Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Kuk and Mak estimator »

This paper suggests a stratified Kuk model to estimate the proportion of sensitive attributes of a population composed by a number of strata; this is undertaken by applying stratified sampling to the adjusted Kuk model. The paper estimates sensitive parameters when the size of the stratum is known by taking proportional and optimal allocation methods into account and then extends to the case of an unknown stratum size, estimating sensitive parameters by applying stratified double sampling and checking the two allocation methods. Finally, the paper compares the efficiency of the proposed model to that of the Su, Sedory and Singh model and the adjusted Kuk model in terms of the estimator variance.

Modern threats for anti-missile system and space surveillance and tracking system objects include terroristic and unidentifiable unmanned aerial vehicle. To counter these threats a concept of radar complex for unmanned aerial vehicles jamming and detection proposed. Complex consists of non-radiating radio locator, radio warfare station and global navigation jamming radar. Structure, principle of operation and basic technical characteristics of these systems described. Counter-drone actions algorithm in proposed complex described and analyzed. Results of mom-radiating radar development in JSC MAK Vimpel and its experimental investigation described. Precision of estimation range, velocity and angular location described. Jamming effectiveness estimator schematic diagram proposed. Jamming effectiveness may be estimated on navigation equipment or program models of prospective GPS receivers. Results of effective jamming signal development presented. Results may be used in small low-energy counter drone radioelectronic systems development for anti-missile and Space Surveillance and Tracking system objects.

The safety of concerns of lithium-ion batteries continues to be a prevalent obstacle toward their widespread application from vehicle electrification to space exploration. Aside from the highly oxidising and reducing electrode materials, their safety is compounded by an inherent drawback of poor heat dissipation [1]. High-speed imaging with in-situ/operando X-ray CT has been used extensively to study various lithium-ion battery safety features and failure mechanisms [2][3], including thermal failure [4]. However, these are exclusively using synchrotron X-ray sources which are limited in terms of both access and data recording capabilities: high frame rates require the data collection window to be restricted to a few seconds. During lithium-ion battery failure, there are several changes to a cell structure leading up to thermal runaway (TR) which can take minutes, and as a result are often missed. Here, we present an instrument that simulates thermal failure for lab-based radiography at slower imaging speeds and longer recording lengths, which has been validated by correlative synchrotron measurements. The failure mechanisms within a fully charged (100 % SOC, 4.2 V) commercially available LiCoO2 cathode and graphite anode pouch cell (651628-2C, AA Portable Power Corp) rated at 210 mAh are investigated. Three samples are studied using lab-based radiography at a frame rate of 3.75 fps with a 16.1 µm pixel resolution and, for comparison, an additional three samples are studied using synchrotron X-ray sources at a higher speed of 20,000 fps with a 13.3 µm pixel resolution. For the six samples investigated, the total time taken from a start temperature of 80 °C to TR is approximately 20 minutes and the onset temperatures for TR are recorded within the range of 196 °C to 210 °C. The beginning of the TR event (defined as a sample temperature increase greater than 15 °C s-1), where the effects to the electrode structure are the most catastrophic, lasts for approximately 1 s. Operando radiographic images during this event reveal that the structural displacement of electrode layers begins at the centre of the cell and propagates outwards in a wave-like motion. The electrode displacement, as a result, is quantified by cross-correlating Gabor signals and spatiotemporal mapping [5] in both types of datasets. For the lab-based radiography, data is recorded from the start temperature to TR (lasting approximately 20 minutes), and reactions such as the electrolyte decomposition, ca. 105 °C, and separator melting, ca.130 °C are characterised in the context of electrode deformation and gas evolution. Investigations of pre- and post-failure 3D X-ray CT images further verify