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Brady, John. « Still Connected to Home : The Politics of Immigrant Transnationalism in Germany ». German Politics and Society 22, no 2 (1 juin 2004) : 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/104503004782353267.
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Betigül Ercan Argun, Turkey in Germany: The Transnational Space of Deutschkei (New York: Routledge, 2003)Eva Østergaard-Nielsen, Transnational Politics: Turks and Kurds in Germany (New York: Routledge, 2003)
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Ögelman, Nedim. « Book Review : Transnational Politics : Turks and Kurds in Germany ». International Migration Review 38, no 2 (juin 2004) : 788–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2004.tb00217.xl.
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Ögelman, Nedim. « Book Review : Transnational Politics : Turks and Kurds in Germany ». International Migration Review 38, no 1 (mars 2004) : 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2004.tb00199.xh.
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Sirkeci, Ibrahim, Jeffrey H. Cohen et Pinar Yazgan. « Turkish culture of migration : Flows between Turkey and Germany, socio-economic development and conflict ». Migration Letters 9, no 1 (1 janvier 2012) : 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v9i1.201.
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In this paper we explore the rise of Turkey as a destination for new migrants including the children of Turks and Kurds who emigrated to Europe and Germany over the last five decades. An environment of social, economic and human insecurity dominated migration from Turkey to Europe and in particular Germany over the last five decades; and today, shifts in Turkish society, economy and security are attracting migrants to the country. Ethnic conflicts were one key factor driving migration in the past and as we note, they continue to moderate the relationship between socio-economic development and emigration rates for Kurdish movers in the present. Nevertheless, we argue that the growth of the Turkish economy and increasing social freedoms support an increase in immigration to Turkey. Immigration to Turkey includes returnees as well as second and third generation Turks from Germany among other places.
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Ostergaard-Nielsen, Eva Kristine. « Transnational political practices and the receiving state : Turks and Kurds in Germany and the Netherlands ». Global Networks 1, no 3 (juillet 2001) : 261–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0374.00016.
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Sirkeci, Ibrahim, Jeffrey H. Cohen et Pinar Yazgan. « Türk göç kültürü : Türkiye ile Almanya arasında göç hareketleri, sosyo-ekonomik kalkınma ve çatışma - Turkish culture of migration : Flows between Turkey and Germany, socio-economic development and conflict ». Migration Letters 9, no 4 (6 décembre 2012) : 373–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v9i4.123.
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In this paper we explore the rise of Turkey as a destination for new migrants including the children of Turks and Kurds who emigrated to Europe and Germany over the last five decades. An environment of social, economic and human insecurity dominated migration from Turkey to Europe and in particular Germany over the last five decades; and today, shifts in Turkish society, economy and security are attracting migrants to the country. Ethnic conflicts were one key factor driving migration in the past and as we note, they continue to moderate the relationship between socio-economic development and emigration rates for Kurdish movers in the present. Nevertheless, we argue that the growth of the Turkish economy and increasing social freedoms support an increase in immigration to Turkey. Immigration to Turkey includes returnees as well as second and third generation Turks from Germany among other places. [IN TURKISH]Bu makalede Türkiye’nin, son 50 yıl içinde Avrupa’ya ve özellikle Almanya’ya göç etmiş Türk ve Kürt göçmenlerin çocukları da dahil olmak üzere yeni göçmenler için bir destinasyon haline gelişini irdeliyoruz. Sosyal, ekonomik ve insani bir güvensizlik ortamının varlığı, son 50 yıldaki Türkiye’den Avrupa’ya ve özellikle Almanya’ya göç üzerinde etkili olmuştur. Bugün ise Türk toplumundaki, ekonomisindeki ve güvenliğindeki değişimler ülkeye göçmen çekmektedir. Geçmişte, etnik çatışmalar göçü belirleyen faktörlerden biriydi ve bunlar bugün de sosyo-ekonomik kalkınma ve Kürt göçmenlerin göçü arasındaki ilişkiyi etkilemektedir. Ancak, Türkiye ekonomisinin büyümesi ve sosyal özgürlüklerin artışı Türkiye’ye göçü desteklemektedir. Türkiye’ye göç, Almanya ve diüer ülkelerden geri dönüş göçüyle birlikte ikinci ve üçüncü kuşak Türklerin göçünü de kapsamakatadır.
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Mustafa, Aram Ali. « The Relationships between the Soviet Union and the Turkey (1920-1930) and its impact on the Kurdish issue ». Journal of University of Human Development 5, no 4 (6 octobre 2019) : 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v5n4y2019.pp25-40.
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Relations between Russia and Turkey have gone through five centuries at different stages, sometimes in difficult wars and conflicts, sometimes in harmony and good relations. However, conditions changed in the eighteenth century, when the Ottoman Empire was weakened and disintegrated. Russia played an important role in cutting down parts of the Caucasus and Central Asia, as well as in reducing the boundaries of the Ottoman Empire, which was considered a great nation for centuries.
At the end of the First World War, after the victory of the October Revolution of 1917 in Russia, Russian troops withdrew from the war fronts. The Bolshevik government exposed the secret clauses of the Sykes-Picot Agreement and concluded the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in 1918, with the Quadruple Alliance, led by Germany and the Ottoman Empire.
The Ottoman Empire, like its German ally, took advantage of the withdrawal of Russian troops from the war fronts. In contrast to the agreement, attacks were launched on the Caucasus regions controlled by Russian Russia. However, following the emergence of the Turkish National Movement, led by Mustafa Kemal and the signing of the Sevre Treaty and there were changes in the war fronts, as in the political arena. Russia, which became Soviet Russia at that time, found a new friend and ally, which had common interests with Soviet Russia, against the Ottoman Empire, on the one hand, and Britain and France on the other. Both countries have benefited from this friendship and alliance.
But at a time when the Kurds, especially in the Ottoman Kurdistan, had a chance to move towards achieving their goals and national rights, and at least making some progress in accordance with the provisions of the Sovereign Convention on the Rights of the Kurds. As the first country to recognize and establish diplomatic relations with Turkey with the help of the Kemalist Movement in various ways, Russia, as well as economic, industrial and mining assistance, became a great supporter of Turkey in international and diplomatic forums.
All this, along with many other factors, helped the Republic of Turkey stand on its own feet. When the revolutions and movements against the injustice and tyranny of the Turks occurred in Northern Kurdistan in the 1920s and 1930s, Soviet Russia sided with all possible means, military and political, as well as the Turkish Republic. Which brutally suppressed these uprisings and every move of a Kurdish nationalist nature.
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Ünalan, Turgay. « İbrahim Sirkeci. The Environment of Insecurity in Turkey and the Emigration of Turkish Kurds to Germany. Lewiston : Edwin Mellen Press, 2006, 332 pages. » New Perspectives on Turkey 37 (2007) : 231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0896634600004829.
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Nicolaus, Peter. « Yezidi Circumcision and Blood-Brotherhood (Including the Circumcision of the Dead) ». Iran and the Caucasus 20, no 3-4 (19 décembre 2016) : 325–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-20160305.
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Amongst Kurds and Yezidis the circumcision of male children and the subsequent bloodbond (kerāfat), formed between the circumcised and the one chosen to hold the boy on his knees during the procedure, has been until the recent past a major rite of passage, as well as a functioning protection mechanism. However, within the last few decades significant changes have occurred in Northern Iraq; and only the Yezidis and a few Kurdish tribes in remote areas still uphold the traditions of the kerāfat. The Yezidis in Armenia and Georgia have completely abandoned this institution and have also altered their practice of circumcision.The present article sheds light on the Yezidi kerāfat, the mutual social obligations of the two blood-brothers, as well as the marriage barriers established between their respective families. Furthermore, it tracks the modifications circumcision has undergone in Northern Iraq, Turkey, and among Yezidis in the diaspora. In this context, it elaborates on the circumcision practices of the Yezidis in Northern Iraq, Germany, and Transcaucasia especially highlighting the changes introduced through contact with, and the social pressures of, the respective majority population—in particular, focusing on Armenia and Georgia where these changes have resulted in the circumcision of the dead.
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Tariq Jamil, Ahmad. « وێنەی کورد و کوردستان لەلای ڕۆژهەڵاتناسان لە بڵاوکراوەکانی ئەڵمانیادا لە سەدەی نۆزدەهەم، لێکۆڵینەوەیەکی شیکاری ڕەخنەیی ». Journal Of Duhok University 24, no 1 (23 février 2021) : 113–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.26682/chjuod.2021.24.1.7.
