelevich, & Charles A. Barragato (2007), Auditor fees and audit quality. Managerial Auditing Journal, 22(8), 761–786. Horngren, Charles T., L. Sundem, John A. Elliott (1999), Introduction to Financial Accounting, Seventh Edition, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall,Inc. Ikatan Akuntansi Indonesia (2017), Standar Akuntansi Keuangan (SAK), Jakarta: IAI International Accounting Standard Board (2018), The Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting 2018. London : IASB. Jan, Chyan Long (2018), An effective financial statements fraud detection model for the sustainable development of financial markets: Evidence from Taiwan. Sustainability (Switzerland), 10(2). Jensen, Michael C., & William H. Meckling (1976), Theory Of The Firm : Managerial Behavior , Agency Costs And Ownership Structure, 3, 305–360. Joshi, P. L., & Hasan AL-bastaki (2000), Determinants of Audit Fees : Evidence from the Companies Listed in Bahrain, 138(November 1999), 129–138. Jubb. (1996), Audit fee determinants: The plural nature of risk. Managerial Auditing Journal, 11(3), 25–40. Kieso, Donald E., Jerry J. Weygandt, & Paul D. Kimmel (2013), Financial Accounting IFRS Edition. United States: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Kieso, Donald E, Jerry J Weygandt, Terry D Warfield (2018), Intermediate Accounting: IFRS Edition Third Edition, United States: John Willey & Sons, Inc. Kikhia, Hassan Yahia (2014), Determinants of Audit Fees: Evidence from Jordan. Accounting and Finance Research, 4(1), 42–53. Knechel, Robert W., & Ann Vanstraelen (2007), The Relationship between Auditor Tenure and Audit Quality Implied by Going Concern Opinions. AUDITING: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 26(May), 113–131. Knechel, W. Robert, Gopal V. Krishnan, Mikhail Pevzner, Lori B Shefchik, & Uma K. Velury (2013), Audit quality: Insights from the academic literature. Auditing, 32(SUPPL.1), 385–421. Konrath, Larry F. (2002), Auditing A Risk Analysis Approach, Fifth Edition, South Western. Kusharyanti (2013), Analysis of the Factors Determining the Audit Fee. Journal of Economics, Business, and Accountancy | Ventura, 16(1), 147–160. Lennox, C. (1999), Are large auditors more accurate than small auditors? Accounting and Business Research, 29(3), 217–227. Lennox, C. S. (1999) Audit quality and auditor size: An evaluation of reputation and deep pockets hypotheses. Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, 26(7–8), 789–805. Liu, Siheng. (2017), An Empirical Study: Auditors’ Characteristics and Audit Fee. Open Journal of Accounting, 06(02), 52–70. Lobo, Gerald, & Yuping Zhao (2013), Relation between Audit Effort and Financial Report Misstatements: Evidence from Quarterly and Annual Restatements. Journal of International Accounting Research, 90(4), 1395–1435. Manry, David L, Theodore J. Mock, & Jerry L. Turner (2008), Does increased audit partner tenure reduce audit quality? Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance, 23(4), 553–572. Mohammed, Nishtiman Hashim, & Abdullah Saeed Barwari (2018), Determinants of Audit Fees : Evidence from UK Alternative Investment Market. Academic Journal of Nawroz University, 7(3), 34–47. Musah, A. (2017), Determinants of Audit fees in a Developing Economy: Evidence from Ghana. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(11). Newton, Nathan J., Dechun Wang, & Michael S. Wilkins (2013), Does a lack of choice lead to lower quality? evidence from auditor competition and client restatements. Auditing, 32(3), 31–67. Nikkinen, J., & Petri Sahlström (2004), Does Agency Theory Provide a General Framework for Audit Pricing ? International Journal of Auditing, 8, 253–262. Ohidoa, T., & Okun, O. O. (2018), Firms Attributes and Audit Fees in Nigeria Quoted Firms. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(3), 685–699. Pham, Ngoc Kim, Hung Nguyen Duong, Tin Pham Quang, & Nga Ho Thi Thuy (2017), Audit Firm Size, Audit Fee, Audit Reputation and Audit Quality: The Case of Listed Companies in Vietnam. Asian Journal of Finance & Accounting, 9(1), 429. Rahman, Dr Onaolapo Adekunle Abdul, Ajulo Olajide Benjamin, Onifade Hakeem Olayinka (2017), Effect of Audit Fees on Audit Quality: Evidence from Cement Manufacturing Companies in Nigeria. Effect of Audit Fees on Audit Quality: Evidence from Cement Manufacturing Companies in Nigeria., 5(1), 6–17. Rahmina, Listya Yuniastuti, & Sukrisno Agoes (2015), Influence of Auditor Independence, Audit Tenure, and Audit Fee on Audit Quality of Members of Capital Market Accountant Forum in Indonesia. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 164(August), 324–331. Republik Indonesia (2008), Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 20 tahun 2008 Tentang Usaha Mikro, Kecil, Dan Menengah. Sandra, & Patrick. (1996), The Deteminants of Audit Fees in HongKong: An Empirical Study. Asian Review of Accounting, 4(2), 32–50. Scott, William R (2015), Financial Accounting Theory, Seventh Edition, United States: Pearson Canada Inc. Shibano, T. (1990), Assessing Audit Risk from Errors and Irregularities. Journal of Accounting Research, 28(1990), 110. Sivathaasan, N., R. Tharanika, M. Sinthuja, V. Hanitha (2013), Factors determining Profitability: A Study of Selected Manufacturing Companies listed on Colombo Stock Exchange in Sri Lanka. European Journal of Business and Management, 5(27), 99-107–107. Subramanyam, K. R. (2014), Financial Statement Analysis, Eleventh Edition, New York: McGraw-Hill Education. Sun, Jerry, & Guoping Liu (2011), Client-specific litigation risk and audit quality differentiation. Managerial Auditing Journal, 26(4), 300–316. Tritschler, Jonas (2013), Audit Quality: Association Between Published Reporting Errors and Audit Firm Characteristics. Vu, Dinh Ha Thu Vu (2012), Determinants of audit fees for Swedish listed non-financial firms in NASDAQ OMX Stockholm. Whittington, Ray & Kurt Pany (2004), Principles of Auditing and Other Assurance Services, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Williams, David D. (1988), The Potential Determinants of Auditor Change. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 15(2), 243–261. Wooten, T. C. (2003), Research About Audit Quality. Wu, Shu-Hsing, Tsung-Che Wu, & Kun-Lin Yang (2017), Fair Value Information, Audit fees and Audit Committee in Taiwan. International Journal of Financial Research, 8(2), 124. Xu, Jiabing (2017), Analysis on the Relationship between Audit Fee Management and Audit Quality in China, 53(ICEM 2017), 530–533.

The literature surrounding entropy changes accompanying degradation is scarce and limited to solely graphite anode cells. Meanwhile, graphite-silicon blends become frequent in commercial applications due to their considerable capacity advantage. The lithiation/delithiation results in volume changes of the silicon particle, which has been reported to cause an increased hysteresis [1] of the open circuit potential (OCP). Our hypothesis is that entropy reflects certain morphological changes occurring within the electrode and consequently, entropy hysteresis is also higher for electrodes containing silicon. We further postulate that entropy hysteresis increases with cycle age. If the hypothesis is correct, entropy measurement will offer a unique insight into battery degradation among commonly used differential voltage analysis (DVA) and incremental capacity analysis (ICA). To test our hypothesis, we adapted an accelerated entropy measurement method proposed by Osswald et al. [2] on high-energy NCA/Gr-Si cylindrical cells, with ~10 wt % Si and ~90 wt % Gr anode composition. The cells were divided into two groups; the first group was stored at an elevated temperature to act as an example of accelerated calendar ageing, while the second group experienced cycle ageing. Subsequently, we performed DVA and ICA to provide a direct comparison with the entropy results and checked for correlation. In accordance with the hypothesis, the entropy behaved similarly to the OCP. Entropy hysteresis remained stable for calendar aged cells (Fig. 1 a) but increased considerably for cycled cells (Fig. 1 b). Silicon volume expansion and its 'breathing' effect [3,4] caused charge entropy to increase with cycle age. Graphite particles experienced breaking and cracking, which prompted a decrease in discharge entropy during cycling. These combined effects led to the observed rise in entropy hysteresis over time. A direct comparison of entropy profiling with DVA revealed alike characteristics. Based on abrupt energy level changes accompanying phase transitions, entropy profiling was successfully used to track ageing markers, aiding recognition of a loss of active material on positive (LAMPE) and negative (LAMNE) electrodes as well as loss of lithium inventory (LLI). Both DVA and entropy profiling revealed that LLI was the main degradation mode for the calendar aged cell, while LAMNE combined with LLI for the cycled cell. Plotting entropy against voltage allowed for additional observations. Horizontal shift towards higher voltages occurred due to the rise in internal resistance but also LLI. While some authors [5] successfully obtained information about LAMPE and LAMNE from ICA, and an analogy can be performed for entropy profiling, it is difficult to draw definitive conclusions from these results. The fact that entropy profiling reflects microscopic changes occurring within electrodes, and considers also ageing markers, makes it a unique, non-invasive tool among ICA and DVA. However, its application is not straightforward and needs further validation. A possible avenue to be explored is the theoretical simulation of pristine and aged entropy profiles to cross-validate with our experimental data. References: [1] Marco-Tulio F. Rodrigues, James A. Gilbert, Kaushik Kalaga, and Daniel P. Abraham. Insights on the cycling behavior of a highly prelithiated silicon–graphite electrode in lithium-ion cells. JPhys Energy, 2(2), 2020. [2] Patrick J. Osswald, Manuel Del Rosario, Jurgen Garche, Andreas Jossen, and Harry E. Hoster. Fast and Accurate Measurement of Entropy Profiles of Commercial Lithium-Ion Cells. Electrochimica Acta, 177:270–276, 2015. [3] McBrayer, Josefine D. and Rodrigues, Marco-Tulio F. and Schulze, Maxwell C. and Abraham, Daniel P. and Apblett, Christopher A. and Bloom, Ira and Carroll, Gerard Michael and Colclasure, Andrew M. and Fang, Chen and Harrison, Katharine L. and Liu, Gao and Minteer, Shelley D. and Neale, Nathan R. and Veith, Gabriel M. and Johnson, Christopher S. and Vaughey, John T. and Burrell, Anthony K. and Cunningham, Brian Calendar aging of silicon-containing batteries. Nature Energy, 6(9):866–872, 2021. [4] Gabriel M. Veith, Mathieu Doucet, J. Kevin Baldwin, Robert L. Sacci, Tyler M. Fears, Yongqiang Wang, and James F. Browning. Direct Determination of Solid-Electrolyte Interphase Thickness and Composition as a Function of State of Charge on a Silicon Anode. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 119(35):20339–20349, 2015. [5] Alexander J. Smith, Pontus Svens, Maria Varini, Goran Lindbergh, and Rakel Wreland Lindstrom. Expanded In Situ Aging Indicators for Lithium-Ion Batteries with a Blended NMC-LMO Electrode Cycled at Sub-Ambient Temperature. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 168(11):110530, 2021. Figure 1

With the goal of optimizing protocols, fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) was performed under field conditions in a study to evaluate conception rates in Girolando (5/8) heifers (18 to 24 months of age) treated with estradiol benzoate (BE) to induce ovulation. Forty heifers were allocated to 2 groups with 20 animals each: GI-sexed semen (2 million spermatozoa/dose) and GII-nonsexed semen (20 million spermatozoa/dose), with body condition score (BCS) of 3.0 ± 0.14 (scale of 1 to 5), middleweight of 335 ± 38 kg, so that it was made for reutilization of progesterone device. On Day 0 (morning), the animals received 2.0 mg of BE (RIC-BE®,Tecnopec, São Paulo, Brazil), 0.075 mg of D-cloprostenol (Prolise®, ARSA S.R.L., Buenos Aires, Argentina), and an intravaginal device of 1 g of progesterone (Primer®, Tecnopec). On Day 8 (morning) the device was removed and 0.075 mg of D-cloprostenol was managed in the GI animals, then these animals received 1.0 mg of BE 24 h after device removal. The insemination was in the late afternoon of Day 10 with a 6-hour delay (4 to 6 pm). The GII animals received Primer previously used for 8 days (being used in the GI animals under the same protocol). After pregnancy diagnosis at 60 days, a third group was created (GIII) using the not-pregnant animals of GI and GII. In GIII, Primer from third use [disinfected in solution Kilol®-L 1:250 (Quinabra, São Paulo, Brazil) and rinsed with water, dried, and packed in plastic sacks and kept for 60 days] was used following the GI protocol with sexed semen. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the conception rates of 40, 58, and 65% among groups GI (8/20), GII (11/20), and GIII (13/20). These results indicate very good conception rates for heifers, contrary to recommendations of commercial companies of sexed semen that alert for the conception rate for mated animals to be lower when using FTAI and mating protocols in mass, compared with that of AI after estrus observation.

BackgroundTumour Necrosis Factor inhibitors (TNFi) are effective in Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA) and axial SpondyloArthritis (axSpA), but are associated with a somewhat increased infection risk, patient burden, and high costs. Treat-to-target (T2T) tapering might ameliorate these drawbacks, but no high quality T2T tapering studies have been done in PsA and axSpA.ObjectivesTo investigate whether a T2T strategy with tapering is non-inferior to a T2T strategy without tapering.MethodsWe performed a pragmatic open-label, monocenter, randomized, controlled non-inferiority (NI) trial on T2T tapering of TNFi. PsA and axSpA patients using a TNFi with ≥6 months stable low disease activity (LDA) were randomized to a T2T tapering or no-tapering strategy, in a ratio of 2:1 and followed-up for 12 months. LDA was defined as a Psoriatic Arthritis Disease Activity Score (PASDAS) ≤3.2 for PsA and/or Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (ASDAS) <2.1 and/or judgement of physician and patient. Tapering consisted of 3-monthly tapering steps (66%, 50%, 0%), with re-intensification in case of flare. Primary endpoint was the difference in proportion of patients having LDA at 12 months, compared to a prespecified NI margin of 20%. The primary Bayesian analysis was adjusted for stratification factors (diagnosis and csDMARD use). Secondary endpoints included the mean percentage Daily Defined Dose (%DDD) at month 12 and mean 3-monthly disease activity and %DDD. Other endpoints included the proportion of patients discontinuing their TNFi, the cumulative incidence of flares (change from baseline PASDAS≥0.8 or ASDAS≥0.9), the use of concomitant medication and (serious) adverse events.Results122 patients were included (N=81 tapering (PsA, N=42, axSpA, N=39); N=41 no-tapering (PsA, N=22, axSpA, N=19)) (Table 1). Proportion of patients in LDA at 12 months for the tapering and no-tapering group was 69% and 73%: adjusted difference 5% (Bayesian 95% credible interval: -10% to 19%), confirming NI. The mean percentage %DDD was respectively 53% and 91% at month 12 (Figure 1). At 12 months, 58 (72%) patients of the tapering group were successfully tapered, of whom 23 (28%) discontinued their TNFi. The cumulative incidence of flares was 85% in the tapering and 78% in the no-tapering group (p=0.32). Start or escalation of concomitant medication was more frequent in the tapering group, significantly so for NSAID use: csDMARDs (only for PsA): 1 (2%) vs. 1 (5%) (p=0.64); NSAIDs: 44 (54%) vs. 10 (24%) (p=0.002); glucocorticoids: 24 (30%) vs. 7 (17%) (p=0.13). For serious adverse events, similar results were seen. The risks of grade 3/4 infections and injection site reactions were respectively 46% and 23% lower in the tapering group than the no-tapering group.Table 1.Baseline characteristics of T2T strategy treated PsA and axSpA patients with or without tapering.CharacteristicT2T with tapering (N=81)T2T without tapering (N=41)Diagnosis, n (%)-Psoriatic arthritis42(52%)22(54%)-Axial spondyloarthritis39(48%)19(46%)Female, n (%)28(35%)20(49%)Age in years at inclusion, mean (SD)50(14)52(15)Disease duration at inclusion, years, median (IQR)11(5-21)12(5-21)CASPAR Criteria, n (%)34(81%)17(77%)ASAS Criteria, n (%)35(90%)17(89%)Disease activity, mean (SD)-PASDAS - (64/64 PsA)-ASDAS - (57/58 axSpA)1.60(1.26) 1.34(0.87)1.63(0.98) 1.21(0.61)Duration of current bDMARD use, years, median (IQR)2(1-6)2(2-7)Current bDMARD use, n (%)-Adalimumab62(77%)28(68%)-Etanercept10(12%)6(15%)-Certolizumab Pegol2(2%)1(2%)-Golimumab2(2%)1(2%)-Infliximab5(6%)5(12%)Figure 1.Mean disease activity and %DDD of T2T strategy treated PsA (A. and C.) and axSpA (B. and D.) patients with or without tapering at baseline, 3, 6, 9 and 12.ConclusionA T2T TNFi tapering strategy is non-inferior to a T2T strategy without tapering with regard to the proportion of patients still in LDA at 12 months and results in a substantial reduction of TNFi use, albeit with slightly more use of other medication.AcknowledgementsWe thank all the patients who were willing to participate in this study and the rheumatologists in the Sint Maartenskliniek Nijmegen and Woerden for participation in patient recruitment and data collection; S.R. van de Plassche, A.H. Verkerk and M. den Broeder for data collection and entering; M. Roelofs, I. Cillessen, C. Kleinveld, I. van Neste for aiding with study coordination; D. van Aggelen, D. Rotteveel, L. Schiersbergen for aiding with laboratory implementation and procedures; B.J.F. van de Bemt and M. Flendrie for being part of the data safety monitoring board.Disclosure of InterestsCelia Michielsens: None declared, Nathan den Broeder: None declared, Frank van den Hoogen: None declared, Elien Mahler: None declared, Steven Teerenstra: None declared, Désirée van der Heijde Consultant of: AbbVie, Bayer, BMS, Cyxone, Eisai, Galapagos, Gilead, Glaxo-Smith-Kline, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB Pharma, L.M. Verhoef: None declared, Alfons den Broeder Grant/research support from: Abbvie, Galapagos, Pfizer, Novartis, Lilly, Sanofi, Gilead

We would like to present to you a thematic issue of “Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachun-kowości” no. 109 (165) – (ZTR, “The Theoretical Journal of Accounting”), in English entitled Accounting as a source of financial and non-financial information. It is the second volume of our journal to be guest-edited by a foreign editor – Dr. Fredrik Karlsson (Linnaeus University, Sweden). The purpose of this issue of ZTR is to indicate the directions in the evolution of accounting theory and practice, in particular, with regard to corporate reporting, which constitutes the basis for assessing the effectiveness of an enterprise’s opera-tions. The articles submitted for publication raise important issues regarding the re-porting of financial and non-financial information that is requisite for the develop-ment of trust-based relationships with the stakeholders of companies operating on the market. Due to the lack of unified applicable non-financial reporting standards in corporate reporting, the provision of reliable and useful information on the environ-mental and social aspects of functioning presents a huge challenge. It is connected with adjusting the accounting systems that entities use in order to obtain a reliable picture of the impact of their economic activity on the environment. We believe that the articles presented in this volume will contribute to a better un-derstanding of the challenges accounting faces in the new, dynamically changing reality. We tried to involve scientists from various countries in the discussion on the directions in the evolution of accounting theory and practice. By accepting for publi-cation ten articles that have received positive reviews, we believe that we have succeeded in our attempt. The Authors of the works come from research centers in seven European and South American countries, such as Chile, Croatia, Italy, Lithuania, Poland, the UK, and Ukraine. The articles present the results of research on the disclosure of the financial and non-financial information in corporate reporting, which constitutes the basis for as-sessing companies’ economic, environmental, and social performance. The Authors additionally discuss the applicable accounting rules, which are requisite to obtain financial information of adequate quality for economic decision making. Various research methods have been used in the articles, such as statistical analysis, content analysis, comparative analysis, a review of the literature and legal acts, methods of deduction and synthesis, questionnaire surveys, and interviews. We can distinguish three main topic areas chosen by the Authors. The first group of papers concerns communication with users of the companies’ reports, especially regarding corporate social responsibility. The work written by Polish Authors from the University of Łódź (E. Śnieżek, M. Wiatr, K. Ciach, J. Piłacik) presents the results of research on the information needs of business information users with regard to improving the financial and non-financial information presented in annual reports. A total of 694 responses obtained from Polish accounting and tax specialists with professional experience were analyzed. The inter-pretation of the survey results takes into account the relationship between the responses received and the respondents’ characteristics, such as gender, age, and education. The Authors from Great Britain (A. Herdan, L. Neri, and A. Ruso) present the rela-tionship between sustainable development and financial indicators on the British mar-ket. The increasing social pressure exerted on enterprises, as well as the changes in legal regulations, are forcing enterprises to operate in a manner that considers the prin-ciples of sustainable development. For this reason, it is particularly important to deter-mine the relationship between the economic situation of an enterprise and sustainable development. The article written by Authors from Poland and Croatia (M. Remlein and V. Roŝka) examines the quality of the information on CSR-related investments presented in the reports prepared by Polish and Croatian companies. Based on a content analysis of re-ports prepared by non-financial companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange and the Zagreb Stock Exchange, it has been found that socially responsible investment in Poland and Croatia is still at its infancy since not many investors have been exposed to this type of investment. The authors of the next article (A. Szadziewska, B. Kotowska, L. Kloviene, S. Legenchyk, D. Prša, and M.T. Speziale) noted the existence of differences in the implementation of Directive 2014/95/EU into the national law of individual countries included in their survey, i.e., Croatia, Poland, Lithuania, Italy, Great Britain, and Ukraine. Additionally, the results of the content analysis regarding the non-financial reports presented by branches of one corporation that operates in different countries indicated a different scope of the non-financial indicators published. What is more, sig-nificant differences were found between the scope of the non-financial indicators pub-lished by the capital group and its subsidiaries that operate in different countries. In the article by Polish authors from the University of Gdańsk (C. Kotyla and M. Hyży), we find a discussion on the disclosure of information on the environmental impact of companies from the mass passenger transport industry. The content analysis covered the financial statements and the management reports published by the three largest rail carriers and two airlines. The results indicate that the environmental disclo-sures in the reports analyzed do not allow for an objective assessment of the surveyed mass passenger transport enterprises’ impact on the environment. The second thematic area covered issues concerning the historical and current con-ditions that characterize accounting systems in different countries. The first article (H. Waniak-Michalak, I. Perica, and S. Leitonie) concerns non-gov-ernmental entities and the impact of accounting regulations on these organizations in Poland, Croatia, and Lithuania at the level of public trust. The results of their research indicate that accounting regulations are of marginal importance for social trust. How-ever, they have identified the possible impact of disasters and the country’s economic situation on public trust. B. Zyznarska-Dworczak, I. Mamić Sačer, and D. Mokošová conducted a compara-tive analysis of accounting systems in Central and Eastern European countries – Croa-tia, Poland, and Slovakia. The authors found important differences in the accounting standards of these countries despite their geopolitical proximity and Slavic roots. The other three articles concerned special rules of recording and reporting. M. Gierusz raises the problem of companies using the regulation of recognizing ac-quired goodwill in order to extend the useful life of goodwill. Authors from Poland and Chile (F. Morales Parada, R. Höllander Sanhueza, and M. Węgrzyńska) attempt to identify accrual adjustments as a tool to modify financial results. They indicate that Chilean firms exhibit more cases of accounting manipula-tions than Polish companies. According to the Authors, Polish firms use accrual adjust-ments to reduce the operating results, whereas Chilean companies apply accrual adjust-ments to increase their operating results. M. Szulc and P. Zieniuk answered the research question of whether listed compa-nies comply with the requirements of the International Financial Reporting Standards regarding the disclosure of events after the balance sheet date. They believe that the occurrence of such events in the economic practice of companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange is much more frequent than in other European countries. The editorial team takes the opportunity to thank all the supporters of the English issue of ZTR. We very much appreciate the involvement of the reviewers, the commit-ment of the authors of the papers, as well as the help of other academics and friends engaged in the preparation of the issue. We also encourage you to visit our website, www.ztr.skwp.pl, where you can find the latest information on our projects as well as all the procedures needed to submit a paper to the journal. Please submit articles to the new special issue of ZTR in 2021, entitled Ethical Issues in Accounting in Prosperity and a Financial Crisis.

Abstract Background GEN-003 is an investigational genital herpes immunotherapy comprising gD2ΔTMR, an HSV-2 antigen that induces neutralizing antibody and T cell responses, ICP4.2, an HSV-2 T cell antigen selected through human T cell screens, and Matrix-M2™, a saponin-based adjuvant. This Phase 2b study was designed to evaluate efficacy and safety of GEN-003 vs. placebo. Methods Healthy persons, age 18–50 years, with 3–9 HSV-2 genital herpes outbreaks annually were randomized to 3 groups: placebo, or 60 µg of each antigen combined with 50 µg (60/50 group) or 75 µg (60/75 group) of adjuvant, administered 3 times 21 days apart. Study endpoints included safety, immunogenicity, HSV-2 shedding frequency, lesion rate and recurrence frequency. Viral shedding was measured from anogenital swabs by PCR. Swabs were collected for 28 days at baseline, and after the third dose, 6 months and 1 year. The presence of herpes lesions was recorded daily by electronic diary. Results One hundred and thirty-one participants enrolled and &gt;90% received all 3 doses. In the 28-day post-treatment period, viral shedding was reduced by 40% and 27% in the 60/50 and 60/75 groups, respectively, compared with a 5% increase in the placebo group. At 6 months post-treatment, median lesion rates were significantly lower in the 60/50 and 60/75 groups (2.7% and 1.9%, respectively) vs. the placebo group (5.6%, p &lt; 0.05), resulting in median reductions of 52% and 66%. In participants not receiving suppressive antivirals, the median recurrence frequency was 1.0/6 months in the 60/50 group vs. 2.0 in the placebo group (p = 0.08). The median recurrence duration in the 60/50 group was lower than in the placebo group (2.8 vs. 4.2 days; p &lt; 0.05). The most commonly reported adverse events (AEs) following GEN-003 vaccination were injection site pain/tenderness (97%), fatigue (82%), headache (82%) and myalgia (80%). No vaccine-related serious AEs, autoimmune events or other AEs of special interest were reported. Conclusion In adults with recurrent genital herpes, GEN-003 reduced HSV-2 shedding frequency, genital herpes lesion rate, recurrence frequency and recurrence duration through 6 months after the last dose. Local and systemic symptoms were common in GEN-003 recipients, but treatment completion was high with few discontinuations due to AEs. Disclosures T. C. Heineman, GSK group of companies: Consultant and Shareholder, Consulting fee; D. Bernstein, Genocea Biosciences: Consultant and Investigator, Consulting fee and Research support; A. Wald, Genocea Biosciences: Investigator, Research grant and Support for travel to meetings for the study; N. Van Wagoner, Genocea Biosciences: Consultant, Research support and Travel support to present at scientific meetings; P. Leone, Genocea Biosciences: Grant Investigator and Scientific Advisor, Consulting fee, Research grant and Speaker honorarium; &#x2028;T. Oliphant, Genocea Biosciences: Consultant, Consulting fee; A. Natenshon, Genocea Biosciences: Employee, Salary; L. K. McNeil, Genocea Biosciences: Employee, Salary; J. B. Flechtner, Genocea Biosciences: Employee, Salary; S. Hetherington, Genocea Biosciences: Employee, Salary

Abstract Here, we detail in-progress genome-scale measurements from a variety of technologies of the first tumor normal benchmark from the Genome in a Bottle (GIAB) consortium. We created the first broadly-consented tumor cell line from a pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with matched normal pancreatic and duodenal tissue. Data is being collected from a large homogeneous batch of the tumor cell line and paired normal tissues. As we receive data we make it publicly available on the NCBI hosted GIAB FTP site, https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ReferenceSamples/giab/data_somatic/. When complete, this dataset will include WGS measurements from Illumina, ONT, Hi-C, Bionano, single cell WGS, PacBio HiFi and Onso, and Element. Analysis and development of a variant calling benchmark using this data is ongoing in collaboration with an open working group of the GIAB consortium. Initial Hi-C and optical mapping data from the tumor cell line indicates substantial aneuploidy from translocations that cause large deletions. We found roughly 17 large inversions and translocations and 16 chromosomes with extensive loss of heterozygosity due to missing &gt;30% of one copy, in addition to a few smaller duplications. Low coverage single cell sequencing that provides ploidy estimates across chromosomes showed that most of the large deletions appear in all or nearly all cells with some variation in a few cells. These observations are consistent with bulk WGS analyses from two batches of cells. Additionally, many of the observed large deletions correspond to deletions seen in the population of TCGA chromosomal Loss of Heterogeneity samples. Examining somatic SNVs in non-repetitive regions, we find that close to 60% occur in almost all cells in diploid regions, 30% occur in almost all cells in haploid regions, and 5% in only some cells in diploid and haploid regions, respectively. We take these results to indicate the cell line is relatively homogeneous and stable with most CNVs being deletions. As such, we plan to explore using long reads, ultralong reads, and Hi-C data to generate a near-complete genome assembly of the dominant tumor clone as well as a complete diploid assembly of the normal. With this personalized genome assembly, we will explore aligning tumor and normal reads to each haplotype of the normal to characterize somatic variants, including variants in minor clones. Building on the methods GIAB and T2T have developed to polish diploid assemblies of GIAB’s normal genomes and mosaic variant characterization, we will develop benchmarks for somatic variants against the normal assembly as well as standard references. Citation Format: Justin Wagner, Jennifer McDaniel, Gail L. Rosen, Nathan D. Olson, Vaidehi Patel, Chunlin Xiao, Andrew Liss, Justin Zook. Continued analysis of extensive data towards Genome in a Bottle benchmarks for a new tumor normal pair [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 3551.

This study aimed to analyze the correlation between Human Capital Sustainability Leadership style and manager resilience through a pragmatic worldview. Using explanatory sequential mixed methods research design (QUAN→qual), respondents covered were managers from the Airline Operations Group of an AIRLINE Company with at least one year of managerial experience within the organization. In the quantitative phase, Human Capital Sustainability Leadership Scale by Di Fabio and Peiro (2018) and Domain-Specific Resilient Systems Scales (DRSSWork) by Maltby, Day, Hall, and Chivers (2019) were used for the online survey. Forty-five (45) eligible respondents have participated. Mean, standard deviation, and Spearman rank correlation coefficient were employed. To further explain the quantitative results, one-on-one qualitative interviews were done with eight (8) key informants, face-toface and online. Themes were identified. Results showed that Human Capital Sustainability Leadership style was exhibited by the Airline Operations Group managers to a very high degree while resilience was exhibited to a high degree. There was a linear, positive, and highly significant correlation between Human Capital Sustainability Leadership style and resilience. Each aspect of the Human Capital Sustainability Leadership style was positively, highly, and significantly correlated with manager resilience. Through triangulation, a model of leadership styles and manager resiliency was built. To implement the model, implications for a management development program were identified.ReferencesAcosta, H., Cruz-Ortiz, V., Salanova, M., & Llorens S. (2015). Healthy organization: Analysing its meaning based on the HERO model. Revista de Psicologia Social, 30 (2), 323-350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21711976.2015.1016751.Ashegi, M. & Hashemi, E. (2019). The relationship of mindfulness with burnout & adaptive performance with the mediatory role of resilience among Iranian employees. Annals of Military and Health Sciences Research, 17 (1), 1-7. doi: 10.512/amh.87797.Aust, I., Matthews, B., & Muller-Camen, M. (2020). Common good HRM: A paradigm shift in sustainable HRM? Human Resource Management Review, 30 (3), 100705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2019.100705.Barasa, E., Mbau, R., & Gilson, L. (2018). What is resilience & how it can be nurtured? A systematic review of empirical literature on organizational resilience. International Journal of Health Policy & Management, 7 (6), 491-503. https://doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2018.06.Bendell, J. & Little, R. (2015). Seeking sustainability leadership. Journal of Corporate Citizenship, 60, 13-26. https://doi.org/10.9744/GLEAF.4700.2015.de.00004.Bernard, H., Wutich, A., & Ryan, G. (2017). Analyzing qualitative data: Systematic approaches (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications Inc. Callegaro, M., Lozar Manfreda, K., & Vehovar, V. (2015). Web survey methodology. SAGE Publications.Caniels, M. & Hatak, I. (2019). Employee resilience: Considering both of the social side & the economic side of leader-follower exchanges in conjunction with the dark side of followers’ personality. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 1-32. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2019.1695648.Chinyerere, E. & Sandada, M. (2018). Job related outcomes in relation to servant leadership. Euro Economica, 1 (37), 138-150.Coetzer, M., Bussin, M., & Geldenhuys, M. (2017). The functions of a servant leader. Administrative Sciences, 7 (5), 1-32. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci7010005.Cochran, W. (1977). Sampling techniques (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons.Creswell, J. (2015). Educational research: Planning, conducting, & evaluating quantitative & qualitative research (5th ed.). Pearson Education, Inc.Creswell, J. & Creswell, J. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, & mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). SAGE Publications Inc.Creswell, J. & Plano Clark, V. (2018). Designing & conducting mixed methods research (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications Inc.Creswell, J. & Poth, C. (2018). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications Inc. Denzin, N. (1978). The research act: A theoretical introduction to sociological methods (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.Di Fabio, A. (2017). The psychology of sustainability & sustainable development for well-being in organizations. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1534, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01534.Di Fabio, A. & Peiro, J. M. (2018). Human capital sustainability leadership to promote sustainable development and healthy organizations: A new scale. Sustainability, 10, 2413, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072413.Di Fabio, A. & Rosen, M. (2018). Opening the black box of psychological processes in the science of sustainable development: A new frontier. European Journal of Sustainable Development Research, 2 (4), 47, 1-5. doi: https://doi.org/10.20897/ejosdr/3933.Dooley, L., Alizadeh, A., Qiu, S., & Wu, H. (2020). Does servant leadership moderate the relationship between job stress and physical health? Sustainability, 12, 6591, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12166591.Duchek, S. (2020). Organizational resilience: A capability-based conceptualization. Business Research, 13, 215-246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40685-019-0085-7.Ehnert, I. (2009). Sustainable human resource management: A conceptual & exploratory analysis from a paradox perspective. Physica-Verlag.Espiner, S., Orchiston, C., & Higham, J. (2017). Resilience & sustainability: A complementary relationship? Towards a practical conceptual model for the sustainability-resilience nexus in tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2017.1281929.Folke, C. (2016). Resilience (Republished). Ecology & Society, 21 (4), 44, 1-30. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-09088-210444.Fraenkel, J., Wallen, N., & Hyun, H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill.Guest, D. (2017). Human resource management and employee well-being: Towards a new analytic framework. Human Resource Management Journal, 27 (1), 22-38. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12139.Guest, G., MacQueen, K., & Namey, E. (2012). Applied thematic analysis. SAGE Publications Inc.Hahn, T., Pinkse, J., Preuss, L., & Higge, F. (2015). Tensions in corporate sustainability: Towards an integrative framework. Journal of Business Ethics, 127, 297-316. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2047-5.Hahs-Vaughn, D. & Lomax, R. (2020). An introduction to statistical concepts (4th ed.). Routledge.Hair, J., Jr., Page, M., & Brunsveld, N. (2020). Essentials of business research methods (4th ed.). Routledge.Heizmann, H. & Liu, H. (2018). Becoming green, becoming leaders: Identity narratives in sustainability leadership development. Management Learning, 49 (1), 40-58. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350507617725189.Hoeppe, J. (2014). Practitioner’s view on sustainability: The case of a German bank. In I. Ehnert, W. Harry, & K. Zink (Eds.), Sustainability & human resource management: Developing sustainable business organizations. CSR, Sustainability, Ethics & Governance (pp. 273-294). Springer-Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3- 642-37524-8.Holling, C. (1973). Resilience & stability of ecological systems. Annual Review of Ecology & Systematics, 4, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.04.110173.000245.Holling, C. (1996). Engineering resilience versus ecological resilience. In P. Schulze (Ed.), Engineering within ecological constraints (pp. 31-44). The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/4919.Kimura, T. & Nishikawa, M. (2018). Ethical leadership & its cultural & institutional context: An empirical study in Japan. Journal of Business Ethics, 151 (3), 707-724. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3268-6.King, E. & Badham, R. (2018). The wheel of mindfulness: A generative framework for second-generation mindful leadership. Mindfulness, 11 (1), 166-176. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-018-0890-7.King, N., Harrocks, C., & Brooks, J. (2019). Interviews in qualitative research (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications Inc.Kira, M. & Lifvergren, S. (2014). Sowing seeds for sustainability in work systems. In I. Ehnert, W. Harry, & K. Zink (Eds.), Sustainability & human resource management: Developing sustainable business organizations. CSR, Sustainability, Ethics & Governance (pp. 57-81). Germany: Springer-Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37524-8.Kossek, E. & Perrigino, M. (2016). Resilience: A review using grounded integrated occupational approach. The Academy of Management Annals, 10 (1), 729-797. http://dx.doi.org/10/1080/19416520.2016.1159878.Lincoln, Y. & Guba, E. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Sage.Linnenluecke, M. (2017). Resilience in business and management research: A review of influential publications and a research agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, 19, 4-30. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12076.Liu, Y., Cooper, C., & Tarba, S. (2019). Resilience, wellbeing and HRM: A multidisciplinary perspective. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 30 (8), 1227-1238. https://doi.org/10.1080/0985192.2019.1565370.Luthans, F. (2002). The need for and meaning of positive organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 695-706. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.165.Malaya, M. (2018). Statistical pitfalls & fallacies in applied research. Management Digest, 2 (1), 1-9. San Beda University Graduate School of Business.Malik, P., & Garg, P. (2018). Psychometric testing of the resilience at work scale using Indian sample. Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers, 43 (2), 77-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/0256090918773922.Maltby, J., Day, L., Flowe, H., Vostanis, P., & Chivers, S. (2019). Psychological trait resilience within ecological systems theory: The resilient systems scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 101 (1), 44-53. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2017.1344985.Maltby, J., Day, L., & Hall, S. (2015). Refining trait resilience: Identifying engineering, ecological, and adaptive facets from extant measures of resilience. PLos ONE, 10 (7), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131826.Maltby, J., Day, L., Hall, S., & Chivers, S. (2019). The measurement and role of ecological resilience systems theory across domain-specific outcomes: The domain-specific resilient systems scales. Assessment, 26 (8), 1444-1461. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191117738045.Mascarenhas, A. & Barbosa, A. (2019). Sustainable human resource management and social and environmental responsibility: An agenda for debate. Revista De Administração De Empresas, 59 (5), 353-364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020190505.Mea, W. & Sims, R. (2019). Human dignity-centered business ethics: A conceptual framework for business leaders. Journal of Business Ethics, 160, 53-69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-3929-8.Mergenthaler, E. & Stinson, C. (1992). Psychotherapy transcription standards. Psychotherapy Research, 2 (2), 125-142. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503309212331332904.Mitsakis, F. (2019). Human resource development (HRD) resilience: A new ‘success element’ of organizational resilience? Human Resource Development International, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2019.1669385.Molino, M., Cortese, C., & Ghislieri, C. (2019). Unsustainable working conditions: The association of destructive leadership, use of technology, & workload with workaholism & exhaustion. Sustainability, 11, 446, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11020446.Nesselroade, K., Jr. & Grimm, L. (2019). Statistical applications for the behavioral & social sciences (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons Inc.Nguyen, Q., Kuntz, J., Naswall, K., & Malinen, S. (2016). Employee resilience and leadership styles: The moderating role of proactive personality and optimism. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 45 (2), 13-21.Patton, M. (2015). Qualitative research and evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice (4th ed.). SAGE Publications Inc.Paul, H., Bamel, U., & Garg, P. (2016). Employee resilience & OCB: Mediating effects of organizational commitment. Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers, 41 (4), 308-324. https://doi.org/10.1177/0256090916672765.Pereira, V., Temouri, Y., & Patel, C. (2020). Exploring the role and importance of human capital in resilient high performing organisations: Evidence from business clusters. Applied Psychology, 69 (3), 769-804. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12204.Pillay, D. (2020). Positive affect & mindfulness as predictors of resilience amongst women leaders in higher education institutions. SA Journal of Human Resource Management/SA Tydskrif vir Menslikehulpbronbestuur, 18 (0), a1260, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v18i0.1260.Rai, R. & Prakash, A. (2016). How do servant leaders ignite absorptive capacity? The role of epistemic motivation and organizational support. Journal of Work & Organizational Psychology, 32, 123-134. http://doi.dx.org/10.1016/j.rpto.2016.02.001.Rangachari, P. & Woods, J. (2020). Preserving organizational resilience, patient safety, staff retention during COVID-19 requires a holistic consideration of the psychological safety of healthcare workers. International Journal of Environmental Research & Public Health, 17, 4267, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124267.Ritchie-Dunham, J. (2014). Mindful leadership. In A. Ie, C. Ngnoumen, & E. Langer (Eds.), The Wiley Blackwell handbook of mindfulness (pp. 443-457). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Rodriguez-Olalla, A. & Aviles-Palacios, C. (2017). Integrating sustainability in organizations: An activity-based sustainability model. Sustainability, 9, 1072, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9061072.Ryan, G. & Bernard, H. (2003). Techniques to identify themes. Field Methods, 15 (1), 85-109. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X02239569.Salanova, M., Llorens, S., & Martinez, I. (2016). Contributions from positive organizational psychology to develop healthy and resilient organizations. Papeles del Psicologo, 37 (3), 177-184.Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thronhill, A. (2019). Research methods for business students (8th ed.). Pearson Education Limited.Schindler, P. (2019). Business research methods (13th Ed). McGraw-Hill/Irwin.Securities and Exchange Commission (November 22, 2016). Code of corporate governance for publicly-listed companies. https://www.sec.gov.ph/mc-2016/mc-no-19-s-2016/.Spradley, J. (1979). The ethnographic interview. Holt, Rinehart, & Winston, Inc.Suriyankietkaew, S. & Petison, S. (2019). A retrospective & foresight: Bibliometric review of international research on strategic management for sustainability, 1991 – 2019. Sustainability, 12, 91, 1-27. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010091.Tang, G., Kwan, H., Zhang, D., & Zhu, Z. (2016). Work-family effects of servant leadership: The roles of emotional exhaustion and personal learning. Journal of Business Ethics, 137, 285-297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2559-7.Tejada, J. & Punzalan, J. (2012). On the misuse of Slovin’s formula. The Philippine Statistician, 61 (1), 129-136.Tokarz, A. & Malinowska, D. (2019). From psychological theoretical assumptions to new research perspectives in sustainability & sustainable development: Motivation in the workplace. Sustainability, 11, 2222, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11082222.Vreeling, K., Kersemaekers, W., Cillessen, L., van Dierendonck, D., & Speckens, A. (2019). How medical specialists experience the effects of a mindful leadership course on their leadership capabilities: A qualitative interview study in Netherlands. BMJ Open, 9 (12), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031643.Winwood, P. C., Colon, R., & McEwen, K. (2013). A practical measure of workplace resilience: Developing the resilience at work scale. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 55 (10), 1205-1212. doi: 10.1097/JOM.0b013e3182a2a60a.Xu, L. & Kajikawa, Y. (2018). An integrated framework for resilience research: A systematic review based on citation network analysis. Sustainability Science, 13, 235-254 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-017-0487-4.Xu, L., Marinova, D., & Guo, X. (2015). Resilience thinking: A renewed system approach for sustainability science. Sustainability Science, 10, 123-138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-014-0274-4.Yin, R. (2016). Qualitative research from start to finish (2nd ed.). The Guilford Press.Yousaf, K., Abid, G., Butt, T., Ilyas, S., & Ahmed, S. (2019). Impact of ethical leadership & thriving at work on psychological wellbeing of employees: Mediating role of voice behaviour. Business, Management and Education, 17 (2), 194-217. https://doi.org/10.3846/bme.2019.11176.Zhu, W., Zheng, X., He, H., Wang, G., & Zhang, X. (2019). Ethical leadership with both “moral person” & “moral manager” aspects: Scale development & cross-cultural validation. Journal of Business Ethics, 158 (2), 547-565. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3740-y.