the uniformity of the pristine (or pre-failure) cell assembly as well as the estimated post-failure behaviour between samples. Finally, by comparison with correlative synchrotron measurements, the instrument for inducing thermal failure for lab-based X-ray CT is proven to be a viable and more accessible method to investigate thermal failure within a 210 mAh pouch cell. While synchrotron data has a higher-speed imaging advantage, it is limited to only recording the short TR event at a high temporal resolution. Whereas continuous imaging in lab-based radiography has the benefit of measuring the slower architectural changes taking place up to TR, albeit at a marginally lower spatial resolution. References [1] D. H. Doughty and E. P. Roth, Interface Mag., 21, 37–44 (2012). [2] D. P. Finegan, M. Scheel, J. B. Robinson, B. Tjaden, M. Di Michiel, G. Hinds, D. J. L. Brett, and P. R. Shearing, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 18, 30912–30919 (2016). [3] D. P. Finegan, M. Scheel, J. B. Robinson, B. Tjaden, I. Hunt, T. J. Mason, J. Millichamp, M. Di Michiel, G. J. Offer, G. Hinds, D. J. L. Brett, and P. R. Shearing, Nat. Commun., 6, 6924 (2015). [4] M. T. M. Pham, J. J. Darst, D. P. Finegan, J. B. Robinson, T. M. M. Heenan, M. D. R. Kok, F. Iacoviello, R. Owen, W. Q. Walker, O. V. Magdysyuk, T. Connolley, E. Darcy, G. Hinds, D. J. L. Brett, and P. R. Shearing, J. Power Sources, 470, 228039 (2020). [5] A. N. P. Radhakrishnan, M. Buckwell, M. Pham, D. P. Finegan, A. Rack, G. Hinds, D. J. L. Brett, and P. R. Shearing, ChemRxiv (2021).

Introduction Despite recent developments on various transplantation procedures and supportive therapy, nonrelapse mortality (NRM) after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) remains an essential issue. In choosing the appropriate regimen for allo-SCT, decision-making information that considers the complexity of different risk factors is vital. The Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation-Comorbidity Index (HCT-CI), which was initially derived and validated by investigators at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center to predict NRM, has become a widely validated tool for predicting outcomes in many transplant settings (Sorror et al. Blood. 2005). It can also stratify patients for the risk of other outcomes, including overall survival and graft versus host disease. Patients with a high HCT-CI score tend to prefer allo-SCT with reduced-intensity conditioning. Conversely, for those who prefer allo-SCT with myeloablative conditioning (MAC) and has a low HCT-CI score, a prognostic indicator is unnecessary. Furthermore, the risk factors for NRM may differ among various conditioning regimens. Therefore, the current study aimed to establish a new prognostic model for patients specific to each MAC regimen before allo-SCT. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study to develop prognostic models of NRM in patients conditioned with cyclophosphamide/total body irradiation (Cy/TBI) or busulfan/cyclophosphamide (Bu/Cy). We selected patients who had leukemia and lymphoma in remission or had untreated or stable myelodysplastic syndrome and experienced initial allo-SCT relapse between 2007 and 2017 in the Kanto Study of Group for Cell Therapy (KSGCT). The primary outcome measure was 2-year NRM. Furthermore, we evaluated variables such as patient age, albumin, liver function, renal function, respiratory function, ejection fraction (EF), C-reactive protein (CRP), stem cell source, donor type, antithymocyte globulin use, performance status, recipient/donor sexes, time interval from diagnosis to transplant, and HCT-CI score. To identify a set of variables for Cox proportional hazards, we used an Akaike Information Criterion (AIC)-based variable selection procedure. We assigned weights to individual parameters according to their prognostic significance in Cox proportional hazard models. The identified model's discriminative ability was assessed by Harrell's C-statistic calculated using the bootstrap method. Results Among the 555 patients analyzed, 338 received Cy/TBI, and 217 received Bu/Cy. In Cy/TBI and Bu/Cy, the median age was 39 (11-60) and 44 (18-62) years, the HCT-CI score ≤ 2 was observed in 82.1% and 87.6%, and 2-year NRM was found in 13.5% and 16.0% of the patients, respectively. Before transplantation, the most dominant parameters in Cy/TBI were abnormal liver function (AST/ALT or bilirubin >upper limit of normal) and albumin value < 4.5g/dL, whereas those in Bu/Cy were age >40 years, EF < 65 %, and CRP ≥ 0.2 mg/dL. Internal