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In the following report, an analysis of the opinions of German and European scholars and scholars about the Kurds is presented in an analysis In the nineteenth century in German publications, it reviews errors and negligence in relying on the wrong information that they used in their writings without referring to the facts and making sure that this information is correct. And it shows how they interact in informing the views of the enemies of the Kurds and not telling the truth and their influence on political interests in their description of the Kurds and their revolutions and their movements and their emirates sabotage movements and the Kurds in the sector of roads and killers. For example, the views of the Germans, the English and the Russians, and how they describe the Kurds, their movements and their powers according to their mixes and political interests, are presented without any interest in the truth of what the Kurds seek freedom and their legitimate political aspirations. Rather, whenever the Kurds moved to build a free entity, the enemies and the occupiers quickly confronted them to eliminate their free entity fiercely and without guilt, accusing them of sabotage, bandits and work to distort their entity and their revolutions with these accusations.
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Schluter, Anne. « Hybrid language practices on Turkey’s national Kurdish television station : Iconic perspectives on form ». Applied Linguistics Review 10, no 3 (25 septembre 2019) : 417–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2017-0051.
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AbstractThe language policy of Turkey’s state-run Kurdish television station (TRT Kurdî) allows for Kurdish-Turkish hybridity, which reflects common practice among Turkish Kurds (Schluter, Anne. 2014. Competing or compatible language identities in Istanbul’s Kurmanji workplaces? In Kristina Kamp, Ayhan Kaya, Fuat Keyman & Özge Onursal-Beşgül (eds.), Contemporary Turkey at a Glance. Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Local and Trans-local Dynamics, 125–137. Wiesbaden, Germany: Springer.) and promotes ownership among minority language speakers (Hinnenkamp, Volker. 2003. Mixed language varieties of migrant adolescents and the discourse of hybridity. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 24(1–2). 12–41.). Nevertheless, the mixing of Turkish and apparent disregard for Kurdish language rules has led some of the target audience to reject the station (Öpengin, Ergin. 2012. Sociolinguistic situation of Kurdish in Turkey: Sociopolitical factors and language use patterns. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 217. 151–180.). Such attention to form, according to (Lemon, Alaina. 2002. Form and function in Soviet stage Romani: Modeling metapragmatics through performance institutions. Language in Society 31. 29–64.) is usually reserved for minority language activists and dominant language speakers whereas marginalized minority language speakers frequently focus on function. Through semi-structured interviews with twenty politically engaged Kurdish migrants of Istanbul, the current study investigated metalinguistic criticisms about the station to deconstruct perceptions of the suitability of a hybrid Kurdish broadcasting language in relation to findings from (Lemon, Alaina. 2002. Form and function in Soviet stage Romani: Modeling metapragmatics through performance institutions. Language in Society 31. 29–64.) and (Hinnenkamp, Volker. 2003. Mixed language varieties of migrant adolescents and the discourse of hybridity. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 24(1–2). 12–41.). In contrast to (Hinnenkamp, Volker. 2003. Mixed language varieties of migrant adolescents and the discourse of hybridity. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 24(1–2). 12–41.), participants viewed linguistic hybridity on TRT Kurdî as iconic (Irvine, Judith & Susan Gal. 2000. Language ideology and linguistic differentiation. In Paul V. Kroskrity (ed.), Regimes of language: ideologies, politics, and identities, 35–84. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press.) of the Turkish state’s agenda to assimilate its Kurdish population. Furthermore, the transfer of this agenda onto a sub-group within the same in-group, TRT Kurdî’s producers, provided evidence of fractal recursivity (Irvine, Judith & Susan Gal. 2000. Language ideology and linguistic differentiation. In Paul V. Kroskrity (ed.), Regimes of language: ideologies, politics, and identities, 35–84. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press.). Results call for a broadening of Lemon (2002) to allow for the inclusion of a larger portion of minority language-speaking populations whose language, similar to the Istanbul-resident Kurdish community profiled in the current study, has been deeply politicized.
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Leung, Ray C. H. « A corpus-based analysis of textbooks used in the orientation course for immigrants in Germany : Ideological and pedagogic implications ». Journal of Language and Cultural Education 4, no 3 (1 septembre 2016) : 154–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jolace-2016-0030.
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Abstract Contextualized within immigrants’ acquisition of specialized knowledge about the host country at the institutional level, this article examines a 64295-word corpus of textbooks written for participants of the orientation course in German politics, history and culture. Corpus-based techniques (“keyness,” collocation and qualitative examination of concordance lines) are deployed to explore the corpus. The findings reveal that the collocational patterns of the identified keywords construct particular world views vis-à-vis Germany. For instance, the keyword DDR [German Democratic Republic (GDR), aka East Germany] frequently co-occurs with negatively connoted lexis while collocates of the keywords denoting present-day Germany (e.g., Bundesrepublik Deutschland [Federal Republic of Germany] and Staat [nation, country, state]) facilitate the portrayal of Germany as a nurturing welfare state that is popular among foreigners. It is argued that such discursively-construed opposition between the “bad” GDR and the “good” Federal Republic of Germany helps to legitimize the German reunification. Furthermore, it is found that certain keywords (e.g., Sie [you], Kurs [course, class] and z.B. [e.g.]) are “metadiscourse resources” (Hyland, 2005). Their pedagogic effects are discussed in relation to the ideological implications of the research findings.
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Wahl, Peter. « Kurs auf linke Mehrheit in der Gesellschaft ». PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 35, no 141 (1 décembre 2005) : 569–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v35i141.582.
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For the left, the results of the federal elections in Germany were almost the optimum. The main message was: the Germans stick to social justice and the principles of the welfare state, they don’t accept the anglo-saxon type of capitalism. Neo-liberalism is in a crisis of acceptance. There is the potential for a left majority. This will not come automatically. Social movements and pressure from the society will have to play an important role. This has to happen while respecting the different character and logics of parliamentary extra parliamentary work.
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Ramírez Plascencia, David. « Refugee crisis representation on German online press : the case of Aylan Kurdi ». REMHU : Revista Interdisciplinar da Mobilidade Humana 25, no 51 (décembre 2017) : 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-85852503880005107.
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Abstract This paper is focused in examining the digital news representation of Syrian refugee crisis and the conformation of the reader’s opinions in Germany. Data collection will be addressed on reviewing German online news and the reader’s comments related with one remarkable event during the actual migration crisis in Europe: The note about the child Aylan or Alan Kurdi, that drowned in the coast of Turkey in September 02 of 2015. The main aim of this paper is to understand the role of media crisis representation on the opinions of German people. How does media shape public reactions in pro and against helping refugees? And what kind of actions could the European authorities undertake to protect the human rights of refugees and to diminish hate discourse online.
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Devi, Iska, et Murtala Murtala. « PENGARUH INFLASI DAN KURS TERHADAP EKSPOR TEH INDONESIA KE JERMAN ». Jurnal Ekonomi Pertanian Unimal 2, no 1 (2 octobre 2019) : 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.29103/jepu.v2i1.1699.
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This study aims to determine the effect of inflation and exchange rates on Indonesian tea exports to Germany. The data used in this study are time-series data from 2003 to 2015 obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics and related agencies. The analytical model used in this study is the Multiple Linear Regression Model. The results of the study partially show that inflation and exchange rates have a positive and significant effect on Indonesian tea exports to Germany. Meanwhile, simultaneously, inflation and exchange rates have no significant effect on Indonesian tea exports to Germany
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Elbe, Joachim V., et Ethem Coban. « TRANSLATION : The English-Turkish Conflict of Mosul ». Kurdish Studies 6, no 2 (30 octobre 2018) : 217–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ks.v6i2.448.