Language skills are essential for early childhood, being able to speak clearly and process speech sounds, understand others, express ideas, and interact with others are the building blocks for a child's development. Therefore, this study will examine the effect of the Inside Outside Circle (IOC) instructional strategies with media images on children's language skills. This research is a quasi-experimental design with a posttest only and using a control group. The sample in this study were children in two kindergartens in the village of Banjar Tegal. Data analysis in this study was carried out by quantitative descriptive methods using t-test analysis techniques. The results of this study in kindergarten students in Banjar Tegal Village show that there is an influence of the IOC learning model with picture media on children's language skills (tcount = 6.28> ttable = 2.00). This shows that language skills achieved by groups of children participating in learning with the IOC model with drawing media are better than groups of children who attend learning without the IOC model. The implication is that further research is expected to develop other aspects of child devel- opment through the IOC model. Keywords: Children Language skills, Image media, Inside-Outside Circle Instructional Strategies Reference: Afrida, Ni., & Mahriza, R. (2019). Visual and Cognitive Media : The Language Acquisition of Children With Dyslexia in Aceh. IJLRES - International Journal on Language , Research and Education Studies, 3(1), 112–126. https://doi.org/10.30575/2017/IJLRES-2019010409 Al Otaiba, S., & Fuchs, D. (2006). Who are the young children for whom best practices in reading are ineffective? An experimental and longitudinal study. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 39(5), 414–431. https://doi.org/10.1177/00222194060390050401 Asrifan, A. (2015). The Use of Pictures Story in Improving Students’ Ability to Write Narrative Composition. International Journal of Language and Linguistics, 3(4), 244. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijll.20150304.18 August, Diane Shanahan, T. (2006). Developing Literacy in Second-Language Learners : Report of the National Literacy Panel on Language-Minority Children and Youth Edited by. Center for Applied Linguistics, 1–9. Barbot, B., Randi, J., Tan, M., Levenson, C., Friedlaender, L., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2013). From perception to creative writing: A multi-method pilot study of a visual literacy instructional approach. Learning and Individual Differences, 28, 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2012.09.003 Bierman, K. L., Nix, R. L., Greenberg, M. T., Blair, C., & Domitrovich, C. E. (2008). Executive functions and school readiness intervention: Impact, moderation, and mediation in the Head Start REDI program. Development and Psychopathology, 20(3), 821–843. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579408000394 Blanden, J. (2006). ‘Bucking the trend’: What enables those who are disadvantaged in childhood to succeed later in life? Pensions, (31), 36. Cabell, S. Q., Justice, L. M., Piasta, S. B., Curenton, S. M., Wiggins, A., Turnbull, K. P., & Petscher, Y. (2011). The impact of teacher responsivity education on preschoolers’ language and literacy skills. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 20(4), 315–330. https://doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2011/10-0104) Clark, R. C., & Lyons, C. (2011). Graphics for learning: Proven guidelines for planning, designing, and evaluating visuals in training materials (2nd ed.). San Francisco: CA: Pfiffer. Davoudi, A. H. M., & Mahinpo, B. (2013). Kagan Cooperative Learning Model: The Bridge to Foreign Language Learning in the Third Millennium. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 2(6), 1134–1140. Dockrell, J. E., Stuart, M., & King, D. (2010). Supporting early oral language skills for English language learners in inner city preschool provision. British Journal of Educational Psychology, V ol. 80, pp. 497–515. https://doi.org/10.1348/000709910X493080 Dunlosky, J., Rawson, K. A., Marsh, E. J., Nathan, M. J., & Willingham, D. T. (2013). Improving students’ learning with effective learning techniques: Promising directions from cognitive and educational psychology. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, Supplement, 14(1), 4–58. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100612453266 Gilles, G. (2015). Language Skills in Children: Development, Definition & Types. Retrieved from © copyright 2003-2020 Study.com. website: https://study.com/academy/lesson/language-skills-in-children-development- definition-types.html#transcriptHeader Gogtay, N., Giedd, J. N., Lusk, L., Hayashi, K. M., Greenstein, D., Vaituzis, A. C., ... Thompson, P. M. (2004). Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101(21), 8174–8179. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0402680101 Gutiérrez, K. G. C., Puello, M. N., & Galvis, L. A. P. (2015). Using pictures series technique to enhance narrative writing among ninth grade students at institución educativa simón araujo. English Language Teaching, 8(5), 45–71. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v8n5p45 Hadfield, J., & Hadfield, C. (2002). Simple Speaking Activities. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Haley, A., Hulme, C., Bowyer-Crane, C., Snowling, M. J., & Fricke, S. (2017). Oral language skills intervention in pre-school—a cautionary tale. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 52(1), 71–79. https://doi.org/10.1111/1460-6984.12257 Hoff, E. (2013). Interpreting the Early Language Trajectories of Children from Low SES and Language Minority Homes: Implications for Closing Achievement Gaps. Developmental Psychology, 49(1), 4–14. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027238.Interpreting Jin, S. H., & Boling, E. (2010). Instructional Designer’s Intentions and Learners’ Perceptions of the Instructional Functions of Visuals in an e-Learning Context. Journal of Visual Literacy, 29(2), 143–166. https://doi.org/10.1080/23796529.2010.11674678 Johanson, M., & Arthur, A. M. (2016). Improving the Language Skills of Pre- kindergarten Students: Preliminary Impacts of the Let’s Know! Experimental Curriculum. Child and Youth Care Forum, 45(3), 367–392. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-015-9332-z Justice, L. M., & Pence, K. L. (2004). Addressing the Language and Literacy Needs of Vulnerable Children: Innovative Strategies in the Context of Evidence-Based Practice. Communication Disorders Quarterly, 25(4), 173–178. https://doi.org/10.1177/15257401040250040201 Kagan, J., Reznick, J. S., & Snidman, N. (1987). The physiology and psychology of behavioral inhibition in children. Child Development, 1459–1473. Kamaliah, N. (2018). Applying The Inside-Outside Circle (IOC) Towards Students’ Speaking Abilityat The Second Grade of SMA Inshafuddin. Getsempena English Education Journal (GEEJ), 5(2), 106–115. Kleeman, D. (2017). Media exposure during infancy and early childhood: the effects of content and context on learning and development. Journal of Children and Media, 11(4), 504–506. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2017.1375219 Krčelić, P., & Matijević, A. S. (2015). A Picture and a Thousand Words: Visual Tools in ELT. The International Language Conference on The Importance of Learning Professional Foreign Languages for Communication between Cultures 2015, 53(3/4), 110–114. Croatia. Lavalle, P., & Briesmaster, M. (2017). The Study of the Use of Picture Descriptions in Enhancing Communication Skills among the 8th- Grade Students--Learners of English as a Foreign Language. I.E.: Inquiry in Education, 9(1). Law, J., Rush, R., Schoon, I., & Parsons, S. (2009). Modeling Developmental Language Difficulties From School Entry Into Adulthood: Literacy, Mental Health, and Employment Outcomes. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 52(December), 1401–1416. Mayer, R. E. (2009). Multi-Media Learning : Prinsip-Prinsip dan Aplikasi. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. NICHD. (2000). The relation of child care to cognitive and language development. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Early Child Care Research Network. Child Development, 71(4), 960–980. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11016559 Noble, C., Sala, G., Peter, M., Lingwood, J., Rowland, C., Gobet, F., & Pine, J. (2019). The impact of shared book reading on children’s language skills: A meta-analysis. Educational Research Review, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2019.100290 28(September), 100290. Oades-Sese, G. V., & Li, Y. (2011). Attachment Relationships As Predictors Of Language Skills For At-Risk Bilingual Preschool Children. Psychology in the Schools, 48(7), 274–283. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits Pace, A., Alper, R., Burchinal, M. R., Golinkoff, R. M., & Hirsh-Pasek, K. (2019). Measuring success: Within and cross-domain predictors of academic and social trajectories in elementary school. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 46, 112– 125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2018.04.001 Pelli, D. G., Burns, C. W., Farell, B., & Moore-Page, D. C. (2006). Feature detection and letter identification. Vision Research, 46(28), 4646–4674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2006.04.023 Perfetti, C. A., Liu, Y., & Tan, L. H. (2005). The lexical constituency model: Some implications of research on chinese for general theories of reading. Psychological Review, 112(1), 43–59. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.112.1.43 Puriniawati, N. K., Putra, M., & Putra, D. K. N. S. (2014). Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Inside Outside Circle Berbantuan Media Balok Untuk Meningkatkan. E-Journal PG-PAUD Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha, 3(1), 10. Purnamawanti, R., Hartati, S., & Sa’adah, S. (2015). Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Inside Outside Circle Terhadap Kemampuan Berkomunikasi Siswa pada Materi Organisasi Kehidupan. Jurnal Program Studi Pendidikan Biologi ISSN, 5(11–22), 1689–1699. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15575/bioeduin.v5i1.2459 Sadiman, A. S. (2002). Media Pembelajaran dan Proses Belajar Mengajar, Pengertian Pengembangan dan Pemanfaatannya. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada. Segers, E., Perfetti, C. A., & Verhoeven, L. (2014). Foundations of Language, Literacy, and Numeracy Learning. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 61(3), 189–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/1034912X.2014.932555 Singh, C. K. S., Mei, T. P., Abdullah, M. S., Othman, W. M., Othman, W. M., & Mostafa, N. A. (2017). ESL LearnersâPerspectives on the Use of Picture Series in Teaching Guided Writing. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 6(4), 74–89. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarped/v6-i4/3463 Singh, Y. K. (2005). Instructional Technology in Education. New Delhi: APH Publishing Corporation. Sumantri, M. S. (2015). Strategi Pembelajaran. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada. Verhoeven, L., & Perfetti, C. A. (2011). Introduction to this special issue: Vocabulary growth and reading skill. Scientific Studies of Reading, 15(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888438.2011.536124 Vitulli, P., Santoli, S. P., & Fresne, J. (2013). Arts in education: Professional development integrating the arts and collaborating with schools and community. International Journal of Pedagogies and Learning, 8(1), 45–52. https://doi.org/10.5172/ijpl.2013.8.1.45 Wahyuni, D. S., Mukhaiyar, & Kusni. (2013). Improving Student’s Speaking Skill by Using Inside-outside Circle Technique (At English For Teen Level 5, LBPP LIA, Pekanbaru). Jurnal English Language Teaching (ELT), 1(2), 17–29. Walter, O., Gil-Glazer, Y., & Eilam, B. (2019). ‘Photo-words’: promoting language skills using photographs. Curriculum Journal, 30(3), 298–321. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585176.2019.1568270 Zenkov, K., Ewaida, M., Bell, A., & Lynch, M. (2012). Seeing How to Ask First: Photo Elicitation Motivates English Language Learners to Write: Photos Prompt Middle Grades English Language Learners to Reflect upon and Write about Their Lives. Middle School Journal, 44(2), 6–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/00940771.2012.11461842 Zulminiati, & Hartati, S. (2019). Significant Sensory Stimulation Program Through the Use of Flash Card as Media of Toddler Language Development at Pre-Kindergarten. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 293(Nfeic 2018), 168–171. https://doi.org/10.2991/nfeic-18.2019.35

Diversity is a gift from the almighty power of the Indonesian people that cannot be denied anymore, which is a form of national strength and noble values possessed by the Indonesian people. Diversity is a spirit in providing good services for all Indonesian citizens who do not look at ethnic origin, skin color, groups and groups. Transformational leadership is a leadership style used by a leader if he wants a group to widen its boundaries and have performance beyond the status quo or achieve a whole new set of organizational goals. Transformational leadership is the answer in providing excellent service quality for all people in the scope of government. The leadership of transformation that provides quality of service within the frame of diversity will satisfy the community so that it will usher in the corridor of the Unitary Republic of Indonesia. DAFTAR PUSTAKA Buku-Buku Brundet, Mark, Neil Burton, Robert Smith, Leadership in Education, London : Sage Publish, 2003. Cassidy, Carlene M, Robert Kreitner, Principles of Management 12th, USA :SouthWestern Cengage Learning, 2011. Daft, Richard L, The Leadership Experience 6th, USA : Cengage Learning, 2015. Gibson, Organizations, New York : McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, 2006. Hamengku Bowono X, Sultan, Merajut Kembali Ke indonesiaan Kita, Jakarta :Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2008. Hill, Arthur V, Field Service Management, America : RICHARD D. IRWIN, INC,1992. Hughes, Bass, Leadership Enchanging The Lessons of Experience 8th, New York :McGraw Hill, 2015. Jason A. Colquit, Jeffery A. Lepine and Michael J. Wesson, Organizational Behavior: Improving Perfor mance and Commitment in the Workplace, Bston: McGraw-Hill, 2011. Kaelan, Pendidikan Pancasila, Yogyakarta :Paradigma, 2004. Kasmir, Customers Services Excellent, Jakarta :Raja Grafindo, 2017. Majid, Suharto Abdul, Customer Dalam Bisnis Jasa Transportasi, RAJA WALI PERS:PT. Raja Grafindo, 2012. Malau, Harman, Manajemen Pemasaran, Bandung : Alfabeta, 2017. Nelson, Debra L., James Campbell Quick, Organizational Behavior: Foundation, Realities and Chalenge,Canada:Thomson, 2006. Palmer, Andrian, Principles Of Services Marketing, Singapore : McGraw-Hill, 2001. Rangkuti, Freddy, Customer Service Satisfaction & Call Center, Jakarta :PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2014. Customer Care Excellence, Jakarta :Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2016. Robert, Lussier N, Achua, Management Fundamentals, Concept, Aplications, Skill Development, Australia: South Western, 2010. Scermerhorn, John R. Jr, Daniel G. Bachrach, Introduction to Management 13th, Singapore : Wiley, 2015. Wibowo, Manajemen Kinerja, Jakarta : PT. Raja Grafindo Persada, 2014. Yukl, Gary A, Leadership in Organizations 8t, New England : Pearson, 2013. Jurnal Gao-Liang Wang, Yu-Je Lee, Song-Fen Cheng, The Impact of Organizational Climate, Service Quality and customer Satisfaction on Organizational Performance: a Case of International Tourist Hotel Industry in Taipei City,International Journal of Business and Management Invention., Volume 5 Issue 6 ||June. 2016 ||., h. 58 Roland K. Yeo, Servicing service quality in higher education: quest for excellence, VOL. 16 NO. 3 2008, Q Emerald Group Publishing Limited, ISSN 1074-8121, h. 100. Internet http://www.astalog.com/974/asal-mula-terbentuknya-bhineka-tunggal-ika.htm http://www.beraunews.com/serba-serbi/3052-melayani-masyarakat-mulailah-dari-yang-sederhana https://damainegerikutercinta.wordpress.com/2012/05/14/kita-butuh-pemimpin-yang-amanah-dan-menjaga-kebhinekaan-5/ https://dkn.go.id/ruang-opini/9/jumlah-pulau-di-indonesia.htm. http://jateng.tribunnews.com/2016/09/01/data-terkini-jumlah-penduduk-indonesia-2579-juta-yang-wajib-ktp-1825-juta. https://www.bps.go.id/KegiatanLain/view/id/127).

O objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi avaliar a capacidade de absorção do conhecimento organizacional, tendo como uma das suas dimensões a comunicação com o ambiente externo. Foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa de caráter quantitativo com cem empresas pertencentes aos setores de comércio e de serviços, localizadas na cidade de Palmas, TO. O questionário aplicado envolveu a utilização de uma escala da capacidade de absorção do conhecimento, desenvolvida por Matusik e Heeley (2005). Os autores avaliam que a capacidade de absorção é composta de múltiplas dimensões: 1) relação da empresa com seu ambiente externo, 2) a estrutura, as rotinas de conhecimentos, e o grupo principal de criação de valor e, 3) absorção de habilidades individuais. Os resultados demonstraram que as empresas pesquisadas possuíam alto grau de predominância de relacionamento com o ambiente.Palavras-chave: Capacidade de Absorção do Conhecimento; Conhecimento; Comunicação com o ambiente externo. ABSTRACTThe main objective of this research was to evaluate the absorption capacity of organizational knowledge, having as one of its dimensions communication with the external environment. One quantitative study with a hundred companies belonging to the trade and service sectors has been developed, located in the city of Palmas, TO. The questionnaire involved the use of a range of absorption capacity of the knowledge developed by Matusik and Heeley (2005). The authors estimate that the absorption capacity is made up of multiple dimensions: 1) the company's relationship with its external environment, 2) the structure, routines of knowledge, and the main group of value creation and, 3) absorption of individual skills . The results showed that the surveyed enterprises had a high degree of dominance relationship with the environment.Keywords: Absorption Capacity of Knowledge; Knowledge; Communication with the external environment. RESUMENEl principal objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la capacidad de absorción de conocimiento organizacional, teniendo como una de sus dimensiones de comunicación con el ambiente externo. Un estudio cuantitativo con un centenar de empresas pertenecientes a los sectores de comercio y servicios se ha desarrollado, que se encuentra en la ciudad de Palmas, TO. El cuestionario implicó el uso de una gama de capacidad de absorción del conocimiento desarrollado por Matusik y Heeley (2005). Los autores estiman que la capacidad de absorción se compone de múltiples dimensiones: 1) la relación de la empresa con su entorno externo, 2) la estructura, las rutinas de conocimiento, y el grupo principal de la creación de valor y, 3) la absorción de las capacidades individuales . Los resultados mostraron que las empresas encuestadas tenían un alto grado de relación de dominación con el medio ambiente.Palabras clave: Capacidad de absorción de conocimiento; el conocimiento; la comunicación con el ambiente externo. REFERÊNCIASCOHEN,W. M., LEVINTHAL, D. A. Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, v. 35: 128-152, 1990.CRADWELL, D. The Norton history of technology. London: Norton.1995.FELDMAN, M. S.; PENTLAND, B., T. Reconceptualizing organizational routines as a source of flexibility and change. Administrative Science quarterly, v. 48, n. 1, 94-118, 2003.FLATTEN, T.; BRETTEL, M.; ENGELEN, A.; GREVE G. A measure of absorptive capacity: Development and validation. Academy of Management Proceedings Volume: 2009, Publisher: Academy of Management, Pages: 1-7, 2009.GOES, J. B.; PARK, S. H. Interorganizational links and innovation: The case of hospital services. Academy of Management Journal, v. 40: 673-697, 1997.GREVE, H.R. Exploration and exploitation in product innovation. Industrial and Corporate Change, 1-31, may, 2007.HUBER, G. P. Organizational learning: The contributing processes and the literatures. Organization Science, v. 2:88-115, 1991.JANSEN, J.J.P., VAN DEN BOSCH, F.A.J.; VOLBERDA, H.W. Exploratory innovation, exploitative innovation, and performance: Effects of organizational antecedents and environmental moderators. Management Science, v. 52, 1661-74, 2006.KIM, L. Crisis construction and organizational leanirg: capability bulding in catchinp-up at HyaundayMotor. Organization Science, 9: 506-521, 1998.KOGUT, B.; ZANDER, U. Knowledge of the firm, combinative capacidades and the replication of technology. Organization Studies, v. 3, p. 383-397, 1992.KHOJA, F. AND MARANVILLE, S. How do firms nurture absorptive capacity? Journal of Managerial Issues, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 262-278, 2010..LANE, P. J. LUBATKIN, M. Relative absorptive capacity and interorganizational learning. Strategic Management Journal, v.19, n. 5, 461-477. 1998.LEONARD-BARTON, D. Wellsprings of knowledge: Building and sustaining the source of innovation. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1995.MATUSIK, S.F.; HEELEY, M.B. Absorptive capacity in the software industry: Identifying factors that affect knowledge and knowledge creation activities. Journal of Management, v. 31, n.4, p. 549-572, 2005.MATUSIK, S. F.; HILL, C.W. L. The utilization of contingent work, knowledge creation, and competitive advantage., Academy of Management Review, v. 23: 680-697, 1998.NONAKA, I. A dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation. Organization Science, v. 5: 14-37, 1994.NONAKA, I. TAKEUCHI, H. The knowledge-creating company: How japanese companies create the dynamics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1995.ROSA, A. C. ; RUFFONI, Janaina . Mensuração da Capacidade Absortiva de Empresas que possuem Interação com Universidades. Economia e Desenvolvimento (Santa Maria), v. 26, p. 80-104, 2014.ROXAS, B. Clarifying the link between social capital and MSME innovation performance: the role of absorptive capacity, Asia-Pacific social science review, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 31-51, 2007.WAHYUNI, S.; SUDHARTIO, L. How to increase local partners' bargaining power and absorptive capacity in joint ventures? Global Management Journal. Vol. 2, n. 1, 86-93, 2010.ZAHRA, S. A., GEORGE, G. Absorptive capacity: A review, reconceptualization, and extension. Academy of Management Review, v. 27, n. 2, 185-203, 2002.ZANDER, U.; KOGUT, B. Knowledge and the speed of the transfer and imitation of organizational capabilities: An empirical test. Organization Science, v. 6, n. 1: 76-92, 1995. Disponível em:Url: http://opendepot.org/2720/ Abrir em (para melhor visualização em dispositivos móveis - Formato Flipbooks):Issuu / Calameo

ABSTRACT This study aims to investigate and analyze e the effect of Operating Expenses Operating Income (BOPO), capital adequacy ratio (CAR), financial slack, sustainability officer, and sustainability committee on green banking disclosure in Islamic banks registered with the Financial Services Authority (OJK) during the period 2017-2021. In this study, panel data regression data analysis techniques were used with the help of Eviews 10 software. The results of this study show that partially the variables Operating costs in operating income (BOPO), capital adequacy ratio (CAR), financial slack, and sustainability officer have no effect on green banking disclosure. While the variable Sustainability Committee has a positive and significant effect on Green Banking disclosure. At the same time, the variables BOPO, CAR, Financial Slack, Sustainability Officer, and Sustainability Committee have a significant effect on Green Banking disclosure. The implication of this research for science is to contribute to the literature related to the factors that influence green banking disclosure. In addition, this research is also expected to help banks in improving their governance, and for the government is expected to help in making policies related to green banking disclosure. Keywords: Operating Expenses on Operating Income, Capital Adequacy Ratio, Financial Slack, Green Banking, Sustainability ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dan menganalisis pengaruh dari Biaya Operasional Pendapatan Operasional (BOPO), Rasio Kecukupan Modal (CAR), Financial Slack, Sustainability Officer, dan Sustainability committee terhadap pengungkapan green banking pada bank syariah yang terdaftar di OJK selama periode 2017-2021. Teknik sampling yang digunakan adalah Purposive Sampling dengan kriteria tertentu, sehingga sampel didapat sebanyak 45 data dari 9 Bank syariah yang sesuai kriteria. Dan menggunakan teknik analisis data regresi data panel dengan bantuan software Eviews 10. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa secara parsial variabel BOPO, Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Financial Slack dan Sustainability Officer tidak berpengaruh terhadap pengungkapan Green banking. Sedangkan variabel Sustainability Committee berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap pengungkapan Green Banking. Secara simultan variabel BOPO, CAR, Financial Slack, Sustainability officer dan Sustainability Committee memiliki pengaruh dan signifikan terhadap pengungkapan Green banking Kata Kunci: Biaya Operasi pada Pendapatan Operasional, Capital Adequacy Ratio, Financial Slack, Green Banking, Sustainability REFERENCES Ahlström, J., & Ficekova, M. (2017). The relationship between current financial slack resources and future CSR Performance. A quantitative study of public companies in the Nordic Markets. Master Thesis, Umea School of Business and Economics. Alim, M., & Sina, D. I. (2020). Pengaruh capital adequacy ratio, non performing financing dan laba bersih terhadap financial sustainability ratio (Pada perusahaan perbankan syariah yang ada di Indonesia periode 2014-2018). Balance Vocation Accounting Journal, 4(1), 28–42. doi: 10.31000/bvaj.v4i.2701 Amidjaya, P. G., & Widagdo, A. K. (2020). Sustainability reporting in Indonesian listed banks: Do Corporate governance, ownership structure and digital banking matter? Journal of Applied Accounting Research, 21(2), 231–247. doi:10.1108/JAAR-09-2018-0149 Anggraeni, D. Y., & Djakman, C. D. (2017). Slack resources, feminisme dewan, dan kualitas pengungkapan tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan. Jurnal Akuntansi dan Keuangan Indonesia, 14(1), 94–118. doi:10.21002/jaki.2017.06 Ashwin, A. S., Krishnan, R. T., & George, R. (2015). Board characteristics, financial slack and R&D investments: An empirical analysis of the indian pharmaceutical industry. International Studies of Management and Organization, 46(1), 8–23. doi:10.1080/00208825.2015.1007007 Astuti, R. P. (2022). Pengaruh CAR, FDR, NPF, dan BOPO terhadap profitabilitas perbankan syariah. Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Islam, 8(3), 3213–3223. doi:10.29040/jiei.v8i3.6100 Barney, J. B. (1986). Organizational culture : Can it be a source of sustained competitive advantage ? The Academy of Management Review, 11(3), 656–665. doi:10.2307/258317 Bose, S., Khan, H. Z., Rashid, A., & Islam, S. (2017). What drives green banking disclosure? An institutional and corporate governance perspective. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 35(2), 501–527. doi:10.1007/s10490-017-9528-x Bourgeois, L. J. (1981). The measurement of organizational slack. The Academy of Management Review, 6(1), 29–39. doi:10.2307/257138 Bradley, S. W., Shepherd, D. A., & Wiklund, J. (2011). The importance of slack for new organizations facing “Tough” environments. Journal of Management Studies, 48(5), 1071–1097. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.2009.00906.x Burke, J. J., Hoitash, R., & Hoitash, U. (2017). The heterogeneity of board-level sustainability committees and corporate social performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 154(4), 1161–1186. doi:10.1007/s10551-017-3453-2 Calıyurt, K. T. (2020). Introduction: Why do we need to talk about climate change risk as accountants and auditors urgently? In Accounting, Finance, Sustainability, Governance and Fraud: Vol. I (pp 3-10). Singapore: Springer Campbell, D., Craven, B., & Shrives, P. (2003). Voluntary social reporting in three FTSE sectors: A comment on perception and legitimacy. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 16(4), 558–581. doi:10.1108/09513570310492308 Deegan, C. (2002). The legitimising effect of social and environmental disclosures – a theoretical foundation. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 15(3), 282-311. doi.org/10.1108/09513570210435852 Dendawijaya, L. (2005). Manajemen perbankan (2nd Edition). Bogor: Penerbit Ghalia Indonesia. Donaldson, T., & Preston, L. (1995). The stakeholder theory of the corporation: Concepts, evidence, and implications. The Academy of Management Review, 20(1), 65–91. doi:10.2307/258887 Dowling, J., & Pfeffer, J. (1975). Organizational legitimacy: Social values and organizational behavior. University of California Press, 18(1), 122–136. doi:10.2307/1388226 Freeman, R. E., & McVea, J. (1984). A stakeholder approach to strategic management. Darden Graduate School of Business Administration: University of Virginia. Fu, R., Tang, Y., & Chen, G. (2020). Chief sustainability officers and corporate social (Ir) responsibility. Strategic Management Journal, 41(4), 656–680. doi:10.1002/smj.3113 Ghozali, I., & Chariri, A. (2007). Teori akuntansi. Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro. Hikmah, I. L., & Majid, M. S. A. (2019). Faktor keuangan internal yang memengaruhi pertumbuhan Qardhul Hasan sebagai wujud pelaksanaan CSR pada perbankan syariah Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Ekonomi Islam, 1(1), 1–18. Hörisch, J., Freeman, R. E., & Schaltegger, S. (2014). Applying stakeholder theory in sustainability management: Links, similarities, dissimilarities, and a conceptual framework. Organization and Environment, 27(4), 328–346. doi:10.1177/1086026614535786 Horisch, J., Schaltegger, S., & Freeman, R. E. (2020). Integrating stakeholder theory and sustainability accounting : A conceptual synthesis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 275(1). doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124097 Ivada, E., & Fauzi, H. (2019). Sustainability officer in Indonesia’s palm oil companies. New Approaches to CSR, Sustainability and Accountability, 81–102. doi: 10.1007/978-981-32-9588-9_6 Kanashiro, P., & Rivera, J. (2019). Do chief sustainability officers make companies greener? The moderating role of regulatory pressures. Journal of Business Ethics, 155(3), 687–701. doi:10.1007/s10551-017-3461-2 Khamilia, N., & Nor, W. (2022). Faktor-faktor dalam meningkatkan pengungkapan green banking. Jurnal Riset Akuntansi (JUARA), 12(1), 1–23. doi:10.36733/juara.v12i1.3144 Kim, S. I., Shin, H., Shin, H., & Park, S. (2019). Organizational slack, corporate social responsibility, sustainability, and integrated reporting: Evidence from Korea. Sustainability, 11(16), 2–17. doi:10.3390/su11164445 Laskowska, A. (2018). Green banking as the prospective dimension of banking in Poland. Ecological Questions Online, 29(1), 129–135. doi:10.12775/EQ.2018.011 Lewis, T. C. (2013). A Review and Analysis of the Effects of Financial Slack on Firm Innovation. August, 1–58. Dessertation of doctor of philosophy in management science, The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Liana, S. (2019). Pengaruh profitabilitas, leverage , ukuran perusahaan dan dewan komisaris independen terhadap pengungkapan sustainability report. Jesya: Jurnal Ekonomi & Ekonomi Syariah, 2(2), 199–208. doi:10.36778/jesya.v2i2.69 Lymperopoulos, C., Chaniotakis, I. E., & Soureli, M. (2012). A model of green bank marketing. Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 17(2), 177–186. doi:10.1057/fsm.2012.10 Malinton, D., & Kampo, K. (2019). Pengaruh moderasi green banking dalam hubungan antara Corporate Social Responsibility dan Going Concern. Dinamika Akuntansi, Keuangan Dan Perbankan, 8(2), 117–133. Masrurroh, D. A., & Mulazid, A. S. (2017). Analisis pengaruh size perusahaan, Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Return On Asset (ROA), Financing Deposit Ratio (FDR) terhadap pengungkapan Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) bank umum syariah di Indonesia periode 2012-2015. Human Falah, 4(1), 1–18. Mattingly, J. E., & Olsen, L. (2018). Performance outcomes of investing slack resources in corporate social responsibility. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 25(4), 481–498. doi:10.1177/1548051818762336 Miller, K. P., & Serafeim, G. (2014). Chief sustainability officers: Who are they and what do they do? SSRN Electronic Journal, 24(11), 1–22. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2411976 Otoritas Jasa Keuangan/OJK. (2016). Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan nomor 4/POJK.03/2016 tentang penilaian tingkat kesehatan bank umum. Retrieved from https://www.ojk.go.id/id/kanal/perbankan/regulasi/peraturan-ojk/Documents/Pages/pojk-tentang-penilaian-tingkat-kesehatan-bank-umum/SALINAN-POJK%204%20Penilaian.pdf Otoritas Jasa Keuangan/OJK. (2017). POJK No. 51 /POJK.03/2017 tentang penerapan keuangan berkelanjutan bagi lembaga jasa keuangan, emiten, dan perusahaan publik. Retrieved from https://ojk.go.id/id/regulasi/Pages/Penerapan-Keuangan-Berkelanjutan-bagi-Lembaga-Jasa-Keuangan,-Emiten,-dan-Perusahaan-Publik.aspx Patten, D. M. (2019). Seeking legitimacy. Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal, 11(6), 1009–1021. doi: 10.1108/SAMPJ-12-2018-0332. Peters, G. F., & Romi, A. M. (2014). Does the voluntary adoption of corporate governance mechanisms improve environmental risk disclosures? Evidence from greenhouse gas emission accounting. Journal of Business Ethics, 125(4), 637–666. doi:10.1007/s10551-013-1886-9 Pinasti, W. F., & Mustikawati, R. I. (2018). Pengaruh CAR, BOPO, NPL, NIM dan LDR terhadap profitabilitas bank umum periode 2011-2015. Nominal: Barometer Riset Akuntansi dan Manajemen, 7(1), 126-142. doi:/10.21831/nominal.v7i1.19365 Rahmayati, R., Mujiatun, S., & Sari, M. (2022). Islamic green banking at Bank Pembangunan Daerah in Indonesia. Indonesian Interdisciplinary Journal of Sharia Economics (IIJSE), 5(1), 74–93. doi:10.31538/iijse.v5i1.1850 Risk Check. (2019). 5 reasons every company needs a sustainability committee. Retrieved from https://riskcheckinc.com/5-reasons-every-company-needs-a-sustainability-committee/ Romli, R., & Zaputra, A. R. R. (2021). Pengaruh implementasi Green Banking, Corporate Social Responsibility terhadap nilai perusahaan pada perusahaan perbankan yang terdaftar di BEI. Portofolio: Jurnal Ekonomi, Bisnis, Manajemen, dan Akuntansi, 18(2), 136–159. https://doi.org/10.54783/portofolio.v18i2.214 Rossi, A. (2017). The association between sustainability governance characteristics and the assurance of corporate sustainability reports. Social and Environmental Accountability Journal, 37(1), 79–80. doi:10.1080/0969160X.2016.1273453 Agoes, S., & Ardana, I.C. (2017). Etika bisnis dan profesi : Tantangan membangun manusia seutuhnya. Jakarta: Salemba Empat. Safitri, M., & Saifudin. (2019). Implikasi karakteristik perusahaan dan Good Corporate Governance terhadap pengungkapan Sustainability Report. Jurnal Bingkai Ekonomi, 4(1), 13–25. Sahetapy, R., Pattinasarany, W., R. Siahaan, F., Gunawan, M., Pramudya, P., & Anita. (2018). Indeks investasi hijau sektor industri berbasis lahan. Jakarta: International NGO Forum on Indonesian Development (INFID) dan Indonesian Working Group on Forest Finance (IWGFF). Saputra, S. E. (2016). Pengaruh leverage, profitabilitasddan size terhadap pengungkapan corporate social responsibility pada perusahaan di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Economica: Journal of Economic and Economic Education, 5(1), 69–81. doi:10.22202/economica.2016.v5.i1.817 Sekarlangit, L. D., & Wardhani, R. (2021). The effect of the characteristics and activities of the board of directors on Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) disclosures: Empirical evidence from Southeast Asia. MDPI: Sustainability, 13(14), 1–17. doi:10.3390/su13148007 Selly, S. P. S., Sunarmi, & Mulyono, A. (2023). Implementasi capital adequacy ratio dan human resource slack dalam mengoptimalkan penerapan sustainable finance. Jurnal Riset Mahasiswa Akuntansi, 11(1), 129–136. doi:10.21067/jrma.v11i1.8344 Solekah, N. A. (2019). The effect of green banking product and green corporate image on green customer loyalty mediated by green customers satisfaction in syariah banking mediation. Management and Economics Journal (MEC-J), 3(1), 81-94. doi:10.18860/mec-j.v0i2.5837 Sugiarti, R. (2020). Pengaruh firm maturity dan slack resources terhadap pengungkapan corporate social responsibility. Journal of Applied Business and Economic: JABE, 7(1), 48–64. doi:10.30998/jabe.v7i1.5373 Tarigan, J., & Semuel, H. (2015). Pengungkapan sustainability report dan kinerja keuangan. Jurnal Akuntansi dan Keuangan, 16(2), 88–101. doi:10.9744/jak.16.2.88-101 TUK Indonesia. (2019). Tinjauan atas reformasi keuangan berkelanjutan di Indonesia. Retrieved from https://www.tuk.or.id/2019/12/keuangan-berkelanjutan-indonesia/. Utomo, A. S., Maharani, N. K., & Octavio, D. Q. (2015). Financial determinants of Qardhul Hasan financing growth: Evidence from islamic banks in Indonesia. Global Review of Islamic Economics and Business, 3(1), 38–45. doi:10.14421/grieb.2015.031-03 Van Der Laan, S. (2009). The role of theory in explaining motivation for corporate social disclosure: Voluntary disclosures vs solicited. The Australasian Accounting Business & Finance Journal, 3(4), 15–29. Vanacker, T., Collewaert, V., & Paeleman, I. (2013). The relationship between slack resources and the performance of entrepreneurial firms : The role of venture capital and angel investors. Journal of Management Studies, 50(6), 1070–1096. doi:10.1111/joms.12026 Velte, P., & Stawinoga, M. (2020). Do chief sustainability officers and CSR committees influence CSR-Related outcomes? A structured literature review based on empirical-quantitative research findings. Journal of Management Control, 31(4), 333-377. doi:10.1007/s00187-020-00308-x Wernerfelt, B. (1984). A resource-based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 5(2), 171–180. Zhang, Y., Li, J., Jiang, W., Zhang, H., Hu, Y., & Liu, M. (2018). Organizational structure, slack resources and sustainable corporate socially responsible performance. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 25(6), 1099–1107. doi:10.1002/csr.1524