validation with bootstrap resampling showed good discrimination, with C-statistic values of 0.70 (95% CI: 0.69-0.71) in Cy/TBI and 0.68 (95% CI: 0.67-0.69) in Bu/Cy. Each of the abovementioned parameters, including age >40 years, was scored as 1 point. To evaluate the 2-year NRM, we divided the total scores into three risk groups. In the Cy/TBI group, the NRM was 6.9% in low (score 0-1, n = 186), 19.5% in intermediate (score 2, n = 127), and 35.3% in high (score 3, n = 25) scores. In the Bu/Cy group, the NRM was 8.3% in low (score 0-1, n = 93), 21.7% in intermediate (score 2, n = 98), and 29.8% in high (score 3, n = 26) scores (Figure). Higher scores were strongly associated with worse NRM and survival. Conclusions Our prognostic models for NRM estimation can distinguish patients with a high NRM risk. To our knowledge, these models are the first prognostic models used to estimate NRM for standard-risk patients specific to each MAC regimen. This new simple index may help predict NRM and choose an appropriate conditioning regimen before allo-SCT. Figure 1 Disclosures Nakasone: Takeda Pharmaceutical: Honoraria; Otsuka Pharmaceutical: Honoraria; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Honoraria; Celgene: Honoraria; Pfizer: Honoraria; Novartis: Honoraria; Janssen Pharmaceutical: Honoraria; Eisai: Honoraria; Chugai Pharmaceutical: Honoraria; Nippon Shinyaku: Honoraria. Fujisawa:Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited.: Speakers Bureau; Astellas Pharma Inc.: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Otsuka Pharmaceutical: Speakers Bureau; Pfizer Japan Inc.: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company: Speakers Bureau; Novartis Pharma KK: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Celgene: Speakers Bureau; Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K: Speakers Bureau; NIPPON SHINYAKU CO.,LTD.: Research Funding. Nakaseko:Novartis Pharma KK: Speakers Bureau; Pfizer Japan Inc.: Speakers Bureau. Kanda:Novartis: Honoraria; Kyowa Kirin: Honoraria, Research Funding; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Honoraria; Takeda Pharmaceuticals: Honoraria; Alexion Pharmaceuticals: Honoraria; Shire: Honoraria; Daiichi Sankyo: Honoraria; Ono Pharmaceutical: Honoraria; Nippon Shinyaku: Honoraria, Research Funding; Mochida Pharmaceutical: Honoraria; Mundipharma: Honoraria; Sanofi: Honoraria, Research Funding; Meiji Seika Kaisha: Honoraria; Shionogi: Research Funding; Otsuka: Honoraria, Research Funding; Celgene: Honoraria; Chugai Pharma: Honoraria, Research Funding; Eisai: Honoraria, Research Funding; Janssen: Honoraria; Astellas Pharma: Honoraria, Research Funding; Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma: Honoraria; Pfizer: Honoraria, Research Funding; Merck Sharp & Dohme: Honoraria.

Abstract Introduction: Hepatic VOD/SOS is a potentially life-threatening complication of HCT. VOD/SOS with multiorgan dysfunction/multiorgan failure (MOD/MOF) is associated with a mortality rate >80% if untreated. DF is approved for VOD/SOS with renal or pulmonary dysfunction post-HCT in the US and for severe VOD/SOS post-HCT in pts aged >1 month in the EU. A recent meta-analysis of >1000 pts, including a phase 3 trial in high-risk pediatric pts, reported a significantly lower risk of VOD/SOS with prophylactic DF vs controls. This phase 3 study compared the efficacy and safety of DF vs BSC for prevention of VOD/SOS in pts undergoing HCT and at high risk of developing VOD/SOS. Methods: This study (NCT02851407) enrolled pts aged >1 month, who were scheduled to undergo allogeneic (adult/pediatric pts) or autologous HCT (pediatric pts) and at high risk of developing VOD/SOS. High-risk pts underwent myeloablative conditioning (MAC) and had ≥1 hepatic-related EBMT risk factor or advanced-stage neuroblastoma. Very high-risk pts had osteopetrosis or hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (or related disorder) and were undergoing MAC, or had received prior treatment with an ozogamicin-containing monoclonal antibody, or had class III high-risk thalassemia. Pts receiving rapamycin for GvHD prophylaxis were not included as a pre-specified high-risk group. Eligible pts were randomized 1:1 to DF prophylaxis (IV DF 25 mg/kg/day for up to 21 days + BSC) or BSC per institutional guidelines. VOD/SOS was diagnosed using modified Seattle criteria by investigators and evaluated by an Endpoint Adjudication Committee (EPAC) using a prespecified, blinded algorithm. Pts who developed VOD/SOS were treated with DF until resolution of VOD/SOS and related MOD/MOF. The primary