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This article is the English translation of Der englisch-türkische Mossulkonflikt by Dr. Joachim v. Elbe, a prominent German-American legal expert of the 20th century. The original article in German was published in 1929 in the first issue of Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht (Heidelberg Journal of International Law). The aim of translating this article is to present to the readers of Kurdish Studies the perspective of past publications documenting discussion on Kurds and statehood as well breaking language barriers and making such documents accessible to a wider audience. Moreover, this translation hopes to provide policymakers and scholars engaged in this topic with an overview of the legal history.Acknowledgement: This article is translated by Ethem Çoban from the original paper by Joachim v. Elbe published in 1929 with the title “Der englisch-turkische Mossulkonflikt” in Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrech, Heidelberg Journal of International Law ( HJIL ), vol.1, part.2, pp.391-418. Available at http://www.zaoerv.de/01_1929/1_1929_1_a_391_420.pdf, accessed: 01/09/2018.ABSTRACT IN KURMANJIDubendiya Îngilîz û Tirkan li ser MûsilêEv babet wergerra înglîzî ya babeteke bi nawnîşana Der engliscih-türkische Mossulkonflikt e û ji layê doktor Joachim v. Elbe ve hatiye nivîsîn, ku pisporekî diyar yê yasaya emerîkî-elmanî yê sedsala bîstem e. Babeta eslî li sala 1929 bi elmanî li jimareya yekem a Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht (Kovara Heidelberg bo Yasaya Navdewletî) de hatiye belavkirin. Armanca serekî ji wergêrana vê babetê ewe nêrîna weşan û nivîsarên demên borî ji bo belgekirina guftûgoyên li ser kurd û dewletdariyê bikevine ber bal û nezera xwînerên kovara Kurdish Studies, li gel şikandina rêgirîya zimanî û wisa bibe ku ev belge bikevine ber destê cemawerekî berfirehtir. Ji bilî van, ev werger hêvîdar e nezereke giştî li ser dîroka yasayî bo siyasetmedar û lêkolerên mijarê dabîn bike.ABSTRACT IN SORANIMilmilanêy înglîzî-turkî le MûsillEm babete wergêrranî înglîzîy babetêke be nawnîşanî Der engliscih-türkische Mossulkonflikt we le layen diktor Joachim v. Elbe nûsrawe, ke pisporrêkî diyarî yasayî emrîkî-ellmanîy sedey bîsteme. Babete esllîyeke le sallî 1929 be ellmanî le yekem jimarey Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht (Jorrnallî Heidelberg bo Yasay Nêwdewlletî) billaw kirayewe. Amancî serekî le wergêrranî em babete eweye rwangey billawkirawekanî rabirdû bo dokumêntkirdinî giftugokan le ser kurd û dewlletdarî bixirête ber dîdî xwêneranî Kurdish Studies, legell şkandinî rêgirîye zimanewanîyekan we wa bikrêt ew dokumêntane bikewne berdest cemawerêkî frawantir. Cige lewe, em wergêrrane hîwaxwaze têrrwanînî giştî leser dîrokî yasayî bo siyasetmedaran û twêjeran dabîn bikat.
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Vieten, Ulrike M. « Europe is for being recognized for more than an ethnic background” : middle class British, Dutch and German minority citizens’ perspectives on EU citizenship and belonging to Europe’ ». Cosmopolitan Civil Societies : An Interdisciplinary Journal 10, no 1 (29 mars 2018) : 27–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ccs.v10i1.5794.
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The paper pinpoints some crucial themes of European belonging arising in the narratives of minority key activists with various hyphened legal national citi-zenship status, e.g. South Asian Brits, Moroccan-Dutch and Turkish/ Kurd-ish-Germans. The interviews capture how visible minorities’ perspectives on European belonging are influenced by structural racism, but also by national-ly specific discourses of symbolic inclusion or exclusion of ethnic minorities respectively.
In this original research project in total 43 key minority activists, men and women and all of middle class social status were interviewed between au-tumn 2009 and summer 2012, e.g. pre-Brexit, in Britain, the Netherlands and Germany. The findings of the study underline ambivalent post-cosmopolitan identities and more contradictory notions of ‘race’ and ‘ethnicity in Britain and the Netherlands, due to specific colonial / post-colonial contexts, and a different use of these categories in Britain and the rest of Europe. The minor-ity citizens interviewed in Germany expressed a more troubled position here as their relationship to the European Union is influenced by their feelings of belonging to Turkey, the latter outside the EU and at the border of Europe.
As the ‘new’ citizens interviewed in this sample live in major cities, such as London, Berlin and Amsterdam, individual feelings of belonging to Europe, perceptions of being European and cosmopolitan were very much shaped by the concrete city spaces and a positive identification with metropolitan urban identity.
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Fracasso, T., M. Schürenkamp, B. Brinkmann et C. Hohoff. « An X-STR meiosis study in Kurds and Germans : allele frequencies and mutation rates ». International Journal of Legal Medicine 122, no 4 (4 avril 2008) : 353–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00414-008-0231-9.
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Bierbrauer, Günter, et Gunter Bierbrauer. « Toward an Understanding of Legal Culture : Variations in Individualism and Collectivism between Kurds, Lebanese, and Germans ». Law & ; Society Review 28, no 2 (1994) : 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3054146.
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Back, David A., K. Waldmann, T. Hauer, N. Huschitt, MW Bowyer, U. Wesemann, A. Lieber et C. Willy. « Concept and evaluation of the German War Surgery Course – Einsatzchirurgie-Kurs der Bundeswehr ». Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps 163, no 3 (1 décembre 2016) : 206–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jramc-2016-000706.
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Belarev, Alexander. « Scientific tales by Kurd Lasswitz : between literature, science and philosophy ». Children's Readings : Studies in Children's Literature 19, no 1 (2021) : 152–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31860/2304-5817-2021-1-19-152-167.
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The article deals with the works of German science fiction writer Kurd Lasswitz (1848–1910). The article provides a brief description of the main themes and directions of the writer’s work. Lasswitz was the creator of the scientific tale genre (das wissenschaftliche Märchen), in which he had set the task of building new relationships between science and literature, nature and man, the animate particle and the cosmic whole. In accordance with the spirit of the fin de siècle era the scientific tale represented a new, post-positivist ideal of knowledge. The key theme of Lasswitz’s fiction was the search for extraterrestrial civilizations.Mars became for Lasswitz a place where the intelligent extraterrestrial beings have realized an ideal society in which ethics and technology are NOT in conflict. Lasswitz was not a neo-Kantian philosopher only, he was also an active popularizer of Kant’s philosophy. He was striving to create a Kantian utopia in literature. For Lasswitz Mars became the realization of this utopia. Also Lasswitz sought to give literary embodiment to the ideas of another philosopher, Gustav Theodor Fechner. Following his philosophy, Lasswitz develops environmental and existential issues of the coexistence of intelligent plants with humans. In Lasswitz’ story for children “The Escaped Flower” (1910), one can trace how in Lasswitz’ science fiction (scientific tale) the themes of the habitability of space (Mars), science and technology of the future interact with the ideas of Kant and Fechner.
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Sari, Leni Panca Mustika, Ihwan Satria Lesmana et Risma Eka Desiyani. « ANALISIS INFLASI DAN KURS TAHUNAN DALAM MELIHAT KONDISI RIIL EKSPOR KOPI INDONESIA DI 5 (LIMA) NEGARA UNI EROPA ». National Conference on Applied Business, Education, & ; Technology (NCABET) 2, no 1 (31 octobre 2022) : 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.46306/ncabet.v2i1.74.
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This research aimed to analyze annual inflation and exchange rates in view of the real condition of Indonesian coffee exports in 5 (five) European Union Countries (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, and Netherlands) in 2016-2019. This research method with a qualitative approach and uses secondary data. The results of this study is, inflation condition in Indonesia and 5 (five) European Union Countries using the formula for calculating the consumer price index in 2016-2019 is Indonesia’s average annual inflation of 3,12% and the annual average inflation of 5 (five) European Union Countries at 1,5% and classified into the type of mild inflation.The condition of the annual axchange rate in export activities is a type of exchange rate pegged to the Dollar/USD and tends to fluctuate. Indonesia’s low inflation and rising exchange rate cuase the volume and value of exports to increase and when the highest exchange rate occurs, it causes a decrease in the volume and value of coffee exports in 5 (five) European Union Countries
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Norkus, Zenonas. « Kiek kartų Lietuvoje buvo restauruotas kapitalizmas ? Apie dvi Lietuvos okupacijas ir jų žalos skaičiavimus ». Sociologija. Mintis ir veiksmas 33, no 2 (1 janvier 2013) : 91–133. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/socmintvei.2013.2.3807.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Santrauka. Straipsnyje lyginamos kaizerinės (1915–1918 m.) ir sovietinės (1940–1941, 1944–1990 m.) okupacijų laikais Lietuvoje susikūrusios politinės ekonominės Oberosto (Vokietijos Rytų fronto vadui pavaldžios okupacinės zonos, kurios didžiąją dalį sudarė Lietuvos teritorija) ir LTSR politinės ekonominės sistemos. Oberoste Vokietijos Rytų fronto kariuomenės vadai Paulius Hindenburgas ir Erichas Ludendorffas sukūrė pirmąją moderniausiais laikais planuojamo komandinio administracinio ūkio sistemą, kurios pirmąja laboratorija tapo okupuota Lietuva. 1917–1918 m. tapę faktiniais Vokietijos diktatoriais, Oberosto įkūrėjai Lietuvoje išbandytą ūkio sistemą mėgino įdiegti metropolijoje. Nors šis mėginimas iki galo nepavyko, karinio socializmo kūrimas Vokietijoje jau 1917 m. pažengė pakankamai toli, kad taptų inspiracijos šaltiniu bolševikams, kuriant sovietinį valstybinio socializmo modelį, kuris 1940 m. „sugrįžo“ į Lietuvą. Kai 1990–1992 m. Lietuvoje buvo atkuriama kapitalistinė ūkio santvarka, tai mūsų šalies istorijoje įvyko jau antrą kartą, nes taip pat ir 1918–1922 m. kartu su nepriklausomos valstybės kūrimu buvo atkuriama kapitalistinė ūkio santvarka. Šiuolaikinė Lietuva yra pateikusi okupacijos žalos atlyginimo sąskaitą SSRS teisių perėmėjai Rusijai, o tarpukario Lietuva okupacijos žalos atlyginimo reikalavo iš Weimaro Vokietijos. Tačiau jeigu tarpukario Lietuva reikalavo atlyginti tik tiesioginę žalą, šiuolaikinė Lietuva siekia taip pat ir netiesioginės žalos atlyginimo. Pagrindinę šios žalos dalį sudaro 1940–1990 m. Lietuvos negautos nacionalinės pajamos, kurių dydžio įvertinimas priklauso nuo prielaidų, kokie būtų kontrafaktinės nepriklausomos kapitalistinės Lietuvos ūkio raidos rezultatai 1990 m. Straipsnyje pateikiami du – optimistinis (1990 m. „dausų Lietuvos“ kaip „antrosios Suomijos“) ir pesimistinis (1990 m. kontrafaktinė Lietuva kaip „Baltijos Urugvajus“) modeliai.