Financial performance is an achievement achieved by a company that can be seen through financial statements. Financial statements can be used as a control, a source of financial information and a representation of the company's performance. The results of financial statement analysis with various sizes of financial ratios can be used as material for evaluating company performance This study aims to determine the effect of family ownership, institutional ownership, and funding decisions on financial performance as measured by the Piotroski F-Score method. The number of samples in this study were 360 companies from the manufacturing sector with sub-sector basic and chemical industry, various industrial sectors and consumer goods listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the period 2017 - 2019. The results of this study indicate that the data can be pooled for 3 years, all classical assumption tests are met and the results of the regression test show that family ownership > 0.05, institutional ownership and funding decisions < 0.05. So it can be concluded that there is not enough evidence of family ownership to have a positive effect on financial performance. Meanwhile, there is sufficient evidence that institutional ownership and funding decisions have a negative effect on financial performance. Keywords: family ownership, institutional ownership, funding decisions, financial performance and Piotroski F-Score. References: Agatha, B. R., Nurlaela, S., & Samrotun, Y. C. (2020). Kepemilikan Manajerial, Institusional, Dewan Komisaris Independen, Komite Audit dan Kinerja Keuangan Perusahaan Food and Beverage. E-Jurnal Akuntansi, Vol. 30 No. 7, 1811. Aprianingsih, A., & Yushita, A. N. (2016). Pengaruh Penerapan Good Corporate Governance, Struktur Kepemilikan, Dan Ukuran Perusahaan Terhadap Kinerja Keuangan Perbankan. Jurnal Profita, Vol. 4 No. 5, 1–16. Cooper, D., & Schindler, P. (2013). Business Research Methods: 12th Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Dewi, L. S., & Abundanti, N. (2019). Pengaruh Profitabilitas, Likuiditas, Kepemilikan Institusional Dan Kepemilikan Manajerial Terhadap Nilai Perusahaan. E-Jurnal Manajemen Universitas Udayana, Vol. 8 No. 10, 6099. Dewi, M. M., & Sulasmiyati, S. (2016). Pengaruh Struktur Kepemilikan, Ukuran Perusahaan, dan profitabilitas Terhadap Leverage (Studi pada Perusahaan LQ-45 yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Tahun 2013-2016). Jurnal Administrasi Bisnis (JAB), Vol. 55 No. 1, 27–37. Fadillah, A. R. (2017). Analisis Pengaruh Dewan Komisaris Independen, Kepemilikan Manajerial Dan Kepemilikan Institusional Terhadap Kinerja Perusahaan Yang Terdaftar Di Lq45. Jurnal Akuntansi, Vol. 12 No. 1, 37–52. Fama, E. F., & Jensen, M. C. (1983). Separation Of Ownership And Control. Corporate Governance: Values, Ethics and Leadership, 163–188. Finda Yovita dan Juniarti. (2017). Struktur Kepemilikan Keluarga dan Kinerja Perusahaan pada Sektor Aneka Industri. Business Accounting Review, Vol. 5 No. 2, 445–456. Ghozali, I. (2016). Aplikasi analisis Multivariete dengan program IBM SPSS 23 (edisi 8). Cetakan Ke VIII. Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro, 96. Haryono, S. A., Fitriany, F., & Fatima, E. (2017). Pengaruh Struktur Modal Dan Struktur Kepemilikan Terhadap Nilai Perusahaan. Jurnal Akuntansi Dan Keuangan Indonesia, Vol. 14 No. 2, 119–141. Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (2019). Theory Of The Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs And Ownership Structure. Corporate Governance: Values, Ethics and Leadership, 4, 77–132. Kristianti, I. P. (2018). Analisis Pengaruh Struktur Modal. Jurnal UST JOGJA, Vol. 2 No. 1, 56–68. Kusumadewi, A., & Zulhaimi, H. (2019). Pengaruh Kepemilikan Manajerial, Kepemilikan Institusional, Dewan Komisaris, Komite Audit dan Kualitas Audit Terhadap Kinerja Keuangan Perusahaan. Forum Keuangan Dan Bisnis ( FKBI ) VII 2019 Forum Keuangan Dan Bisnis Indonesia ( FKBI ), Vol. 5, 241–256. Latifah, S. W., & Luhur, M. B. (2017). Peran Komisaris Independen Dan Komite Audit Dalam Meningkatkan Kinerja Keuangan Perusahaan Wholesale Dan Retail Trade Di Indonesia. Jurnal Akuntansi Dan Bisnis, Vol. 17, 13–18. Leatemia, E. M., Mangantar, M., Rogi, M. H., Ekonomi, F., Manajemen, J., & Ratulangi, U. S. (2019). Pengaruh Corporate Governance Terhadap Kinerja Keuangan Pada Perusahaan Textile Dan Garmen Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode 2013-2017. Jurnal EMBA: Jurnal Riset Ekonomi, Manajemen, Bisnis Dan Akuntansi, Vol. 7 No. 3, 4339–4348. Lestari, P. (2020). Pengaruh Likuiditas, Der, Firm Size, Dan Asset Turnover Terhadap Kinerja Keuangan. Jurnal Neraca: Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Ilmu Ekonomi Akuntansi, Vol. 4 No. 1, 1. Marpa, N. (2012). Perusahaan keluarga sukses atau mati. Tangerang: Penerbit Cergas Media. Mathova, A., Perdana, H. D., & Rahmawati, I. P. (2017). Pengaruh Kepemilikan Keluarga dan Good Corporate Governance Terhadap Kualitas Laba dan Kinerja Perusahaan. SAR (Soedirman Accounting Review) : Journal of Accounting and Business, Vol. 2 No. 1, 73. McConnell, J. J., & Servaes, H. (1990). Additional Evidence On Equity Ownership And Corporate Value. Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 27 No. 2, 595–612. McGee, T. (2013). Perspectives on family-owned businesses: Governance and succession planning. 1–20. Delloite Growth Enterprise Services Myers, S. C., & Majluf, N. S. (1984). Corporate financing and investment decisions when firms have information that investors do not have. Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 13 No. 2, 187–221. Piotroski, J. D. (2000). Discussion of Value Investing: The Use of Historical Financial Statement Information to Separate Winners from Losers. Journal of Accounting Research, 38, 43. Pound, J. (1988). Proxy contests and the efficiency of shareholder oversight. Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 20 (C), 237–265. PrincewaterhouseCoopers Indonesia (PwC). (2014). Survey Bisnis Keluarga 2014. November 2014, November, 1–35. Rahma, A. (2014). Pengaruh Kepemilikan Manajerial, Kepemilikan Institusional, Dan Ukuran Perusahaan Terhadap Keputusan Pendanaan Dan Nilai Perusahaan (Studi Kasus Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode 2009-2012). Vol. 23 No. 2, 45–69. Sari, R. (2020). Pengaruh Kepemilikan Asing Dan Leverage Terhadap Kinerja Keuangan. Balance : Jurnal Akuntansi Dan Bisnis, Vol. 5 No. 1, 64. Susanti, L. D., & Juniarti. (2017). Pengaruh Struktur Kepemilikan Keluarga Terhadap Kinerja Perusahaan Perusahaan Property dan Real Estate. Business Accounting Review, Vol. 5 No. 2, 709–720. Susanto, A. B., Susanto, P., Wijanarko, H., & Mertosono, S. (2007). The Jakarta consulting group on family business. Jakarta: The Jakarta Consulting Group. Wianta Efendi, A. F., & Adi Wibowo, S. S. (2017). Pengaruh Debt To Equity Ratio (Der) Dan Debt To Asset Ratio (Dar) Terhadap Kinerja Perusahaan Di Sektor Keuangan Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Journal of Applied Managerial Accounting, Vol. 1 No. 2, 157–163. Wild.Subramanyam. (2010). Analisis Laporan Keuangan, Financial Statement Analysis. Analisis Laporan Keuangan, Financial Statement Analysis, Edisi Ke Sepuluh: Salemba Empat, Jakarta, Vol. 4 No. 2, 265–276. Yudha, D. P., & Singapurwoko, A. (2017). The Effect Of Family And Internal Control On Family Firm Performance: Evidence From Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). Journal of Business and Retail Management Research, Vol. 11 No. 4, 68–75.

Abstract Introduction The combination of rituximab & lenalidomide (R 2) is an established regimen for treatment of follicular lymphoma (FL), with efficacy reported in the first line and relapsed setting (Morchhauser NEJM 2018, Leonard JCO 2019). The inferior OS of patients who remain post-induction PET-CT positive (PET+ve) has also been demonstrated in both settings (Trotman Lancet Haem 2014, Lancet Oncol 2018, Ysebaert, ASH 2011). We sought to study the effect of R 2 in relapsed FL by examining its ability to convert to PET-negative (PET-ve) those patients who remain PET+ve after reinduction rituximab-chemotherapy. Methods This was a prospective, multicentre, Phase 2 study of patients with bulky Stage II, or Stage III-IV relapsed FL. Eligibility criteria were: at least stable disease on CT within 4-6 weeks of last cycle of re-induction rituximab-chemotherapy; ECOG ≤2; CrCL ³30mL/min; haemoglobin &gt;80g/L, neutrophils &gt;1.0 & platelets &gt;75 x 10 9/L. Exclusion criteria were: histological transformation ≤12 months (mo); any interim-PET that was negative, and other malignancy ≤5 years. After enrolment pts underwent a centrally-reviewed PET within 8 weeks of D1 last cycle of re-induction rituximab-chemotherapy. Given the higher probability of further progression in the relapsed setting PET+ve was defined as a Deauville score (DS) 3-5. PET-ve patients were assigned rituximab maintenance q2mo for 2 years, and those remaining PET+ve were assigned R 2 to commence within 12 weeks. Lenalidomide schedule for R 2 pts was 10mg/d x 21 q28d, with dose modifications for tolerance, over a planned 2 years. Repeat PET scans were scheduled at 6 & 12 mo after starting R 2. The primary endpoint was the rate of conversion from postinduction PET+ve to PET-ve in evaluable patients 6 mo after commencing lenalidomide. Evaluable patients were defined as those receiving &gt;63 days of Lenalidomide. Sample size calculations used a one-sided exact test for proportions, assuming a conversion rate of ³50% as worthy of further evaluation and ≤20% as unacceptable. Thus 16 evaluable patients were required to have 80% power with type I error of 5%. Secondary endpoints were PET conversion rates by baseline DS in the PET+ve, the toxicity & deliverability of R 2, and PFS & OS in both the PET+ve & PET-ve populations. Results Thirty-seven patients (pts) were recruited from Nov 2013 to Jan 2021 when the study was closed due to poor recruitment attributed to competing studies. Median (med) age was 67yrs (36-83); 58% male, med 2 (range 2-11) prior therapies incl. the recent rituximab-chemotherapy; FLIPI low risk (21%), intermediate risk (12%) high risk (67%). Eighteen of 37 (48.6%) pts were postinduction PET+ve. Med follow-up was 38 mo (0.8 - 76.4): 32 mo (0.8 - 76.4) in PET+ve and 42 mo (6.7 - 73.8) in PET-neg. Of the 18 PET+ve pts one was ineligible for R 2 due to reactivation of hepatitis B; 3 were not evaluable having not received &gt;63 doses of lenalidomide due to progressive disease (PD). Thus 14/18 (78%) PET+ve pts were evaluable, of whom 5/14 (36%; 95% CI 11% - 61%) became PET-ve at 6-mo, thus not excluding a PET conversion rate of &lt;20%, (p=0.14). If we had obtained full recruitment both additional pts would have had to convert to PET-neg to meet the primary endpoint. PET conversion occurred in 4/6 evaluable pts with DS 3 and 1/8 with DS 5. PD occurred in 14 pts: 11/17 PET+ve and 3/19 PET-ve. Med PFS was 30.8 mo (5.7-37.6) in the PET+ve and NR (95% CI 42.3-NR) in the PET-ve, p = 0.0001. Death occurred in 11/37 (30%): 7 from lymphoma (5 PET+ve), 1 other malignancy, 2 pneumonia, 1 aspergillosis. Med OS was 68.1 mo (9.6 - NR) in PET+ve and NR (95% CI 42.3 - NR) in PET-ve (p 0.059). Of the 17 PET+ve pts starting lenalidomide, deliverability was limited by both disease progression and AEs: 3 failed to receive 3 cycles, 6 pts received 4-6, and 8 pts 7-24 cycles. Mean number of lenalidomide doses was 213 (SD 188). At least one AE was reported in 16/17 (94%), most commonly neutropenia (n=10, 59%, Gd4 24%). At least one SAE occurred in 9/17 (53%): infections 2, malignancy 2, cardiac disorders 2, musculoskeletal 2, other causes 3 pts. Conclusion The high PET+ve rate of 49% (DS 3-5) after rituximab-chemotherapy for relapsed FL suggests the need for consolidation therapy. However, R 2 did not achieve a sufficiently high PET-conversion rate to justify further study. The inferior outcome of patients who remain PET+ve after treatment of relapse highlights the importance of investigating novel approaches in this setting. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures Trotman: TAKEDA: Research Funding; beigene: Research Funding; roche: Research Funding; BMS: Research Funding; PCYC: Research Funding; JANSSEN: Research Funding. Gandhi: janssen: Research Funding; novartis: Honoraria. Butcher: WriteSource: Current Employment, Other: Medical writing for Pharma companies. Not pertinent to this abstract for which author is study Statisticiam.

Empirical studies proved that good corporate governance had a positive link to the success of an organization. Good in directing and managing organizational processes, structures, and information mean satisfaction guaranteed was given to all stakeholders. Essential factor like working atmosphere may be considered when looking into corporate governance as well as organizational success. However, limited literature focused on the importance of communication climate and its connection to corporate governance and organizational success. Hence, this study looked into the predicting effect of communication climate to perceived corporate governance and organizational success. A total of ninety-eight rank and file employees voluntarily participated in accomplishing three questionnaires such as the Communication Climate Inventory by Costigen & Schiedler; Corporate Governance Survey adapted from Wickramanayake’s Seven Characteristics of Corporate Governance; and Organizational Success Survey adapted from Ilyas & Rafig used to measure communication climate, corporate governance, and organizational success respectively. Results revealed that communication climate was a predictor of perceived corporate governance and organizational success. This implied that the role of supervisors in setting work conditions was essential on how rank and file employees perceived corporate governance and organizational success.ReferencesAbdu Rashid, M., Azman bin Othman, M., Zainudin bin Othman, M., Ain bt Arshad, F. (2015). The influence of work environment on employees job performance: a case study of Administrative staff in a manufacturing industry. Conference on Business Management Research II (CBMR II 2015).Abdussamad, Z. (2015). The influence of communication climate on the employees’ performance at government agencies in Gorontalo city. Asia pacific Journal on Multidisciplinary Research, 3(5).Aggarwal, P. (2013). Corporate governance and corporate profitability. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publication, 3(12).Baloyi, S., Van Waveren, C., & Chan, K. (2014). The rose of supervisor support in predicting employee job satisfaction from their perception of the performance management system: a test of competing models in engineering environments. South African Journal of Industrial Engineering, 25(1), 85-95.Burmeister, E. & Aitken, L. (2012). Sample size: how many is enough. Australian Critical Care. Elsevier.Chaudhary, R., Rangnekar, S., & Kumar Barua, M. (2014). Organizational climate, climate Strength and work engagement. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 133, 291-303.Creswell, J. (2012). Educational research planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research, 4th edition. Boston, Pearson Education, Inc.Deloitte. (2016). Good governance driving corporate performance? A meta-analysis of academic research & invitation to engage in the dialogue. NYENRODE Business Universiteit.Dibra, R. (2016). Corporate governance failure: the case of enron and Parmalat. European Scientific Journal, 12(16).El Nabawy Saleh Dewydar, W. (2015). The optimum relationship between managers and employee. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 6(8).Eluka, J. & Okafor, C. (2014). A critical review of the effects of working conditions on employee performance: evidence from Nigeria. EBS Journal of Management Sciences, 9.Glomo-Narzoles, D. (2012). Communication climate: its relation to institutional productivity. Asian Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 1(4).Gupta, P. and Mehta Sharma, A. (2014). A study of the impact of corporate governance practices on firm performance in indian and south Korean companies. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 133, 4-11.Hasan, B. & Maqsood, A. (2012). Relationship between organizational communication climate and interpersonal conflict management. Pakistan journal of psychology, 42(2).Hove-Sibanda, P., Sibanda, K., & Pooe, D. (2017). The impact of corporate governance on firm competitiveness and performance of small and medium enterprises in south Africa: a case of small and medium enterprises in vanderbijpark. Acta Commercii, 17(1), https://doi.org/10.4102/acv17i1.446Hsiao, J. and Lin, D. (2018). The impacts of working conditions and employee competences of fresh graduates on job expertise, salary and job satisfaction. Journal of Reviews on Global Economics, 7, 246-259.Ilyas, M. & Rafig, M. (2012). Impact of corporate governance on perceived organizational success. International journal of business and social science, 3(13).Ismajli, N., Zekiri, J., Qostja, E., & Krasniqi, I. (2015). The importance of motivation factors on employee performance in Kosovo Municipalities. J Pol Sci Pub Aff 3: 152 https://doi.org/10.4172/2332-0761.1000152.Keay, A. (2017). Stewardship theory: is board accountability necessary? International of Law and Management, 59(6), 1292-1314.Kulkani, R. & Maniam, B. (2014). Corporate governance – indian perspective. International Journal of Trade, Economics, and Finance, 5(4).Kumar, Sar, A. (2018). Impact of corporate governance on sustainability: a study of the indian fmcg industry. Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 17(1).Lantara, A. (2019). The effect of the organizational communication climate and work enthusiasm on employee performance. Management Science Letter, 9, 1243-1256.Le Quang Canh, Kwang Soo Kim, & Yu Yi (2014). Effects of corporate governance on the performance of private economic groups in vietnam. Journal f International Trade & Commerce, 10(6), 39-35.L’huillier, B. (2014). What does “corporate governance” actually mean? Corporate Governance International Journal of Business in Society, 14(3).Lotko, M., Razgale, I., & Vilka, L. (2015). Mutual expectations of employers and employees as a factor affecting employability. The European Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 17.Malik, M., Ahmad, A., Gomez, S., & Ali, M. (2011). A study of work environment and employees’ performance in Pakistan. African Journal of Business Management, vol. 5(34), DOI:10.5897/AJBM11.1502Mallah, T. (2016). Creating an organizational climate for communication internal communication and leadership in a project-based international organization: the case of unops. Unpublished Thesis: Master in International Management, University of Tampere, School of Communication, Media, and Theatre, November 2016.Mat Yasin, F., Muhamad, R., Sulaiman, N. (2014). Corporate governance research: a review of qualitative literature. International Conference on Technology and Business Management, .Meitisari, N., Hanafi, A., & Wahab, Z. (2018). Analysis on the effect of organizational communication climate and career development toward employee performance with job satisfaction. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publication, 8(8).Mohammed, R. and Hussein, A. (2013). Communication climate and organizational performances. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236133199 Communication Climate and Organizational_PerformancesNaga Parameswari, B. and Yugandhar, V. (2015). The role of human resource management in organizations. International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences, 3(7).Neubaum, D., Thomas, C., Dibrell, C., & Craig, J.B. (2017). Stewardship climate scale: measurement and assessment of reliability and validity. Family Business Review, 30(1), 37-60.Nordin, S., Sivapalan, S., Bhattacharyya, E., Hashim, H., Wan Ahmad, W.F., Abdullah. (2014). Organizational communication climate and conflict management: communications management in an oil and gas company. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 109, 1046-1058.Pardede, E., Hasan Miraza, B., Sirojuzilam, & Lubis, S. (2014). The analysis of communication climate and organizational culture in improving regional development planner’s performance. Asian Journal of Humanities and Social Studies, 2(3).Ragab, O. & Elshazly, E. (2019). Impact of communication climate on nurse’s organizational career growth and empowerment. https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/334721841 _Impact_of_Communication_Climate_on_Nurse's_ Organizational_Career_Growth_ and_Empowerment.Rangarajan, R. (2017). Determination of organizational communication climate in indian Banking system. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 19(9)Rusu, G, & Avasilcai, S. (2014). Linking human resources motivation to organizational climate. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 124, 51-58.Samson, G., Waiganjo, M., & Koima, J. (2015). Effects of workplace environment on the performance of commercial banks employees in Nakuru Town. International Journal of Managerial Studies and Research, 2(12) 76-89.Sawithri, L., Nishanthi, H., Amarasinghe, K. (2017). The impact of employers-employee relations on employee commitment: a case from Sri Lnka. Kelaniya Journal of Human Resource Management, 12(2).Subramanian, K. (2017). Employer employee relationship and impact on organization structure and strategy. International journal of Innovative Trends in Engineering, issue, 43(27).Subramanian, S. (2018). Stewardship theory of corporate governance and value system: the case of a family-owned business group in India. Indian Journal of Corporate Governance, 11(1), 88-102.Sheikh Ali, A., Abdi Ali., & Ali Adan, Abdiqani. (2013). Working conditions and employees’ productivity in manufacturing companies in sub-saharan African context: case of Somalia. Educational Research International. 2, 67-78.Wickramanayake, K. (2007, March 06). Seven Characteristics of Corporate Governance. [Blog post]. https://www.wview.org

Buku Anonim. 2017. Pedoman Pengelolaan Pusat Pendidikan dan Latihan Olahraga Pelajar. Asisten Deputi Pengelolaan Pembinaan Sentra dan Sekolah Khusus Olahraga. Deputi Bidang Pembudayaan Olahraga. Kementerian Pemuda dan Olahraga Republik Indonesia. Jakarta.Atmoseoprapto, Kisdarto. 2001. Menuju SDM Berdaya. Edisi Pertama. Jakarta: PT Gramedia.Denhardt, R. B., and Denhardt, J. V., 2006. Public Administration: An Action Oriented. Belmont: Thomson Higher Education.Drucker Peter F. 2001. The Esential Drucker : In One Volume The Best of Sixty Years of Peter Druker’s Essenial Writtings on Managemen. Butterworth and einemann; HBS, Harper Collins Publisher.Dunn, Willain N. 2003. Pengantar Anaisis Kebijakan Publik. Yogyakarta : Gadjah Mada University Press.Dye, Thomas R., 2001. Top Down Policymaking. New York: Chatham House Publishers.Fester, Bill, S and Karen, S. 2001. Pembinaan untuk Meningkatkan Kinerja Karyawan. Jakarta: Ramelan.Gibson, James L., John M. Ivancevich, James H. Donnelly, Jr., and Robert Konopaske. 2012. Organizations: Behavior, Structure, Processes. Fourteenth Edition. Published by Mc Graw-Hill, a Business unit of The Mc Graw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of The Americas, New York, NY.Geurts, T., 2012. Public Policy Making: The 21st Century Perspective, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands: Be Informed, online pada www.beinformed.com Handoko, T Hani. 2009. Manajemen “Edisi 2”. Yogyakarta: BPFE-Yogyakarta.Harsuki. 2003. Perkembangan Olahraga Terkini. Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada.Hulsmann, Jorg Guido, 2006. The Political Economy of Moral Hazard. Czech Journal Politica Economie. February 2006ICAEW, 2012. Acting in The Public Interest: A Framework for Analysis Market Foundations Initiative. London: ICAEW. Diakses dari icaew.com/marketfoundationsKitchin, D., 2010. An Introduction to Organisational Behaviour for Managers and Engineers: A Group and Multicultural Approach. Burlington: Elsevier Ltd.Koontz, H and Weichrich, H. 1993. Management A Global Prespective. Mc. Graw-Hill. Inc,.Kraft, Michael E., Scott R. Furlong, 2004. Public Policy: Politics, Analysis, and Alternatives. Washington: CQ Press.Lubis, Johansyah dan Heryanty Evalina, 2007. Latihan Dalam Olahraga Profesional. Jakarta: Badan Pengembangan dan Pengawasan Olahraga Profesional Indonesia.Lubis, S.B. Hari dan Martani Husaeni. 1987. Teori Organisasi. Suatu Pendekatan Makro. Jakarta: PAU Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial Universitas Indonesia.Lutan, Rusli. dkk. 2000. Dasar – Dasar Kepelatihan. Departemen Pendidikan Nasional Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Dasar Dan Menengah Bagian Proyek Penataran Guru SLTP Setara D-III Tahun 2000Miles, M.B and Huberman, A.M. 1994. Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expended Sourcebook, California: Sage Publications, Inc.Mulyadi, D. 2015. Studi Kebijakan Publik dan Pelayanan Publik : Konsep dan Aplikasi Proses Kebijakan Publik dan Pelayanan Publik. Bandung : Alfa Beta. Neuman, W. Lawrence. 2013. Metodologi Penelitian Sosial : Pendekatan Kualitatif dan Kuantitatif. Jakarta: PT. Indeks.Park, William H., 2000. “Policy”. In Defining Public Administration: Selections from the International Policy and Administration. Diedit oleh Jay M. Shafritz. Colorado: Westview Press.Riley, S., 2005. Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory of Motivation Applied to the Motivational Techniques Within Financial Institutions. Senior Honors Theses/Dissertations. Eastern Michigan University. (Online). Diambil dari http://commons.emich.edu/honors/119Rosenbloom, D.H and Robert S Kravchuk. 2005. Public Adinistration : Understanding Management, Politic and Law in The Public Sector. Boston: McGraw-Hill. Silalahi, Ulber 2015. Metode Penelitian Sosial Kuantitatif. Bandung: PT Refika Aditama.----------------------2013. Asas-Asas Manajemen. Bandung: PT Refika Aditama.Spencer, Lyle M. Jr, and Signe Spencer (1993), Competence At Work, Models for Superior Performance. United States of Amerika: John Wiley & Sons.Inc.Sumaryadi, Nyoman. 2005. Efektivitas Implementasi Kebijakan Otonomi Daerah. Jakarta: Citra Utama.Triton, P.B. 2009. Mengelola Sumber Daya Manusia. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Oriza.Vigoda, E. 2002. The Legacy of Public Administration and Review. In Public Administration : An Interdiciplinary Crytical Analysis. Edited By Eran Vigoda. New York: Marcell Dekker, Inc.m pp 1-18.Wibowo. 2015. Manajemen Kinerja. (Edisi Revisi). Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada.-----------, 2007. Manajemen Kinerja. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada.Wilson, Charter A., 2006. Public Policy: Continuity and Change. New York: McGraw-Hill.Artikel dan Jurnal IlmiahAbidin, H. Zainal. 2013. Pembinaan Olahraga Prestasi dan permasalahnnya. Hhtp://www.tribunews.com/tribuners/2013/12/15. Pembinaan-olahraga-prestasi-dan-permasalahnnya. Diakses pada tanggal 14 Maret 2018Deli, Y. 2014. Efektivitas Pembinaan dan Pelarihan Gelandangan dan Pengemis Dinas Sosial dan pemakaman Kota Pekan Baru. Jom FISIP. Volmue 2 Nomor 1. Oktober 2014.Firdaus, Kamal. 2011. “Evaluasi Program Pembinaan Olahraga Tenis Lapangan di Kota Padang”. Jurnal Media Ilmu Keolahragaan Indonesia (Online) Volume 1. Edisi 2. Halaman 127-132. ( http://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/miki/articl /download/2027/2141, diunduh pada 28 Pebruari 2018)Kusnanik, Nining Widyah. 2013. “Evaluasi Manajemen Pembinaan Prestasi PRIMA Pratama Cabang Olahraga Panahan di Surabaya”. Jurnal IPTEK Olahraga. Vol. 15 (2): hal. 125-137.Mulyadi, Agustanico Dwi. 2015. “Evaluasi Program Pembinaan Sepakbola Klub Persijap Jepara”. Jurnal Ilmiah PENJAS. (Online) Vol. 1 (2): hal. 1-18. (http://ejournal.utp.ac.id/index.php/JIP/article/vie w/323/318, diunduh pada 28 Pebruari 2018)Aji, Tri. 2013. Pola Pembinaan Prestasi Pusat Pendidikan dan Latihan Pelajar (PPLP) Sepak Takraw Putra Jawa Tengah Tahun 2013. Jurnal Media Ilmu Keolahragaan Indonesia Volume 3. Edisi 1. Juli 2013. ISSN: 2088-6802.Peraturan Perundang-UndanganSurat Keputusan Pejabat Pembuat Komitmen Satuan Kerja Dinas Kepemudaan dan Olahraga Propinsi Sulawesi Tenggara Nomor 7 tahun 2017 tentang Pengurus, Pelatih, Asisten Pelatih dan Atlet PPLP 5 Cabang Olahraga Kegiatan Pengembangan Sentra Keolahragaan Program Keolahragaan Dinas Kepemudaan dan Olahraga Propinsi Sulawesi Tenggara Tahun Anggaran 2017;

Abstract Background: Clinical outcomes for patients with HIV-related lymphomas who have undergone autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (AHCT) are similar to HIV-negative patients (Alvarnas et al., Blood 2016). Here we report a detailed, longitudinal immunophenotypic and functional evaluation of immune recovery of patients enrolled on the BMT CTN 0803/AMC 071 multicenter phase II study (clinicaltrials.gov NCT01141712). Methods: Comprehensive analysis of cellular immunome was performed using 5 color flow cytometry. Acquisition and analysis was performed via FC500 cytometry analyzers with CXP software and prism plot. Comparisons were made between HIV+ and HIV- cohorts of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) subsets at 56, 180, and 360 days post AHCT. The HIV- cohort was collected from 30 multiple myeloma patients enrolled in a longitudinal immune recovery study after AHCT (median age 52.5 years (18-71); 57% male, no post AHCT exposure to IMID or other treatment). Control samples were collected from 72 healthy volunteers (median age of 49 (21-68); 53%, M). A Wilcoxon rank sum test was utilized to compare the HIV+ and HIV- groups to controls and to each other at each time point for 18 immune cell subsets common to all three panels. An unsupervised analysis was performed utilizing a principal component analysis (PCA) to look for overall differences in the cohorts. Similar methodologies were used to compare HIV+ to controls that analyzed 100 PBMC subsets. Functional immune recovery was evaluated by IFNg Elispot assay where 2x105 PBMC collected at each time point were pulsed with control, EBV (BZLF1) or HIV (GAG) pepmix preparations. As a control for TCR responsiveness, anti CD3/CD28 antibody-beads were used to immobilize TCR in ELISPOT assay. T cell responses from PBMCs of each of the three time points of HIV+ patients on trial were compared to PBMCs from HIV- donors (n=6). Results: Wilcoxon Rank sum tests show significant differences between transplant patients and controls and between HIV+ and HIV- patients at all visits. There are fewer cell subsets significantly different at day 365 compared to day 56 or 120 in all comparisons. The PCA showed group differences between HIV+, HIV- and control subjects. CD3+/HLA-DR+ (late activation), CD8+/CD25- (cytotoxic T cells) and CD3+/CD314+ (T cells with activating NKG2D) were found to be more prevalent in HIV+ transplant patients. These findings may be consistent with expanded populations of chronically activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes in HIV+ transplant patients. Subsets of NK, Th1 and Th2 cells showed statistically significant differences between HIV+ (low), HIV- (higher) and controls (higher). When the principal components are plotted by visit there is a pattern of both HIV+ and HIV- transplant patients clustering closer to controls as patients recover from AHCT. The PCA was also utilized to compare the HIV+ cohort to controls which had the same panel of cell subsets tested and allowed for the use of 100 cell subsets in the analysis. This analysis showed a similar group separation and pattern of clustering closer to controls in later visits. These findings demonstrate complex interactions between T and NK cell subsets. Functional assessment of antigen-specific T cell responsiveness was evaluated in Elispot assays with EBV (BZLF1) and HIV (GAG) recall antigens and anti-CD3/CD28 controls. Of 30 evaluable patients, 28 HIV+ patients demonstrated measurable IFNg production in response to GAG (spots/2x105 PBMC, range: 8-615), 21 showed measurable response to BZLF1 pepmix (range 12-450); and all patients demonstrated responsiveness to anti CD3/CD28 stimulation. Magnitude of IFNg production from HIV+ samples was generally higher than that observed healthy, HIV- controls. Assessment of NK cell responsiveness is currently underway. Conclusions: While clinical outcomes following AHCT between HIV+ and HIV- patients is comparable, clear distinctions were observed with immune recovery of specific PBMC subsets during the first year following AHCT with differences diminishing as patients recover post transplant. Longitudinal immune responsiveness of PBMC from HIV+ patients to EBV and HIV recall antigens and TCR stimulation generally showed more robust IFNg production compared to PBMCs from HIV- volunteer controls. These data provide further justification supporting AHCT as an option for HIV+ patients provided they meet standard transplant criteria. Disclosures Little: This study was coordinated by the ECOG-ACRIN Cancer Research Group (Robert L. Comis, MD and Mitchell D. Schnall, MD, PhD, Group Co-Chairs) and supported by the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health under the following award number: Employment. Noy:Pharmacyclics, LLC, an AbbVie Company: Other: travel, accommodations, expenses, Research Funding. Krishnan:celgene: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; takeda: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; janssen: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; onyx: Speakers Bureau. Hofmeister:Signal Genetics, Inc.: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Celgene: Research Funding; Arno Therapeutics, Inc.: Research Funding; Incyte, Corp: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Janssen: Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson: Research Funding; Karyopharm Therapeutics: Research Funding; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company: Research Funding; Teva: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Forman:Mustang Therpapeutics: Other: Construct licensed by City of Hope. Lozanski:Boehringer Ingelheim: Research Funding; Beckman Coulter: Research Funding; Stemline Therapeutics Inc.: Research Funding; Genentech: Research Funding. Baiocchi:Essanex: Research Funding.