endpoint was VOD/SOS-free survival by Day 30 post-HCT, as assessed by EPAC. Secondary endpoints included VOD/SOS-free survival by Day 100 post-HCT and incidence of VOD/SOS by Day 30. Investigator-assessed VOD/SOS-free survival by Day 30 post-HCT is also reported. Results: Overall, 372 pts were enrolled: 190 in the DF group (median age [range]: 13.0 [0, 72] years) and 182 in the BSC group (median age [range]: 15.0 [0, 69]). Common primary diseases included acute lymphoblastic leukemia (26% vs 28%, respectively), acute myeloid leukemia (27% vs 24%) and neuroblastoma (14% vs 17%). Per EPAC, Kaplan-Meier (KM)-estimated VOD/SOS-free survival by Day 30 was similar in the DF and BSC groups (primary endpoint: 67% [95% Cl: 58, 74%] vs 73% [95% Cl: 62, 80%], respectively; P = 0.85) and at Day 100 (50% [95% Cl: 26, 70%] vs 57% [95% Cl: 37, 73%]; nominal P = 0.81). The KM-estimated investigator-assessed VOD/SOS-free survival by Day 30 was 85% (95% Cl: 79, 90%) in the DF group and 80% (95% Cl: 73, 86%) in the BSC group (hazard ratio = 0.760 [95% CI: 0.450, 1.29]; nominal P = 0.14). EPAC and investigators were discordant in 28% of VOD/SOS assessments. By Day 30 post-HCT, EPAC had diagnosed VOD/SOS more frequently in both groups vs investigators. There were 50 pts diagnosed with VOD/SOS by EPAC but not by investigators; 4 pts were diagnosed with VOD/SOS by investigators but not EPAC. In the DF and BSC groups, a comparable percentage of pts (99% and 100%, respectively) had adverse events (AEs); the most common (>50% of pts) were pyrexia (61% and 64%), nausea (60% and 56%), diarrhea (58% and 61%), stomatitis (58% and 67%) and vomiting (57% and 52%). Serious AEs (SAEs) occurred in 45% and 43% of pts in the DF and BSC groups, respectively; AEs/SAEs reflected HCT. Incidence of AEs of special interest (AESI) were similar between the DF and BSC groups (hypersensitivity reactions [50% and 45%, respectively], pulmonary hemorrhage [24% and 26%] and GI bleeding [9% and 8%]). AEs leading to death occurred in 6% of pts in each group. Conclusions: No significant difference was observed between the DF-treated and BSC groups in the primary endpoint, as assessed by EPAC; secondary endpoints were consistent with this result. A comparable percentage of pts had AEs, SAEs, and AESIs, supporting the safety of DF in this setting. No new safety signals were identified. Substantial differences between EPAC and investigators' assessment of VOD/SOS highlight the challenges in VOD/SOS diagnosis and confound interpretation of these results. Potential differences between the trial population and current clinical practice, including limited representation of some at-risk groups, may further limit interpretation of these data. Disclosures Grupp: Novartis, Adaptimmune, TCR2, Cellectis, Juno, Vertex, Allogene and Cabaletta: Other: Study steering committees or scientific advisory boards; Novartis, Roche, GSK, Humanigen, CBMG, Eureka, and Janssen/JnJ: Consultancy; Novartis, Kite, Vertex, and Servier: Research Funding; Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Other: Steering committee, Research Funding. Corbacioglu: Gentium/Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Honoraria. Kang: Amgen Korea: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Cartexell: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Novartis Korea: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding. Teshima: Merck Sharp & Dohme: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; CHUGAI PHARMACEUTICAL CO., LTD.: Research Funding; Novartis International AG: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other, Research Funding; Pfizer Inc.: Honoraria; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Kyowa Kirin Co.,Ltd.: Honoraria, Research Funding; Bristol Myers Squibb: Honoraria; Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K.: Other; Gentium/Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Fuji pharma CO.,Ltd: Research Funding; Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd.: Research Funding; Astellas Pharma Inc.: Research Funding; TEIJIN PHARMA Limited: Research Funding; Sanofi S.A.: Research Funding. Zanette: Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. Lopez: Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. Amber: Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. Pagliuca: Gentium/Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Gilead, Pfizer, and MSD: Research Funding. Richardson: Sanofi: Consultancy; Celgene/BMS: Consultancy, Research Funding; Secura Bio: Consultancy; Oncopeptides: Consultancy, Research Funding; Karyopharm: Consultancy, Research Funding; AstraZeneca: Consultancy; Protocol Intelligence: Consultancy; GlaxoSmithKline: Consultancy; Regeneron: Consultancy; Takeda: Consultancy, Research Funding; Janssen: Consultancy; AbbVie: Consultancy; Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Research Funding. OffLabel Disclosure: Defibrotide is indicated for the treatment of VOD/SOS but not its prevention