Pagrindiniai žodžiai: kapitalizmo restauracija, komandinė administracinė sistema, Hindenburgo programa, okupacijos žalos atlyginimas, kapitalizmo įvairovė.
Key words: command administrative system, Hindenburg programme, restoration of capitalism, compensation of occupation damage, varieties of capitalism.
SUMMARY
HOW MANY TIMES CAPITALISM WAS RESTORED IN LITHUANIA? ON TWO OCCUPATIONS OF LITHUANIA AND THEIR DAMAGE CALCULATIONS
The paper compares the political economic systems under German (1915–1918) and Soviet (1940–1941, 1944–1990 m.) occupations in Lithuania. During the World War I, Lithuania was part of the German occupation zone Ober Ost, ruled by the higher commando of the German Eastern front (Oberbefehlshaber Ost). The German military command of Eastern front under Paul Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff used Lithuania as a laboratory for large scale social experiment, creating the first planned command administrative economy in the world. After they were promoted to the higher commando of all German armed forced and established in 1917–1918 de facto military dictatorship over Germany, they made the attempt to establish the Ober Ost system in the metropole. Although the realization of the complete „Hindenburg programme“ did fail, by 1917 Germany lived under military socialism (Kriegssozialismus) and coercive economy, which became the example and source of inspiration for Bolsheviks constructing Soviet model of state socialism. In 1940, this model came back to Lithuania, history making the full circle. This means that the market transition in 1990–1992 was second restoration of capitalism in Lithuania, because in 1918–1922 the capitalist economic system also was restored here jointly with the establishment of national state. Contemporary Lithuania demands from Russia to pay for damage inflicted on Lithuanian economy by Soviet occupation, and interwar Lithuania did demand the same form Weimar Germany in 1922–1923. However, while interwar Lithuania did ask to pay only direct occupation damage, contemporary Lithuania demands to compensate also the indirect damage. The main part of this damage is the loss of the national income which Lithuania did not receive in 1940–1990 because the efficient capitalist economic system was replaced by the less productive state socialist system during this time. However, the calculations of the indirect damage incorrectly assume that all varieties of capitalism are more efficient in the developing countries in comparison with command administrative system. The assumption that the variety of capitalism which existed in Lithuania by 1940 (state cooperative capitalism) was not less efficient than Stalinist Soviet socialism is politically correct one, as much as the expectation that under this system independent Lithuania would become advanced technological frontier country („second Finland“) by 1990. Nevertheless, the counterfactual development path of the independent capitalist Lithuania in 1940–1990 would include critical conjunctures and crossroads, which could end with Lithuania entering „low road“ development path. Tellingly, Latin American capitalist country Uruguay (similar to Lithuania and other Baltic culture by its size and economc structure) had higher GDP per capita level than Lithuania in 1940, but by 1990 this level was lower than in Soviet Lithuania. Importantly, Uruguay never was under Soviet Russian occupation, did not construct socialism or suffered war damage.
Pastaba: Tyrimas finansuotas Europos socialinio fondo lėšomis pagal visuotinės dotacijos priemonę (Nr. VP1-3.1-ŠMM-07-K-01-010).
The research for this paper was funded by European Social Fund under the Global Grant measure (Nr. VP1-3.1-ŠMM-07-K-01-010).
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Negrych, T., O. Fayura, V. Chemes, L. Tsyganyk, I. Korniychuk, M. Farmaha et A. Fedets. « 7th McMaster International Review Course in Internal Medicine (MIRCIM) – 29.09-01.10.2022 (Krakow, Republic of Poland) ». Lviv clinical bulletin 3-4, no 39-40 (2 janvier 2023) : 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.25040/lkv2022.03-04.087.
Texte intégralRésumé :
On September 28 – October 1, 2022, the 7th MIRCIM 2022 international conference was held in Krakow (Poland). The conference, which brought together internal medicine doctors, family doctors, narrow specialists of a therapeutic profile, had eight sections corresponding to eight main sections of internal medicine – cardiology, endocrinology, pulmonology, nephrology, rheumatology, gastroenterology, hematology, chronic infections. Professors with international recognition from the USA, Canada, Germany, France, Great Britain, Israel, India, and Mexico had the lectures. In the endocrinological section, the determination of the content of thyroid hormone, the diabetes mellitus treatment new possibilities, the experience of diagnosis and treatment of glucocorticosteroid-induced adrenal insufficiency were discussed. In the section of cardiovascular diseases, the speakers proposed to discuss the issue of acute heart failure, differences in the occurrence and course of cardiovascular diseases in women and men. In the pulmonology session, the lectures on the modern treatment of asthma, the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in patients with respiratory diseases exacerbations, and the issue of the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severity course reducing were presented. The nephrology section was presented by the reports on the topics: “Infections and kidneys”, “Optimal nephroprotection in patients with chronic kidney disease”. Professor Tracy Balboni emphasized the importance of spiritual care in the treatment of the critically ill patients and the role of spirituality in medicine and health care in general. The gastroenterology block of reports was devoted to the tactics of management and treatment of helicobacter pylori infection, intestinal polyps and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. As part of the hematology unit, Professor Andreas Greinacher spoke about heparin-induced, vaccine-induced and other immune thrombocytopenias. At the rheumatology section.
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Bartke, Stephan. « VALUATION OF MARKET UNCERTAINTIES FOR CONTAMINATED LAND / RINKOS NETIKRUMO VERTINIMAS UŽTERŠTŲ SKLYPŲ ATVEJU ». International Journal of Strategic Property Management 15, no 4 (11 janvier 2012) : 356–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648715x.2011.633771.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The revitalization of contaminated land carries many risks and uncertainties. This paper aims to reveal drivers of risk perception and to introduce a novel valuation method for the assessment of market-perceived risks for sites polluted by earlier use in a transparent and comprehensible procedure. International approaches to account for value deductions due to contaminations and resulting uncertainties are reviewed. Based on literature review and a national survey amongst German professional appraisers, a risk assessment methodology is elaborated, outlined and applied in a case study approach. We find that areas that have been properly decontaminated on average still have a depressed market value of 12.25%. Quantities such as location, time and feasibility of passing on risks can be combined in an algorithm to determine the absolute value reduction for a specific property to be appraised. Results should help appraisers, international investors and portfolio managers to deepen their understanding of valuation of risks associated with (previously) contaminated land. Santrauka Užterštoms teritorijoms atgaivinti būdinga didelė rizika ir netikrumas. Šio darbo tikslas – atskleisti rizikos suvokimą skatinančius veiksnius ir pristatyti originalų tikėtinos rizikos vertinimo metodą, kuris dėl ankstesnio naudojimo užterštas teritorijas leis įvertinti taikant skaidrią ir aiškią procedūrą. Apžvelgiami tarptautiniai būdai, leidžiantys atsižvelgti į vertės mažėjimą dėl taršos ir iš to kylantį netikrumą. Remiantis literatūros apžvalga ir nacionaline profesionalių vertintojų iš Vokietijos apklausa, sudaroma, pristatoma ir atvejo tyrime pritaikoma rizikos vertinimo metodika. Nustatėme, kad nuo taršos tinkamai išvalytų sklypų rinkos vertė vidutiniškai vis tiek esti 12,25 proc. mažesnė. Paėmus tokias vertes, kaip vieta, laikas ir galimybė perleisti riziką, galima sudaryti bendrą algoritmą, kuris leidžia nustatyti konkrečios vertinamos nuosavybės absoliutų vertės sumažėjimą. Rezultatai vertintojams, tarptautiniams investuotojams ir portfelio valdytojams turėtų padėti geriau suprasti teritorijų, kurios anksčiau buvo užterštos, rizikos vertinimą.