ABSTRAK Sektor kosmetik halal saat ini dianggap sebagai sektor dengan potensi tertinggi secara global. Berkembangnya tren penggunaan kosmetik halal dipengaruhi oleh tren hijrah dan gaya hidup umat Muslim yang sadar dengan urgensi penggunaan produk halal. Ketersediaan produk kosmetik halal yang beragam di pasaran mendorong konsumen lebih diskriminatif dalam pemilihan merek kosmetiknya. Perusahaan perlu merumuskan strategi pemasaran yang tepat agar produknya dapat bertahan dan bersaing dengan kompetitor, salah satunya melalui rekomendasi atas suatu produk tertentu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor yang mempengaruhi intensi konsumen untuk merekomendasikan produk kosmetik halal. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian yaitu Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) dengan alat analisis SmartPLS 3. Data primer diperoleh melalui kuesioner dengan 180 sampel masyarakat di Kota Tangerang Selatan. Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa customer satisfaction, product quality, dan customer experience berpengaruh secara positif dan signifikan terhadap intention to recommend produk kosmetik halal, sedangkan trust tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap intention to recommend produk kosmetik halal. Kata kunci: Kosmetik halal, customer satisfaction, trust, product quality, customer experience, intention to recommend. ABSTRACT The halal cosmetics sector is currently considered the sector with the highest potential in the world. The growing trend of using halal cosmetics is influenced by the migration trend and lifestyle of Muslims who are aware of the importance of using halal products. The presence of various halal cosmetic products on the market encourages consumers to be more selective in their choice of cosmetic brands. Companies need to formulate the right marketing strategy in order for their products to survive and compete with competitors, one of which is product-specific recommendations. This study aims to analyze the factors that influence consumers' intentions to recommend halal beauty products. This study used Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with the SmartPLS 3 analysis tool. Primary data was obtained from a survey of 180 samples of people in the city of South Tangerang. The results of the study show that customer satisfaction, product quality, and customer experience have a positive and significant impact on the intention to recommend halal beauty products, while trust does not have a significant effect on the intention to recommend halal beauty products. Keywords: Halal cosmetics, customer satisfaction, trust, product quality, customer experience, intention to recommend. DAFTAR PUSTAKA Abu Bakar, E., Rosslee, N. N., Mastura, A., Ariff, M., Othman, M., & Hashim, P. (2017). Consumers’ trust and values towards halal cosmetics and personal care products. Malaysian Journal of Consumer and Family Economics. Adriyati, R., & Indriani, F. (2017). Pengaruh electronic word of mouth terhadap citra merek dan minat beli pada produk kosmetik wardah. Diponegoro Journal of Management, 6(4), 1–14. Ahmadi, A. (2019). Thai Airways: Key influencing factors on customers’ word of mouth. International Journal of Quality and Reliability Management, 36(1), 40–57. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJQRM-02-2018-0024 Ajzen, I. (1988). Attitudes, personality and behavior. Open University Press. Al-Ansi, A., Olya, H. G. T., & Han, H. (2019). Effect of general risk on trust, satisfaction, and recommendation intention for halal food. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 83, 210–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.10.017 Ali, F., Kim, W. G., Li, J., & Jeon, H. M. (2018). Make it delightful: Customers’ experience, satisfaction and loyalty in Malaysian theme parks. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 7, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2016.05.003 Ali, F., Rasoolimanesh, S. M., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Ryu, K. (2018). An assessment of the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) in hospitality research. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 30(1), 514–538. Annabi, C. A., & Ibidapo-Obe, O. O. (2017). Halal certification organizations in the United Kingdom: An exploration of halal cosmetic certification. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 8(1), 107–126. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-06-2015-0045 Augusty Ferdinand. (2006). Metode penelitian manajemen: Pedoman penelitian untuk penulisan skripsi, tesis, dan disertasi ilmu manajemen. Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro. Bennet, R., & Rundle-Thiele, S. (2004). Customer satisfaction should not be the only goal. Journal of Services Marketing, 18(7), 514–523. BPJPH. (2020). Bahan halal dalam sertifikasi halal. Retrieved from http://halal.go.id/beritalengkap/236 Chang, H. H., Jeng, D. J. F., & Hamid, M. R. A. (2013). Conceptualising consumers’ word-of-mouth behaviour intention: Evidence from a university education services in Malaysia. Service Business, 7(1), 17–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11628-012-0142-1 Chang, S. E., Shen, W. C., & Yeh, C. H. (2017). A comparative study of user intention to recommend content on mobile social networks. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 76(4), 5399–5417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-016-3966-1 Chen, J., & Shen, X. L. (2015). Consumers’ decisions in social commerce context: An empirical investigation. Decision Support Systems, 79, 55–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2015.07.012 Deshwal, P. (2016). Customer experience quality and demographic variables (age, gender, education level, and family income) in retail stores. International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, 44(9), 940–955. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJRDM-03-2016-0031 Dinar Standard. (2020). State of the global Islamic economy report thriving in uncertainty. Retrieved from https://www.salaamgateway.com/specialcoverage/SGIE20-21 Fishbein, M., Ajzen, I., & Flanders, A. N. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research (Icek Ajzen (ed.); Vol. 2089). Addison-Welsey Publishing Company. Ghozali, I. (2014). Partial least squares, konsep, teknik, dan aplikasi menggunakan program SmartPLS 3.2.9 untuk peneliti. Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro. Hashim, A. J. bt C. M., & Musa, R. (2014). Factors influencing attitude towards halal cosmetic among young adult urban Muslim women: A focus group analysis. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 130, 129–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.04.016 Hussein, A. S., Hapsari, R. D. V., & Yulianti, I. (2018). Experience quality and hotel boutique customer loyalty: Mediating role of hotel image and perceived value. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality and Tourism, 19(4), 442–459. https://doi.org/10.1080/1528008X.2018.1429981 Iglesias, O., Singh, J. J., & Batista-Foguet, J. M. (2011). The role of brand experience and affective commitment in determining brand loyalty. Journal of Brand Management, 18(8), 570–582. https://doi.org/10.1057/bm.2010.58 Ishak, S., Che Omar, A. R., Khalid, K., Intan, I. S., & Hussain, M. Y. (2020). Cosmetics purchase behavior of educated millennial Muslim females. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 11(5), 1055–1071. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-01-2019-0014 Izogo, E. E. (2016). Structural equation test of relationship quality: Repurchase intention – willingness to recommend framework in retail banking. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 11(3), 374–394. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOEM-07-2015-0130 Jani, D., & Han, H. (2014). Personality, satisfaction, image, ambience, and loyalty: Testing their relationships in the hotel industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 37, 11–20. Jaswir, I., Rahayu, E. A., Yuliana, N. D., & Roswiem, A. P. (2020). Daftar referensi bahan-bahan yang memiliki titik kritis halal dan substitusi bahan non-halal (1st ed.). Jakarta: Komite Nasional Ekonomi dan Keuangan Syariah (KNEKS). Jung, H., & Soo, M. (2012). The effect of brand experience on brand relationship quality. In Academy of Marketing Studies Journal, 16(1), 87-98. Kaur, K., Osman, S., & Maziha, S. (2014). Predicting working women purchasing behaviour of Malaysian halal cosmetic products by using theory of planned behaviour. International Academic Research Journal of Business and Management. Kemenperin. (2021). Wujudkan masterplan ekonomi syariah, kemenperin pacu kawasan industri halal. Retrieved from https://kemenperin.go.id/artikel/22818/Wujudkan-Masterplan-Ekonomi-Syariah,-Kemenperin-Pacu-Kawasan-Industri-Halal Khan, N., Sarwar, A., & Tan, B. C. (2021). Determinants of purchase intention of halal cosmetic products among Generation Y consumers. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 12(8), 1461–1476. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-11-2019-0248 Kim, H. S., & Choi, B. (2016). The effects of three customer-to-customer interaction quality types on customer experience quality and citizenship behavior in mass service settings. Journal of Services Marketing, 30(4), 384–397. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSM-06-2014-0194 Kotler, P., & Armstrong, G. (2018). Principles of marketing. London: Pearson Education Limited. Kotler, P., & Keller, K. L. (2012). Marketing management. London: Pearson Education. Kraeuter, S. G. (2002). The role of consumers’ trust in online-shopping. Journal of Business Ethics, 39(1), 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016323815802 LPPOM MUI. (2021). LPPOM: Wajib sertifikasi halal juga berlaku untuk produk kosmetik. Retrieved from https://mui.or.id/berita/32650/lppom-wajib-sertifikasi-halal-juga-berlaku-untuk-produk-kosmetik/ Marques, C., Vinhas da Silva, R., & Antova, S. (2021). Image, satisfaction, destination and product post-visit behaviours: How do they relate in emerging destinations? Tourism Management, 85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104293 Meilatinova, N. (2021). Social commerce: Factors affecting customer repurchase and word-of-mouth intentions. International Journal of Information Management, 57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102300 Morgan, R. M., & Hunt, S. D. (1994). The commitment-trust theory of relationship marketing. Journal of Marketing, 58(3), 20–38. https://doi.org/10.2307/1252308 Oliveira, T., Tomar, S., & Tam, C. (2020). Evaluating collaborative consumption platforms from a consumer perspective. Journal of Cleaner Production, 273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123018 Oliver, R. L. (1980). A cognitive model of the antecedents and consequences of satisfaction decisions. Journal of Marketing Research, 17(4), 460-469. https://doi.org/10.2307/3150499 Özmen, A., & Ögel, İ. Y. (2020). The interaction between customer experience, satisfaction and positive word of mouth: A study on city marketing in Afyonkarahisar. Contemporary Issues in Business Economics and Finance (Contemporary Studies in Economic and Financial Analysis, 104, 105–121). https://doi.org/10.1108/s1569-375920200000104007 Robustin, T. P., Fauziah, A., Widya, S., & Lumajang, G. (2018). Pengaruh kualitas produk dan word of mouth terhadap keputusan pembelian kosmetik wardah pada masyarakat di kota Jember. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Manajemen dan Bisnis III, 94–101. Safa, N. S., & Von Solms, R. (2016). Customers repurchase intention formation in e-commerce. SA Journal of Information Management, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.4102/sajim.v18i1.712 Schmitt, B. (1999). Experiential marketing. Journal of Marketing Management, 15(1–3), 53–67. https://doi.org/10.1362/026725799784870496 Sugibayashi, K., Yusuf, E., Todo, H., Dahlizar, S., Sakdiset, P., Arce, F. J., & See, G. L. (2019). Halal cosmetics: A review on ingredients, production, and testing methods. Cosmetics, 6(3), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics6030037 Suhartanto, D., Dean, D., Sarah, I. S., Hapsari, R., Amalia, F. A., & Suhaeni, T. (2021). Does religiosity matter for customer loyalty? Evidence from halal cosmetics. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 12(8), 1521–1534. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-03-2020-0069 Tenenhaus, M., Vinzi, V. E., Chatelin, Y. M., & Lauro, C. (2005). PLS path modeling. Computational Statistics and Data Analysis, 48(1), 159–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2004.03.005 Tjiptono, F., & Chandra, G. (2012). Pemasaran Strategik. Yogyakarta: Andi. Van Wangenheim, F., & Bayón, T. (2007). The chain from customer satisfaction via word-of-mouth referrals to new customer acquisition. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 35(2), 233–249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-007-0037-1 Wangenheim, F. V. (2005). Postswitching negative word of mouth. Journal of Service Research, 8(1), 67–78. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670505276684 Yuliana, A., & Wahyudi, L. (2021). The relationship between trust and intention to recommend: The role of content quality, website design and enjoyment. Journal of Business and Management Studies, 3(2), 241-248. https://doi.org/10.32996/jbms

Taxes are the largest source of state revenue, which is IDR 1,786.4 trillion (82.5%) of the total state revenue of IDR 2,165.1 trillion which is used for public education, health, and infrastructure. However, state revenues experienced a deficit due to the unfulfilled realization of tax revenues. Tax is income for the state, but for companies, tax is a burden that must be paid which reduces the net profit generated. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of capital intensity, profitability, and financial distress on Tax Avoidance. This study uses secondary data collection techniques with observations through www.idx.co.id, non-probability sampling technique with purposive sampling method. and the analytical method used is multiple linear regression analysis method using SPSS 25.0 program. The results of this study indicate that capital intensity has sufficient evidence of a positive effect on Tax Avoidance. profitability does not have enough evidence of a positive effect on Tax Avoidance. and financial distress does not have enough evidence of a positive effect on Tax Avoidance. Keywords: Tax avoidance, Capital intensity. Profitability, Financial distress References: , W. Y. (2014). Pengaruh Profitabilitas, Leverage, Dan Corporate Governance Terhadap Tax Avoidance (Studi Empiris Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur yang Terdaftar di BEI tahun 2009-2012). Jurnal Akuntansi, 2(3). Altman I Edward. (1968). Financial Ratios, Discriminant Analysis And The Prediction Of Corporate Bankruptcy. The Journal Of Finance, XXIII(4), 589–609. Andriyanto, H. N. (2015). Pengaruh return on assets, leverage, corporate governance, dan sales growth terhadap tax efficience pada perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di BEI Tahun 2009-2012. Anwar, Mokhamad. (2019), Dasar-Dasar Manajemen Keuangan Perusahaan, Jakarta: Prenada Media. Budianti, S., & Curry, K. (2018). Pengaruh profitabilitas, likuiditas, dan capital intensity terhadap penghindaran pajak (Tax Avoidance). In Prosiding Seminar Nasional Cendekiawan (pp. 1205-1209). Bursa Efek Indonesia, diakses pada 20 Desember 2020, https://www.idx.co.id Cahyadi Putra, I., & Merkusiwati, N. (2016). Pengaruh Komisaris Independen, Leverage, Size Dan Capital intensity Ratio Pada Tax Avoidance. E-Jurnal Akuntansi, 17(1), 690-714. Dewi, N. L. P. P., & Noviari, N. (2016). Pengaruh ukuran perusahaan, leverage, profitabilitas dan corporate social responsibility terhadap penghindaran pajak (Tax Avoidance). Sumber, 1(166), 20. Dwiyanti, I. A. I., & Jati, I. K. (2019). Pengaruh Profitabilitas, Capital intensity, dan Inventory Intensity pada Penghindaran Pajak. E-Jurnal Akuntansi, 27(3), 2293-2321. Dyreng, S. D., Hanlon, M., & Maydew, E. L. (2008). Long-run corporate Tax Avoidance. Accounting Review, 83(1), 61–82. Gamayuni, R.R., (2009). Berbagai Alternatif Model Prediksi Kebangkrutan. Jurnal Akuntansi dan Keuangan, 14(1), pp.75-89. Ghozali, Imam. (2016), Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate Dengan Program IBM SPSS 23, Edisi 8, Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro. Hanlon, M., & Heitzman, S. (2010). A review of tax research. Journal of accounting and Economics, 50(2-3), 127-178. Hartoto, R. I. (2018). Pengaruh Financial distress, Corporate Governance dan Konservatisme Akuntansi terhadap Tax Avoidance (Studi Empiris pada Perusahaan Perbankan yang Listing di BEI tahun 2015-2017). Hidayat, A. T., & Fitria, E. F. (2018). Pengaruh Capital intensity, Inventory Intensity, Profitabilitas dan Leverage Terhadap Agresivitas Pajak. Eksis: Jurnal Riset Ekonomi dan Bisnis, 13(2), 157-168. Ikatan Akuntansi Indonesia. 2011. PSAK 16 (Revisi 2011) : Aset Tetap. Jakarta : IAI Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of financial economics, 3(4), 305-360. Kasmir. (2016), Pengantar Manajemen Keuangan: Edisi Kedua, Jakarta:Prenada Media Group Kholmi, M. (2010). Akuntabilitas dalam perspektif teori agensi. Journal of Innovation in Business and Economics, 2(02). Kurniasih, T., & Sari, M. M. R. (2013). Pengaruh return on assets, leverage, corporate governance, ukuran perusahaan dan kompensasi rugi fiskal pada Tax Avoidance. Buletin Studi Ekonomi. Meilia, P., & Adnan, A. (2017). Pengaruh Financial distress, Karakteristik Eksekutif, Dan Kompensasi Eksekutif Terhadap Tax Avoidance Pada Perusahaan Jakarta Islamic Index. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Ekonomi Akuntansi, 2(4), 84-92. Morris, R. D. (1987). Signalling, agency theory and accounting policy choice. Accounting and business Research, 18(69), 47-56. Nugroho, L., & Anisa, N. (2018). Pengaruh Manajemen Bank Induk, Kualitas Aset, dan Efisiensi terhadap Stabilitas Bank Syariah di Indonesia (Periode Tahun 2013-2017). Inovbiz: Jurnal Inovasi Bisnis, 6(2), 114- 122. Oktamawati, M. (2017). Pengaruh karakter eksekutif, komite audit, ukuran perusahaan, leverage, pertumbuhan penjualan, dan profitabilitas terhadap Tax Avoidance. Jurnal Akuntansi Bisnis, 15(1), 23-40. Putri, V. R., & Putra, B. I. (2017). Pengaruh Leverage, Profitability, Ukuran Perusahaan Dan Proporsi Kepemilikan Institusional Terhadap Tax Avoidance. Jurnal Manajemen Dayasaing, 19(1), 1-11. Rani, P. (2017). Pengaruh Ukuran Perusahaan, Financial distress, Komite Audit, Dan Komisaris Independen Terhadap Tax Avoidance (Studi Empiris pada Perusahaan Manufaktur yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Tahun 2012-2016). Jurnal akuntansi dan keuangan, 6(2), 221-241. Ratnawati, Juli, & Retno Indah Hernawati. (2016), Dasar-Dasar Perpajakan, Yogyakarta: Deepublish Republik Indonesia. 2007. Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 28 Tahun 2007 Tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 1983 Tentang Ketentuan Umum dan Tata Cara Perpajakan. Lembaran RI Tahun 2007, No. 28. Sekretariat Negara. Jakarta Republik Indonesia. 2008. Undang-Undang Indonesia Nomor 36 Tahun 2008 Tentang Perubahan Atas Undang- Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1983 Tentang Pajak Penghasilan. Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia, No. 133. Sekretariat Negara. Jakarta Republik Indonesia. 2009. Undang-Undang Indonesia Nomor 16 Tahun 2009 Tentang Penetapan Perpu 5-2008 Tentang Perubahan Keempat UU 6-1983 Tentang Ketentuan Umum Dan Tata Cara Perpajakan Menjadi UU. Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia, No. 211. Sekretariat Negara. Jakarta Republik Indonesia. 2019. APBN 2019 https://www.kemenkeu.go.id/apbn2019 Richardson, G., Taylor, G., & Lanis, R. (2015). The impact of financial distress on corporate Tax Avoidance spanning the global financial crisis: Evidence from Australia. Economic Modelling, 44, 44-53. Rosa Dewinta, I., & Ery Setiawan, P. (2016). Pengaruh Ukuran Perusahaan, Umur Perusahaan, Profitabilitas, Leverage, Dan Pertumbuhan Penjualan Terhadap Tax Avoidance. E-Jurnal Akuntansi Universitas Udayana, 14(3), 1584–1615. Schindler, Pamela S. dan Donald R. Cooper. (2014), Business Research Methods, 12th Ed, Singapore: Mc Graw Hill Education.

BackgroundPsoriatic arthritis (PsA) patients (pts) with differing baseline (BL) characteristics may vary in their response to treatment. In the phase 3 DISCOVER-1 and DISCOVER-2 studies, guselkumab (GUS) significantly improved joint symptoms, skin disease, enthesitis, dactylitis, physical function, and quality of life at Week (W) 24 in pts with PsA.1,2 Clinical responses across these disease domains were maintained or increased with GUS at W52,3.4 regardless of BL pt demographics, disease characteristics, or conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (csDMARD) use.5 Durable efficacy with GUS through W100 across multiple disease domains was observed.6ObjectivesAssess both BL predictors of, and by BL pt subgroups, GUS efficacy across PsA disease domains through W100 of DISCOVER-2.MethodsBiologic-naïve adults with active PsA despite standard therapies were enrolled in DISCOVER-2 (swollen joint count [SJC] ≥5 & tender joint count [TJC] ≥5, C-reactive protein [CRP] ≥0.6 mg/dL). Pts were randomized 1:1:1 to GUS 100 mg every 4 weeks (Q4W); GUS 100 mg at W0, W4, then Q8W; or placebo (PBO).2 GUS effects on joint, skin, enthesitis, dactylitis, spinal pain, and disease severity endpoints (change in Disease Activity in PsA [DAPSA], SJC, and TJC scores; Psoriasis [PsO] Area Severity Index [PASI] score [among pts with BL IGA ≥2 and body surface area [BSA] with PsO ≥3%]; Leeds enthesitis index [LEI] score [among pts with enthesitis at BL]; dactylitis score [among pts with dactylitis at BL]; spinal pain score; and PsA Disease Activity Score [PASDAS], respectively) at W100 were evaluated for GUS-randomized pts, both by treatment group and by pooling pts across Q4W and Q8W treatment arms. A multivariate linear model adjusting for BL pt characteristics assessed associations between BL predictors of interest and changes in DAPSA, PASI, and LEI scores from BL to W100, and to assess least squares mean (LSM) changes and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in all continuous endpoints from BL to W100 within subgroups of pts defined by BL sex, body mass index (BMI), PsA duration, SJC, TJC, CRP level, %BSA, PASI score, and csDMARD use.Results442 (90%) GUS-randomized pts completed study treatment through W100.6 Among the BL predictors of long-term GUS efficacy assessed (see above), only PsA duration (p=0.032), SJC (p<0.001), and TJC (p<0.001) were significant predictors of long-term (BL to W100) DAPSA score change; %BSA (p=0.002), PASI score (<0.001), SJC (p=0.008), and csDMARD use (p=0.014) were significant predictors of long-term PASI score change; and none significantly predicted long-term LEI score change among pooled GUS pts (Figure 1). However, statistically significant improvements from BL to W100 in DAPSA, PASI, and LEI scores were observed across all BL strata, including those indicating more extensive or severe disease, in pooled GUS Q4W+Q8W pts (Figure 1, all p<0.001) and within each dosing group. Similar improvements were observed for other continuous endpoints assessed (change in Psoriatic Arthritis Disease Activity Score [PASDAS], SJC, TJC, spinal pain, and dactylitis score).ConclusionGUS significantly improved PsA signs and symptoms through W100 across all BL pt subgroups evaluated, including pts with highly active disease, and regardless of dosing regimen.References[1]Deodhar A et al. Lancet 2020;395:1115-25.[2]Mease PJ et al. Lancet 2020;395;1126-36.[3]Ritchlin CT et al. RMD Open 2021;7(1):e001457.[4]McInnes IB et al. Arthritis Rheumatol 2021;73:604-16.[5]Ritchlin CT et al. Ann Rheum Dis 2021;80:1291-2.[6]McInnes IB et al. Arthritis Rheumatol 2021;doi: 10.1002/art.42010.Disclosure of InterestsIain McInnes Shareholder of: Causeway Therapeutics, and Evelo Compugen, Consultant of: AbbVie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Cabaletta, Compugen, GSK, Gilead, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, Roche, and UCB, Grant/research support from: Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, GSK, Janssen, Novartis, Roche, and UCB, John Tesser Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Amgen, BMS, Eli Lilly, Janssen and Pfizer, Consultant of: AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Gilead, Janssen, Novartis, and Pfizer, Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Amgen, BMS, Celgene, CoreVitas, Eli Lilly, Gilead, Janssen, Pfizer, and Sun Pharma, Elena Schiopu Consultant of: Janssen, Grant/research support from: Janssen, Joseph F. Merola Consultant of: AbbVie, Arena, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Dermavant, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Sun Pharma, and UCB, Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Arena, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Dermavant, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Sun Pharma, and UCB, Soumya D Chakravarty Shareholder of: Johnson & Johnson, Employee of: Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC (a wholly owned subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson), Emmanouil Rampakakis Consultant of: Janssen, Employee of: JSS Medical Research, Natalie Shiff Shareholder of: AbbVie, Gilead, Johnson & Johnson, Employee of: Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC (a wholly owned subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson), Alexa Kollmeier Shareholder of: Johnson & Johnson, Employee of: Janssen Research & Development, LLC (a wholly owned subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson), Xie L Xu Shareholder of: Johnson & Johnson, Employee of: Janssen Research & Development, LLC (a wholly owned subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson), May Shawi Shareholder of: Johnson & Johnson, Employee of: Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Frederic Lavie Shareholder of: Johnson & Johnson, Employee of: Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Paul Bird Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Gilead, Janssen, MSD, Pfizer, and UCB, Consultant of: Eli Lilly, Gilead, Janssen, Novartis, and Pfizer, Philip J Mease Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Amgen, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Sun Pharma, and UCB, Consultant of: AbbVie, Aclaris, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Galapagos, Gilead, GSK, Inmagene, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Sun Pharma, and UCB, Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Galapagos, Gilead, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Sun Pharma, and UCB

<p><strong>1. How can we maintain a sustainable private practice in the current political and economic climate?</strong></p><p>Eugene Allers</p><p><strong>2. SASOP Clinical guidelines, protocols and algorithms: Development of treatment guidelines for bipolar mood disorder and major depression</strong></p><p> Eugene Allers, Margaret Nair, Gerhard Grobler</p><p><strong>3. The revolving door phenomenon in psychiatry: Comparing low-frequency and high-frequency users of psychiatric inpatient services in a developing country</strong></p><p>U A Botha, P Oosthuien, L Koen, J A Joska, J Parker, N Horn</p><p><strong>4. Neurophysiology of emotion and senses - The interface between psyche and soma</strong></p><p>Eugene Allers</p><p><strong>5. Suicide prevention: From and beyond the psychiatrist's hands</strong></p><p>O Alonso Betanourt, M Morales Herrera</p><p><strong>6. Treatment of first-episod psychosis: Efficacy and toleabilty of a long-acting typical antipsychotic </strong></p><p>B Chiliza, R Schoeman, R Emsey, P Oosthuizen, L KOen, D Niehaus, S Hawkridge</p><p><strong>7. Treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in the young child</strong></p><p>Helen Clark</p><p><strong>8. Holistic/ Alternative treatment in psychiatry: The value of indigenous knowledge systems in cllaboration with moral, ethical and religious approaches in the military services</strong></p><p>J Dill</p><p><strong>9. Treating Schizophrenia: Have we got it wrong?</strong></p><p>Robin Emsley</p><p><strong>10.Terminal questions in the elderly</strong></p><p>Mike Ewart Smith</p><p><strong>11. Mental Health Policy development and implementation in Ghana, South Africa, Uganda and Zambia</strong></p><p>Alan J Flisher, Crick Lund, Michelle Frank, Arvin Bhana, Victor Doku, Natalie Drew, Fred N Kigozi, Martin Knapp, Mayeh Omar, Inge Petersen, Andrew Green andthe MHaPP Research Programme Consortium</p><p><strong>12. What indicators should be used to monitor progress in scaling uo services for people with mental disorders?</strong></p><p>Lancet Global Mental Health Group (Alan J Flisher, Dan Chisholm, Crick Lund, Vikram Patel, Shokhar Saxena, Graham Thornicroft, Mark Tomlinson)</p><p><strong>13. Does unipolar mania merit research in South Africa? A look at the literature</strong></p><p>Christoffel Grobler</p><p><strong>14. Revisiting the Cartesian duality of mind and body</strong></p><p>Oye Gureje</p><p><strong>15. Child and adolescent psychopharmacology: Current trends and complexities</strong></p><p>S M Hawkridge</p><p><strong>16. Integrating mental illness, suicide and religion</strong></p><p>Volker Hitzeroth</p><p><strong>17. Cost of acute inpatient mental health care in a 72-hour assessment uniy</strong></p><p>A B R Janse van Rensburg, W Jassat</p><p><strong>18. Management of Schizophrenia according to South African standard treatment guidelines</strong></p><p>A B R Janse van Rensburg</p><p><strong>19. Structural brain imaging in the clinical management of psychiatric illness</strong></p><p>F Y Jeenah</p><p><strong>20. ADHD: Change in symptoms from child to adulthood</strong></p><p>S A Jeeva, A Turgay</p><p><strong>21. HIV-Positive psychiatric patients in antiretrovirals</strong></p><p>G Jonsson, F Y Jeenah, M Y H Moosa</p><p><strong>22. A one year review of patients admitted to tertiary HIV/Neuropsychiatry beds in the Western Cape</strong></p><p>John Joska, Paul Carey, Ian Lewis, Paul Magni, Don Wilson, Dan J Stein</p><p><strong>23. Star'd - Critical review and treatment implications</strong></p><p>Andre Joubert</p><p><strong>24. Options for treatment-resistent depression: Lessons from Star'd; an interactive session</strong></p><p>Andre Joubert</p><p><strong>25. My brain made me do it: How Neuroscience may change the insanity defence</strong></p><p>Sean Kaliski</p><p><strong>26. Child andadolescent mental health services in four African countries</strong></p><p>Sharon Kleintjies, Alan Flisher, Victoruia Campbell-Hall, Arvin Bhana, Phillippa Bird, Victor Doku, Natalie, Drew, Michelle Funk, Andrew Green, Fred Kigozi, Crick Lund, Angela Ofori-Atta, Mayeh Omar, Inge Petersen, Mental Health and Poverty Research Programme Consortium</p><p><strong>27. Individualistic theories of risk behaviour</strong></p><p>Liezl Kramer, Volker Hitzeroth</p><p><strong>28. Development and implementation of mental health poliy and law in South Africa: What is the impact of stigma?</strong></p><p>Ritsuko Kakuma, Sharon Kleintjes, Crick Lund, Alan J Flisher, Paula Goering, MHaPP Research Programme Consortium</p><p><strong>29. Factors contributing to community reintegration of long-term mental health crae users of Weskoppies Hospital</strong></p><p>Carri Lewis, Christa Kruger</p><p><strong>30. Mental health and poverty: A systematic review of the research in low- and middle-income countries</strong></p><p>Crick Lund, Allison Breen, Allan J Flisher, Ritsuko Kakuma, Leslie Swartz, John Joska, Joanne Corrigall, Vikram Patel, MHaPP Research Programe Consortium</p><p><strong>31. The cost of scaling up mental health care in low- and middle-income countries</strong></p><p>Crick Lund, Dan Chishlom, Shekhar Saxena</p><p><strong>32. 'Tikking'Clock: The impact of a methamphetamine epidemic at a psychiatric hospital in the Western Cape</strong></p><p>P Milligan, J S Parker</p><p><strong>33. Durban youth healh-sk behaviour: Prevalence f Violence-related behaviour</strong></p><p>D L Mkize</p><p><strong>34. Profile of morality of patients amitted Weskoppies Psychiatric Hospital in Sout frican over a 5-Year period (2001-2005)</strong></p><p>N M Moola, N Khamker, J L Roos, P Rheeder</p><p><strong>35. One flew over Psychiatry nest</strong></p><p>Leverne Mountany</p><p><strong>36. The ethical relationship betwe psychiatrists and the pharmaceutical indutry</strong></p><p>Margaret G Nair</p><p><strong>37. Developing the frameor of a postgraduate da programme in mental health</strong></p><p>R J Nichol, B de Klerk, M M Nel, G van Zyl, J Hay</p><p><strong>38. An unfolding story: The experience with HIV-ve patients at a Psychiatric Hospital</strong></p><p>J S Parker, P Milligan</p><p><strong>39. Task shifting: A practical strategy for scalingup mental health care in developing countries</strong></p><p>Vikram Patel</p><p><strong>40. Ethics: Informed consent and competency in the elderly</strong></p><p>Willie Pienaar</p><p><strong>41. Confronting ommonmoral dilemmas. Celebrating uncertainty, while in search patient good</strong></p><p>Willie Pienaar</p><p><strong>42. Moral dilemmas in the treatment and repatriation of patients with psychtorders while visiting our country</strong></p><p>Duncan Ian Rodseth</p><p><strong>43. Geriatrics workshop (Psegal symposium): Medico-legal issuess in geriatric psyhiatry</strong></p><p>Felix Potocnik</p><p><strong>44. Brain stimulation techniques - update on recent research</strong></p><p>P J Pretorius</p><p><strong>45. Holistic/Alternative treatments in psychiatry</strong></p><p>T Rangaka, J Dill</p><p><strong>46. Cognitive behaviour therapy and other brief interventions for management of substances</strong></p><p>Solomon Rataemane</p><p><strong>47. A Transtheoretical view of change</strong></p><p>Nathan P Rogerson</p><p><strong>48. Profile of security breaches in longerm mental health care users at Weskoppies Hospital over a 6-month period</strong></p><p>Deleyn Rema, Lindiwe Mthethwa, Christa Kruger</p><p><strong>49. Management of psychogenic and chronic pain - A novel approach</strong></p><p>M S Salduker</p><p><strong>50. Childhood ADHD and bipolar mood disorders: Differences and similarities</strong></p><p>L Scribante</p><p><strong>51. The choice of antipsychotic in HIV-infected patients and psychopharmacocal responses to antipsychotic medication</strong></p><p>Dinesh Singh, Karl Goodkin</p><p><strong>52. Pearls in clinical neuroscience: A teaching column in CNS Spectrums</strong></p><p><strong></strong>Dan J Stein</p><p><strong>53. Urinary Cortisol secretion and traumatics in a cohort of SA Metro policemen A longitudinal study</strong></p><p>Ugash Subramaney</p><p><strong>54. Canabis use in Psychiatric inpatients</strong></p><p><strong></strong>M Talatala, G M Nair, D L Mkize</p><p><strong>55. Pathways to care and treatmt in first and multi-episodepsychosis: Findings fm a developing country</strong></p><p>H S Teh, P P Oosthuizen</p><p><strong>56. Mental disorders in HIV-infected indivat various HIV Treatment sites in South Africa</strong></p><p>Rita Thom</p><p><strong>57. Attendanc ile of long-term mental health care users at ocupational therapy group sessions at Weskoppies Hospital</strong></p><p>Ronel van der Westhuizen, Christa Kruger</p><p><strong>58. Epidemiological patterns of extra-medical drug use in South Africa: Results from the South African stress and health study</strong></p><p>Margaretha S van Heerden, Anna Grimsrud, David Williams, Dan Stein</p><p><strong>59. Persocentred diagnosis: Where d ps and mental disorders fit in the International classificaton of diseases (ICD)?</strong></p><p>Werdie van Staden</p><p><strong>60. What every psychiatrist needs to know about scans</strong></p><p>Herman van Vuuren</p><p><strong>61. Psychiatric morbidity in health care workers withle drug-resistant erulosis (MDR-TB) A case series</strong></p><p>Urvashi Vasant, Dinesh Singh</p><p><strong>62. Association between uetrine artery pulsatility index and antenatal maternal psychological stress</strong></p><p>Bavanisha Vythilingum, Lut Geerts, Annerine Roos, Sheila Faure, Dan J Stein</p><p><strong>63. Approaching the dual diagnosis dilemma</strong></p><p>Lize Weich</p><p><strong>64. Women's mental health: Onset of mood disturbance in midlife - Fact or fiction</strong></p><p>Denise White</p><p><strong>65. Failing or faking: Isses in the fiagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD</strong></p><p>Dora Wynchank</p>