This paper presents some results of rainfall forecast in the monsoon onset period in South Vietnam, with the use of ensemble Kalman filter to assimilate observation data into the initial field of the model. The study of rainfall forecasts are experimented at the time of Southern monsoon outbreaks for 3 years (2005, 2008 and 2009), corresponding to 18 cases. In each case, there are five trials, including satellite wind data assimilation, upper-air sounding data assimilation, mixed data (satellite wind+upper-air sounding data) assimilation and two controlled trials (one single predictive test and one multi-physical ensemble prediction), which is equivalent to 85 forecasts for one trial. Based on the statistical evaluation of 36 samples (18 meteorological stations and 18 trials), the results show that Kalman filter assimilates satellite wind data to forecast well rainfall at 48 hours and 72 hours ranges. With 24 hour forecasting period, upper-air sounding data assimilation and mixed data assimilation experiments predicted better rainfall than non-assimilation tests. The results of the assessment based on the phase prediction indicators also show that the ensemble Kalman filter assimilating satellite wind data and mixed data sets improve the rain forecasting capability of the model at 48 hours and 72 hour ranges, while the upper-air sounding data assimilation test produces satisfactory results at the 72 hour forecast range, and the multi-physical ensemble test predicted good rainfall at 24 hour and 48 hour forecasts. The results of this research initially lead to a new research approach, Kalman Filter Application that assimilates the existing observation data into input data of the model that can improve the quality of rainfall forecast in Southern Vietnam and overall country in general.References Bui Minh Tuan, Nguyen Minh Truong, 2013. 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In the present study the estimation of the median has been taken into consideration using different methods of analysis. First of all the estimation of the median without auxiliary information is analyzed. Then the method of Kuk and Mak proposed in 1989 is exposed: this way of estimating the median is based on the knowledge of the population median of auxiliary variable X. Another method, which considers the median of the auxiliary variable is the ratio estimator. Then two methods based on the regression estimator are analyzed : the first one considers the regression based on the median regression, the second one is based on the minimum square method. Two experiments have been carried out in order to compare the methods proposed. First of all the methods are compared selecting all possible samples from nine di_erent small populations. The second application is based on the selection of couples of random numbers from a bivariate random variable distributed as a Bivariate Log-Normal distribution. Also in this situation the methods of estimation of the median are compared considering the expected values and mean square errors.

The design of open cut excavations in newly reclaimed land overlying soft soils is often highly sensitive to the undrained strength parameter values. Under such circumstances, the use of the Observational Method may introduce significant programme and quantity savings by allowing the designer to adopt best estimate, rather than moderately conservative parameters. The Hong Kong Boundary Crossing Facilities (HKBCF) is located on newly reclaimed land located to the East of Chek Lap Kok Island. The Passenger Clearance Building (PCB) is located in the middle of the HKBCF and provides the customs and immigration facilities for passengers entering Hong Kong from the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge and the Tuen Mun-Chek Lap Kok Link. The construction of the PCB basement required an excavation of approximately 10 m depth over an area of approximately 200 by 200 m. The typical soil profile consists of 15 m of sand fill overlying 20 m of very soft to soft Marine Clay. Ground improvement with prefabricated drains and surcharge was adopted by the reclamation Contractor to improve the Marine Clay strength.