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Rudžinskienė, Rasa, et Lina Paulauskaitė. « Lietuvos gyventojų emigracijos priežastys ir padariniai šalies ekonomikai ». Socialinė teorija, empirija, politika ir praktika 8 (1 janvier 2014) : 62–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/stepp.2014.0.2661.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Šiaulių universitetas,Vilniaus g. 88, ŠiauliaiEl. paštas: linapaulauskaite89@gmail.com Straipsnyje teoriniu ir praktiniu aspektu analizuojami Lietuvos gyventojų emigracijos procesai, priežastys ir padariniai Lietuvos ekonomikai. Pateiktos migracijos, emigracijos, reemigracijos, transmigracijos sąvokos. Įvardyti veiksniai, lemiantys sprendimą emigruoti. Atlikta emigracijos masto analizė. Ji atskleidė, kad 2001–2012 m. (įvertinus ir nedeklaruotos emigracijos mastus) iš Lietuvos išvyko beveik 500 tūkst. asmenų. Nurodytos pagrindinės Europos emigracijos tikslo šalys: Jungtinė Karalystė, Airija, Vokietija, Norvegija, Ispanija. Atlikta anketinė apklausa leido įvardyti pagrindinius motyvus, lėmusius sprendimą išvykti iš Lietuvos, sudarytas hipotetinis Lietuvos emigranto portretas, kuris atskleidžia pagrindinius išvykstančio asmens bruožus.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: emigracija, Lietuvos gyventojai, padariniai, ekonomikaReasons for Emigration and Its Consequences for Lithuanian Economy Rasa Rudžinskienė, Lina Paulauskaitė Summary The international emigration process, its reasons and consequences for the Lithuanian economy are analyzed in this article. The concepts of migration, emigration, transmigration have been identified in this article. An analysis of the migration extent has also been done. This analysis has revealed that almost 500 thousand people (evaluated as emigrants who have and have not declared their departure) have gone out from Lithuania during the period 2001–2012. The main emigration destination countries are named in the article. These countries are the United Kingdom, Ireland, Germany, Norway, and Spain. The quantitative research of emigrants is presented in the article in order to characterize the most important reasons for emigration as well as to create the hypothetical portrait of Lithuanian emigrants, which helps to identify the main features of Lithuanian emigrants. Key wors: emigration, Lithuanian people, consequences, economy
27
Fischer, Heidi. « Doerr, Neriko Musha. (2019). Transforming study abroad : A handbook. Berghahn. 221 pages. » Frontiers : The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad 32, no 3 (20 novembre 2020) : 212–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v32i3.586.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In her new handbook, Transforming Study Abroad: A Handbook (2019), Doerr takes the discourse surrounding several education abroad concepts in a new direction. She emphasizes the need for a rigorous theoretical framework throughout the education abroad experience for students to successfully process their experiences while studying abroad. Transforming Study Abroad is a well-researched and practical handbook that includes sample questions for students to consider that can be used in various settings, such as in one-on-one meetings with administrators, in small group discussions, or during orientation sessions. Additionally, the book could lend itself as a textbook for a reflection-based education abroad course.
Abstract in German
In ihrem neuen Handbuch Transforming Study Abroad: A Handbook (2019) nimmt Doerr den Diskurs über verschiedene Konzepte des Auslandsstudium in eine neue Richtung. Sie betont die Notwendigkeit der Nutzing eines theoretischen Rahmens rund um das Auslansstudium, damit die StudentInnen ihre Erfahrungen während des Studiums erfolgreich verarbeiten können. Transforming Study Abroad ist ein gut recherchiertes und praktisches Handbuch, das Beispielfragen enthält, die die StudentInnen berücksichtigen können und die in verschiedenen Situationen verwendet werden können, z. B. in Einzelgesprächen mit BeraterInnen, in Diskussionen in kleinen Gruppen oder während Orientierungssitzungen. Darüber hinaus eignete sich das Buch als Lehrbuch für einen reflexionsbasierten Kurs während des Auslandsstudiums.
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Skrypnyk, Andrii, et Ivan Titko. « Use of Information from Electronic Media in Criminal Proceeding of Several European States : Comparative Legal Research ». SOCRATES. Rīgas Stradiņa universitātes Juridiskās fakultātes elektroniskais juridisko zinātnisko rakstu žurnāls / SOCRATES. Rīga Stradiņš University Faculty of Law Electronic Scientific Journal of Law 3, no 15 (2019) : 8–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.25143/socr.15.2019.3.008-023.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Investigation of criminal offenses is becoming increasingly associated with the use of information in electronic form. Electronic evidence becomes an integral part of the normative basis of criminal proceeding. The article is devoted to the comparative legal study of the use of information from electronic media in criminal proceeding of several European states. First, the experience of “classical” states of the continental legal system (France, Germany, and Italy) was highlighted. Further, the study of the Baltic region states experience was carried out in relation to each of the states not in isolation, but according to the most favorable structure for comparison. After that some general trends and the most striking problems with the subject were shown. General conclusions related both to signs of electronic evidence and to the most demanded procedural mechanisms for obtaining such data were made. Reglamentētie pierādījumu avoti un procesuālie rīki to saņemšanai vairs nevar ignorēt milzīgo elektronisko datu daudzumu, kas satur unikālu informāciju noziegumu atklāšanai. Tajā pašā laikā katra tiesību sistēma dažādos veidos pielāgojas mūsdienu apstākļiem. Ņemot vērā tiesību sistēmu elementu līdzību rumāņu-ģermāņu (kontinentālajā) juridiskajā saimē, tai piederošo valstu salīdzinošais juridiskais pētījums ir īpaši vērtīgs. Tāpēc salīdzinošajai juridiskajai analīzei tika izvēlētas sešu Eiropas valstu (Francijas, Vācijas Federatīvās Republikas, Itālijas, Igaunijas, Latvijas un Lietuvas) tiesību sistēmas. Ārvalstu pieredzes pētījums tika veikts noteiktā secībā: tiesiskais regulējums; elektronisko pierādījumu vieta pierādījumu avotu sistēmā; cilvēktiesību un brīvību ievērošanas problemātiskie jautājumi; publiskas un slepenas izmeklēšanas darbības, kas var sniegt elektronisku pierādījumu iegūšanu. Tika secināts, ka no elektroniskajiem plašsaziņas līdzekļiem iegūtās informācijas juridiskais statuss pierādījumu avotu sistēmā iepriekš minēto sešu valstu tiesību aktos ir atšķirīgs. No vienas puses, elektroniskie pierādījumi jau ir iekļauti kriminālprocesa sistēmā (ar visām no tā izrietošajām sekām – imunitātes izplatību, tiesiskajām garantijām utt.), kurai ir jāpielāgo tradicionālie noteikumi jauniem nosacījumiem. No otras puses, elektroniskajiem pierādījumiem ir sava specifika, kuras ignorēšana var atcelt to vākšanas rezultātus, kuriem savukārt ir nepieciešami jauni normatīvi. Tiek uzsvērts, ka, izstrādājot procesuālus mehānismus informācijas vākšanai elektroniskā formā, ir jāņem vērā abi aspekti. Nobeigumā tiek secināts, ka vienotu starptautisku procedūru trūkums rada problēmas, vācot elektroniskus pierādījumus no citu valstu teritorijas.
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Martinaitis, Vytautas, et Vygantas Žėkas. « INFORMATION ON RESOURCES AVAILABLE ON THE LAND LOT FOR INTEGRATED BUILDING DESIGN / SKLYPO ENERGINIŲ IŠTEKLIŲ INFORMACIJA INTEGRUOTAI PROJEKTUOJANT PASTATĄ ». Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 5, no 3 (21 octobre 2013) : 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2013.35.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The most progress in the area of the sustainable building policy and its implementation has been achieved in certain regions by the Building Certification System regulations such as Passivhaus (Germany) and LEED (U.S). These solutions are similar to the more widely discussed and already applied concepts: the Integrated Whole Building Design (IWBD) and Building Information Modeling (BIM). Although it may sound trivial, it is vital to acknowledge and understand that a building is an integral component of the land lot. In the stage of development of a building concept, it usually lacks a versatile and professional assessment of available resources, especially those of renewable energy. It is suggested at the beginning of the IWBD concept to conduct such assessment on the resources available and more specifically focusing on renewable energy. The assessment should also meet the expectations of the building’s owner to use effectively the potential of all possible solutions. Thus a certificate is drawn up, defining all the resources available for the particular lot. The structure of the certificate data is orientated towards the possibility of designing modern renewable energy technologies, according to their performance under changing weather conditions during the year. Such assessment certificates contribute to shaping the concept of the building and allow achieving the highest level of its sustainability. Article in Lithuanian. Santrauka Didžiausios pažangos įgyvendinant tvarių pastatų politiką pasiekusios šalys, regionai jau parengę ir praktiškai taiko tam skirtus reglamentus, pastatų sertifikavimo sistemas (Pasive Haus – Vokietija, LEED – JAV ir kt.). Juos atitinka vis plačiau diskutuojamos ir jau taikomos viso pastato integruoto projektavimo (VPIP/IWBD, Integrated Whole Building Design – angl.) ir pastato informacinio modeliavimo (PIM/BIM, Building Information Modeling – angl.) koncepcijos. Nors tai skamba trivialiai, bet pastatas yra neatsiejamas nuo sklypo: t. y. stokoja savalaikio, įvairiapusiško ir profesionalaus sklype disponuojamų išteklių, ypač atsinaujinančios energijos, įvertinimo. Pirmame VPIP etape, kuris baigiasi projekto koncepcijos sukūrimu, siūloma atlikti sklypo disponuojamų išteklių, visų pirma atsinaujinančios energijos, pastato savininko lūkesčius atitinkančių jų naudojimo galimybių įvertinimą. Tam parengiamas sklypo disponuojamų išteklių sertifikatas. Jo duomenų struktūra orientuota į galimybę projektuoti šiuolaikines atsinaujinančios energijos technologijas, atsižvelgiant į jų veikimą per metus besikeičiant klimato sąlygoms. Tokie vertinimai padėtų kuriant pastato koncepciją ir leistų pasiekti aukštesnio lygio darnos. Po kelių metų su taip projektuojamais pastatais galima prieiti prie kitokio pastato koncepcijos, sprendinių, išvaizdos ir vertės supratimo.