Today, innovative technologies get into all spheres of life: medicine, transport, entertainment, education. Specialists who use modern technologies, understand complex technical problems, develop new solutions and possess universal skills are increasingly needed on the labor market. The modern stage of development of the international education system is determined by innovations. Such activity in the scientific field is quite important in today’s conditions, because it makes a significant contribution to the development of an innovative person. STEM-education is the best way to educate the society of the future: students can easily become goal-oriented, educated and reliable members of society. That is why foreign experience is very relevant for the modernization of education. The purpose of the article is to analyze the peculiarities of the formation of STEM education based on foreign experience. The scientific novelty of this work is that it singles out the peculiarities of the implementation of STEM-education abroad and in Ukraine. The scientific novelty consists in structuring and highlighting the peculiarities of the implementation of STEM-education abroad and in Ukraine.The analysis of scientific publications proved that the theoretical foundations of STEM education were considered by M. John, A. Nicholas, V. Rokhlov, H. Fleischman, А. Frolov. The implementation of STEM-technologies and their research was carried out by J. Gerlach, О. Patrykeieva, І. Slipukhina, V. Chornomorets, G. Yakman. It was found that the strategy for the development of STEM-education involves the creation of solid foundations for the formation of physical and mathematical literacy of educators, which is combined with creative thinking; ensuring equality for all students who will be able to acquire innovative skills regardless of gender, nationality or financial status;preparing students for future professions.Bright example of institutions implementing STEM-education is the University of Lower Silesia in Wroclaw. In the world, there is an increase in federations, organizations that help in the development of STEM: Washington STEM (provides resources and support to teachers and students to improve knowledge in this subject), companies (Danish private company The Lego Group) and corporations (USC Rossier School of Education, Intel and Northeastern University). The article examines the peculiarities of the introduction of STEM-education in Ukraine and abroad: the using of organizational and interactive forms of learning: individual, group work, creating projects, combining several subjects for better learning and focusing on students. The next feature is partnership between countries. Cooperation of organizations, help with tools for work, holding webinars. The next feature that we have highlighted is the creation and improvement of new programs, the combination of subjects by direction is implemented in order to improve the level of assimilation of professional disciplines in colleges and universities and the creation of subject cycles in schools. Level education should also be singled out, for example abroad there are 3 levels: STEM1 theoretical programs “Science, Technology and Engineering” and “International Baccalaureate”; STEM2 – STEM1 and 2–3 years of professionally oriented education with the application of biology; STEM3 – STEM2 and 2-3-year professionally oriented education with the application of technology and engineering.Attention was also paid to the gender education. Gender equality means that the interests, needs and priorities of both women and men are taken into account, recognizing the diversity of different groups of men and women. the using of specialized programs, applications, methods, work in groups or individually, all this creates conditions for training, development, creativity of future specialists. The use of robotics in educational institutions is considered, as there is alreadyan urgent need for specialists for the development, design and programming of innovative machines. Attracting young people to learn robotics is also extremely important for the further development of technology in any progressive nation. S. Papert’s research showed that with the use of robots, pupils and students not only acquire many key skills, especially in the field of creative and critical thinking, but also “metacognitive skills”, learn to learn, communicate. It also highlights the problems that hinder the process of education modernization, possible ways to overcome them, describes a number of European institutions and methods of implementing STEM-education in them.Thus, STEM-education is gaining more and more popularity in today’s world. Focusing on innovative pedagogical approaches, modern European and American educational institutions already have competent specialists who know how to build an effective dialogue with students using new teaching methods. The experience of introducing STEM-technologies into the educational process of the USA and the EU shows that the upbringing of modern and intellectually gifted children is our g uide f or t he f uture, b ecause t he l evel o f e ducation o f s ociety i s t he k ey t o p rogressive d evelopment and competitiveness for the country. The key point in the implementation of new technologies in the classroom is the objective assessment of the student’s progress, not the relationship with the teacher.The conducted research did not cover all aspects of the identified features, therefore it requires a more detailed analysis of the STEM-education system.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to analyze the short-term and long-term relationship between the Islamic capital markets of 5 selected countries in the Covid-19 era. This study used a quantitative approach using weekly secondary data from January 2020 to December 2022. The data analysis model used Vector Auto Regression (VAR) analysis. The results of this study show that in the short term, variants in the capital market will change due to shocks in other ASEAN Islamic capital markets, but short-term deviations in the Islamic capital market will adjust in the long term. meanwhile, in the long run, Islamic capital markets in ASEAN countries that were tested, have integrated despite the occurrence of a health crisis that also has an impact on the financial crisis. This provides an opportunity for investors to mitigate risks and increase profit margins, especially in Islamic stock exchanges in ASEAN countries. On the other hand, this research allows investors to reformulate a more diversified portfolio after the Covid-19 pandemic. Keywords: Integration, Islamic Capital Market, ASEAN, Covid 19 ABSTRAK Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis hubungan jangka pendek dan jangka panjang antara pasar modal syariah 5 negara terpilih di era Covid-19. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan menggunakan data sekunder mingguan januari 2020 sampai dengan desember 2022. Model analisis data menggunakan analisis Vector Auto Regression (VAR). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dalam jangka pendek, varian di pasar modal akan berubah karena guncangan di pasar modal syariah ASEAN lainnya, namun penyimpangan jangka pendek di pasar modal syariah akan menyesuaikan dalam jangka panjang. sementara dalam jangka panjang, pasar modal syariah di negara-negara ASEAN yang teruji, memiliki integrasi meskipun terjadi krisis kesehatan yang juga berdampak pada krisis keuangan. Hal ini memberikan suatu kesempatan bagi para investor untuk memitigasi risiko dan memperbesar margin keuntungan terutama di bursa saham syariah negara ASEAN. Disisi lain, dengan adanya penelitian ini memungkinkan membantu para investor untuk merumuskan kembali portofolio yang lebih terdiversifikasi setelah terjadinya pandemi covid-19. Kata Kunci: Integrasi, Pasar Modal Syariah, ASEAN, Covid 19 REFERENCES Abd. Majid, M. S. (2018). Who Co-Moves The Islamic Stock Market of Indonesia -The US, The UK, or Japan? Al-Iqtishad: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi Syariah, 10(2), 267–284. doi:10.15408/aiq.v10i2.7288 Abdul Karim, B., & Abdul-Rahman, A. (2020). Market integration in asean-5: Evidence of Islamic and conventional stock markets. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 21(1), 186–198. doi:10.17512/pjms.2020.21.1.14 Abdulkarim, F. M., Akinlaso, M. I., Hamid, B. A., & Ali, H. S. (2020). The nexus between oil price and Islamic stock markets in Africa: A wavelet and Multivariate-GARCH approach. Borsa Istanbul Review, 20(2), 108–120. doi:10.1016/j.bir.2019.11.001 Ahmed, F. (2021). Assessment of Capital Market Efficiency in COVID-19. European Journal of Business and Management Research, 6(3), 42–46. doi:10.24018/ejbmr.2021.6.3.839 Awwal, M. A. F. (2021). The corona pandemic on sharia capital market in Indonesia. Iqtishoduna, 10(2), 95–104. doi:10.36835/iqtishoduna.v10i2.864 Aziz, A., Rachmat, N., Abu, A., Adnan, Y., Islam, M. H., Islam, U., Hasan, Z., & Indonesia, G. (2020). Does integration superpower stock market for index of sharia stock in Indonesia. International Journal of Management Science and Business Research, 9(10), 170–177. doi:10.5281/zenodo.4990752 Bekaert, G., Harvey, C. R., & Ng, A. (2005). Market integtation and cintagration. The Journal of Business, 78(1), 39-70. doi:10.1086/426519 Cahyaningrum, A., & Robiyanto, R. (2021). Pengujian integrasi pasar modal di Kawasan Asia sebelum dan selama pandemi Covid-19. Jurnal Akuntansi Keuangan Dan Bisnis, 14(2), 211–220. doi:10.35143/jakb.v14i2.4673 Chen, M. P., Lee, C. C., Lin, Y. H., & Chen, W. Y. (2018). Did the S.A.R.S. epidemic weaken the integration of Asian stock markets? Evidence from smooth time-varying cointegration analysis. Economic Research, 31(1), 908–926. doi:10.1080/1331677X.2018.1456354 Chen, N. F., Roll, R., & Ross, S. A. (1986). Economic Forces and the Stock Market. Journal of Bussiness, 59(3), 383–403. Climent, F., & Meneu, V. (2003). Has 1997 Asian crisis increased information flows between international markets. International Review of Economics & Finance, 12(1), 111–143. doi:10.1016/s1059-0560(02)00140-5 Dantes, R. (2019). Wawasan pasar modal syariah. Ponorogo: Wade Group. Elmizan, G. H., Rahmawati, V., & Talim, A. (2022). Understanding and interest in sharia capital market investment of PTKIN and PTKIS Students. Indonesisan Interdisciplinary Journal of Sharia Economics, 5(2), 441–458. doi:10.31538/iijse.v5i2.2165 Erdo, S., Gedikli, A., & Ismail, E. (2020). Volatility spillover effects between Islamic stock markets and exchange rates : Evidence from three emerging countries. Borsa Istanbul Review, 20(4), 322-333. doi:10.1016/j.bir.2020.04.003 Fama, E. F. (1970). Efficient capital markets: A review of theory and empirical Work. The Journal of Finance, 25(2), 383–417. doi:10.2307/2325486 Fathoni, H., & Sakinah, G. (2021). Peran pasar modal syariah dalam laju pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia. Khazanah Multidisiplin, 2(1), 33–44. Gujarati, D. N., & Porter, D. C. (2009). Basic econometrics. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc. Gunawan, D., & Cahyadi, W. (2019). Integrasi pasar saham Indonesia dengan Pasar Saham Asia. Jurnal PasarModal Dan Bisnis, 1(2), 145–154. doi:10.37194/jpmb.v1i2.27 Handini, S., & Astawinetu, E. D. (2020). Teori portofolio dan pasar modal Indonesia. Surabaya: Scopindo Media Pustaka. Hartati, N. (2021). Investasi saham syariah di bursa efek Indonesia dalam perspektif hukum ekonomi syariah. J-HES (Jurnal Hukum Ekonomi Syariah), 5(1), 33–48. doi:10.26618/j-hes.v5i01.4819. Karim, B. A., & Karim, Z. A. (2012). Integration of ASEAN-5 stock markets: A revisit. Asian Academy of Management Journal of Accounting and Finance, 8(2), 21–41. Khan, K., Zhao, H., Zhang, H., Yang, H., Shah, M. H., & Jahanger, A. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on stock markets: An empirical analysis of world major stock indices. Journal of Asian Finance Economics and Business, 7(7), 463–474. doi:10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no7.463 Laopodis, N. T. (2020). Understanding investments (2nd Edition). London: Routledge. Liu, H., Manzoor, A., Wang, C., Zhang, L., & Manzoor, Z. (2020). The COVID-19 outbreak and affected countries stock markets response. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(8), 1–19. doi:10.3390/ijerph17082800 Majid, M. S. A., Meera, A. K. M., & Omar, M. A. (2008). Interdependence of asean-5 stock markets from the US and Japan. Global Economic Review, 37(2), 201–225. doi:10.1080/12265080802021201 Malik, A. D. (2017). Analisa faktor – faktor yang mempengaruhi minat masyarakat berinvestasi di pasar modal syariah melalui Bursa Galeri Investasi Uisi. JEBIS: Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Bisnis Islam, 3(1), 61-84. doi:10.20473/jebis.v3i1.4693 Mustapha, M. I., Bacha, O. I., & Masih, M. (2017). Dynamics of islamic stock market returns and exchange rate movements in the ASEAN Countries in a regime-switching environment : Implications for the islamic investors and risk hedgers. Munich Personal RePEc Archive: University Library of Munich, 82218. Noptriyani, I., Ahmadsyah, I., & Aufa, S. (2016). Faktor-Faktor yang menjadi penghambat bagi mahasiswa dalam memiliki investasi (Studi kasus pada mahasiswa Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Islam Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry). Global Journal of Islamic Banking and Finance, 2(1), 82–109. doi:10.22373/jihbiz.v2i1.8580 Nurlina., Abubakar, A., & Khalid, R. (2022). Investasi perspektif Al-Qur’an (Studi menggunakan metode Maudhu’i). E-QIEN: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis, 11(1), 997–1004. doi:10.34308/eqien.v11i1.832 Oceania, F. G., & Ardiansyah, M. (2023). Dampak shock pada indeks saham syariah global dan indeks saham syariah Regional Asean terhadap perubahan harga saham pada Jakarta Islamic Index Periode 2020-2022 2(03). (Thesis Magister, Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kali Jaga) https://digilib.uin-suka.ac.id/id/eprint/55880/ Pajar, R. C., & Pustikaningsih, A. (2017). Pengaruh Motivasi Investasi Dan Pengetahuan Investasi Terhadap Minat Investasi Di Pasar Modal Pada Mahasiswa Fe Uny. Profita: Kajian Ilmu Akuntansi, 5(1), 1–16. Pardal, P., Dias, R., Suler, P., Teixeira, N., & Krulicky, T. (2020). Integration in Central European capital markets in the context of the global COVID-19 pandemic. Equlibrium: Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy, 15(4), 627-650. doi:10.24136/eq.2020.027 Peristiwo, H. (2016). Analisis minat investor di kota Serang terhadap investasi syariah pada pasar modal syariah. Jurnal Ekonomi Keuangan dan Bisnis Islam, 7(1), 37–52. doi:10.32678/ijei.v7i1.7 Prasetyo, T. A. (2022). Analisis indeks harga saham syariah internasional dan variabel makro ekonomi terhadap Jakarta Islamic Index. At Tawazun, 10(01), 41–53. Qizam, I., Ardiansyah, M., & Qoyum, A. (2020). Integration of Islamic capital market in ASEAN-5 countries: Preliminary evidence for broader benefits from the post-global financial crisis. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 11(4), 811–825. doi:10.1108/JIABR-08-2019-0149 Rabbani, I. A., & Saputra, I. (2022). Financial literacy dan overconfidence dalam keputusan investasi. Journal of International Management, 1(1),1–18. Romadhon, M. R., & Ardiansyah, M. (2022). Analisis Pasar Modal Syariah 5 Negara ASEAN di Era Pandemi. E-Journal Ekonomi Bisnis dan Akuntansi Universitas Jember, 9(1), 36–41. doi:10.19184/ejeba.v9i1.30412 Saiti, B. (2015). Cointegration of Islamic stock indices: Evidence from five ASEAN countries. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research. 6(7), 1392–1405. Sims, C. A. (1972). Money, income, causality. The American Economic Review, 62(4), 540–552. Siregar, P. A., Sari, S., & Batubara, M. (2022). Perspektif perkembangan dan tantangan pasar modal di Indonesia. Economic Reviews Journal, 2(1), 923–926. Sn, A., & Rahayu, S. E. (2022). Pengaruh indeks saham syariah Jepang (Djijp) dan inseks saham syariah Malaysia (Djmy25d) terhadap indeks saham syariah Indonesia (Issi). Point: Jurnal Ekonomi & Manajemen, 4(1), 53–66. Storey, I., & Choong, W. (2022). Russia’s invasion of ukraine : Southeast Asian responses and why the conflict matters to the region. ISEAS Yusof IShak Institute, 24, 1–13. Sugiyono. (2013). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta. Sulistiana, I., Hidayati, & Sumar. (2017). Model vector auto regression (Var) and vector error correction model (Vecm) approach for inflation relations analysis, gross regional domestic product (Gdp), world tin price, Bi rate and Rupiah exchange rate. Integrated Journal of Business and Economics, 1(2), 17–32. doi:10.5281/zenodo.1147673 Suteja, J., & Gunardi, A. (2016). Manajemen investasi dan portofolio (Edisi Kesatu). Bandung: PT Refika Aditama. Tiwang, R. A., Karamoy, H., & Maramis, J. (2020). Analisis integrasi pasar modal Indonesia dengan pasar modal global (Nyse, Sse, Lse, dan Pse). JMBI UNSRAT: Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen Bisnis dan Inovasi Universitas Sam Ratulangi, 7(3), 657–684. doi:10.35794/jmbi.v7i3.31442 Walewangko, E., Saerang, I. S., & Maramis, J. B. (2018). Analisi integrasi saham bursa efek Indonesia dan beberapa bursa efek Negara ASEAN periode Januari 2016 - Juni 2018. Jurnal EMBA: Jurnal Riset Ekonomi, Manajemen, Bisnis dan Akuntansi, 6(4), 3923–3932. doi:10.35794/emba.v6i4.21917 Waworundeng, J. H., & Rate, P. Van. (2018). Analisis hubungan pasar modal ASEAN dengan pasar modal Indonesia di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Jurnal EMBA: Jurnal Riset Ekonomi, Manajemen, Bisnis Dan Akuntansi, 6(1), 271–280. doi:10.35794/emba.v6i1.19049 Widarjono, A. (2018). Ekonometrika: Pengantar dan aplikasinya disertai Panduan Eviews (5th Edition). Yogyakarta: UPP STIM YKPN.

BackgroundPsoriatic arthritis (PsA) is characterized by a range of musculoskeletal and extra-articular disease manifestations. Composite indices are valuable tools to assess the multidimensional nature of PsA. The Psoriatic Arthritis Disease Activity Score (PASDAS)1 provides robust assessment of both joint and skin domains but is cumbersome to use in clinical practice. The Disease Activity Index for Psoriatic Arthritis (DAPSA)2 is relatively easy to use but does not assess skin disease.ObjectivesUsing pooled data from the phase 3 DISCOVER-1 and DISCOVER-2 studies of guselkumab (GUS) for the treatment of active PsA:3,4 (1) Describe the rate of achievement of a new composite endpoint combining DAPSA low disease activity (LDA; score ≤14, including remission) and Investigator Global Assessment (IGA) of psoriasis score ≤1 (range=0 [clear] to 4 [severe]); (2) Determine whether earlier (Week [W] 16) DAPSA LDA + IGA ≤1 is predictive of future achievement of minimal disease activity (MDA) or American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 50 response criteria; and (3) Contrast the performance of DAPSA LDA + IGA ≤1 with that of PASDAS LDA (score ≤3.2).MethodsPatients (pts) with active PsA despite standard therapies (DISCOVER-1: ≥3 swollen + ≥3 tender joints; CRP ≥0.3 mg/dL; ~30% had prior use of up to 2 TNF inhibitors; DISCOVER-2: ≥5 swollen + ≥5 tender joints; CRP ≥0.6 mg/dL; all pts were biologic-naïve) were randomized 1:1:1 to GUS 100 mg at W0, W4, then Q4W or Q8W; or placebo (PBO) with crossover to GUS Q4W at W24. In both studies, efficacy of GUS vs PBO was compared at W24 (primary endpoint). The number (%) of pts with DAPSA LDA + IGA ≤1 was determined at W24 for pts randomized to GUS or PBO. For all GUS-randomized pts, baseline variables associated with DAPSA LDA + IGA ≤1 and PASDAS LDA at W16 and the predictive value of W16 DAPSA LDA + IGA ≤1 or PASDAS LDA for achieving ACR50, MDA, and DAPSA LDA at W52 were assessed using logistic regression models.ResultsAt W24, DAPSA LDA + IGA ≤1 was met by 37% (277/748) of GUS-treated pts vs 13% (48/372) in the PBO group. At W16, 27% (203/748) of GUS-randomized pts had DAPSA LDA + IGA ≤1, and 22% (164/748) had PASDAS LDA. Among the 73% (545/748) of pts who did not have DAPSA LDA + IGA ≤1 at W16, most (77% [418/545]) had IGA ≤1 but not DAPSA LDA; 4% (23/545) had DAPSA LDA but not IGA ≤1, and 19% (104/545) had neither component. Baseline predictors of DAPSA LDA + IGA ≤1 at W16 were male gender, lower dactylitis score, lower Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index (HAQ-DI) score, lower tender joint count (TJC), and higher Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) score. Baseline predictors of PASDAS LDA at W16 were younger age, lower dactylitis score, lower HAQ-DI score, lower TJC, and higher PASI score. As shown (Figure 1), pts who had DAPSA LDA + IGA ≤1 and PASDAS LDA at W16 were significantly more likely to achieve ACR50, MDA, and DAPSA LDA at W52 than pts without W16 responses; odds ratios (ORs) for achievement of ACR50, MDA, and DAPSA LDA responses at W52 were similar for pts who had DAPSA LDA + IGA ≤1 and for pts who had PASDAS LDA at W16. ORs for achievement of ACR50 and MDA at W52 were higher for pts who had both DAPSA LDA and IGA ≤1 at W16 (9.5 and 10.7) than for pts who had DAPSA LDA but not IGA ≤1 (6.5 and 3.5) or IGA ≤1 but not DAPSA LDA (1.6 and 1.5).ConclusionDAPSA LDA at W16 predicted future (W52) achievement of the stringent treatment targets of ACR50 and MDA; associations with W52 response were greater when W16 IGA ≤1 was added to DAPSA LDA. DAPSA LDA + IGA ≤1 at W16 as a predictor of W52 ACR50 and MDA response performed similarly to PASDAS LDA. The novel composite of DAPSA LDA + IGA ≤1 may be a reliable predictor of long-term PsA skin and joint response that is more practical to implement than the PASDAS.References[1]Helliwell PS et al. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72:986-91.[2]Schoels M et al. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:1441-47.[3]Deodhar A et al. Lancet 2020;395:1115-25.[4]Mease PJ et al. Lancet 2020;395:1126-36.Disclosure of InterestsWolf-Henning Boehncke Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Almirall, Janssen, Leo, Lilly, Novartis, and UCB, Consultant of: AbbVie, Almirall, Janssen, Leo, Lilly, Novartis, and UCB, Alice B Gottlieb Consultant of: AnaptsysBio, Avotres Therapeutics, Beiersdorf, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Incyte, GSK, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries, Inc., UCB, and Dermavant, Grant/research support from: Boehringer Ingelheim, Incyte, Janssen, Novartis, UCB, Xbiotech, and Sun Pharma, Enrique Soriano Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, and UCB, Consultant of: AbbVie, Janssen, Novartis, and Roche, Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, and UCB, Alexis Ogdie Consultant of: Abbvie, Amgen, BMS, Celgene, CorEvitas, Gilead, Happify Health, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, and UCB, Grant/research support from: Abbvie, Pfizer and Novartis and to Forward from Amgen, Olga Ziouzina Consultant of: AbbVie, Amgen, Janssen, Novartis, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, UCB, Celltrion, and Fresenius-Kabi, Emmanouil Rampakakis Consultant of: Janssen, Employee of: JSS Medical Research, Xie L Xu Shareholder of: Johnson & Johnson, Employee of: Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Soumya D Chakravarty Shareholder of: Johnson & Johnson, Employee of: Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, May Shawi Shareholder of: Johnson & Johnson, Employee of: Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Marilise Marrache Shareholder of: Johnson & Johnson, Employee of: Janssen Inc, Alexa Kollmeier Shareholder of: Johnson & Johnson, Employee of: Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Atul Deodhar Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, and UCB, Consultant of: AbbVie, Amgen, Aurinia, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, MoonLake, Novartis, Pfizer, and UCB, Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis, Pfizer, and UCB

The importance of the business development and licensing (BD&L) function in the global biopharmaceutical industry has grown significantly over the past 20 years as pharmaceutical companies have sought to supplement their internal R&D with innovative products and technologies sourced from biotechnology and drug delivery companies. This has required companies to employ BD&L executives to search, evaluate, negotiate and alliance manage deals ranging from small biotechnology companies to the largest of the Big Pharma companies. Nowadays all the large companies have BD&L teams, sometimes in excess of 100 people. To inform new BD&L entrants and to improve the professionalism of the experienced BD&L executives, various training courses are offered by not-for-profit associations and commercial organisations. The leading not-for-profit association in Europe for biopharmaceutical executives is the Pharmaceutical Licensing Group and in the US it is the Licensing Executive Society. Both organisations offer basic training courses but as far as is known, the only university accredited Master’s degree qualification in BD&L is the distance learning MSc offered by the University of Manchester. The dissemination of specialist knowledge and best practice is through the journals and conferences of the professional associations. The need for well-qualified BD&L executives in the biopharmaceutical industry is demonstrated by the fact that 25% or more of Big Pharma sales come from third party products and the cost of licensing deals alone is over $200m on average.

Timeliness of financial reporting is a qualitative characteristics that enhance the usefulness of information and significant to users of financial statements. This study examines that board diversity (GENDERCHAIR), CEO age (CEOAGE) have impact on audit report timeliness. The sample of this study comprises of 100 companies listed on Vietnamese Stock Exchange in the period 2012 - 2014. Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression analysis are performed to test the audit report timeliness determinants . Using quantitative research methods, findings found that there is a significant positive relationship between board diversity on timeliness of financial reporting while proxy variables of the CEO age have a significant negative relationship with timeliness of financial reporting. . This paper extends prior research by addressing the potential effects of female executives on timeliness of financial reporting. Keywords Chief executive officer, timeliness of financial reporting, listed firms, Vietnam References Abdullah, S. N., “Board composition, audit committee and timeliness of corporate financial reports in Malaysia”, Corporate Ownership & Control, 4 (2006) 4, 33-45.Al-Ajmi, J., “Audit and reporting delays: Evidence from an emerging market”, Advances in Accounting, 24 (2008) 2, 217-226Al-Akra, M., Eddie, I. A., & Ali, M. J., “The influence of the introduction of accounting disclosure regulation on mandatory disclosure compliance: Evidence from Jordan”, The British Accounting Review, 42 (2010) 3, 170-186.Alkhatib, K., & Marji, Q., “Audit reports timeliness: Empirical evidence from Jordan”, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 62 (2012), 1342-1349.AL-Shwiyat, Z. M. M., “Affecting factors on the timing of the issuance of annual financial reports: empirical study on the jordanian public shareholding companies”, European Scientific Journal, 9 (2013) 22, 407-423.Ashton, R. H., Graul, P. R., & Newton, J. D., “Audit delay and the timeliness of corporate reporting”, Contemporary Accounting Research, 5 (1989) 2, 657-673.Bamber, E. M., Bamber, L. S., & Schoderbek, M. P., “Audit structure and other determinants of audit report lag: An empirical analysis”, Auditing, 12 (1993) 1, 1-23.Bergstresser, D. and Philippon, T., “CEO incentives and earnings management”, Journal of Financial Economics, 80 (2006) 3, 511-529.Bertrand, M. and Schoar, A., “Managing with Style: The Effect of Managers on Firm Policies”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118, (2003) 4, 1169–1208Carmichael, D., Ghosh, A. and Lee, H., “Causes and consequences of abnormally long audit reporting lags”, in Bishop, C. C., ed. American Accounting Association Annual Meeting, Colorado, Wednesday August 10, 2011, Denver, Colorado: American Accounting Association (2011), 1-41.Catalyst, “The bottom line: Connecting corporate performance and gender diversity” (2004).Che-Ahmad, A., & Abidin, S., “Audit delay of listed companies: A case of Malaysia”, International business research, 1 (2009) 4, 32.Cohen, J., Krishnamoorthy, G., & Wright, A. M., “Corporate governance and the audit process”, Contemporary accounting research, 19 (2002) 4, 573-594.Ettredge, M. L., Sun, L. and Li, C., “The impact of SOX section 404 internal control quality assessment on audit delay in the SOX era”, Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 25 (2006) 2, 1-23.Ezat, A., & El-Masry, A., “The impact of corporate governance on the timeliness of corporate internet reporting by Egyptian listed companies”, Managerial finance, 34 (2008) 12, 848-867.Feng, M., Ge, W., Luo, S., & Shevlin, T., “Why do CFOs become involved in material accounting manipulations?”, Journal of Accounting and Economics, 51 (2011) 1, 21-36.Francis, J., Huang, A. H., Rajgopal, S. and Zang, A. Y., “CEO reputation and earnings quality”, Contemporary Accounting Research, 25 (2008) 1, 109-147.Hambrick, D. C. and Mason, P. A., “Upper echelons: The organization as a reflection of its top managers”, The Academy of Management Review, 9 (1984) 2, 193-206.Hazarika, S., Karpoff, J. M. and Nahata, R., “Internal corporate governance, CEO turnover, and earnings management”, Journal of Financial Economics, 104 (2012) 1, 44-69.Inchausti, B. G., “The influence of company characteristics and accounting regulation on information disclosed by Spanish firms”, European accounting review, 6 (1997) 1, 45-68.Jiang, F., Zhu, B. and Huang, J., “CEO's financial experience and earnings management”, Journal of Multinational Financial Management, 23 (2013) 3, 134-145.Jiang, J. X., Petroni, K. R., & Wang, I. Y,. “CFOs and CEOs: Who have the most influence on earnings management?”, Journal of Financial Economics, 96 (2010) 3, 513-526.Khademi, V., “The relation between investment opportunities and asset growth among the companies accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange”, Accountant 207 (2009), 74-77.Khasharmeh, H. A., & Aljifri, K., “The timeliness of annual reports in Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates: An empirical comparative study”, The International Journal of Business and Finance Research, 4 (2010) 1, 51-71.Klein, A., “Audit committee, board of director characteristics, and earnings management”, Journal of Accounting and Economics, 33 (2002) 3, 375-400. Knechel, W. R. and Sharma, D. S., “Auditor-provided non audit services and audit effectiveness and efficiency: Evidence from pre- and post-SOX audit Report Lags”, Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 31 (2012) 4, 85-114.Knechel, W. R., Sharma, D. S. and Sharma, V. D., “Non-audit services and knowledge spillovers: Evidence from New Zealand”. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 39 (2012) 1-2, 60-81.Leventis, S., & Weetman, P., “Timeliness of financial reporting: applicability of disclosure theories in an emerging capital market”, Accounting and Business Research, 34 (2004)1, 43-56.Mande, V. and Son, M., “Do audit delays affect client retention?”, Managerial Auditing Journal, 26 (2011) 1, 32-50.Mohamad-Nor, M. N., Shafie, R. and Wan-Hussin, W. N., “Corporate governance and audit report lag in Malaysia”, Asian Academy of Management Journal of Accounting & Finance, 6 (2010) 2, 57-84.Mudrack, P., “Age-related differences in a Machiavellian adult sample”, Psychology Report, 64 (1989) 2, 1947–1950.Munsif, V., Raghunandan, K. and Rama, D. V., “Internal control reporting and audit report lags: Further evidence”, Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 31 (2012) 3, 203-218.Nelson, S. N., & Shukeri, S. N., “Corporate governance and audit report timeliness: evidence from Malaysia”, In Accounting in Asia, (2011), 109-127. Emerald Group Publishing Limited.Owusu-Ansah, S., “Timeliness of corporate financial reporting in emerging capital markets: Empirical evidence from the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange”, Accounting and business research, 30 (2000) 3, 241-254.Owusu-Ansah, S., & Leventis, S., “Timeliness of corporate annual financial reporting in Greece”, European Accounting Review, 15 (2006) 2, 273-287.Peterson, D., A. Rhoads, and B. C. Vaught., “Ethical beliefs of business professionals: A study of gender, age and external factors”, Journal of Business Ethics, 31 (2001) 3, 225–233.Rafiee, S. Z., Rafiee, S. Z., & Heidarpoor, F., “The effective factors of financial information quality in listed companies on Tehran Stock Exchange”, International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting, 4 (2014) 2, 201.Robinson, G., & Dechant, K., “Building a business case for diversity”, The Academy of Management Executive, 11 (1997) 3, 21-31.Sundaram, R. K., & Yermack, D. L., “Pay me later: Inside debt and its role in managerial compensation”, The Journal of Finance, 62 (2007) 4, 1551-1588.Türel, A., “Timeliness of financial reporting in emerging capital markets: Evidence from Turkey”, Istanbul University Journal of the School of Business, 39 (2010) 2, 227-240.Walt, N., & Ingley, C., “Board dynamics and the influence of professional background, gender and ethnic diversity of directors”, Corporate Governance: An International Review, 11 (2003) 3, 218-234.Wan-Hussin, W. N. and Bamahros, H. M., “Do investment in and the sourcing arrangement of the internal audit function affect audit delay, Journal of Contemporary Accounting & Economics, 9 (2013) 1, 19-32.Wilson, M., & Wang, L. W., “Earnings management following chief executive officer changes: the effect of contemporaneous chairperson and chief financial officer appointments”, Accounting & Finance, 50 (2010) 2, 447-480.Younes H., “The relationship between financial reporting timeliness and attributes of companies listed on Egyptian Stock Exchange: An empirical study”, Internal Auditing & Risk Management 6 (2011)3.Zhang, Y., & Wiersema, M. F., “Stock market reaction to CEO certification: The signaling role of CEO background”, Strategic Management Journal, (2009), 693-710.

Purpose This study focuses on the identification of key attributes to measure participant engagement in an online training program (OTP) to improve training effectiveness through active and positive learning engagement with learners learning ownership. Design/methodology/approach As a qualitative study, 18 semi-structured interviews were conducted with corporate and L&D (learning and development) experts from multinational companies operating in India. The interviews were transcribed, and the data was analyzed using content analysis. One focused group discussion was conducted for validity. Findings The study found six factors for developing the participant engagement index (EI) namely, 1. Quality of questions, 2. Attention to details, 3. Quality of output during training activities, 4. Connecting to practical examples, 5. Professional approach (adhering to guidelines), 6. Team dynamics. Each identified attribute pertaining to these factors was further validated into cognitive, behavioral, and emotional engagement components forming a part of the EI. Practical implications This study provides insights for HRD managers, functional managers, L&D experts, and participants to leverage engagement measurement attributes for collaborative learning in OTP for effective learner ownership and learning outcomes. Further, this study will assist trainers to focus and prioritize their efforts to increase participant involvement and engagement in OTP. Originality/value It contributes to the growing field of virtual training for enhancing learning engagement, learning enhancement, and learner accountability. The author's contribution to this study is to evaluate the key attributes of the participant’s EI for meeting training goals, which is unique to the study

Background and aims: Early changes in glucagon during the progression to type 1 diabetes (T1D) are not well understood. We investigate whether the glucagon responses to a mixed meal and hypoglycemia depend on the number of islet autoantibodies (Ab) in individuals at risk for T1D. Methods: Sixty healthy relatives of T1D with mean±SD age of 23.7±10.7 years, HbA1c of 5.3±0.3%, and BMI of 23.8±5.6 kg/m2 and zero (N=21), one (N=18), and ≥2 (N=21) Ab, were enrolled in an ancillary study from the NIH-funded TrialNet Pathway to Prevention study. Participants underwent a clinical test consisting of a mixed meal tolerance test (MMTT) followed by insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Glucagon was measured from -30 to 120 min around the MMTT and 0 to 40 min during hypoglycemia to estimate the Ab group differences in the meal and counter-regulatory glucagon responses assessed via the glucagon incremental area under the curve (iAUC). Results: There were significant differences in the net iAUC of the glucagon responses to the MMTT (p=0.024), while the group difference in the glucagon counter-regulation estimated via the total AUC approached significance (p=0.08). Conclusion: The study suggests that the glucagon responses to a meal and possibly, hypoglycemia, may be altered during the very early stages of the progression to T1D. Disclosure T. Igbe: None. E. Montaser: None. M. D. Breton: Consultant; Dexcom, Inc. Research Support; Dexcom, Inc. Consultant; Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc. Research Support; Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc., Novo Nordisk. Consultant; Roche Diabetes Care, Sanofi, Arecor. S. A. Brown: Research Support; Dexcom, Inc., Insulet Corporation, Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc. M. D. DeBoer: Research Support; Dexcom, Inc., Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc. A. L. McCall: None. B. Kovatchev: Speaker's Bureau; Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc. Research Support; Dexcom, Inc., Novo Nordisk, Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc. Other Relationship; Dexcom, Inc., Johnson & Johnson Medical Devices Companies, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi. L. Farhy: Research Support; Dexcom, Inc., Novo Nordisk. Funding National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DP3DK106907); Commonwealth Research Commercialization Fund (MF20-007-LS); The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust (2204-05134); JDRF (2-SRA-2022-1260-S-B)

This study aims to assess effectiveness and tolerance with neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with locally advanced gastric cancer in the period of 2018-2020. The study used the descriptive cross-sectional method to investigate 70 patients diagnosed with locally advanced gastric cancer, assigned to ECX/ECF or FLOT neoadjuvant chemotherapy regimens at Vietnam National Cancer Hospital. The results show that the partial response rates in the ECX/ECF and FLOT groups were 69.70% and 89.20%, respectively. There was no significant difference in the response level between the two groups (p = 0.716). 78.79% in the ECX/ECF group and 88.56% in the FLOT group underwent surgery. Neutropenia was an adverse event with the highest rate of grades 3 and 4 in both regimens (FLOT regimen was 10.81%, ECX/ECF regimen was 24.24%). There is a statistically significant difference in the incidence of events between the groups with prophylaxis and non-prophylaxis by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Taken together, there was no significant difference in the response level between the two groups; regarding the event of neutropenia, it could be controlled by prophylaxis in terms of benefits and risks for each patient. Keywords: Gastric cancer, effectiveness, safety, neoadjuvant chemotherapy. References [1] International Agency for Research on Cancer Global Cancer Observatory, 2020.[2] Ministry of Health, Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Stomach Cancer, 2020 (in Vietnamese).[3] K. Liu, G. Li, C. Fan, C. Zhou, J. Li, Adapted Choi response Criteria for Prediction of Clinical Outcome in Locally Advanced Gastric Cancer Patients Following Preoperative Chemotherapy, Acta Radiologica, Vol. 53, No. 2, 2012, pp.127-34, https:// doi.org/10.1258/ar.2011.110273.[4] D. Cunningham, W. H. Allum, S. P. Stenning,J. N. Thompson, C. J. H. V. Velde, M. Nicolson,J. H. Scarffe, F. J. Lofts, S. J. Falk, T. J. Iveson,D. B. Smith, R. E. Langley, M. Verma, S. Weeden,Y. J. Chua, MAGIC Trial Participants. Perioperative Chemotherapy Versus Surgery Alone for Resectable Gastroesophageal Cancer, New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 355, No.1, 2006, pp. 11-20, https://doi.org/10.1056/ NEJMoa055531.[5] S. E. A. Batran, N. Homann, C. Pauligk,T. O. Goetze, J. Meiler, S. Kasper, H. G. Koppet, et al., FLOT4-AIO Investigators, Perioperative Chemotherapy with Fluorouracil Plus Leucovorin, Oxaliplatin, and Docetaxel Versus Fluorouracil or Capecitabine Plus Cisplatin and Epirubicin for Locally Advanced, Resectable Gastric or Gastro-Oesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma (FLOT4): A Randomised, Phase 2/3 Trial, Lancet, Vol. 393, No. 10184, 2019, pp. 1948-1957, https://doi.org/ 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32557-1.[6] L. Sung, P. C. Nathan, S. M. Alibhai, G. A. Tomlinson, J. Beyene, Meta-analysis: Effect of Prophylactic Hematopoietic Colony-Stimulating Factors on Mortality and Outcomes of Infection, Annals of Internal Medicine, Vol. 147, No. 6, 2007, pp. 400-411, https://doi.org/10.7326/0003 - 4819 - 147 - 6-200709180 - 00010.