Using fixtures for assembly operations is a common practice in manufacturing processes with high production volume. For automated assembly cells using robotic arms, trajectories are programmed manually and robots follow the same path repeatedly. It is not economically feasible to build fixed fixtures for small volume productions as they require high accuracy and are part specific. Moreover, hand coding robot trajectories is a time consuming task. The uncertainties in part localization and inaccuracy in robot motions make it challenging to automate the task of assembling two parts with tight tolerances. Researchers in past have developed methods for automating the assembly task using contact-based search schemes and impedance control-based trajectory execution. Both of these approaches may lead to undesired collision with critical features on the parts. Our method guarantees safety for parts with delicate features during the assembly process. Our approach enables us to select optimum impedance control parameters and utilizes a learning-based search strategy to complete assembly tasks under uncertainties in bounded time. Our approach was tested on an assembly of two rectangular workpieces using KUKA IIWA 7 manipulator. The method we propose was able to successfully select the optimal control parameters. The learning-based search strategy successfully estimated the uncertainty in pose of parts and converged in few iterations.

A technique to measure the local thickness of a droplet or a liquid film by an interference fringe pattern that was formed by reflecting laser lights was developed and tested. Monochromatic epi-illumination through an objective lens of a microscope was provided by a 5mw-300mw laser and a filter to remove the noise caused by laser speckle. The incremental height difference of the liquid layer between neighboring maxima or minima of fringes was evaluated from the wavelength of the laser light and the refractive index of the liquid. Estimation error of a local inclination angle was discussed using ray tracing under parallel illumination approximation (Ku¨hner et al., 1996). Droplet profiles evaluated from the interferogram that were obtained by the present fringe method agreed well with those by Laser Focus Displacement Meter (LFD) (Fukamachi et al., 2003). Measurement was tried to make sure the usefulness of the present technique. It was made clear that a) contact angle of a liquid droplet could be obtained precisely and swiftly even in small size or small contact angle, and b) instantaneous three dimensional profile of a liquid film on a bubble moving in a micro-channel could be measured. The fringe method had sufficient potential to obtain more detailed information about three dimensional characteristics of liquid film in flow phenomena such as the generation, break down and growth of waves and the liquid film of a bubble at the beginning of movement.

Techniques for extracting surface wave characteristics from radar backscatter have been investigated and improved over the last several decades. Much of this research has focused on the use of backscatter intensity from navigational radars for characterization of wave period and direction, and has clearly demonstrated accurate measurement of these wave characteristics. However, the precise determination of significant wave height has been more problematic due to the required application of a modulation transfer function. Furthermore, low sea states generally do not provide enough backscatter intensity for evaluation of wave characteristics, and thus, navigational radar measurements are restricted to relatively high sea states. More recently, techniques using Doppler velocities as a measurement of surface waves have been an area of increasing focus and development. An advantage of this approach is that no modulation transfer function is required, and only phase information is used from the backscattered radar signal. Recent research suggests that the relationship between Doppler velocities and wave height may be more consistent than that between radar backscatter intensity and wave height. In July 2010, surface waves were measured during an experiment at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography pier. Radar measurements were performed using a high-resolution pulse-Doppler instrumentation radar at low grazing angle (∼1 deg) with a pulse repetition frequency of 800 Hz and spatial resolutions of 10–30 cm. Radar data for X- and Ku-bands using both VV and HH polarizations were collected. Concurrent buoy measurements were also performed, along with the collection of wind speed and direction data. Measured seaways consisted of small significant wave heights (glassy conditions to <1 m), and contained combinations of wind sea and swell. Doppler processing of the radar data provided estimates of surface wave orbital velocity spectra in wavenumber and frequency domains. The velocity spectra were converted to sea surface elevation spectra. Using these spectra, peak periods were computed as well as RMS wave heights, thus providing approximate significant wave heights. The methods for extracting wave spectra, peak periods, and significant wave heights are discussed, and results are compared with buoy measurements. When sufficient capillary waves existed on the sea surface, the radar and buoy measured wave spectra were in agreement, and analysis indicates that the instrumentation radar was able to detect and spectrally distinguish between wind seas and swell.