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Karunyk, Kateryna. « George Shevelov’s study The Simple Sentence and it’s intricate story ». Ukrainska mova, no 1 (2022) : 115–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ukrmova2022.01.115.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In 1941, George Y. Shevelov prepared a chapter on the syntax of clauses in the Ukrainian language for a textbook published, however, ten years later. During World War II, Shevelov fled westward, and in the late 1940s, his intent to print the paper on the clause syntax in German translation failed. Shevelov’s book Narys suchasnoї ukraїnsʹkoї literaturnoї movy, which appeared in Munich in 1951, contained a section on syntax based on his study of clause structure. The same year the volume Kurs suchasnoї ukraїnsʹkoї literaturnoї movy. Syntaksys edited by Bulakhovsʹkyi came out in Kyiv. It starts with Shevelov’s chapter on the clause, though without the author’s name. Hence in Ukraine, it was widely believed that the section on the Ukrainian clause structure belonged to Leonid Bulakhovsʹkyi. Having moved to the USA in 1952, Shevelov got an opportunity to have his syntax published by the Mouton & Co publishing house in English translation. However, rumors about the similar text issued earlier in Kyiv disturbed the publisher, and the printing of the Ukrainian clause syntax textbook was postponed again. The Syntax of Modern Literary Ukrainian. The Simple Sentence was finally released in 1963. This paper elucidates several episodes of the intricate story of Shevelov’s Simple Sentence via the first-hand citations of Shevelov’s correspondence obtained from Schooneveld’s, Borshchak’s, and Shevelov’s archives. An analysis of numerous reviews of all three editions sheds light on how the experts in the USSR, in the Ukrainian émigré circles, and in the American Slavic realm assessed Shevelov’s text. Resting upon the Russian and European grammar tradition, Shevelov’s syntax seemed vague to the American Slavicists. Nevertheless, startling is the author’s synthesis of the structural and logical approaches. Its final version provides valuable remarks of the author on the syntactic phenomena viewed through the developmental trend of the language system. Unfortunately, the book remains unknown to Ukrainian linguists. Keywords: syntax of the Ukrainian language, clause syntax, grammar tradition, structural approach
31
Gieda, Aurelijus. « Augustinas Voldemaras : intelektualinės biografijos eskizas ir kai kurie tarpdisciplininės orientacijos pavyzdžiai ». Sociologija. Mintis ir veiksmas 33, no 2 (1 janvier 2013) : 159–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/socmintvei.2013.2.3805.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Santrauka. Viena kontroversiškiausių tarpukario Lietuvos asmenybių ir šiandien lieka Augustinas Voldemaras (1883–1942). Stipriai įvairuoja ne tik jo politinės, tačiau ir akademinės veiklos vertinimai. A. Voldemaras turėjo klasikinės filologijos išsilavinimą, domėjosi visuotine ir Lietuvos istorija, buvo neabejingas filosofiniams ir sociologiniams klausimams. Šio straipsnio tikslas – išryškinti tuos A. Voldemaro intelektualinės biografijos kontekstus, kuriuose itin stipriai persipina tam tikros tarpdisciplininės aspiracijos. Straipsnyje žvelgiama į ankstyvą A. Voldemaro susidomėjimą istorijos teorijos ir metodologijos problematika, į A. Voldemaro intelektualinius impulsus Peterburgo ir Permės laikotarpiais (1900–1917), į akademinius mokytojus, kuriuos vienas pirmųjų lietuvių Peterburgo universiteto docentų vėliau ne kartą pagarbiai prisimindavo. III deš. A. Voldemaras įsitraukė į vienu iš naujosios istorijos (nouvelle histoire) tėvų vadinamo Henri Berro nuo 1925 m. inicijuotą Tarptautinį sintezės centrą (Centre International de Synthèse), kuris tuometinėje Europoje tapo vienu ryškiausių tarpdisciplininių studijų centrų. Nors ir nėra pakankamai duomenų, leidžiančių pagrįstai svarstyti apie šio įsitraukimo mastą, viena aišku, kad Voldemaras priklausė Tarptautinio sintezės centro Istorinės sintezės sekcijos narių grupei, taip bent formaliai įsiterpdamas tarp ryškių to meto Europos istorikų, sociologų ir filosofų. Tai įgalina ir provokuoja įsigilinti į tuos A. Voldemaro biografijos momentus, kuriuose ryškėja jo intelektualinė pozicija, laiduojanti ar numatanti artimesnius ryšius tarp humanitarinių ir socialinių mokslų.
Pagrindiniai žodžiai: Voldemaras, intelektualinė biografija, istorijos teorija, tarpisciplinariškumas, integruotas žinojimas, Tarptautinis sintezės centras.
Key words: Voldemaras, intellectual biography, theory of history, interdisciplinarity, integrated knowledge, Centre International de Synthèse.
ABSTRACT
AUGUSTINAS VOLDEMARAS: A SKETCH OF INTELLECTUAL BIOGRAPHYAND CERTAIN EXAMPLES OF INTERDISCIPLINARY ORIENTATION
The article takes a look at one of the most controversial personalities of inter-war Lithuania. Augustinas Voldemaras (1883–1942) was educated in classical philology, had a keen interest in universal history and the history of Lithuania and an additional concern in philosophical and sociological issues. A consistent search for integrated and synthetic knowledge, openness to philosophical questions and his disposition to polylogical cooperation of disciplines are some of the principal moments in his intellectual biography. Therefore, the present study attempts to highlight certain contexts of Voldemaras’ intellectual biography, witnessing the tightly intertwining interdisciplinarity, aspirations of some type.While a student, Voldemaras found himself in the environment where the problems of ancient history were addressed at the European level and where attempts were made to bring the research on the classical era carried out in pre-revolutionary Russia closer to Germany, being the leader in this sphere.The openness to interdisciplinary search, postulates of integrated and synthetic knowledge that manifested over a long-term, not to mention his philosophical quests and attempts in the field of history, brought Voldemaras closer to the prominent European philosophical movement Centre International de Synthèse founded by Henri Berr, linked by special ties with the formation of one of the most outstanding 20th century schools of history The Annales School. Voldemaras belonged to the History Section of Henri Berr’s Centre International de Synthèse, thus finding a niche among the distinguished representatives of social sciences and the humanities of that time. There is no wonder that in this respect, Voldemaras established himself in Lithuanian historiography as one of the pioneer figures attempting to overcome the disciplinary isolation of sciences, their one-sided empiricism or the lack of a broader approach towards history. The attention paid by Voldemaras to the philosophical issues of identification of history as a science, deliberate attribution of an important role to theory in social sciences and the humanities, the highlight of interdisciplinary initiatives in these sciences are what add the aspect of appeal to his intellectual biography. Voldemaras himself becomes one of the most interesting Lithuanian intellectuals of the first half of the 20th century.