The purpose of this research is to analyze the impact of Perceived Ease of Use towards Perceived Enjoyment and Customer Experience to Customer Satisfaction and Repurchase Intention. The digital world offers many business opportunities to companies that run platforms turning web-users into subscribers. The high trend of digital music distribution affects music sales in the physical form, seen from the income which decreases from year to year. From this point we can see that it is undeniable Customer Satisfaction and Repurchase Intention plays an important factor in music streaming service. In this research, the data analysis method used is Structural Equation Model Partial Least Square (SEMPLS) method. To conduct analysis using PLS method, this research is using smartPLS 3.0 software.The hypothesis of the research are H1:Perceived Ease of Use has a positive effect to Perceived Enjoyment, H2: Perceived Ease of Use has a positive effect to Experience, H3: Perceived Enjoyment has a positive effect to Customer Experience, H4: Perceived Enjoyment has a positive effect to Customer Satisfaction, H5: Customer Experience has a positive effect to Customer Satisfaction, H6: Customer Satisfaction has a positive effect to Repurchase Intention. H7: Perceived Enjoyment mediates the relationship between Perceived Ease of Use and Customer Satisfaction. H8: Customer Experience mediates the relationship between Perceived Ease of Use and Customer Satisfaction. H9: Customer Satisfaction mediates the relationship between Perceived Enjoyment and Repurchase Intention. H10: Customer Satisfaction mediates the relationship between Customer Experience and Repurchase Intention. The result of this research shows that H1, H3, H4, H5, H6, H7, H9 and H10 are accepted but H2 and H8 are rejected.Keyword: Perceived Ease of Use, Perceived Enjoyment, Customer Experience, Customer Satisfaction, Repurchase IntentionReferences:Traver, L. &. (2017). E-Commerce 2017, 13th Edition. Pearson.McCourt T., & P., B. (2003). When Creators, Corporations and Consumers Collide: Napster and The Development of On-line Music Distribution. Media, culture & society 25(3), 333-350.Viviero, & Nakano. (2008). Cadeia de produção da indústria fonográfica e as gravadoras independentes.Davis F D, Bagozzi R P, & R., W. P. (1992). .Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation to Use Computers in the Workplace. Journal of Applied and Social Psychology, 22(14):1111-1132.Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and User Acceptance of Information Technology. IT usefulness and ease of use, 4.Lovelock, C., & Wright., H. L. (2011). Manajemen Pemasaran Jasa. Jakarta: PT. Indeks (Gramedia Group).Lu, C. L., Chang, H.-H., & Yu, S.-T. (2013). Online Shoppers: Perceptions of E-retailers’ ethics, cultural orientation, and loyalty. An Exploratory study in Taiwan, Internet Research, and Vol. 23 Issue: 1,, 47-68.Kotler, P., & Keller, K. L. (2012). Marketing Management. Harlow, Boston MA: Pearson Education.Sugiyono. (2014). Metode Penelitian Pendidikan Pendekatan Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan R&D

APX3330 is an oral, novel, small-molecule inhibitor of Ref-1, in diabetic retinopathy (DR) patients. ZETA-1 was a multi-center, placebo-controlled, double-masked Phase 2 trial. Subjects were randomized 1:1 to receive APX3330 (total 600 mg/day) or placebo BID for 24 weeks. Eligible subjects had non-proliferative DR (NPDR) or mild proliferative DR, corresponding to DR severity scale (DRSS) scores of 47, 53, or 61 as confirmed by the Duke reading center. The primary efficacy endpoint was the % of subjects with ≥ 2-step DRSS improvement in the study eye at week 24 compared to baseline. Several key pre-specified endpoints were evaluated. Results: ZETA-1 trial enrolled 103 DR subjects with 90% having NPDR with a baseline DRSS of 47 or 53. The primary endpoint was not met with 8% of study eyes showing ≥ 2-step DRSS improvement in each treatment group. Consistent with its mechanism of action of bringing VEGF and inflammation to physiologic levels, APX3330 demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in binocular ≥ 3-step worsening after 24 weeks, with 16% of placebo subjects worsening compared to 0% of APX3330 subjects (p=0.04). 19% of placebo subjects lost ≥5 BCVA letters compared to 5% of APX3330 subjects (p=0.07). AEs that occurred in ≥5% of subjects were pruritis, rash, and worsening of DR or DME in the placebo group. No subjects withdrew due to rash or pruritis. Disclosure V. H. Gonzalez: Consultant; Alimera, Bausch + Lomb, Research Support; Adverum Biotechnologies, AbbVie Inc., Apellis, Genentech, Inc., IQVIA Inc., Iveric Bio, Regeneron. P. K. Kaiser: Consultant; Ocuphire, AbbVie Inc., Bausch + Lomb, Bayer Inc., Regeneron, Ocular Therapeutix, Novartis, REGENXBIO Inc. D. S. Boyer: Advisory Panel; 3Boehringer Ingelheim Canada Ltd. /Ltée, AbbVie Inc., Adverum Biotechnologies, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Alkahest, Allergan, Amgen Inc., Apellis, Bausch + Lomb, Chengdu Pharmaceuticals, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Limited, Genentech, Inc., Iveric Bio, Gyroscope, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Kodiak Pharmaceuticals, NGM Biopharmaceuticals, Oxurion, Novartis, ocuphire, Roche Pharmaceuticals, REGENXBIO Inc., Other Relationship; 4D Pharma PLC. M. G. Brigell: Consultant; Ocuphire Pharma, ONL Therapeutics. D. Su: None. R. Patel: Employee; Ocuphire Pharma. B. Withers: Employee; Ocuphire. M. Kelley: None. L. Haddad: None. M. Sooch: Board Member; Ocuphire Pharma, Employee; Ocuphire Pharma, Stock/Shareholder; Ocuphire Pharma. J. S. Pepose: Consultant; Acufocus, Bausch + Lomb, Brim Biotechnology, Johnson & Johnson Medical Devices Companies, Kala Pharmaceuticals, Mimetogen, Ocuphire Pharma, OKYO Pharma, Stuart Therapeutics, Thea Pharma.

This article addresses the theoretical aspects regarding the concepts, theories, factors, types of migration. As well as the historical and current directions of migrants; the structure of migration policies, the documents that regulate migration in the EU, as well as the directives related to immigration. The demographic situation of the EU is a deplorable one, characterized by the continuous aging of the population, the decrease in the birth rate, here, according to the opinion of several specialists, the migrant population comes to solve the existing problems. Migrants belong to the 27-38 age group, who move with their families for an indefinite period of time and whose fertility is high. Migration plays an important role on the economic development of the EU states, but also on the economies of the states of origin of the migrants. Foreigners represent cheap labor, who are ready to work for any wage and who will fill those positions that the local population ignores. Among the recommended strategies regarding the efficiency, regulation, integration of migrants can be listed: a. Developing a common approach to migration and development at sub-regional and regional level through: building trust between states and increasing understanding of issues related to migration; eliminating barriers, creating networks and facilitating the harmonization of positions within the region; developing capacities and making changes in certain laws, policies and concrete practices related to the way of integration of migration at the European level. b. Promoting in-depth collaboration and cooperation with neighboring EU states in the field of migration; c. Data on migration should be available in several languages, in some places it was only in English; d. Application of all directives in practice; e. Avoiding the isolation of migrants in "ghettos" and "banlieus"; f. Uniform distribution on the territory of the country, so that the population is not concentrated only in metropolises; g. Organization of linguistic, cultural and professional courses to facilitate their integration into society; h. Providing residential spaces with sufficient living conditions; i. Organization of information companies regarding non-discrimination and solidarity; j. Regulation of human trafficking, illegal work, crime; k. Children's schooling, as well as the development of democratic capacities; l. Ensuring national and regional security; m. The creation of preferential medical and social services for women and children.

The primary site of morphological changes in the airways associated with chronic cigarette smoking is the small airway epithelium. The small airway refers to bronchi of less than 2 mm in diameter. It is the initial site of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Mechanistic investigations of the effect of inhaled substances on the small airway tissue are difficult to conduct because biopsy samples are not readily obtainable. Recently, a human small airway epithelium culture model grown at the air liquid interface, SmallAir™ (Epithelix, Switzerland) was established. The model is reconstituted from primary small airway epithelial cells isolated from the distal lungs. The morphology of the model mimics the characteristics of in vivo human small airway epithelial tissue. It offers a relevant alternative for an in‐vitro toxicity assessment of inhalation exposure. Using the newly developed human organotypic small airway model (reconstituted from a healthy, non‐smoker donor), this study assessed the biological impact of an aerosol generated from a candidate modified risk tobacco product, the tobacco heating system 2.2 (THS2.2). The biological impact of the THS2.2 aerosol was compared with that of the smoke generated from the reference cigarette 3R4F at comparable nicotine concentrations. A comprehensive set of biological endpoints were measured at various time points after exposure including cytotoxicity, culture histology, cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1/1B1 activity, secreted pro‐inflammatory mediators concentrations, and global mRNA/miRNA alterations. Following a 28‐min exposure to 3R4F smoke, various inflammatory markers (MMP‐9, IL‐6 and IL‐8) and genes (MGST2, GPX2, AKR1B1) known to be involved in the pathogenesis of COPD were upregulated. A significantly lower impact of THS2.2 aerosol exposure was observed not only on these COPD‐related molecular entities, but also on cytotoxicity, secreted pro‐inflammatory mediators, and global alterations of mRNA and miRNA as compared with those of 3R4F smoke at comparable nicotine concentrations. Using a network‐based Systems Toxicology approach, the gene expression profile 4 h after 3R4F smoke exposure at 0.15 mg nicotine/L elicited the highest biological impact (taken as 100% impact). By comparison, the impact of THS2.2 aerosol exposure at comparable nicotine concentration was only 14.6%. Collectively, this study shows that the biological impact of THS2.2 aerosol was significantly lower than that of 3R4F smoke at similar nicotine concentrations on the in vitro small airway cultures.Support or Funding InformationPMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH‐2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies).

Abstract Background Respiratory viral infections (RVIs) are major drivers of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations. Interferon beta (IFN-β) is key in host defence against viruses but can be suppressed by virus or host factors locally at the site of infection. Inhalation of SNG001 (IFN-β-1a nebuliser solution) aims to restore lung IFN-β levels. SG015 (NCT03570359) was a randomized, placebo-controlled Phase 2 clinical study of inhaled SNG001 conducted in COPD patients. Here we describe lung antiviral biomarker and sputum viral clearance data from Part 2 of the study which was conducted in patients with a confirmed RVI. Methods 109 COPD patients with worsening symptoms and a positive respiratory viral test were randomized 1:1 to SNG001 or placebo once-daily for 14 days in two Groups: A (no moderate exacerbation); B (moderate COPD exacerbation [i.e.,acute worsening of respiratory symptoms treated with antibiotics and/or oral corticosteroids]). Sputum samples were collected on days 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 17 and 28 for analysis of lung antiviral biomarker responses (interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs): Mx1, OAS1 and CXCL10) and lung viral load by RT-qPCR. Results Mx1 and OAS1 sputum cell gene expression were significantly upregulated on day 7, 10 and 13 (p&lt; 0.05) overall and in Groups A and B with SNG001 treatment compared to placebo. CXCL10 sputum cell gene expression was significantly upregulated in the overall population with SNG001 treatment compared to placebo on days 7 and 10, in Group B on days 7, 10 and 13, and there was no significant difference in Group A. Patients had a broad range of RVIs, the most common being human rhinovirus. A post-hoc analysis was therefore conducted in the subgroup of patients who had detectable rhinovirus viral load in sputum. By Day 4 the proportion of patients receiving SNG001 who had detectable rhinovirus reduced to 40.0% (compared to 94.7% of patients receiving placebo; p=0.052), with a further reduction to 20.0% on Day 7 (versus 89.5% receiving placebo; p=0.014). Conclusion Inhaled SNG001 upregulated lung antiviral defenses as assessed using sputum cell biomarker responses and accelerated viral clearance, supporting the proposed mechanism of action as an antiviral treatment for severe viral lung infections. Disclosures Phillip D. Monk, PhD, Synairgen Research Plc: Employee of Synairgen Research Plc and has options on shares|Synairgen Research Plc: Stocks/Bonds Jody L. Brookes, BSc, Synairgen Research Ltd: Share options Victoria J. Tear, PhD, Synairgen Research Ltd.: Stocks/Bonds Marcin Mankowski, MD MFPM (Dis), Multiple companies: Advisor/Consultant|Synairgen: Advisor/Consultant Michael G. Crooks, MBChB (hons), MD, FRCP, AstraZeneca: Advisor/Consultant|AstraZeneca: Grant/Research Support|AstraZeneca: Honoraria|Chiesi: Advisor/Consultant|Chiesi: Honoraria|Gilead: Honoraria|Synairgen: Advisor/Consultant Dave Singh, MD, AstraZeneca: Advisor/Consultant|Chiesi: Advisor/Consultant|gsk: Advisor/Consultant|Novartis: Advisor/Consultant|Orion: Advisor/Consultant|Pulmatrix: Advisor/Consultant|Sanofi: Advisor/Consultant|Synairgen: Advisor/Consultant|Synairgen: Grant/Research Support|Therevance: Advisor/Consultant Rekha Chaudhuri, MD, AstraZeneca: Grant/Research Support|AstraZeneca: Honoraria|Chiesi: Honoraria|GSK: Honoraria|Novartis: Honoraria|Sanofi: Honoraria|Teva: Honoraria Sarah Dudley, N/A, PhD, Synairgen Plc: Employed by Synairgen Research Ltd which is a subsidiary of Synairgen Plc|Synairgen Plc: Stocks/Bonds Felicity Gabbay, MbChb, Synairgen: Board Member Stephen T. Holgate, FMedSci, MD, Synairgen Research Plc: Board Member|Synairgen Research Plc: Stocks/Bonds Ratko Djukanovic, MD, GlaxoSmithKline: Advisor/Consultant|GlaxoSmithKline: Honoraria|KyMab: Advisor/Consultant|Sanofi: Advisor/Consultant|Synairgen: Advisor/Consultant|Synairgen: Stocks/Bonds Tom Wilkinson, PhD, PhD, Synairgen: Advisor/Consultant|Synairgen: Grant/Research Support|Synairgen: Honoraria

Introduction: TrialNet TN07, a randomized controlled trial, assessed oral insulin for preventing type 1 diabetes (T1D) in autoantibody-positive relatives of individuals with T1D. Of 560 participants, the stratum characterized by low first-phase insulin release (LFIR) (n=57) showed a positive response to oral insulin, while others (n=503) did not. We aimed to understand genetic differences between participants with and without LFIR, and between responders and non-responders to oral insulin in the LFIR stratum. Methods: 552 participants were genotyped using the TEDDY T1DExome array. We compared T1D and insulin associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles, and T1D genetic risk scores (T1DGRS) in the LFIR stratum vs others using Fisher's tests and t tests. In the LFIR stratum, we used Cox models to examine genetic factors that identify participants with slower T1D progression in response to treatment. Results: Participants with LFIR had higher T1DGRS than those without LFIR (mean 14.2 vs 13.7, p=0.04); higher frequencies of INS rs1004446 susceptible allele (63% vs 48%, p=0.04), higher frequencies of homozygosity for IL27 rs4788084 susceptible allele (18% vs 7%, p=0.04), and lower frequencies of the HLA DRB1*13/DQA1*01 protective haplotype (5% vs 17%, p=0.02). In participants with LFIR, hazard ratio (HR) of response to oral insulin treatment compared to placebo was different in participants with vs without GLIS3 rs7020673 protective allele (respectively, HR: 0.90 vs 0.08, p=0.003), with vs without PXK/PDHB rs11705721 susceptible allele (HR: 0.26 vs 1.09, p=0.05) and with vs without the HLA DRB1*0401/DQA1*0301 susceptible haplotype (HR: 0.23 vs 1.36, p=0.01). Conclusion: Genetic differences exist in autoantibody-positive relatives with and without LFIR, and in LFIR stratum, between responders and non-responders to oral insulin for T1D prevention. Genetics may help precision medicine by identifying candidates responsive to T1D-modifying therapies. Disclosure L. You: None. H.M. Parikh: None. T.M. Triolo: None. L.A. Ferrat: Consultant; Johnson & Johnson Medical Devices Companies. E. Templeman: None. R.A. Oram: Research Support; Randox R & D. Consultant; Provention Bio, Inc., Sanofi. P. Gottlieb: Other Relationship; IM Therapeutics. Research Support; Imcyse. Advisory Panel; Imcyse. Consultant; Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (JDRF). Research Support; Hemsley Charitable Trust, Novartis AG, Provention Bio, Inc., Precigen, Inc. Advisory Panel; ViaCyte, Inc. Research Support; Nova Pharmaceuticals. S.S. Rich: None. S. Onengut-Gumuscu: None. A. Steck: None. J. Krischer: None. M.J. Redondo: None. Funding This research was funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) through the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK121843). The Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Study Group is a clinical trials network currently funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) through the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, through the cooperative agreements U01 DK061010, U01 DK061034, U01 DK061042, U01 DK061058, U01 DK085461, U01 DK085465, U01 DK085466, U01 DK085476, U01 DK085499, U01 DK085509, U01 DK103180, U01 DK103153, U01 DK103266, U01 DK103282, U01 DK106984, U01 DK106994, U01 DK107013, U01 DK107014, UC4 DK106993, UC4DK117009, and the JDRF.

AimThe main goal was to study pharmaceutical waste (drugs that were unsold, as of their expiration date, and drugs disposed by patients in pharmacies) disposal by using data from pharmacies in the City of Zagreb, Republic of Croatia. Subsequently, we also tried to determine which drugs and their therapeutical groups were disposed of, the amount of prescription drugs and OTC (Over the Counter) drugs disposed, and the cost of their disposal.MethodsThe research included 51 of the overall 208 pharmacies in Zagreb (Agency for Medicinal Products and Medicinal Devices of Croatia, Publication. 2014.), which had a population of 795.505 inhabitants, almost a quarter of the whole population of Croatia (Croatian Bureau of Statistics – Republic of Croatia, Publication. 2014.). Pharmaceutical waste was collected in pharmacies from April 14 to May 14, 2014. After collection, the drugs were sorted using Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification (ATC) into different therapeutical groups, noting them in an electronic formular for waste recording in each pharmacy (Figure 1). We also used Register of Medicines as a source for prices of medicines (Lejla Bencaric, Register of Medicines in Croatia. Zagreb. 2014.) as well as internal data from companies whose core business was pharmaceutical waste disposal as the source for cost of its disposal.ResultsDuring the research, pharmacies collected 291.56 kilograms of pharmaceutical waste, containing 6289 medicine packings, including tablets and other formulations of drugs. 4549 (72.3%) of them were prescription drugs and 1740 (27.7%) were OTC drugs. Of all the pharmaceutical units, there were more prescribed medicines than OTCs (Table 1).The majority of the pharmaceutical waste drugs included Cardiovascular system (17.8%), Alimentary tract and metabolism (14.5%) and Nervous system (12.4%) according to ATC (Table 2). In the first group, the most prevalent drugs were the antihypertensives atenolol and amlodipine. In the second group, the leading drug was ranitidine, followed by insuline and metmorphine. Among the antibiotic drugs, amoxiciline in combination with clavulonic acid was the most reported. Among OTCs, acetylsalicylic acid was the most often evidented substance. Overall, results showed a strong correlation between drugs mostly prescribed by physicians and those evidented in pharmaceutical waste. We estimated the total cost of managing pharmaceutical waste to be 132,194 €.ConclusionAlthough the practice of disposing medicines through pharmacies is well regulated, its cost is high, especially when we know that most of it is consisted of prescribed drugs. This reflects patients’ non‐compliance or misunderstanding of directions in regard to drug use, showing us that the level of cooperation in drug treatment between patients and their physicians has room for improvement.Support or Funding InformationThis research had support from “Gradska ljekarna Zagreb”. Number of packages of prescription medicines (Rx) and OTCs per each pharmaceutical unit Unit Rx OTC 1 53 44 2 34 6 3 23 11 4 51 32 5 87 46 6 94 48 7 53 15 8 25 7 9 89 27 10 215 103 11 98 45 12 43 22 13 31 28 14 25 5 15 78 47 16 42 20 17 81 16 18 262 69 19 146 46 20 50 17 21 62 39 22 70 25 23 64 22 24 31 9 25 87 54 26 248 71 27 177 71 28 42 16 29 26 7 30 26 11 31 217 92 32 35 28 33 29 6 34 137 108 35 92 38 36 68 33 37 185 105 38 40 3 39 66 4 40 23 6 41 186 46 42 49 8 43 89 13 44 83 28 45 129 69 46 151 16 47 126 51 48 186 53 49 101 20 50 66 13 51 78 21 Total Rx or OTC 4549 1740 Total Rx+OTC 6289 Number of packages of collected medicines sorted according to Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification Code Anatomical main group Number of packages A Alimentary tract and metabolism 913 B Blood and blood foaming organs 273 C Cardiovascular system 1120 D Dermatological 563 G Genito‐urinary system and sex hormones 184 H Systemic hormonal preparations, excluding sex hormones and insulins 94 J Antiinfectives for systemic use 512 L Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents 15 M Musculo‐skeletal system 651 N Nervous system 780 P Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents 0 R Respiratory system 592 S Sensory organs 496 V Various 96 Total number of packages 6289

Abstract Background/Aims The psoriatic arthritis (PsA) core domain set developed by the outcome measures in rheumatology working group includes musculoskeletal disease, fatigue, physical function, and structural damage, of which arthritis activity, pain, and fatigue were identified as essential by both patients (Pts) and physicians (Phs). Assessing agreement between Pt and Ph global assessments (GA) may provide valuable insight into differential importance of specific PsA manifestations to Pts vs Phs. Although previous studies have assessed Pt/Ph disagreement, they have not evaluated potential variation over time. This research sought to assess agreement of PtGA and PhGA through week (W) 24 and identify factors driving disagreement between PtGA and PhGA using pooled data (N = 1120) from the phase 3 DISCOVER (D)-1 & -2 studies of the fully human IL-23p19 subunit inhibitor (i), guselkumab (GUS). Methods Pts with active PsA despite standard therapies (D1: ≥3 swollen/tender joint counts [SJC/TJC], CRP ≥0.3 mg/dL, ∼30% with prior TNFi; D2: ≥5 SJC/TJC, CRP ≥0.6 mg/dL, biologic-naïve) were randomized 1:1:1 to GUS 100 mg every 4 weeks (Q4W); GUS 100 mg at W0, W4, Q8W; or placebo. Pt/Ph agreement was defined as a difference of -15&lt;phga-ptgaPtGA) and PtGA exceeding PhGA by ≥ 15 (PtGA&gt;PhGA) among pts with PtGA/PhGA disagreement were assessed with the same logistic regression model considering pt demographics, disease characteristics, and pt-reported outcomes (PROs). The effect of GUS on disease parameters identified as determinants of PtGA vs PhGA disagreement was assessed with repeated measures mixed models adjusting for treatment group, baseline (BL) levels, prior TNFi use, and BL DMARD use.&lt;/phga-ptga Results At BL, mean (SD) SJC=11.5 (7.4), TJC=20.6 (13.3), FACIT-Fatigue score=29.9 (10.0), PtGA=66.9 (19.9), and PhGA=64.8 (15.9) were consistent with moderate to high disease activity. Agreement between PtGA and PhGA was seen in most instances (61.2%); 23.2% of cases were characterized by PtGA&gt;PhGA and 15.7% by PhGA&gt;PtGA. The proportion of pts with PtGA&gt;PhGA increased to 39.1% at W24, while that with PhGA&gt;PtGA decreased to 11.2%. The main determinant of PtGA&gt;PhGA was higher Pt Pain (all time points); additional factors included worse physical health-related quality of life at BL and worse fatigue at W24. Conversely, Phs emphasized objective disease measures, namely higher SJC (all time points) and TJC (W8 to W24), and elevated CRP (BL to W16). GUS treatment was associated with prompt and sustained significant improvements in all identified determinants, including those driving PtGA&gt;PhGA. Conclusion PtGA and PhGA were aligned in most encounters. PtGA&gt;PhGA disagreement was driven by pain, fatigue, and physical health being weighed more by Pts than Phs. These findings have important implications in shared decision making and highlight the need to prioritize treatments addressing the full spectrum of PsA symptoms, including PROs. Disclosure W. Tillett: Consultancies; AbbVie; Amgen; Eli Lilly; Janssen; MSD; Novartis; Pfizer and UCB. Member of speakers’ bureau; Abbvie; Amgen; Eli Lilly; Janssen; MSD; Novartis; Pfizer and UCB. Grants/research support; AbbVie; Amgen; Eli Lilly; Janssen and UCB. P. Rahman: Consultancies; AbbVie; Amgen; Bristol Myers Squibb; Celgene; Eli Lilly; Janssen; MSD; Novartis; Pfizer and UCB. Grants/research support; Janssen and Novartis. L.C. Coates: Consultancies; AbbVie; Amgen; Boehringer Inelheim; Bristol Myers Squibb; Celgene; Eli Lilly; Gilead; Galapagos; Janssen; Novartis; Pfizer and UCB. Member of speakers’ bureau; AbbVie; Amgen; Biogen; Celgene; Eli Lilly; Galapagos; Gilead; Janssen; Medac; Novartis; Pfizer and UCB. Grants/research support; AbbVie; Amgen; Celgene; Eli Lilly; Janssen; Novartis; Pfizer and UCB. P. Nash: Grants/research support; AbbVie; Boehringer Ingelheim; Bristol Myers Squibb; Celgene; Eli Lilly; Gilead; Janssen; Pfizer; Novartis; Roche; Sandoz; and Sun Pharmaceutical Industries. A. Deodhar: Consultancies; AbbVie; Amgen; Aurinia; Bristol Myers Squibb; Celgene; Eli Lilly; GlaxoSmithKline; Janssen; MoonLake; Novartis; Pfizer and UCB. Member of speakers’ bureau; AbbVie; Eli Lilly; Janssen; Novartis; Pfizer and UCB. Grants/research support; AbbVie; Eli Lilly; GlaxoSmithKline; Novartis; Pfizer and UCB. F. Nantel: Consultancies; Janssen. Shareholder/stock ownership; Johnson & Johnson. E. Rampakakis: Corporate appointments; Employee of JSS Medical Research. Consultancies; Janssen. L. Bessette: Consultancies; AbbVie; Amgen; Bristol Myers Squibb; Eli Lilly; Fresenius Kabi; Gilead; Janssen; MSD; Novartis; Pfizer; Sandoz; Sanofi; Teva and UCB. Member of speakers’ bureau; AbbVie; Amgen; Bristol Myers Squibb; Eli Lilly; Fresenius Kabi; Janssen; MSD; Novartis; Pfizer; Sandoz; Sanofi; Teva; and UCB. Grants/research support; AbbVie; Amgen; Bristol Myers Squibb; Celgene; Eli Lilly; Janssen; MSD; Novartis; Pfizer; Sanofi and UCB. M. Marrache: Corporate appointments; Employee of Janssen Inc. Toronto, Cananda. Shareholder/stock ownership; Johnson & Johnson. F. Lavie: Corporate appointments; Employee of Immunology Global Medical Affairs, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson. Shareholder/stock ownership; Johnson & Johnson. M. Shawi: Corporate appointments; Employee of Immunology Global Medical Affairs, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson. Shareholder/stock ownership; Johnson & Johnson.

Today's universities are transforming into the entrepreneurial university model. Along with that is a strong innovation in governance towards autonomy and associated with entrepreneurship, innovation and creativity. The article presents research results on the model of the entrepreneurial university and the advanced university governance in terms of structure and management methods to adapt to this model in the world. Through the review of studies on the current situation, the article contributes a number of policy proposals to meet the requirements of university governance innovation for Vietnamese public universities in the context of transition to a model of entrepreneurial university. Keywords University, Entrepreneurial university, University governance, Vietnam public universities. References [1] D.V. Toan, 2020, Factors Affecting Third Mission Implementation and The Challenges for Vietnam’s Universities in The Transitioning Period. VNU Journal of Science: Economics and Business, 37(3) (2020) 75-84 (in Vietnamese), https://doi.org/10.25073/2588-1108/vnueab.4355.[2] A. Bramwell, D.A. Wolfe, Universities and regional economic development: the entrepreneurial University of Waterloo, Res. Policy 37(8) (2008) 1175-1187.[3] K. Yokoyama, Entrepreneurialism in Japanese and UK Universities: Governance, Management, Leadership and Funding, High Education 52 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-005-1168-2.[4] C. Shore, L. McLauchlan, Third mission’ activities, commercialisation and academic entrepreneurs, Social Anthropology/Anthropologie Sociale, 20 (3) (2012) 267-286. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8676.2012.00207.x.[5] H. Etzkowitz The norms of entrepreneurial science: cognitive effects of the new university - industry linkages, Research Policy, 27(8) (1998) 823-833.[6] H. Etzkowitz, L. Leydesdorff, The Dynamics of Innovation: From National Systems and ‘Mode 2’ to a Triple Helix of University - Industry - Government Relations, Research Policy, 29(2) (2000) 109-123.[7] L.B. Costa, A.L. Torkomian, Um Estudo Exploratório sobre um Novo Tipo de Empreendimento: os Spin-ffs Acadêmicos, Rev. Adm. Contemp. 12(2) (2008) 395-427.[8] J.J. Degroof, E.B. Roberts, Overcoming weak entrepreneurial infrastructures for academic spin-off ventures, J. Technol. Transf. 29(3–4) (2004) 327-352.[9] A. Vohora, M. Wright, A. Lockett, Critical junctures in the development of uni-versity high-tech spinout companies, Res. Policy 33(1) (2004) 147-175.[10] V. Revest, A. Sapio, Financing technology-based small firms in Europe: what do we know?, Small Bus. Econ. 39(1) (2010) 179-205.[11] E. Rasmussen, O.J. Borch, University capabilities in facilitating entrepreneurship: a longitudinal study of spin-off ventures at mid-range universities, Res. Policy 39(5) (2010) 602-612.[12] L. Aaboen, Explaining incubators using firm analogy, Technovation 29(10) (2009) 657-670.[13] M. Abreu, V. Grinevich, The nature of academic entrepreneurship in the UK: widening the focus on entrepreneurial activities, Res. Policy 42(2) (2013) 408-422.[14] E. Rasmussen, S. Mosey, M. Wright, The influence of university departments on the evolution of entrepreneurial competencies in spin-off ventures. Res. Policy 43(1) (2014) 92-106.[15] H. Etzkowitz, The Triple Helix: University-Industry-Government Innovation in Action, Taylor and Francis, London, 2008. [16] D.B. Audretsch, From the entrepreneurial university to the university for the en-trepreneurial society, J. Technol. Transfer. 39(3) (2014) 313–321.[17] B.R. Clark, Creating Entrepreneurial Universities: Organizational Pathways of Transformation, Issues in Higher Education, Elsevier, Oxford: IAU Press and Pergamon, New York 1998. [18] B. Sporn, Building Adaptive Universities: Emerging Organisational Forms Based on Experiences of European and US Universities, Education and Management, 7:2 (2001) 121-134. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011346201972.[19] H. Etzkowitz, Research group as ‘quasi-firm’? The invention of the entrepreneurial university. Res. Policy 32 (1) (2003) 109-121.[20] M. Guerrero, D. Kirby and D. Urbano, A Literature Review on Entrepreneurial Universities: An Institutional Approach, Working paper presented at the 3rd Conference of Pre-communications to Congresses, Autonomous University of Barcelona, June 2006.[21] F.T. Rothaermel, S.D. Agung and L. Jiang, University entrepreneurship: a taxonomy of the literature, Industrial and Corporate Change, 16(4) (2007) 691-791. https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtm023.[22] A. A. Gibb, G. Haskins & Robertson, Leading the entrepreneurial university, National Council for Graduate Entrepreneurship (NCGE). http://www.ncge.org.uk (accessed 10 November 2020). [23] M. Guerrero, D. Urbano, The development of an entrepreneurial university, The Journal of Technology Transfer 37(1) (2010) 43-74. DOI: 10.1007/s10961-010-9171-x.[24] L.K. Sooreh, Salamzadeh, A., Safarzadeh, H. Salamzadeh, Y., Defining and Measuring Entrepreneurial Universities: A Study in Iranian Context Using Importance-Performance Analysis and TOPSIS Technique, Global Business and Management Research: An International Journal, 3(2) (2011) 182-199. [25] J.Y. Farsi, N. Imanipour and A. Salamzadeh, Entrepreneurial university conceptualization: case of developing countries, Global Business and Management Research, 4(2) (2012) 193-204. [26] Y.C. Chang, P.Y. Yang, B.R. Martin, H.R. Chi, T.F. Tsai-Lin, Entrepreneurial universities and research ambidexterity: A multilevel analysis, Technovation 54 (2016) 7-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2016.02.006[27] G. Dalmarco, W. Hulsink, G.V. Blois, Creating entrepreneurial universities in an emerging economy: Evidencefrom Brazil, Technological Forecasting & Social Change 135 (2018) 99-111. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2018.04.015.[28] S. Boffo, A. Cocorullo, University Fourth Mission: Spin-offs and Academic Entrenreneurship: Connecting Public Policies with new missions and management issues of universities, Higher Education Forum 16 (2019) 125-142.[29] D.V. Toan, Entrepreneurial Universities and the Development Model for Public Universities in Vietnam, International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 24(1) 2020 1-16. [30] J. Röpke, The Entrepreneurial University, Innovation, academic knowledge creation and regional development in a globalized economy, Working Paper Department of Economics, Philipps- Universität Marburg, Germany: 15, 1998[31] D.V. Toan, H.V. Hai, N.P. Mai, The Role of Entrepreneurship Development in Universities to Promote Knowledge Sharing: The Case of Vietnam National University Hanoi, Proceedings of Asia Pacific Conference on Information Management “Common Platform to A Sustainable Society In The Dynamic Asia Pacific”, VNU Press, Hanoi, October, 2016. [32] D.V. Toan, Development of enterprises in universities and policy implications for university governance reform in Vietnam VNU Journal of Science: Economics and Business, 35(1) (2019) 83-96 (in Vietnamese).[33] P. Zgaga, Higher Education in Transition - Reconsiderations on Higher Education in Europe at the Turn of Millennium, Monographs on Journal of Research in Teacher Education, Ed. Gun-Marie Frånberg, Publisher: Umeå University, 2007. ISBN: 978-91-7264-505-9.[34] J. Fielden, Global Trends in University Governance. Education Working Paper Series, number 9, World Bank, Washington, 2008.[35] A.H. Dooley, The role of academic boards in university governance, Policy paper formulated at the National Conference of Chairs of Academic Boards and Senates, The University of New South Wales, October 2005.[36] A. Lizzio, Student participation in university governance: the role conceptions and sense of efficacy of student representatives on departmental committees, Studies in Higher Education Journal, Taylor & Francis 34(1) (2009) 69-84. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075070802602000.[37] D.V. Toan, Development of Enterprises in Universities: From International Experience to Practices in Vietnam, Vietnam National University Press, Hanoi, 2019, 49-64 (in Vietnamese),.[38] D.V. Toan, H.T.C. Thuong, International experience in university governance and lessons for Vietnam, Economy and Forecast Review 20 (2020) 41-45. [39] D.V. Toan, Business development in universities: International experience and policy recomendation for Vietnam Economy and Forecast Review 35 (2018) 58-60 (in Vietnamese). [40] D.V. Toan, Entrepreneurship in public universities in Vietnam in the context of transition to autonomy (in Vietnamese), Economy and Forecast Review 30 (2019) 111-116.[41] D.V. Toan, University - Enterprise Cooperation in International Context and Implications for Vietnam (in Vietnamese), VNU Journal of Science: Economics and Business 32 (4) (2016) 32-44.