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Angel, Alon, Niv Samuel Mastboim, Oded Shaham, Tahel Ilan Ber, Roy Navon, Einav Simon, Michal Rosenberg et al. « 32. Host Immune-Protein Signature Combining TRAIL, IP-10 and CRP for Early and Accurate Prediction of Severe COVID-19 Outcome ». Open Forum Infectious Diseases 8, Supplement_1 (1 novembre 2021) : S22—S23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofab466.032.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract Background Accurately identifying COVID-19 patients at-risk to deteriorate remains challenging. Dysregulated immune responses impact disease progression and development of life-threatening complications. Tools integrating host immune-protein expression have proven useful in determining infection etiology and hold potential for prognosticating disease severity. Methods Adults with COVID-19 were enrolled at medical centers in Israel, Germany, and the United States (Figure 1). Severe outcome was defined as intensive care unit admission, non-invasive or invasive ventilation, or death. Tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL), interferon gamma inducible protein-10 (IP-10) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured using an analyzer providing values within 15 minutes (MeMed Key®). A signature indicating the likelihood of severe outcome was derived generating a score (0-100). Description of derivation cohort RT-PCR, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results Between March and November 2020, 518 COVID-19 patients were enrolled, of whom 394 were eligible, 29% meeting a severe outcome. Age ranged between 19-98 (median 61.5), with 59.1% male. Patients meeting severe outcomes exhibited higher levels of CRP and IP-10 and lower levels of TRAIL (Figure 2; p < 0.001). Likelihood of severe outcome increased significantly (p < 0.001) with higher scores. The signature’s area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was 0.86 (95% confidence interval: 0.81-0.91). Performance was not confounded by age, sex, or comorbidities and was superior to IL-6 (AUC 0.77; p = 0.033) and CRP (AUC 0.78; p < 0.001). Clinical deterioration proximal to blood draw was associated with higher signature score. Scores of patients meeting a first outcome over 3 days after blood draw were significantly (p < 0.001) higher than scores of non-severe patients (Figure 3). Moreover, the signature differentiated patients who further deteriorated after meeting a severe outcome from those who improved (p = 0.004) and projected 14-day survival probabilities (p < 0.001; Figure 4). TRAIL, IP-10, CRP and the severity signature score are differentially expressed in severe and non-severe COVID-19 infection Dots represent patients and boxes denote median and interquartile range (IQR) The signature score of patients meeting a severe outcome on or after the day of blood draw is significantly (p < 0.001) higher than the signature score of non-severe patients. Dots represents patients and boxes denote median and IQR Kaplan-Meier survival estimates for signature score bins Conclusion The derived signature combined with a rapid measurement platform has potential to serve as an accurate predictive tool for early detection of COVID-19 patients at risk for severe outcome, facilitating timely care escalation and de-escalation and appropriate resource allocation. Disclosures Alon Angel, n/a, MeMed (Employee, Shareholder) Niv Samuel Mastboim, BSc, MeMed (Employee, Shareholder) Oded Shaham, PhD, MeMed (Employee, Shareholder) Tahel Ilan Ber, MD, MeMed (Employee, Shareholder) Roy Navon, MSc, MeMed (Employee, Shareholder) Einav Simon, PhD, MeMed (Employee, Shareholder) Michal Rosenberg, PhD, MeMed (Employee) Yael Israeli, PhD, MeMed (Employee) Mary Hainrichson, PhD, MeMed (Employee, Shareholder) Noa Avni, PhD, MeMed (Employee) Eran Reiner, MD, MeMed (Employee) Kfir Oved, MD, PhD, MeMed (Board Member, Employee, Shareholder) Ilya Kagan, MD, MeMed (Scientific Research Study Investigator) Shaul Lev, M.D, MeMed (Scientific Research Study Investigator) Dror Diker, MD, MeMed (Scientific Research Study Investigator) Amir Jarjou’i, MD, MeMed (Scientific Research Study Investigator) Ramzi Kurd, MD, MeMed (Scientific Research Study Investigator) Guy Danziger, MD, MeMed (Scientific Research Study Investigator) Cihan Papan, MD, MeMed (Scientific Research Study Investigator) Sergey Motov, MD, MeMed (Scientific Research Study Investigator) Maanit Shapira, Ph.D, MeMed (Scientific Research Study Investigator) Tanya Gottlieb, PhD, MeMed (Employee, Shareholder) Eran Eden, PhD, MeMed (Board Member, Employee, Shareholder)
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Demmrich, Sarah, et Maya Arakon. « Kurdish, Turkish, German ? Identificative integration of Kurds in Germany ». Ethnic and Racial Studies, 17 avril 2020, 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2020.1752391.
Texte intégral
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Doraï, Mohamed Kamel. « Palestinian Emigration from Lebanon to Northern Europe : Refugees, Networks, and Transnational Practices ». Refuge : Canada's Journal on Refugees, 1 février 2003, 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.21287.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Palestinians in Lebanon are one of the most important communities living in the Middle East, with nearly 350,000 refugees according to UNRWA figures. Since the 1980s about 100,000 Palestinians have emigrated from Lebanon to the Gulf countries and northern Europe, mainly Germany, Sweden, and Denmark. The Palestinian case leads us to reconsider the classical distinction between forced and voluntary migration. Migration has to be considered not only as forced, but also as the result of new forms of transnational solidarity between the different scattered Palestinian communities. This paper aims to demonstrate how refugee communities, like Palestinians, but also Kurds or Eritreans, use their social capital (i.e., solidarity networks) in order to adapt to new situations with strong constraints and to develop new forms of transnational solidarities.
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BULUTLU, Yusuf, et Bünyamin BULUTLU. « The Kurd Efendi and the Translatıon of the Book of al-Viḳāye ». Mevzu – Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 22 juillet 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56720/mevzu.1128814.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In our one thousand and four hundred years old fiqh tradition, various schools of fiqh, called sects, have emerged. The teachings and basic views of these schools were transferred to the next generations in concise works in the classical period, and later in short and concise works called mutûn. One of the most important texts dealing with the für fiqh of the Hanafi school is the work called Vikâye. Due to the importance of this work, many studies such as tens of commentaries, abridgements, quotes and translations have been made. In addition to its translation into different languages, this work was also translated into Turkish by a few different people, such as Devletoğlu and Şemsi Ahmet Paşa Kurd Efendi, during the Ottoman period. Of these, the entire text is the translation of Kurt Efendi. This translation was made in prose and compared to other translations, it is the most appropriate translation. Most of the copies of the translation are in Turkey, others in different countries such as Egypt, Bosnia and Germany. Some of these copies are complete and some are naqis. Some copies are intertwined with other works as magazines. Some of the copies are anonymous. Although they are attributed to different people like Taşköprüzade in one copy, they do not reflect the truth. As a result of comparison and examination, these references and anonymous copies are clearly revealed to belong to Kurd Efendi. Kurd Efendi has a sufi personality and is a Halveti sheikh. We understand his scientific competence from the works he wrote and translated. A remarkable point is that he combined a Sufi personality with a scholarly personality. Because he has clearly revealed the fact that knowledge is a must for a sound leech. This is one of the aspects that makes the work worth examining. While the work was being translated, the translator added his own considerations. He sometimes translates a term explanation, different views on the issue, differences in Turkish customs, ambiguities in the text, and making more explanations where necessary. In this respect, it turns out that it is an annotation rather than a translation, as it is written as a name in some copies. In this context, we have written this article in order to bring the manuscript to light and to be instrumental in its further publication.
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AYYILDIZ, Esat. « Comparison of Two Poems Named ‘Jerusalem’ : Nizār Qabbānī’s Arabic ‘al-Quds’ and Else Lasker-Schüler’s German ‘Jerusalem’ ». Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 19 octobre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17120/omuifd.1167935.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Nizār b. Tawfīq Qabbānī was among the most famous poets of modern Arabic literature. The reason why he gained such a great reputation in Arabic literature is that he was very active in expressing the problems of Palestine. Especially for the last century, the fate of Palestine and the holy city of these holy lands, Jerusalem, has occupied the minds of many intellectuals from many nations. One of these intellectuals was Else Lasker-Schüler, who wrote her poems in German. Jerusalem, a holy city for all monotheistic religions, is a motif that appears in the poems of both Nizār Qabbānī and Else Lasker-Schüler. It is a remarkable detail that two different poems belonging to the mentioned poets bear the same name, Jerusalem. Nizār Qabbānī’s al-Quds and Else Lasker-Schüler’s Jerusalem are similar to each other in certain respects and differ from each other in some points. In this study, it is aimed to make a comparative analysis of two poems, one in Arabic and the other in German. Qabbānī’s poem was translated word for word in this study in order to make a more accurate comparison, rather than a literary and artistic translation. Similarly, Else Lasker-Schüler’s poem has been translated literally from German to Turkish with the same method. The difference that distinguishes this study from previous respected academic publications and makes this research unique is that a comparative analysis will be made between the poems in question. The importance of this study and the difference that distinguishes it from previous respected academic publications and makes the research unique is that a comparative analysis will be made between the poems in question. Therefore, the scope of this study is limited only to the comparison of the two poems in question. For this purpose, it is planned to use a scientific comparison method.
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Pivoras, Saulius. « The Influence of Baltic German Enlighteners on Lithuanian Awakener Simonas Daukantas ». Letonica, no 42 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.35539/ltnc.2021.0042.s.p.0010.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Atslēgvārdi: Baltijas vāciešu apgaismotāji, Lietuvas nacionālisms, dzimtbūšanu kritika, Latvijas-Lietuvas sakari Simons Daukants ir viens no ievērojamākajiem Lietuvas nacionālās atmodas pārstāvjiem, kā arī Lietuvas nacionālās historiogrāfijas pamatlicējs. Daudzie gadi, kurus Daukants pavadīja Rīgā (1825–1834), spēcīgi ietekmēja viņa attieksmi pret tautas izglītošanu tautas nacionālajā valodā. Pēc Baltijas vāciešu – sevišķi Garlība Merķeļa – darbu lasīšanas Daukants sāka stingri atbalstīt uzskatu, ka dzimtbūšana ir sistēma, kas ierobežo un apspiež cilvēkus un limitē ekonomisko izaugsmi. Merķelis un Daukants abi apbrīnoja Herdera idejas par nacionālo raksturu. Merķeļa idejas par latviešu nacionālajām īpatnībām pirms pakļaušanās vāciešiem, iespējams, iedvesmoja vai vismaz stiprināja Daukanta apņemšanos uzrakstīt izvērstu darbu par lietuviešu nacionālajām īpašībām. Šāds darbs – “Seno lietuviešu, augštaišu un žemaišu paražas” – tika publicēts 1845. gadā. Laikā, ko Daukants pavadīja Rīgā, tika nodibināti pirmie sakari starp pētniekiem Latvijas studijās un Lietuvas studijās. Turklāt attīstījās ideja par ne tikai vēsturisku, bet arī etnisku vienotību starp latviešiem un lietuviešiem.
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Հակոբյան, Անահիտ. « Խաչատուր Աբովյանի «Քրդեր և եզիդիներ» ուսումնասիրության ստեղծման իրական շարժառիթները ». Գրականագիտական հանդես=Literary Journal, 26 février 2023, 199–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.54503/1829-0116-2022.2-199.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Հայ մեծ գրող և գիտնական Խաչատուր Աբովյանի պատմա-ազգագրական երկերի շարքում առանձնահատուկ տեղ է գրավում 1846 թ․ ստեղծված ,Քրդեր ևեզիդիներե գերմաներեն ուսումնասիրությունը (“Die Kurden und Jeziden”), որ պատվիրված է եղել կոմս Ալեքսանդր Խրիստոֆորովիչ Բենկենդորֆի կողմից։ Հոդվածը նվիրված է այս երկի ստեղծման պատմությանն ու իրական շարժառիթներին։ Իր ծավալուն հետազոտության մեջ Աբովյանը մանրամասն տեղեկություններ է հաղորդել քրդերի ու եզիդիների ծագման, դավանանքի, կրոնական ծեսերի, արտաքին տեսքի, լեզվահնչյունային համակարգի մասին։ Սրանով է սկսվում ոչ միայն քրդերի ու եզիդիների ազգաբանական ուսումնասիրությունը, այլև ավելի լայն առումով՝ քրդագիտությունն ու եզիդագիտությունը։ Մեզ է հասել այս աշխատության սևագիր տարբերակը։ Այն չունի ընդհանուր խորագիր, բաղկացած է երկու՝ “Die Kurden”ու “Jeziden” գլուխներից և քրդական ու եզիդիական ժողովրդական երգերի մի ժողովածուից՝ գերմաներեն տողացի թարգմանությամբ։ Ըստ էության, այս ստեղծագործությամբ Աբովյանը ժամանակի անխնա ճիրաններից կորզել ու մեզ է հասցրել Արևելքի բանահյուսության շատ հետաքրքրական նմուշներ, որով արդեն չափազանց կարևորվում է նրա աշխատությունը։ Որքան էլ Աբովյանի գրած էջերը քրդերի ու եզիդիների մասին մատնում են հեղինակի մարդասիրությունը, համակրանքն այս վայրի, բայց հպարտ, քաջարի ու գեղեցիկ մարդկանց նկատմամբ, միևնույն է, սա նախևառաջ ոչ թե գրական յուրահատուկ գործ էր Արևելքի այս ժողովուրդների մասին, այլ հույժ կարևոր պետական նշանակության տեղեկատվություն, որն ուներ կիրառական գործառույթ, բայց, ցավոք, նախատեսված չէր ամբողջ ծավալով հրատարակելու համար։ In parallel to writing fiction the great Armenian enlightener Khachatur Abovyan also engaged in scientific work and produced a number of historical and ethnographic studies. One of the prominent studies that was written in German, was “Die Kurden und Jeziden” (1846), that was commissioned by Count Alexander Kh. Benkendorf. In this comprehensive study Abovyan provides detailed information on the origin, religion, rituals, appearance and the linguo-phonetic system of Kurds and Yazidis. This is the first step not only in the ethnic studies of Kurds and Yezidis but also more generally in Kurdology and Yazidology. It is the draft of this work that has reached us. It does not have a general title and is comprised of Chapters called “Die Kurden” and “Jesiden”, as well as a collection of Kurdish and Yazidi folk songs providing the literal German translations of the song lyrics. In essence, this work of Abovyan has saved from the ruthless claws of time and transferred to us very interesting samples of Eastern folklore and this very fact makes his work extremely important. Although the pages written by Abovyan about Kurds and Yazidis are a testimony of the author’s humanity and sympathy towards these wild but proud, brave and beautiful people, first and foremost this was not meant to be a unique piece of literature about the peoples of East but very important information of national value which had an applicable function but, unfortunately, was not meant for publication in full volume. Параллельно созданию художественных произведений, великий армянский просветитель Хачатур Абовян занимался также научной работой, написав ряд историко-этнографических исследований. Среди них выделяется написанный на немецком языке труд “Die Kurden und Jeziden” (1846), который был заказан графом Александром Христофоровичем Бенкендорфом. В своем объемистом исследовании Абовян сообщает подробные данные о происхождении, вероисповедовании, религиозных обрядах, лингво-фонетической системе языка, о внешнем облике курдов и езидов. По сути этим начинается не только этнографическое исследование курдов и езидов, но и в более широком смысле – курдоведение и езидоведение. До нас дошел лишь черновой вариант данного труда. Он не имеет общего заглавия, состоит из глав “Курды”, “Езиды”, а также сборника курдских и езидских народных песен, в дословном немецком переводе. Фактически этим произведением Абовян спас от забвения и донес до наших дней весьма интересные образцы фольклора Востока, и уже это делает его труд чрезвычайно важным. Страницы о курдах и езидах, написанные Абовяном, хотя и выдают гуманизм, симпатию автора к этим диким, но гордым, отважным и красивым людям, все равно, это прежде всего не своеобразное литературное произведение об этих народах Востока, а особо важная информация государственного значения, которая имела практическую функцию, но, к сожалению, не была предназначена для издания в полном объеме.
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von Beesten, Silke, et André Bresges. « Effectiveness of road safety prevention in schools ». Frontiers in Psychology 13 (20 décembre 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1046403.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The World Health Organization estimates that each year, 1.3 million people are killed and more than 50 million people worldwide are injured in road traffic accidents. According to a study conducted by the Allianz Center for Technology, more young people between the ages of 15 and 29 die in traffic accidents than as a result of illness, drugs, suicide, violence, or war events worldwide. That is about 400,000 per year, globally. Worldwide traffic accident prevention campaigns demonstrate the consequences of traffic accidents in an emotionalizing way in order to encourage drivers to adopt conscious safety behavior via adequate driving behavior. The consequences of traffic accidents are demonstrated by prevention campaigns often in an emotionalizing way to encourage drivers to adopt safety measurements through adequate driving behavior. Prior research suggests that the emotionalizing effect of the appeals must be accompanied by solution- as well as action-oriented and self-confidence-increasing measures, so that the instructive message is reinforced and does not lead to reactance. Thus, a strong need arose in the schools for a targeted training as the follow-up of emotional prevention campaigns. A suitable training for knowledge acquisition and knowledge transfer into everyday life was developed by means of the design-based research method. To create the targeted follow-up, various methods from cognitive behavioral therapy and common traffic safety programs were adapted. This publication is dedicated to a first explorative research approach in a non-standardized form of a social training. It approaches the question of negative emotional states immediately after a Crash Kurs NRW stage event, which is a prevention program in Germany that targets upper middle school and high school courses and originates from North Rhine-Westphalia. Changes in social behavior and development of participants' own norms, values, and attitudes were observed and documented and are discussed and presented in this article. The result of the survey confirmed prior research and showed visible effects of reactance after the Crash Curs NRW campaign. It was found that a structured follow-up training is suitable to gain reactive behavior from the stage event. Knowledge deficits about the cause and outcome of accidents were successfully addressed in the follow-up. This may have influence the reactance behavior and could be a key factor for successful prevention campaigns. Further publications will observe the connection between knowledge and reactance in subsequent iterative passes of modified follow-ups for the Crash Course NRW Campaign.