Pentingnya membangun OCB tidak lepas dari komitmen karyawan dalam organisasi. Komitmen karyawan akan mendorong terciptanya OCB dan tanpa adanya kontrol yang baik dalam pemberian kompensasi yang sesuai dengan hasil kerja tentunya memperlambat kerja pegawai. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji dan menganalisis pengaruh kompensasi dan komitmen organisasi terhadap kepuasan kerja dan OCB. Jumlah responden dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 86 orang. Pengumpulan data diperoleh dengan kuesioner menggunakan skala likert. Metode analisis data menggunakan Path Analysis. Hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa kompensasi berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kepuasan kerja dan Kepuasan kerja berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap OCB. Kata Kunci : Komitmen Organisasi, Kompensasi, Kepuasan kerja dan OCBDAFTAR PUSTAKA Bangun, Wilson. (2012). Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia. Erlangga. Jakarta. Bernardin, H. John, & Joyce E.A Russel. (2003). Human resource management(An Experimental Approach International Edition). Mc. Graw-Hill Inc. Singapore. Baedhowi. (2007). Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia. Pelita Insani. Semarang Bigliardi, Barbara & Albert, Ivo Dormio. (2012). The Impact of Organizational Culture on The Job Satisfaction of Knowledge Workers. Emerald Group. Vol.2 No.1, 36-51.Blau, P.M. (1964). Exchange and Power in Social Life. Transaction Publishers. Wiley, New York, NY.Bohlander, George, & Snell, Scott. (2010). Principles of Human Resource. Management, 15th ed. Mason, OH: South Western – Cengage Learning Boon, C. & Hartog, D.D. (2014). Human Resource Management and Organizational Citizenship Behavior The Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction. Netherland: Scriptiesonline.uba.uva.nl Cassio, Wayne F. (1997). Managing Human Resources, Productivity, Quality of Work Life Product Fourth Edition, New York: McGraw Hill International. Chinyere N. I. (2013). Job Satisfaction and Organizational Citizenship Behavior of Library Personnel in Selected Nigerian Universities. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Colquitt, Jason A., Jeffery A. LePine., Michael J. Wesson. (2011). Organizational Behaviour. New York: McGraw-Hill International Companies. Delery, E. J. & Doty, H. D. (1996). Modes of Theorizing in Strategic Human ResourcecManagement: Tests of Universalistic, Contingency, and Configurationally PerformancecPredictions, Academy of Management Journal, 39(4), 802–35. Dewi, S., Suwandana, Made. (2016). Pengaruh Kepuasan Kerja Terhadap Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) Dengan Komitmen Organisasional Sebagai Variabel Mediasi. E-Jurnal Manajemen Unud, Vol. 5 No.9 : 5643-5670. Darma, P.S & Supryanto, Achmad.S. (2017). The effect of compensation on satisfaction and employe performance. Management and Economics Journal. E-ISSN: 2598-9537 P-ISSN: 2599-3402. Journal Home Page: http://ejournal.uin-malang.ac.id/index.php/mec. De Saa-Perez, P. & JM. Garcia-Falcon. (2002). A Resource-based View of Human Resource Management & Organizational Capabilities Development. International Journal of Human Resource Management. Vol. 13. 123–40. Dewanggana, B.D., Paramita, P.D. & Haryono, A.T. (2016). Pengaruh Komitmen Organisasi, Kepuasan Kerja, Budaya Organisasi Terhadap Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) Yang Berdampak Pada Prestasi Kerja Karyawan (Studi Pada PT. PLN App Semarang). Journal Of Management, Vol. 2 No. 2 Edy Sutrisno, (2014). Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia. Cetak Ke Enam. Pranada Media Group. Jakarta. Fahmi, Irham. (2014). Analisa kinerja keuangan. Alfabeta. Bandung. Fitrianasari,D.,Nimran,U.,&Utami,H.,N. (2013).Pengaruh Kompensasi DanKepuasanKerja Terhadap OrganizationalCitizenship Behavior(OCB)dan Kinerja Karyawan. (Studi pada Perawat Rumah SakitUmum “Darmayu”di KabupatenPonorogo”). Jurnal ProfitVol.7 No.1Flippo, Edwin B (1997). Manajemen Personalia, Edisi Indonesia. ErlangaJakarta. Guest, D. (1997). Human Resource Management and Performance: A Review and Research Agenda. The International Journal of Human Resource Management. Vol. 8 (3). 263-76. Hartono, B & Setiawan, R. (2013). Judul penelitian Pengaruh Komitmen Organisasional Terhadap Kepuasan Kerja Karyawan Paparon’s Pizza City Of Tomorrow. AGORAVol.1, No.1, 1-8. Hasibuan, Malayu. (2012). Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia dan Kunci Keberhasilan. Haji Mas Agung. Jakarta. Handoko,THani.(2014).Manajemen Personalia &SumberdayaManusia.Edisi Kedua.Cetakan Ke-21. BPFE-Yogyakarta. Yogyakarta. Indrawati, Endang Sri. dan Nafi’, C. (2017). Hubungan Antara Kepuasan Kerja Dengan Organizational Citizenship Behavior Pada Karyawan CV. Elfa’s Kudus. Jurnal Empati. Vol. 7 No. 3, 134 – 145. Joarder, M. H. R., Sharif, M. Y., & Ahmmed, K. (2011). Mediating role of affectivecommitment in hrm practices and turnover intention. relationship: a study in adeveloping context. Business and Economics Research Journal, Vol 2 (4), 135–158. Kamel B., El Amine M.B., and Abdeljalil M., (2015). Relationship between Job Satisfaction and Organizational Citizenship Behavior in the National Company for Distribution of Electricity and Gas.European Journal of Business and Management Vol.7, No.30 1-6 Khan, A.H.,Muhammad M.N., Muhammad A &Wasim, H. (2012). Impact ofJob Satisfaction onEmployee Performance:An Empirical Study of Autonomous MedicalInstitutions of Pakistan.African Journalof Business Management,Vol. 6, 2697-2705 Kreitner, R &Kinicki, A. (2014). Perilaku Organisasi. Salemba Empat. Jakarta. Kurniawan, A. (2015). Pengaruh Komitmen Organisasi Terhadap Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) PT X Bandung. Jurnal Manajemen, Vol.15 No.1, 95-118. Kwantes, Karam, Kuo, & Towson. (2009). Culture's influence on the perception of OCB as in-role or extra-role. Kanada. International Journal of Intercultural Relations Luthans, Fred. (2006). Perilaku Organisasi edisi 10. Penerbit ANDI. Yogyakarta. Mangkunegara, A.A. Anwar Prabu. 2013.Manajemen Sumber Daya ManusiaPerusahaan.RemajaRosdakarya. Bandung. Mathis, R.L. & J.H. Jackson. (2006). Human Resource Management: Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia. Terjemahan Dian Angelia. Salemba Empat. Jakarta. ----------------------------------. (2011). Human Resource Management: Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia. Terjemahan Dian Angelia. Salemba Empat. Jakarta. Mehboob & Bhutto. (2012). Job Satisfaction as a Predictor of Organizational Citizenship Behavior A Study of Faculty Members at Business Institutes. Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, (Online) Vol. 3, No 9(http://www.journal-archieves14.webs.com/1447-1455.pdf) Mondy,R Wayne. (2008).ManajemenSumberDaya Manusia. Jilid 2Edisi 10. PenerbitErlangga. Jakarta. Muguongo, Muguna,, Muriithi. (2015). Effects of Compensation on Job Satisfaction Among Secondary School Teachers in Maara Sub - County o Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya”, Published online October 10, 2015 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/jhrm) ISSN: 2331-0707 (Print); ISSN: 2331-0715 (Online) Nazar, Omer Abdallah Ahmed. (2016). Impact of Human Resource Management Practices on Organizational Citizenship Behavior: An Empirical Investigation from Banking Sector of Sudan. International Review of Management and Marketing. Vol. 6(4), 964-973. Nursyamsi. (2013). Organizational Citizenship Behavior dan Pemberdayaan terhadap Komitmen Organisasi serta Dampaknya terhadap Kinerja Karyawan. Jurnal Keuangan dan Perbankan Vol. 17 No 3, 488-498. Nurandini, A & Lataruva, E. (2014). Judul penelitian Analisis Pengaruh Komitmen Organisasi Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan (Studi Pada Pegawai Perum PERUMNAS Jakarta). JurnalStudiManajemen& Organisasi Vol 11, 78–91. Omer, N. & Ahmed, A. (2017). Impact of Human Resource Management Practices on Organizational Citizenship Behavior: An Empirical Investigation from Banking Sector of Sudan. International Review of Management and Marketing. Vol. 6(4), 964-973. Oyeniyi, K.O, Afolabi, M.A, Olayanju, Mufutau (2014). Effect of Human Resource Management Practices on Job Satisfaction: An Empirical Investigation of Nigeria Banks. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, Vol. 4, No. 8, 243-251. Organ, D. W. (1990). The motivational basis of organizational citizen ship behavior. In B. M. Staw, & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (pp. 43-72). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. Organ, D. W., Podsakoff, P. M., & MacKenzie, S. B. (2006). Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature, antecedents, and consequences. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Pala, Fikri. Eker, Semith dkk.2008. The effect of demographic characteristic on organizational commitment and job satisfaction : An Empirical study on Turkish health care staff. The journal of industrial relations and human resources Vol. 10 No. 2 Purwanto, A.H. (2011). Pengaruh Kualitas Layanan Internal dan Orientasi Pemberi Layanan Terhadap Kinerja Pegawai di Kantor Perijinan Kabupaten Lamongan. Jurnal Psikosains. Vol. 3(1) : 55-72. Priyatno, Duwi. (2011). Buku Saku Analisis Statistik Data. Penerbit Media Kom. Yogyakarta. Prowse, Peter & Prowse, Julie. (2009). The dilemma of performance appraisal. Measuring Business Excellence, 13 (4) : 69 – 77. Podsakoff P.M, Michae Ahearne, MacKenzie S.B (1997). Organizational Citizenship Behavior and the Quantity of Work Group Perpormance. American Psychological Association. Vol. 82 No. 2, 262-270. Rahayu, N.M.N & Riana, I.G. (2017). Pengaruh Kompensasi Terhadap Kepuasan Kerja dan Keinginan Keluar Pada Hotel Amaris Legian. E-JurnalManajemen Unud, Vol. 6,No. 11, 5804-5833 Ramadhani, A.A (2013). Pengaruh Kompensasi Terhadap Motivasi Kerja Di PT. Pos Indonesia (Persero) Bandung. Skripsi: Program Studi Manajemen, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia. (http://repository.upi.edu/1299/ [16 November 2013]Rahmayanti, Febriana, dan Dewi. (2014). Faktor-Faktor yang MempengaruhiOrganizationalCitizenshipBehavior(OCB).JurnalEcopsyVol.1No.3 Retnoningsih, T., Sunuharjo, B.S & Ruhana, I. 2015. Pengaruh Kompensasi Terhadap Kepuasan Kerja Dan Kinerja Karyawan (Studi Pada Karyawan PT PLN (Persero) Distribusi Jawa Timur Area Malang). Richard L. Hughes, Robert C. Ginnett, and Gordon J. Curphy. (2012). Leadership, Enhancing the Lessons of Experience, Alih Bahasa: Putri Izzati. Salemba Humanika. Jakarta. Robbins, S.P., & Judge, T.A. (2008). Perilaku organisasi. organizational behavior. buku 1. edisi 12. Penerjemah: Angelica, D., Cahyani, R., dan Rosyid, A. Salemba Empat. Jakarta. Robbins, S. P. & Coulter, M. (2012). Management (11th ed.). Prentice Hall: River, N.J. Robbins, S.P dan Judge T.A. (2015).Perilaku Organisasi.SalembaEmpat. Jakarta. Rozzaid, Y., Toni Herlambang, T & dan Devi, A.M. (2015). Pengaruh Kompensasi Dan Motivasi Terhadap Kepuasan Kerja Karyawan (Studi Kasus Pada PT. Nusapro Telemedia Persada Cabang Banyuwangi). Jurnal ManajemenDanBisnis IndonesiaVol. 1No. 2, 201-220. Saleem, Sharjeel & Saba, Amin. (2013). The Impact of Organizational Support for Career Development and Supervisory Suppoert on Employee Performance : An Emperical Study From Pakistani Academic Sector. Europen Journal of Business and Management. 5 (5) : 194-207. Samsudin, Sadili. (2010). Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia. Pustaka Setia. Bandung. Sasilu, J.B, Chinyio & Sures, S. (2015). The impact of compensation on the job satisfaction of public sector construction workers of jigawa state of Nigeria. The Business and Management Review. Vol. 6 No. 4.Schneider, B., dan Bowen, D.E. (1985). Employee and customer perceptions of service in bank: Replication and extension. Journal of Applied Psychology. Vol 70, 423-433. Sekaran, Uma. (2014). Metodologi Penelitian untuk Bisnis (Research Methods for Business). Salemba Empat. Jakarta. Siagian, Sondang., P. (2013). Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia. Binapura Aksara. Jakarta. --------------------------, (2008). Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia (EdisiPertama). Binapura Aksara. Jakarta. Siregar, S & Prasetio, A.P. (2015). Pengaruh Kepuasan Kerja dan Komikmen Organisasi Terhadap Organizational Citizenship Behavior (Prilaku OCB) Karyawan Kantor Distribusi PT. PLN (Persero) Distribusi Jawa Barat Dan Banten. E-Proceeding ofManagement.Vol.2 no.3Society for Human Resource Management. (2012). EmployeeJob Satisfaction and Engagement. A research report by SHRM. Retrieved from www.shrmstore. shrm.org. Solihin, Dadang. (2013). Optimalisasi Otonomi Daerah Kebijakan, Strategi dan Upaya. Yayasan Empat Sembilan. Jakarta. Srimulyani, V. A. (2009). Tipilogi dan Anteseden Komitmen Organisasi. Jurnal Ilmiah Widya Wana. Vol. 33 (1), 1-20. Steven, H Appelbaum, Michel Roy & Terry Gilliland. (2011). Globalization of performance appraisals: theory and applications. Management Decision, Vol. 49 (4) : 570-585. Subekhi, A. (2012). Pengantar Manajemen Sumber DayaManusia.PrestasiPustakaJakarta. Jakarta. Sugiyono. (2013). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif dan R&D. Alfabeta. Bandung. Sutrisno,E. (2011).ManajemenSumberDayaManusia. PrenadaMediaGroup.Jakarta. Tan, R&Tarigan, Z.J.H. (2017). PengaruhKompensasiDanKepuasanKerjaTerhadap OrganizationalCitizenshipBehavior(OCB)MelaluiMotivasi KerjaSebagaiVariabelInterveningPada3HMotosport. AGORAVol. 5,No. 1 Titisari, Purnamie. (2014). Peranan Organizational Citizenship Behaviour (OCB) dalam Meningkatkan Kinerja Karyawan. Mitra Wacana Media. Jakarta. Uma Sankar Mishra, Aurolipy, Madhusmita Dash. (2017). Impact of HRM Practices on Job Satisfaction and Performance: An Empirical Study in Health Care Sector. International journal of economic research. Vol. 14, No. 1 Umar, Husein. (2003). Riset Sumber Daya Manusia Dalam Organisasi. Penerbit Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Jakarta. Wexley, Kenneth. & Gary Yukl. (2003). Perilaku organisasi dan psikologi personalia. Rineka Cipta. Jakarta. Wibowo. (2016). Manajemen Kinerja. PT. Rajagrafindo Persada. Jakarta. Widodo, SE. (2015). Manajemen Pengembangan Sumber Daya Manusia. Pustaka Pelajar. Yogyakarta. Yani. (2012). Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia. Mitra Wacana Media. Jakarta.Zaenabadi, H. (2010). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment as antecedents of Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) of teachers. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences Vol. 5 : 998–1003.

IntroductionLike other forms of embodiment, pregnancy has increasingly become subject to representation and interpretation via digital technologies. Pregnancy and the unborn entity were largely private, and few people beyond the pregnant women herself had access to the foetus growing within her (Duden). Now pregnant and foetal bodies have become open to public portrayal and display (Lupton The Social Worlds of the Unborn). A plethora of online materials – websites depicting the unborn entity from the moment of conception, amateur YouTube videos of births, social media postings of ultrasounds and self-taken photos (‘selfies’) showing changes in pregnant bellies, and so on – now ensure the documentation of pregnant and unborn bodies in extensive detail, rendering them open to other people’s scrutiny. Other recent digital technologies directed at pregnancy include mobile software applications, or ‘apps’. In this article, we draw on our study involving a critical discourse analysis of a corpus of pregnancy-related apps offered in the two major app stores. In so doing, we discuss the ways in which pregnancy-related apps portray pregnant and unborn bodies. We place a particular focus on the ludification and gamification strategies employed to position pregnancy as a playful, creative and fulfilling experience that is frequently focused on consumption. As we will demonstrate, these strategies have wider implications for concepts of pregnant and foetal embodiment and subjectivity.It is important here to make a distinction between ludification and gamification. Ludification is a broader term than gamification. It is used in the academic literature on gaming (sometimes referred to as ‘ludology’) to refer to elements of games reaching into other aspects of life beyond leisure pursuits (Frissen et al. Playful Identities: The Ludification of Digital Media Cultures; Raessens). Frissen et al. (Frissen et al. "Homo Ludens 2.0: Play, Media and Identity") for example, claim that even serious pursuits such as work, politics, education and warfare have been subjected to ludification. They note that digital technologies in general tend to incorporate ludic dimensions. Gamification has been described as ‘the use of game design elements in non-game contexts’ (Deterding et al. 9). The term originated in the digital media industry to describe the incorporation of features into digital technologies that not explicitly designed as games, such as competition, badges, rewards and fun that engaged and motivated users to make them more enjoyable to use. Gamification is now often used in literatures on marketing strategies, persuasive computing or behaviour modification. It is an important element of ‘nudge’, an approach to behaviour change that involves persuasion over coercion (Jones, Pykett and Whitehead). Gamification thus differs from ludification in that the former involves applying ludic principles for reasons other than the pleasures of enjoying the game for their own sake, often to achieve objectives set by actors and agencies other than the gamer. Indeed, this is why gamification software has been described by Bogost (Bogost) as ‘exploitationware’. Analysing Pregnancy AppsMobile apps have become an important medium in contemporary digital technology use. As of May 2015, 1.5 million apps were available to download on Google Play while 1.4 million were available in the Apple App Store (Statista). Apps related to pregnancy are a popular item in app stores, frequently appearing on the Apple App Store’s list of most-downloaded apps. Google Play’s figures show that many apps directed at pregnant women have been downloaded hundreds of thousands, or even millions, of times. For example, ‘Pregnancy +’, ‘I’m Expecting - Pregnancy App’ and ‘What to Expect - Pregnancy Tracker’ have each been downloaded between one and five million times, while ‘My Pregnancy Today’ has received between five and ten million downloads. Pregnancy games for young girls are also popular. Google Play figures show that the ‘Pregnant Emergency Doctor’ game, for example, has received between one and five million downloads. Research has found that pregnant women commonly download pregnancy-related apps and find them useful sources of information and support (Hearn, Miller and Fletcher; Rodger et al.; Kraschnewski et al.; Declercq et al.; Derbyshire and Dancey; O'Higgins et al.). We conducted a comprehensive analysis of all pregnancy-related smartphone apps in the two major app stores, Apple App Store and Google Play, in late June 2015. Android and Apple’s iOS have a combined market share of 91 percent of apps installed on mobile phones (Seneviratne et al.). A search for all pregnancy-related apps offered in these stores used key terms such as pregnancy, childbirth, conception, foetus/fetus and baby. After eliminating apps listed in these searches that were clearly not human pregnancy-related, 665 apps on Google Play and 1,141 on the Apple App Store remained for inclusion in our study. (Many of these apps were shared across the stores.)We carried out a critical discourse analysis of these apps, looking closely at the app descriptions offered in the two stores. We adopted the perspective that sees apps, like any other form of media, as sociocultural artefacts that both draw on and reproduce shared norms, ideals, knowledges and beliefs (Lupton "Quantified Sex: A Critical Analysis of Sexual and Reproductive Self-Tracking Using Apps"; Millington "Smartphone Apps and the Mobile Privatization of Health and Fitness"; Lupton "Apps as Artefacts: Towards a Critical Perspective on Mobile Health and Medical Apps"). In undertaking our analysis of the app descriptions in our corpus, attention was paid to the title of each app, the textual accounts of its content and use and the images that were employed, such as the logo of the app and the screenshots that were used to illustrate its content and style. Our focus in this article is on the apps that we considered as including elements of entertainment. Pregnancy-related game apps were by far the largest category of the apps in our corpus. These included games for young girls and expectant fathers as well as apps for ultrasound manipulation, pregnancy pranks, foetal sex prediction, choosing baby names, and quizzes. Less obviously, many other apps included in our analysis offered some elements of gamification and ludification, and these were considered in our analysis. ‘Pregnant Adventures’: App Games for GirlsOne of the major genres of apps that we identified was games directed at young girls. These apps invited users to shop for clothes, dress up, give a new hair style, ‘make-over’ and otherwise beautify a pregnant woman. These activities were directed at the goal of improving the physical attractiveness and therefore (it was suggested) the confidence of the woman, who was presented as struggling with coming to terms with changes in her body during pregnancy. Other apps for this target group involved the player assuming the role of a doctor in conducting medical treatments for injured pregnant women or assisting the birth of her baby.Many of these games represented the pregnant woman visually as looking like an archetypal Barbie doll, with a wardrobe to match. One app (‘Barbara Pregnancy Shopping’) even uses the name ‘Barbara’ and the screenshots show a woman similar in appearance to the doll. Its description urges players to use the game to ‘cheer up’ an ‘unconfident’ Barbara by taking her on a ‘shopping spree’ for new, glamorous clothes ‘to make Barbara feel beautiful throughout her pregnancy’. Players may find ‘sparkly accessories’ as well for Barbara and help her find a new hairstyle so that she ‘can be her fashionable self again’ and ‘feel prepared to welcome her baby!’. Likewise, the game ‘Pregnant Mommy Makeover Spa’ involves players selecting clothes, applying beauty treatments and makeup and adding accessories to give a makeover to ‘Pregnant Princess’ Leila. The ‘Celebrity Mommy’s Newborn Baby Doctor’ game combines the drawcard of ‘celebrity’ with ‘mommy’. Players are invited to ‘join the celebrities in their pregnancy adventure!’ and ‘take care of Celebrity Mom during her pregnancy!’.An app by the same developer of ‘Barbara Pregnancy Shopping’ also offers ‘Barbara’s Caesarean Birth’. The app description claims that: ‘Of course her poor health doesn’t allow Barbara to give birth to her baby herself.’ It is up to players to ‘make everything perfect’ for Barbara’s caesarean birth. The screenshots show Barbara’s pregnant abdomen being slit open, retracted and a rosy, totally clean infant extracted from the incision, complete with blonde hair. Players then sew up the wound. A final screenshot displays an image of a smiling Barbara standing holding her sleeping, swaddled baby, with the words ‘You win’.Similar games involve princesses, mermaids, fairies and even monster and vampire pregnant women giving birth either vaginally or by caesarean. Despite their preternatural status, the monster and vampire women conform to the same aesthetic as the other pregnant women in these games: usually with long hair and pretty, made-up faces, wearing fashionable clothing even on the operating table. Their newborn infants are similarly uniform in their appearance as they emerge from the uterus. They are white-skinned, clean and cherubic (described in ‘Mommy’s Newborn Baby Princess’ as ‘the cutest baby you probably want’), a far cry from the squalling, squashed-faced infants smeared in birth fluids produced by the real birth process.In these pregnancy games for girls, the pain and intense bodily effort of birthing and the messiness produced by the blood and other body fluids inherent to the process of labour and birth are completely missing. The fact that caesarean birth is a major abdominal surgery requiring weeks of recovery is obviated in these games. Apart from the monsters and vampires, who may have green- or blue-hued skin, nearly all other pregnant women are portrayed as white-skinned, young, wearing makeup and slim, conforming to conventional stereotypical notions of female beauty. In these apps, the labouring women remain glamorous, usually smiling, calm and unsullied by the visceral nature of birth.‘Track Your Pregnancy Day by Day’: Self-Monitoring and Gamified PregnancyElements of gamification were evident in a large number of the apps in our corpus, including many apps that invite pregnant users to engage in self-tracking of their bodies and that of their foetuses. Users are asked to customise the apps to document their changing bodies and track their foetus’ development as part of reproducing the discourse of the miraculous nature of pregnancy and promoting the pleasures of self-tracking and self-transformation from pregnant woman to mother. When using the ‘Pregnancy+’ app, for example, users can choose to construct a ‘Personal Dashboard’ that includes details of their pregnancy. They can input their photograph, first name and their expected date of delivery so that that each daily update begins with ‘Hello [name of user], you are [ ] weeks and [ ] days pregnant’ with the users’ photograph attached to the message. The woman’s weight gain over time and a foetal kick counter are also included in this app. It provides various ways for users to mark the passage of time, observe the ways in which their foetuses change and move week by week and monitor changes in their bodies. According to the app description for ‘My Pregnancy Today’, using such features allows a pregnant woman to: ‘Track your pregnancy day by day.’ Other apps encourage women to track such aspects of physical activity, vitamin and fluid intake, diet, mood and symptoms. The capacity to visually document the pregnant user’s body is also a feature of several apps. The ‘Baby Bump Pregnancy’, ‘WebMD Pregnancy’, ‘I’m Expecting’,’iPregnant’ and ‘My Pregnancy Today’ apps, for example, all offer an album feature for pregnant bump photos taken by the user of herself (described as a ‘bumpie’ in the blurb for ‘My Pregnancy Today’). ‘Baby Buddy’ encourages women to create a pregnant avatar of themselves (looking glamorous, well-dressed and happy). Some apps even advise users on how they should feel. As a screenshot from ‘Pregnancy Tracker Week by Week’ claims: ‘Victoria, your baby is growing in your body. You should be the happiest woman in the world.’Just as pregnancy games for little girls portrayal pregnancy as a commodified and asetheticised experience, the apps directed at pregnant women themselves tend to shy away from discomforting fleshly realities of pregnant and birthing embodiment. Pregnancy is represented as an enjoyable and fashionable state of embodiment: albeit one that requires constant self-surveillance and vigilance.‘Hello Mommy!’: The Personalisation and Aestheticisation of the FoetusA dominant feature of pregnancy-related apps is the representation of the foetus as already a communicative person in its own right. For example, the ‘Pregnancy Tickers – Widget’ app features the image of a foetus (looking far more like an infant, with a full head of wavy hair and open eyes) holding a pencil and marking a tally on the walls of the uterus. The app is designed to provide various icons showing the progress of the user’s pregnancy each day on her mobile device. The ‘Hi Mommy’ app features a cartoon-like pink and cuddly foetus looking very baby-like addressing its mother from the womb, as in the following message that appears on the user’s smartphone: ‘Hi Mommy! When will I see you for the first time?’ Several pregnancy-tracking apps also allow women to input the name that they have chosen for their expected baby, to receive customised notifications of its progress (‘Justin is nine weeks and two days old today’).Many apps also incorporate images of foetuses that represent them as wondrous entities, adopting the visual style of 1960s foetal photography pioneer Lennart Nilsson, or what Stormer (Stormer) has referred to as ‘prenatal sublimity’. The ‘Pregnancy+’ app features such images. Users can choose to view foetal development week-by-week as a colourful computerised animation or 2D and 3D ultrasound scans that have been digitally manipulated to render them aesthetically appealing. These images replicate the softly pink, glowing portrayals of miraculous unborn life typical of Nilsson’s style.Other apps adopt a more contemporary aesthetic and allow parents to store and manipulate images of their foetal ultrasounds and then share them via social media. The ‘Pimp My Ultrasound’ app, for example, invites prospective parents to manipulate images of their foetal ultrasounds by adding in novelty features to the foetal image such as baseball caps, jewellery, credit cards and musical instruments. The ‘Hello Mom’ app creates a ‘fetal album’ of ultrasounds taken of the user’s foetus, while the ‘Ultrasound Viewer’ app lets users manipulate their 3/4 D foetal ultrasound images: ‘Have fun viewing it from every angle, rotating, panning and zooming to see your babies [sic] features and share with your family and friends via Facebook and Twitter! … Once uploaded, you can customise your scan with a background colour and skin colour of your choice’.DiscussionPregnancy, like any other form of embodiment, is performative. Pregnant women are expected to conform to norms and assumptions about their physical appearance and deportment of their bodies that expect them to remain well-groomed, fit and physically attractive without appearing overly sexual (Longhurst "(Ad)Dressing Pregnant Bodies in New Zealand: Clothing, Fashion, Subjectivities and Spatialities"; Longhurst "'Corporeographies’ of Pregnancy: ‘Bikini Babes'"; Nash; Littler). Simultaneously they must negotiate the burden of bodily management in the interests of risk regulation. They are expected to protect their vulnerable unborn from potential dangers by stringently disciplining their bodies and policing to what substances they allow entry (Lupton The Social Worlds of the Unborn; Lupton "'Precious Cargo': Risk and Reproductive Citizenship"). Pregnancy self-tracking apps enact the soft politics of algorithmic authority, encouraging people to conform to expectations of self-responsibility and self-management by devoting attention to monitoring their bodies and acting on the data that they generate (Whitson; Millington "Amusing Ourselves to Life: Fitness Consumerism and the Birth of Bio-Games"; Lupton The Quantified Self: A Sociology of Self-Tracking).Many commentators have remarked on the sexism inherent in digital games (e.g. Dickerman, Christensen and Kerl-McClain; Thornham). Very little research has been conducted specifically on the gendered nature of app games. However our analysis suggests that, at least in relation to the pregnant woman, reductionist heteronormative, cisgendered, patronising and paternalistic stereotypes abound. In the games for girls, pregnant women are ideally young, heterosexual, partnered, attractive, slim and well-groomed, before, during and after birth. In self-tracking apps, pregnant women are portrayed as ideally self-responsible, enthused about their pregnancy and foetus to the point that they are counting the days until the birth and enthusiastic about collecting and sharing details about themselves and their unborn (often via social media).Ambivalence about pregnancy, the foetus or impending motherhood, and lack of interest in monitoring the pregnancy or sharing details of it with others are not accommodated, acknowledged or expected by these apps. Acknowledgement of the possibility of pregnant women who are not overtly positive about their pregnancy or lack interest in it or who identify as transgender or lesbian or who are sole mothers is distinctly absent.Common practices we noted in apps – such as giving foetuses names before birth and representing them as verbally communicating with their mothers from inside the womb – underpin a growing intensification around the notion of the unborn entity as already an infant and social actor in its own right. These practices have significant implications for political agendas around the treatment of pregnant women in terms of their protection or otherwise of their unborn, and for debates about women’s reproductive rights and access to abortion (Lupton The Social Worlds of the Unborn; Taylor The Public Life of the Fetal Sonogram: Technology, Consumption and the Politics of Reproduction). Further, the gamification and ludification of pregnancy serve to further commodify the experience of pregnancy and childbirth, contributing to an already highly commercialised environment in which expectant parents, and particularly mothers, are invited to purchase many goods and services related to pregnancy and early parenthood (Taylor "Of Sonograms and Baby Prams: Prenatal Diagnosis, Pregnancy, and Consumption"; Kroløkke; Thomson et al.; Taylor The Public Life of the Fetal Sonogram: Technology, Consumption and the Politics of Reproduction; Thomas).In the games for girls we examined, the pregnant woman herself was a commodity, a selling point for the app. The foetus was also frequently commodified in its representation as an aestheticised entity and the employment of its image (either as an ultrasound or other visual representations) or identity to market apps such as the girls’ games, apps for manipulating ultrasound images, games for predicting the foetus’ sex and choosing its name, and prank apps using fake ultrasounds purporting to reveal a foetus inside a person’s body. As the pregnant user engages in apps, she becomes a commodity in yet another way: the generator of personal data that are marketable in themselves. In this era of the digital data knowledge economy, the personal information about people gathered from their online interactions and content creation has become highly profitable for third parties (Andrejevic; van Dijck). Given that pregnant women are usually in the market for many new goods and services, their personal data is a key target for data mining companies, who harvest it to sell to advertisers (Marwick).To conclude, our analysis suggests that gamification and ludification strategies directed at pregnancy and childbirth can serve to obfuscate the societal pressures that expect and seek to motivate pregnant women to maintain physical fitness and attractiveness, simultaneously ensuring that they protect their foetuses from all possible risks. In achieving both ends, women are encouraged to engage in intense self-monitoring and regulation of their bodies. These apps also reproduce concepts of the unborn entity as a precious and beautiful already-human. These types of portrayals have important implications for how young girls learn about pregnancy and childbirth, for pregnant women’s experiences and for concepts of foetal personhood that in turn may influence women’s reproductive rights and abortion politics.ReferencesAndrejevic, Mark. Infoglut: How Too Much Information Is Changing the Way We Think and Know. New York: Routledge, 2013. Print.Bogost, Ian. "Why Gamification Is Bullshit." The Gameful World: Approaches, Issues, Applications. Eds. Steffen Walz and Sebastian Deterding. Boston, MA: MIT Press, 2015. 65-80. Print.Declercq, E.R., et al. Listening to Mothers III: Pregnancy and Birth. New York: Childbirth Connection, 2013. Print.Derbyshire, Emma, and Darren Dancey. "Smartphone Medical Applications for Women's Health: What Is the Evidence-Base and Feedback?" International Journal of Telemedicine and Applications (2013).Deterding, Sebastian, et al. "From Game Design Elements to Gamefulness: Defining Gamification." Proceedings of the 15th International Academic MindTrek Conference: Envisioning Future Media Environments. ACM, 2011. Dickerman, Charles, Jeff Christensen, and Stella Beatríz Kerl-McClain. "Big Breasts and Bad Guys: Depictions of Gender and Race in Video Games." Journal of Creativity in Mental Health 3.1 (2008): 20-29. Duden, Barbara. Disembodying Women: Perspectives on Pregnancy and the Unborn. Trans. Lee Hoinacki. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993. Frissen, Valerie, et al. "Homo Ludens 2.0: Play, Media and Identity." Playful Identities: The Ludification of Digital Media Cultures. Eds. Valerie Frissen et al. Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam Press, 2015. 9-50. ———, eds. Playful Identities: The Ludification of Digital Media Cultures. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2015. Hearn, Lydia, Margaret Miller, and Anna Fletcher. "Online Healthy Lifestyle Support in the Perinatal Period: What Do Women Want and Do They Use It?" Australian Journal of Primary Health 19.4 (2013): 313-18. Jones, Rhys, Jessica Pykett, and Mark Whitehead. "Big Society's Little Nudges: The Changing Politics of Health Care in an Age of Austerity." Political Insight 1.3 (2010): 85-87. Kraschnewski, L. Jennifer, et al. "Paging “Dr. Google”: Does Technology Fill the Gap Created by the Prenatal Care Visit Structure? Qualitative Focus Group Study with Pregnant Women." Journal of Medical Internet Research. 16.6 (2014): e147. Kroløkke, Charlotte. "On a Trip to the Womb: Biotourist Metaphors in Fetal Ultrasound Imaging." Women's Studies in Communication 33.2 (2010): 138-53. Littler, Jo. "The Rise of the 'Yummy Mummy': Popular Conservatism and the Neoliberal Maternal in Contemporary British Culture." Communication, Culture & Critique 6.2 (2013): 227-43. Longhurst, Robyn. "(Ad)Dressing Pregnant Bodies in New Zealand: Clothing, Fashion, Subjectivities and Spatialities." Gender, Place & Culture 12.4 (2005): 433-46. ———. "'Corporeographies’ of Pregnancy: ‘Bikini Babes'." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 18.4 (2000): 453-72. Lupton, Deborah. "Apps as Artefacts: Towards a Critical Perspective on Mobile Health and Medical Apps." Societies 4.4 (2014): 606-22. ———. "'Precious Cargo': Risk and Reproductive Citizenship." Critical Public Health 22.3 (2012): 329-40. ———. The Quantified Self: A Sociology of Self-Tracking. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2016. ———. "Quantified Sex: A Critical Analysis of Sexual and Reproductive Self-Tracking Using Apps." Culture, Health & Sexuality 17.4 (2015): 440-53. ———. The Social Worlds of the Unborn. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. Marwick, Alice. "How Your Data Are Being Deeply Mined." The New York Review of Books (2014). Millington, Brad. "Amusing Ourselves to Life: Fitness Consumerism and the Birth of Bio-Games." Journal of Sport & Social Issues 38.6 (2014): 491-508. ———. "Smartphone Apps and the Mobile Privatization of Health and Fitness." Critical Studies in Media Communication 31.5 (2014): 479-93. Nash, Meredith. Making 'Postmodern' Mothers: Pregnant Embodiment, Baby Bumps and Body Image. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. O'Higgins, A., et al. "The Use of Digital Media by Women Using the Maternity Services in a Developed Country." Irish Medical Journal 108.5 (2015). Raessens, Joost. "Playful Identities, or the Ludification of Culture." Games and Culture 1.1 (2006): 52-57. Rodger, D., et al. "Pregnant Women’s Use of Information and Communications Technologies to Access Pregnancy-Related Health Information in South Australia." Australian Journal of Primary Health 19.4 (2013): 308-12. Seneviratne, Suranga, et al. "Your Installed Apps Reveal Your Gender and More!" Mobile Computing and Communications Review 18.3 (2015): 55-61. Statista. "Number of Apps Available in Leading App Stores as of May 2015." 2015. Stormer, Nathan. "Looking in Wonder: Prenatal Sublimity and the Commonplace 'Life'." Signs 33.3 (2008): 647-73. Taylor, Janelle. "Of Sonograms and Baby Prams: Prenatal Diagnosis, Pregnancy, and Consumption." Feminist Studies 26.2 (2000): 391-418. ———. The Public Life of the Fetal Sonogram: Technology, Consumption and the Politics of Reproduction. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2008. Thomas, Gareth M. "Picture Perfect: ‘4d’ Ultrasound and the Commoditisation of the Private Prenatal Clinic." Journal of Consumer Culture. Online first, 2015. Thomson, Rachel, et al. Making Modern Mothers. Bristol: Policy Press, 2011. Thornham, Helen. “'It's a Boy Thing'.” Feminist Media Studies 8.2 (2008): 127-42. Van Dijck, José. "Datafication, Dataism and Dataveillance: Big Data between Scientific Paradigm and Ideology." Surveillance & Society 12.2 (2014): 197-208. Whitson, Jennifer. "Gaming the Quantified Self." Surveillance & Society 11.1/2 (2013): 163-76.

Photo by National Cancer Institute on Unsplash INTRODUCTION Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, there have been calls for the President to invoke a Korean-war-era law, the Defense Production Act (“DPA”), to effectively nationalize the supply of critical medical supplies (e.g., N-95-grade masks, ventilators) and speed up vaccine production. The reasoning for employing the DPA is simple: it can immediately ramp up the industrial production of critical supplies and material resources and direct their distribution to areas of greatest need.[1] The Trump administration used the DPA 18 times to aid vaccine development.[2] The Biden administration has followed suit, invoking the DPA in February.[3] While the Defense Production Act has enabled a massive mobilization of crucial resources for vaccine development, it has also had negative, downstream effects, which raise ethical concerns surrounding resource allocation. Evaluating the effect of the DPA on Tepezza (teprotumumab-trbw; Horizon Therapeutics), a non-COVID-19 medication, demonstrates how the DPA is not adequately designed to address pharmaceutical manufacturing, and point to a potential need for further legislation. ANALYSIS By its nature, the DPA is a very blunt and fast-moving instrument that should be used sparingly. Originally signed into law by President Truman at the outset of the Korean War in 1950, the DPA gives the President the authority to order private sectors to produce essential goods in times of emergency.[4] In particular, it allows the President to compel corporations to immediately prioritize orders from the federal government irrespective of previously agreed-upon contracts. The typical rules of supply and demand economics are overridden, and legally binding agreements are nullified. Thus, the power of the DPA facilitates its ability to redirect resources in a swift, absolute manner. Over the years, the general scope of the DPA has steadily extended beyond military preparedness to include natural disasters and homeland security. In January 2001, both President Clinton and President G. W. Bush invoked DPA powers to ensure that emergency supplies of electrical power and natural gas continued flowing to California utilities during the 2000 - 2001 energy crisis.[5] In 2017, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) used the DPA to prioritize contracts for food, bottled water, and the restoration of electrical systems after Hurricane Maria struck Puerto Rico.[6] December 2020 had a record number (65,000) of US COVID-19 deaths and over 118,000 COVID-19 patients in U.S. hospitals.[7] Vaccines were still predominantly being allocated to healthcare workers and residents of long-term care and assisted living facilities. While the federal government created demand for COVID-19 vaccines by contracting with pharmaceutical and manufacturing companies, vaccine supply remained low. Private companies needed more time to alter their production schedules and get out of existing contracts before they could fulfill the government contracts. The government invoked the DPA to expedite vaccine production, enabling companies to break existing contracts and start production. On December 17, 2020, Horizon Therapeutics, a biopharmaceutical company, announced that its drug Tepezza would experience a serious supply shortage[8] due to the abrupt cancellation of manufacturing slots at Horizon’s sub-contractor Catalent Pharma Solutions. Catalent, a drug manufacturer, packager, and distributor, was also a producer of Moderna’s new COVID-19 vaccine, manufacturing both Tepezza and the Moderna vaccine on the same production line. Operation Warp Speed, used the DPA to direct the immediate reallocation of Catalent’s manufacturing slots to Moderna.[9] The abrupt disruption of Tepezza production had a “dramatic effect” on patients.[10] Tepezza is the only FDA-approved medication to treat adults with Thyroid Eye Disease (TED), also known as Graves’ Ophthalmopathy, a rare autoimmune condition wherein the muscles and fatty tissues behind the eye become inflamed, causing the eyes to push forward and bulge outward. Symptoms include eye pain, light sensitivity, difficulty closing the eye, and, in severe cases, blindness.[11] While TED impacts a small number of individuals, the disease can be incapacitating, preventing individuals from performing important daily activities, like driving or working. On the prescribed course of treatment for TED, patients take a total of eight intravenous injections of Tepezza, one every three weeks.[12] When supplies were disrupted, some patients stopped receiving Tepezza in the middle of treatment. While the effects of stopping midway are unknown, symptoms may worsen during the hiatus or premature stoppage. People who had not yet begun treatment had to delay starting, sometimes remaining in pain and risking vision loss from optic nerve compression. To alleviate symptoms, some patients may have opted for eye surgeries instead of waiting for Tepezza.[13] When the federal government invoked the DPA, it inadvertently put two interests at odds with each other – providing medication for a rare but serious disease and speeding up vaccination rates against the coronavirus. Prior applications of the DPA affected the supply and demand of machinery and raw materials – not pharmaceuticals, which have a direct and immediate impact on human health. In 1967, for instance, President Johnson invoked the DPA requiring Chrysler to prioritize production of the M1 Abrams Tank, the Army’s new main battle tank, over cars. Around the same time, President Johnson also used the DPA to expand chemical plants’ production of herbicides, such as 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D, to make Agent Orange.[14] Most recently, the Trump administration used the DPA to require GE and 3M to prioritize the production of critical medical equipment (e.g., ventilators, personal protective equipment).[15] None of these examples impacted access to pharmaceuticals. There are, however, significant ethical issues at stake in the use of the DPA to abruptly alter pharmaceutical manufacturing, even temporarily. Catalent was just one of many Moderna COVID-19 vaccine manufacturers. The number of doses of Tepezza needed to supply patients was small given the low prevalence of TED. An investor reported that if Horizon had access to the facility for even a few hours, it could have met the demand.[16] If Operation Warp Speed had worked more closely with Horizon Therapeutics and asked Catalent to briefly make additional doses given its short manufacturing time, the negative effects on patients with TED could have been avoided. But the DPA, by design, approaches an emergency from a utilitarian perspective, rapidly redirecting resources to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number of people. A significant portion of the American population, including Tepezza’s patient population, was at risk of contracting the coronavirus and experiencing severe symptoms, and the DPA order had the potential to save many lives. But pharmaceutical supply chains are complex, fragile, and highly time sensitive. A sudden disruption can have a significant, long-lasting effect on patients’ health. We need to be cognizant of these ethical issues and weigh competing claims before proceeding. The decision to employ the DPA to take over the assembly line of Tepezza resulted in de facto rationing of supplies without proper ethical analysis. During the COVID-19 pandemic, we have been fortunate that the DPA did not do more damage to the supply chains of life-saving drugs. CONCLUSION We should reconsider whether the DPA, in its current form, should apply to the pharmaceutical industry. The government should carefully analyze the ethics before redirecting pharmaceutical production. Instead, the federal government should create a different process in the DPA, which I call the “Pharmaceutical DPA”, for assessing when to divert pharmaceutical production, perhaps with a goal of preserving the ability to produce drugs for serious illnesses, even if the illnesses are rare. While a pharmaceutical DPA could still compel pharmaceutical and manufacturing companies to prioritize government contracts and break pre-existing contracts, the companies should have more latitude to decide when and how to start complying with the DPA’s directives. With a new two-tiered law, the federal government would have the ability to redirect non-pharmaceutical resources as it does currently and pharmaceutical ones in a way that gives a limited amount of discretion to pharmaceutical companies. Given that so many excess doses of the vaccine remain unused,[17] arguably the diversion of resources away from Tepezza did not effectively further the government‘s target vaccination goals due to a decision by many people not to receive the vaccine. Production of Tepezza resumed in April 2021, not because the DPA was lifted, but because Horizon submitted a prior approval supplement (PAS) to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to support the increased scale production of Tepezza by other manufacturers.[18] Although the short-term supply shortage has been corrected, the case of Tepezza shows that the DPA needs to be carefully reconsidered in the context of the pharmaceutical industry because of the potential consequences to patients. If the DPA were flexible enough to allow Catalent to manufacture Tepezza for a few more hours in total, the company could have avoided the shortage. The creation of a pharmaceutical DPA would prevent this from happening in the future, enabling the original Act’s provisions to be used more like a scalpel than a blunt instrument. - [1] Fox, L., Collins, K., & Holmes, K. “Pressure mounts for Trump to actually use Defense Production Act,” CNN, (2020), accessed July 23, 2021, https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/20/politics/defense-production-act-trump/index.html [2] “Statement from the Press Secretary,” Trump White House Archives (2020), accessed July 23, 2021, https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/statement-press-secretary-123020/ [3] Court, E. & Wingrove, J. “Biden Team to Use DPA for Vaccine Manufacturing, Testing,” Bloomberg (2021), accessed July 23, 2021, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-02-05/biden-team-to-use-dpa-for-vaccine-manufacturing-testing?srnd=premium [4] “The Defense Production Act of 1950: History, Authorities, and Considerations for Congress,” Congressional Research Service (2020), accessed July 23, 2021, https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R43767.pdf [5] Else, D. H. “Defense Production Act: Purpose and Scope,” Congressional Research Service (2009), accessed September 23, 2021, https://sgp.fas.org/crs/natsec/RS20587.pdf [6] “The Defense Production Act: The Obscure Law that Industry and Government Should be Talking About Today (and for the Foreseeable Future,” Dorsey & Whitney LLP, accessed September 24, 2021, https://www.dorsey.com/newsresources/publications/client-alerts/2020/03/the-defense-production-act [7] “US sees a record number of COVID-19 deaths in December,” Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy (2020), accessed July 23, 2021, https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/12/us-sees-record-number-covid-19-deaths-december [8] “Horizon Therapeutics plc Announces Short-Term TEPEZZA® (teprotumumab-trbw) Supply Disruption Due to Government-Mandated (Operation Warp Speed) COVID-19 Vaccine Production,” Horizon Therapeutics (2020), accessed July 22, 2021, https://ir.horizontherapeutics.com/news-releases/news-release-details/horizon-therapeutics-plc-announces-short-term-tepezzar [9] Kansteiner, F. “Horizon’s Tepezza supply dwindles as manufacturer Catalent pivots to Warp Speed vaccines” Fierce Pharma (2020), accessed July 23, 2021, https://www.fiercepharma.com/manufacturing/horizon-faces-tepezza-disruptions-as-manufacturer-catalent-tapped-for-warp-speed [10] Kuchler, H. “Push to make Covid vaccines causes US drug shortages,” Financial Times (2021), accessed July 22, 2021, https://www.ft.com/content/b3ac261e-2675-4679-9356-53aa6d812ad7 [11] “FDA approves first treatment for thyroid eye disease,” FDA (2020), accessed July 22, 2021, https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-treatment-thyroid-eye-disease [12] “Tepezza Dosing and Administration” Tepezza, accessed July 23, 2021, https://www.tepezza.com/hcp/tepezza-dosing-and-infusion-information [13] It should be noted that there are currently no academic sources on the effects of the Tepezza shortage to the TED patient population. [14] Bell, D. “’A Little-known Bill of Great National Significance’: The Uses and Evolution of the Defense Production Act, 1950 – 2020,” US Army Heritage and Education Center (2020), accessed September 23, 2021, https://ahec.armywarcollege.edu/documents/Defense_Production_Act_1950-2020.pdf [15] “Applying the Defense Production Act,” FEMA (2021), accessed September 23, 2021, https://www.fema.gov/press-release/20210420/applying-defense-production-act [16] Author personally attended a small group conversation with the investor and attests to the accuracy of the statement. [17] Eaton J., Murphy, J. “15 million Covid vaccine doses thrown away in the U.S. since March, new data shows,” NBC News (2021), accessed October 1, 2021, https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/america-has-wasted-least-15-million-covid-vaccine-doses-march-n1278211 [18] “Statement on TEPEZZA® (teprotumumab-trbw) Availability,” Horizon (2021), accessed July 22, 2021, https://www.horizontherapeutics.com/media-center/horizon-resources/statement-on-short-term-tepezza-supply-disruption

“Why would I go to the library if I can get all I need from the web?” This question should sound familiar to anyone teaching media studies in a tertiary institution today, and it is becoming an increasingly common question. It is also a question that typifies what has been called the Net Generation, and at the same time raises important questions about the way we teach this generation, particularly when it comes to media education. No longer can we assume that students will actually take the time to read the required readings that we have so painstakingly put together, because it is simply not their way of approaching or engaging with information. The concept of scanning sums it up beautifully: they scan for information, rather than search for specific texts to be engaged with in depth. As Diana and James Oblinger note, “individuals raised with the computer deal with information differently compared to previous cohorts: they develop hypertext minds, they leap around. A linear thought process is much less common than bricolage, or the ability to piece information together from multiple sources” (2.4-2.5). In short, they develop scanning minds. At the risk of sounding ‘old school’, let’s stop and reflect on this for a moment. Firstly, there is the problematic notion of the Net Generation, and in particular its ‘generation’ component. Similar to previous generational constructs like Gen X, Y, Dot.Com Gen, etcetera, it implies that the Net Generation’s characteristics are specifically age related. It can be argued, however, that they are driven by technology (in its social and cultural context…naturally): in other words, regardless of your age, if you engage with a wide variety of media across different platforms in a sustained manner, you are just as likely to develop a scanning mind as any first year student, since the brain is a muscle which is remarkably adept at adapting. Secondly, if we accept that the scanning mind is here to stay, which will take a considerable shift, judging from the frequent rumbles in institutional corridors about the lack of student engagement in classrooms (and I’m certainly not exempt from this myself), then that raises a number of very important, and potentially uncomfortable, questions about our practice in classrooms. For example, if a scanning mind is the equipment that students bring to our lecture theatres, is it appropriate to expect them to listen to us in a sustained manner for two hours, like we have done since time immemorial? Similarly, is the general tutorial format of ‘required reading—discussion about the required reading’ the best way to engage students if the majority consistently fail to make it to the end of that reading? If we can identify what the characteristics of the Net Generation are, should we redesign our teaching practice to suit those characteristics? What are the implications of that for the various types of skills (including generic skills) we imagine to be worthy outcomes of a university degree (or ‘graduate capabilities’ in management speak)? Diana and James Oblinger (2.6-2.7) identify the following characteristics in the Net Generation: ability to read visual images (more comfortable in image-rich environments than with text) visual-spatial skills (developed through playing games) experiential (they learn better through discovery than by being told) ability to shift their attention rapidly from one task to another digitally literate connected/social (peer-to-peer approach) The ability to read visual images sits well with the often heard claim that this generation is ‘media savvy’, but there is a big difference between being able to read (and scan) images and being able to critically engage with those images. The latter poses a challenge to educators, because it is in this realm that traditional academic skills become important. In 1996, an influential paper in the Harvard Educational Review by the so-called New London Group, developed what they called a ‘pedagogy of multiliteracies’, in which they argued for a re-think of what we traditionally understand by literacy (i.e. text-based), to account for “the bourgeoning variety of text forms associated with information and multimedia technologies” (1-2). They implicitly suggest that we need to teach students multiliteracies, but this raises the question of what we understand by multiliteracies. According to Kalantzis and Cope, “meaning is made in ways that are increasingly multimodal—in which written linguistic modes of meaning interface with visual, audio, gestural, and spatial patterns of meaning” (9). This is only sporadically acknowledged in current teaching, and if incorporated at all, its application is generally left to the discretion of individual course coordinators, rather than integrated across the curriculum. At the same time, however, the characteristics of the Net Generation, as outlined above, suggest that there are many skills associated with a multimedia environment that we may not need to teach students. For example, when it comes to visual-spatial skills, developed through game playing, they can probably teach us more than what we can teach them. What the above list of characteristics allows us to do however, is to shift our focus to creatively incorporate the skills that students come equipped with in ways that would teach them the critical skills we want them to develop. This is precisely what MIT’s Comparative Media Studies Program has been concerned with in recent years: collaborating with a variety of partners, ranging from Microsoft to the Royal Shakespeare Company, they have developed gaming scenarios that “cut across different game genres, different academic fields, different pedagogical models, and different strategies for integrating games into the classroom” (Squire and Jenkins 10). There is recognition in their educational game designs that the Net Generation is more comfortable in image-rich environments, that they are experiential learners, that they have the ability to shift their attention rapidly from one task to another, and that they prefer a peer-to-peer approach. The games are designed for different disciplines, from science to history and literary studies, and some are multiplayer games while others are single player games. Students experience the games “not simply as readers or spectators but as players, directors, and authors” (Squire and Jenkins 21). Built into the game designs are mechanisms that stimulate critical thinking (and indeed the acquisition of knowledge); in order to win the game, students need to collaborate (social peer-to-peer interaction), find information, and reflect on their practice. Squire and Jenkins’ examples include a game which allows students to analyse a Shakespeare play (The Taming of the Shrew) by occupying the director’s chair, and an American history game where players fill the shoes of decision makers in history and thus have the ability to ‘virtually’ re-write history, as long as they take responsibility for their decisions. With some creative thinking, these examples could very well be applied to the study of films, television programs, media companies, or even games themselves. The MIT Program is still in its early stages, and there are many issues to be considered, both logistical and philosophical, and many pilot programs to scan, before radically changing age old practices. Furthermore, there is a need to be very clear on pedagogical objectives and projected outcomes, in order to not throw the baby out with the bathwater. In an increasingly competitive higher education context, the temptation to ‘please’ students/clients and peddle to their perceived needs looms large. However, initiatives like the MIT Program show promising ways to harness the Net Generation’s ‘natural’ abilities, rather than condemning them as ‘only interested in instant gratification’. The scanning mind can be seen as a dangerous mind if it never delves below the surface, but if we instead choose to see the scanning mind as a potentially suspicious or sceptical mind, then we have taken the first step in harnessing this scepticism and transforming it into a critical mind. Postscript Despite my initial resolve to make this piece highly scannable, by keeping my sentences short and sharp, I realise I have failed miserably in this regard, which I attribute to my membership of various pre-net generations… References Kalantzis, Mary, and Bill Cope. “Introduction.” Transformations in Language and Learning: Perspectives on Multiliteracies. Ed. Mary Kalantzis and Bill Cope. Melbourne: Common Ground, 2001. 9-18. The New London Group. “A Pedagogy of Multiliteracies: Designing Social Futures.” Harvard Educational Review 66.1 (Spring 1996): 60-92. Oblinger, Diana G., and James L. Oblinger. “Is It Age or IT: First Steps toward Understanding the Net Generation.” Educating the Net Generation. Ed. Diana G. Oblinger and James L. Oblinger. Boulder: Educause, 2005. 2.1-2.20. Squire, Kurt, and Henry Jenkins. “Harnessing the Power of Games in Education.” InSight 3 (2003): 5-33. Citation reference for this article MLA Style Huijser, Henk. "Are Scanning Minds Dangerous Minds, or Merely Suspicious Minds?: Harnessing the Net Generation’s Ability to Scan." M/C Journal 8.4 (2005). echo date('d M. Y'); ?> <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0508/09-huijser.php>. APA Style Huijser, H. (Aug. 2005) "Are Scanning Minds Dangerous Minds, or Merely Suspicious Minds?: Harnessing the Net Generation’s Ability to Scan," M/C Journal, 8(4). Retrieved echo date('d M. Y'); ?> from <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0508/09-huijser.php>.

This article investigates the possibilities for understanding waste as a resource, with a particular focus on understanding food waste as a food resource. It considers the popular yeast spread Vegemite within this frame. The spread’s origins in waste product, and how it has achieved and sustained its status as a popular symbol of Australia despite half a century of Australian gastro-multiculturalism and a marked public resistance to other recycling and reuse of food products, have not yet been a focus of study. The process of producing Vegemite from waste would seem to align with contemporary moves towards recycling food waste, and ensuring environmental sustainability and food security, yet even during times of austerity and environmental concern this has not provided the company with a viable marketing strategy. Instead, advertising copywriting and a recurrent cycle of product memorialisation have created a superbrand through focusing on Vegemite’s nutrient and nostalgic value.John Scanlan notes that producing waste is a core feature of modern life, and what we dispose of as surplus to our requirements—whether this comprises material objects or more abstract products such as knowledge—reveals much about our society. In observing this, Scanlan asks us to consider the quite radical idea that waste is central to everything of significance to us: the “possibility that the surprising core of all we value results from (and creates even more) garbage (both the material and the metaphorical)” (9). Others have noted the ambivalent relationship we have with the waste we produce. C. T. Anderson notes that we are both creator and agent of its disposal. It is our ambivalence towards waste, coupled with its ubiquity, that allows waste materials to be described so variously: negatively as garbage, trash and rubbish, or more positively as by-products, leftovers, offcuts, trimmings, and recycled.This ambivalence is also crucial to understanding the affectionate relationship the Australian public have with Vegemite, a relationship that appears to exist in spite of the product’s unpalatable origins in waste. A study of Vegemite reveals that consumers can be comfortable with waste, even to the point of eating recycled waste, as long as that fact remains hidden and unmentioned. In Vegemite’s case not only has the product’s connection to waste been rendered invisible, it has been largely kept out of sight despite considerable media and other attention focusing on the product. Recycling Food Waste into Food ProductRecent work such as Elizabeth Royte’s Garbage Land and Tristram Stuart’s Waste make waste uncomfortably visible, outlining how much waste, and food waste in particular, the Western world generates and how profligately this is disposed of. Their aim is clear: a call to less extravagant and more sustainable practices. The relatively recent interest in reducing our food waste has, of course, introduced more complexity into a simple linear movement from the creation of a food product, to its acquisition or purchase, and then to its consumption and/or its disposal. Moreover, the recycling, reuse and repurposing of what has previously been discarded as waste is reconfiguring the whole idea of what waste is, as well as what value it has. The initiatives that seem to offer the most promise are those that reconfigure the way waste is understood. However, it is not only the process of transforming waste from an abject nuisance into a valued product that is central here. It is also necessary to reconfigure people’s acculturated perceptions of, and reactions to waste. Food waste is generated during all stages of the food cycle: while the raw materials are being grown; while these are being processed; when the resulting food products are being sold; when they are prepared in the home or other kitchen; and when they are only partly consumed. Until recently, the food industry in the West almost universally produced large volumes of solid and liquid waste that not only posed problems of disposal and pollution for the companies involved, but also represented a reckless squandering of total food resources in terms of both nutrient content and valuable biomass for society at large. While this is currently changing, albeit slowly, the by-products of food processing were, and often are, dumped (Stuart). In best-case scenarios, various gardening, farming and industrial processes gather household and commercial food waste for use as animal feed or as components in fertilisers (Delgado et al; Wang et al). This might, on the surface, appear a responsible application of waste, yet the reality is that such food waste often includes perfectly good fruit and vegetables that are not quite the required size, shape or colour, meat trimmings and products (such as offal) that are completely edible but extraneous to processing need, and other high grade product that does not meet certain specifications—such as the mountains of bread crusts sandwich producers discard (Hickman), or food that is still edible but past its ‘sell by date.’ In the last few years, however, mounting public awareness over the issues of world hunger, resource conservation, and the environmental and economic costs associated with food waste has accelerated efforts to make sustainable use of available food supplies and to more efficiently recycle, recover and utilise such needlessly wasted food product. This has fed into and led to multiple new policies, instances of research into, and resultant methods for waste handling and treatment (Laufenberg et al). Most straightforwardly, this involves the use or sale of offcuts, trimmings and unwanted ingredients that are “often of prime quality and are only rejected from the production line as a result of standardisation requirements or retailer specification” from one process for use in another, in such processed foods as soups, baby food or fast food products (Henningsson et al. 505). At a higher level, such recycling seeks to reclaim any reusable substances of significant food value from what could otherwise be thought of as a non-usable waste product. Enacting this is largely dependent on two elements: an available technology and being able to obtain a price or other value for the resultant product that makes the process worthwhile for the recycler to engage in it (Laufenberg et al). An example of the latter is the use of dehydrated restaurant food waste as a feedstuff for finishing pigs, a reuse process with added value for all involved as this process produces both a nutritious food substance as well as a viable way of disposing of restaurant waste (Myer et al). In Japan, laws regarding food waste recycling, which are separate from those governing other organic waste, are ensuring that at least some of food waste is being converted into animal feed, especially for the pigs who are destined for human tables (Stuart). Other recycling/reuse is more complex and involves more lateral thinking, with the by-products from some food processing able to be utilised, for instance, in the production of dyes, toiletries and cosmetics (Henningsson et al), although many argue for the privileging of food production in the recycling of foodstuffs.Brewing is one such process that has been in the reuse spotlight recently as large companies seek to minimise their waste product so as to be able to market their processes as sustainable. In 2009, for example, the giant Foster’s Group (with over 150 brands of beer, wine, spirits and ciders) proudly claimed that it recycled or reused some 91.23% of 171,000 tonnes of operational waste, with only 8.77% of this going to landfill (Foster’s Group). The treatment and recycling of the massive amounts of water used for brewing, rinsing and cooling purposes (Braeken et al.; Fillaudeaua et al.) is of significant interest, and is leading to research into areas as diverse as the development microbial fuel cells—where added bacteria consume the water-soluble brewing wastes, thereby cleaning the water as well as releasing chemical energy that is then converted into electricity (Lagan)—to using nutrient-rich wastewater as the carbon source for creating bioplastics (Yu et al.).In order for the waste-recycling-reuse loop to be closed in the best way for securing food supplies, any new product salvaged and created from food waste has to be both usable, and used, as food (Stuart)—and preferably as a food source for people to consume. There is, however, considerable consumer resistance to such reuse. Resistance to reusing recycled water in Australia has been documented by the CSIRO, which identified negative consumer perception as one of the two primary impediments to water reuse, the other being the fundamental economics of the process (MacDonald & Dyack). This consumer aversion operates even in times of severe water shortages, and despite proof of the cleanliness and safety of the resulting treated water. There was higher consumer acceptance levels for using stormwater rather than recycled water, despite the treated stormwater being shown to have higher concentrations of contaminants (MacDonald & Dyack). This reveals the extent of public resistance to the potential consumption of recycled waste product when it is labelled as such, even when this consumption appears to benefit that public. Vegemite: From Waste Product to Australian IconIn this context, the savoury yeast spread Vegemite provides an example of how food processing waste can be repurposed into a new food product that can gain a high level of consumer acceptability. It has been able to retain this status despite half a century of Australian gastronomic multiculturalism and the wide embrace of a much broader range of foodstuffs. Indeed, Vegemite is so ubiquitous in Australian foodways that it is recognised as an international superbrand, a standing it has been able to maintain despite most consumers from outside Australasia finding it unpalatable (Rozin & Siegal). However, Vegemite’s long product history is one in which its origin as recycled waste has been omitted, or at the very least, consistently marginalised.Vegemite’s history as a consumer product is narrated in a number of accounts, including one on the Kraft website, where the apocryphal and actual blend. What all these narratives agree on is that in the early 1920s Fred Walker—of Fred Walker and Company, Melbourne, canners of meat for export and Australian manufacturers of Bonox branded beef stock beverage—asked his company chemist to emulate Marmite yeast extract (Farrer). The imitation product was based, as was Marmite, on the residue from spent brewer’s yeast. This waste was initially sourced from Melbourne-based Carlton & United Breweries, and flavoured with vegetables, spices and salt (Creswell & Trenoweth). Today, the yeast left after Foster Group’s Australian commercial beer making processes is collected, put through a sieve to remove hop resins, washed to remove any bitterness, then mixed with warm water. The yeast dies from the lack of nutrients in this environment, and enzymes then break down the yeast proteins with the effect that vitamins and minerals are released into the resulting solution. Using centrifugal force, the yeast cell walls are removed, leaving behind a nutrient-rich brown liquid, which is then concentrated into a dark, thick paste using a vacuum process. This is seasoned with significant amounts of salt—although less today than before—and flavoured with vegetable extracts (Richardson).Given its popularity—Vegemite was found in 2009 to be the third most popular brand in Australia (Brand Asset Consulting)—it is unsurprising to find that the product has a significant history as an object of study in popular culture (Fiske et al; White), as a marker of national identity (Ivory; Renne; Rozin & Siegal; Richardson; Harper & White) and as an iconic Australian food, brand and product (Cozzolino; Luck; Khamis; Symons). Jars, packaging and product advertising are collected by Australian institutions such as Sydney’s Powerhouse Museum and the National Museum of Australia in Canberra, and are regularly included in permanent and travelling exhibitions profiling Australian brands and investigating how a sense of national identity is expressed through identification with these brands. All of this significant study largely focuses on how, when and by whom the product has been taken up, and how it has been consumed, rather than its links to waste, and what this circumstance could add to current thinking about recycling of food waste into other food products.It is worth noting that Vegemite was not an initial success in the Australian marketplace, but this does not seem due to an adverse public perception to waste. Indeed, when it was first produced it was in imitation of an already popular product well-known to be made from brewery by-products, hence this origin was not an issue. It was also introduced during a time when consumer relationships to waste were quite unlike today, and thrifty re-use of was a common feature of household behaviour. Despite a national competition mounted to name the product (Richardson), Marmite continued to attract more purchasers after Vegemite’s launch in 1923, so much so that in 1928, in an attempt to differentiate itself from Marmite, Vegemite was renamed “Parwill—the all Australian product” (punning on the idea that “Ma-might” but “Pa-will”) (White 16). When this campaign was unsuccessful, the original, consumer-suggested name was reinstated, but sales still lagged behind its UK-owned prototype. It was only after remaining in production for more than a decade, and after two successful marketing campaigns in the second half of the 1930s that the Vegemite brand gained some market traction. The first of these was in 1935 and 1936, when a free jar of Vegemite was offered with every sale of an item from the relatively extensive Kraft-Walker product list (after Walker’s company merged with Kraft) (White). The second was an attention-grabbing contest held in 1937, which invited consumers to compose Vegemite-inspired limericks. However, it was not the nature of the product itself or even the task set by the competition which captured mass attention, but the prize of a desirable, exotic and valuable imported Pontiac car (Richardson 61; Superbrands).Since that time, multinational media company, J Walter Thompson (now rebranded as JWT) has continued to manage Vegemite’s marketing. JWT’s marketing has never looked to Vegemite’s status as a thrifty recycler of waste as a viable marketing strategy, even in periods of austerity (such as the Depression years and the Second World War) or in more recent times of environmental concern. Instead, advertising copywriting and a recurrent cycle of cultural/media memorialisation have created a superbrand by focusing on two factors: its nutrient value and, as the brand became more established, its status as national icon. Throughout the regular noting and celebration of anniversaries of its initial invention and launch, with various commemorative events and products marking each of these product ‘birthdays,’ Vegemite’s status as recycled waste product has never been more than mentioned. Even when its 60th anniversary was marked in 1983 with the laying of a permanent plaque in Kerferd Road, South Melbourne, opposite Walker’s original factory, there was only the most passing reference to how, and from what, the product manufactured at the site was made. This remained the case when the site itself was prioritised for heritage listing almost twenty years later in 2001 (City of Port Phillip).Shying away from the reality of this successful example of recycling food waste into food was still the case in 1990, when Kraft Foods held a nationwide public campaign to recover past styles of Vegemite containers and packaging, and then donated their collection to Powerhouse Museum. The Powerhouse then held an exhibition of the receptacles and the historical promotional material in 1991, tracing the development of the product’s presentation (Powerhouse Museum), an occasion that dovetailed with other nostalgic commemorative activities around the product’s 70th birthday. Although the production process was noted in the exhibition, it is noteworthy that the possibilities for recycling a number of the styles of jars, as either containers with reusable lids or as drinking glasses, were given considerably more notice than the product’s origins as a recycled product. By this time, it seems, Vegemite had become so incorporated into Australian popular memory as a product in its own right, and with such a rich nostalgic history, that its origins were no longer of any significant interest or relevance.This disregard continued in the commemorative volume, The Vegemite Cookbook. With some ninety recipes and recipe ideas, the collection contains an almost unimaginably wide range of ways to use Vegemite as an ingredient. There are recipes on how to make the definitive Vegemite toast soldiers and Vegemite crumpets, as well as adaptations of foreign cuisines including pastas and risottos, stroganoffs, tacos, chilli con carne, frijole dip, marinated beef “souvlaki style,” “Indian-style” chicken wings, curries, Asian stir-fries, Indonesian gado-gado and a number of Chinese inspired dishes. Although the cookbook includes a timeline of product history illustrated with images from the major advertising campaigns that runs across 30 pages of the book, this timeline history emphasises the technological achievement of Vegemite’s creation, as opposed to the matter from which it orginated: “In a Spartan room in Albert Park Melbourne, 20 year-old food technologist Cyril P. Callister employed by Fred Walker, conducted initial experiments with yeast. His workplace was neither kitchen nor laboratory. … It was not long before this rather ordinary room yielded an extra-ordinary substance” (2). The Big Vegemite Party Book, described on its cover as “a great book for the Vegemite fan … with lots of old advertisements from magazines and newspapers,” is even more openly nostalgic, but similarly includes very little regarding Vegemite’s obviously potentially unpalatable genesis in waste.Such commemorations have continued into the new century, each one becoming more self-referential and more obviously a marketing strategy. In 2003, Vegemite celebrated its 80th birthday with the launch of the “Spread the Smile” campaign, seeking to record the childhood reminisces of adults who loved Vegemite. After this, the commemorative anniversaries broke free from even the date of its original invention and launch, and began to celebrate other major dates in the product’s life. In this way, Kraft made major news headlines when it announced that it was trying to locate the children who featured in the 1954 “Happy little Vegemites” campaign as part of the company’s celebrations of the 50th anniversary of the television advertisement. In October 2006, these once child actors joined a number of past and current Kraft employees to celebrate the supposed production of the one-billionth jar of Vegemite (Rood, "Vegemite Spreads" & "Vegemite Toasts") but, once again, little about the actual production process was discussed. In 2007, the then iconic marching band image was resituated into a contemporary setting—presumably to mobilise both the original messages (nutritious wholesomeness in an Australian domestic context) as well as its heritage appeal. Despite the real interest at this time in recycling and waste reduction, the silence over Vegemite’s status as recycled, repurposed food waste product continued.Concluding Remarks: Towards Considering Waste as a ResourceIn most parts of the Western world, including Australia, food waste is formally (in policy) and informally (by consumers) classified, disposed of, or otherwise treated alongside garden waste and other organic materials. Disposal by individuals, industry or local governments includes a range of options, from dumping to composting or breaking down in anaerobic digestion systems into materials for fertiliser, with food waste given no special status or priority. Despite current concerns regarding the security of food supplies in the West and decades of recognising that there are sections of all societies where people do not have enough to eat, it seems that recycling food waste into food that people can consume remains one of the last and least palatable solutions to these problems. This brief study of Vegemite has attempted to show how, despite the growing interest in recycling and sustainability, the focus in both the marketing of, and public interest in, this iconic and popular product appears to remain rooted in Vegemite’s nutrient and nostalgic value and its status as a brand, and firmly away from any suggestion of innovative and prudent reuse of waste product. That this is so for an already popular product suggests that any initiatives that wish to move in this direction must first reconfigure not only the way waste itself is seen—as a valuable product to be used, rather than as a troublesome nuisance to be disposed of—but also our own understandings of, and reactions to, waste itself.Acknowledgements Many thanks to the reviewers for their perceptive, useful, and generous comments on this article. All errors are, of course, my own. The research for this work was carried out with funding from the Faculty of Arts, Business, Informatics and Education, CQUniversity, Australia.ReferencesAnderson, C. T. “Sacred Waste: Ecology, Spirit, and the American Garbage Poem.” Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 17 (2010): 35-60.Blake, J. The Vegemite Cookbook: Delicious Recipe Ideas. Melbourne: Ark Publishing, 1992.Braeken, L., B. Van der Bruggen and C. Vandecasteele. “Regeneration of Brewery Waste Water Using Nanofiltration.” Water Research 38.13 (July 2004): 3075-82.City of Port Phillip. “Heritage Recognition Strategy”. Community and Services Development Committee Agenda, 20 Aug. 2001.Cozzolino, M. Symbols of Australia. Ringwood: Penguin, 1980.Creswell, T., and S. Trenoweth. “Cyril Callister: The Happiest Little Vegemite”. 1001 Australians You Should Know. North Melbourne: Pluto Press, 2006. 353-4.Delgado, C. L., M. Rosegrant, H. Steinfled, S. Ehui, and C. Courbois. Livestock to 2020: The Next Food Revolution. Food, Agriculture, and the Environment Discussion Paper, 28. Washington, D. C.: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2009.Farrer, K. T. H. “Callister, Cyril Percy (1893-1949)”. Australian Dictionary of Biography 7. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1979. 527-8.Fillaudeaua, L., P. Blanpain-Avetb and G. Daufinc. “Water, Wastewater and Waste Management in Brewing Industries”. Journal of Cleaner Production 14.5 (2006): 463-71.Fiske, J., B. Hodge and G. Turner. Myths of Oz: Reading Australian Popular Culture. Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1987.Foster’s Group Limited. Transforming Fosters: Sustainability Report 2009.16 June 2010 ‹http://fosters.ice4.interactiveinvestor.com.au/Fosters0902/2009SustainabilityReport/EN/body.aspx?z=1&p=-1&v=2&uid›.George Patterson Young and Rubicam (GPYR). Brand Asset Valuator, 2009. 6 Aug. 2010 ‹http://www.brandassetconsulting.com/›.Harper, M., and R. White. Symbols of Australia. UNSW, Sydney: UNSW Press, 2010.Henningsson, S., K. Hyde, A. Smith, and M. Campbell. “The Value of Resource Efficiency in the Food Industry: A Waste Minimisation Project in East Anglia, UK”. Journal of Cleaner Production 12.5 (June 2004): 505-12.Hickman, M. “Exposed: The Big Waste Scandal”. The Independent, 9 July 2009. 18 June 2010 ‹http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/features/exposed-the-big-waste-scandal-1737712.html›.Ivory, K. “Australia’s Vegemite”. Hemispheres (Jan. 1998): 83-5.Khamis, S. “Buy Australiana: Diggers, Drovers and Vegemite”. Write/Up. Eds. E. Hartrick, R. Hogg and S. Supski. St Lucia: API Network and UQP, 2004. 121-30.Lagan, B. “Australia Finds a New Power Source—Beer”. The Times 5 May 2007. 18 June 2010 ‹http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/science/article1749835.ece›.Laufenberg, G., B. Kunz and M. Nystroem. “Transformation of Vegetable Waste into Value Added Products: (A) The Upgrading Concept; (B) Practical Implementations [review paper].” Bioresource Technology 87 (2003): 167-98.Luck, P. Australian Icons: Things That Make Us What We Are. Melbourne: William Heinemann Australia, 1992.MacDonald, D. H., and B. Dyack. Exploring the Institutional Impediments to Conservation and Water Reuse—National Issues: Report for the Australian Water Conservation and Reuse Research Program. March. CSIRO Land and Water, 2004.Myer, R. O., J. H. Brendemuhl, and D. D. Johnson. “Evaluation of Dehydrated Restaurant Food Waste Products as Feedstuffs for Finishing Pigs”. Journal of Animal Science 77.3 (1999): 685-92.Pittaway, M. The Big Vegemite Party Book. Melbourne: Hill of Content, 1992. Powerhouse Museum. Collection & Research. 16 June 2010.Renne, E. P. “All Right, Vegemite!: The Everyday Constitution of an Australian National Identity”. Visual Anthropology 6.2 (1993): 139-55.Richardson, K. “Vegemite, Soldiers, and Rosy Cheeks”. Gastronomica 3.4 (Fall 2003): 60-2.Rood, D. “Vegemite Spreads the News of a Happy Little Milestone”. Sydney Morning Herald 6 Oct. 2008. 16 March 2010 ‹http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/vegemite-spreads-the-news-of-a-happy-little-milestone/2008/10/05/1223145175371.html›.———. “Vegemite Toasts a Billion Jars”. The Age 6 Oct. 2008. 16 March 2010 ‹http://www.theage.com.au/national/vegemite-toasts-a-billion-jars-20081005-4uc1.html›.Royte, E. Garbage Land: On the Secret Trail of Trash. New York: Back Bay Books, 2006.Rozin, P., and M. Siegal “Vegemite as a Marker of National Identity”. Gastronomica 3.4 (Fall 2003): 63-7.Scanlan, J. On Garbage. London: Reaktion Books, 2005.Stuart, T. Waste: Uncovering the Global Food Scandal. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2009.Superbrands. Superbrands: An Insight into Many of Australia’s Most Trusted Brands. Vol IV. Ingleside, NSW: Superbrands, 2004.Symons, M. One Continuous Picnic: A History of Eating in Australia. Ringwood: Penguin Books, 1982.Wang, J., O. Stabnikova, V. Ivanov, S. T. Tay, and J. Tay. “Intensive Aerobic Bioconversion of Sewage Sludge and Food Waste into Fertiliser”. Waste Management & Research 21 (2003): 405-15.White, R. S. “Popular Culture as the Everyday: A Brief Cultural History of Vegemite”. Australian Popular Culture. Ed. I. Craven. Cambridge UP, 1994. 15-21.Yu, P. H., H. Chua, A. L. Huang, W. Lo, and G. Q. Chen. “Conversion of Food Industrial Wastes into Bioplastics”. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 70-72.1 (March 1998): 603-14.