Thèses sur le sujet « Koinà »

2007/2008
L’isola di Rodi, dal sinecismo (408/7 a. C.) in poi, attraversa fasi politiche alterne e turbolente, rappresentate dall’avvicendarsi al potere ora del partito democratico ora di quello oligarchico, fino allo stabilizzarsi, in età ellenistica, di un governo democratico nelle istituzioni, ma oligarchico nella configurazione dei rapporti di potere: un’apparente contraddizione riconoscibile nella gestione della cosa pubblica da parte dalle famiglie aristocratiche più ricche e potenti dell’isola, che, quasi “ereditariamente”, ricoprono le cariche pubbliche di maggior prestigio (i sacerdozi eponimi di Halios, Athana Ialysia, Athana Lindia; il demiurgato a Kameiros; la navarchia, la pritania, etc.). Altro aspetto, probante della coesistenza delle due tendenze politiche, è il trattamento del territorio: in esso, accanto alla suddivisione in demi tipicamente democratica, si conservano le antiche partizioni territoriali, come le ktoinai, e i raggruppamenti di evidente natura aristocratica, quali synnomai e diagoniai, la cui funzione era quella di mantenere saldi i legami fra gene un tempo uniti anche nel territorio e ora distribuiti nei vari demi del’isola (tale esigenza si riscontra anche nel ricorso frequentissimo all’adozione, talvolta usata per trasferire membri della stessa famiglia da un demo all’altro, probabilmente al duplice scopo di aggirare le regole di rotazione per l’elezione alle cariche pubbliche e di mantenere, ereditando, la proprietà dei beni di famiglia). L’equilibrio, esistente tra conservatorismo e apertura politica, si riscontra soprattutto nella conformazione della compagine sociale di Rodi: oltre ai cittadini con pieni diritti troviamo moltissimi stranieri residenti (e di passaggio), considerati secondo classificazioni differenti e spesso tanto sfumate da rendere complicatissima l’individuazione delle differenze sostanziali. Tra gli status sociali degli stranieri, oltre alla metoikia, ricordiamo l’epidamia (associata talvolta alla concessione straordinaria del diritto di enktesis ges kai oikias), in virtù della quale i beneficiari, residenti a tutti gli effetti, garantivano la naturalizzazione in Rhodioi ai propri discendenti (da non confondere con i Rhodioi, cittadini con pieni diritti, che, per il loro mestiere di artisti, preferivano identificarsi con l’etnico anziché con il demotico per ottenere fama e visibilità anche oltre i confini dell’isola). L’elaborazione della complessa (e molto mobile) stratificazione sociale riservata agli stranieri, entro cui essi, se meritevoli, guadagnavano diritti sempre maggiori, si rivela una strategia vincente al fine di alimentare la potenza economica e politica di Rodi, attirando commercianti e manodopera straniera, il cui contributo incrementava, tramite il mercenariato, la forza dell’esercito di terra (stanziato nei territori della Perea) e la marina, impegnata nella difesa delle acque del Mediterraneo contro i pirati. Inoltre una politica di apertura allo straniero favoriva il consolidamento delle relazioni internazionali e, dunque, la centralità dell’isola in tema di traffici e scambi commerciali (Rodi fino al 167 a. C. restò il portofranco più importante del Mediterraneo, il punto di snodo centrale dei commerci tra Occidente e Oriente). In questo contesto di floridezza economica e benessere sociale, all’interno del quale gli stranieri capaci potevano conquistare posizioni di prestigio, si sviluppa in proporzioni eccezionali – uniche per il mondo antico – il fenomeno associativo, attestato dalle fonti epigrafiche a partire dalla fine del IV sec. a. C. Il fenomeno in sé è conosciuto e diffuso in tutto il Mediterraneo antico, in particolare nelle poleis (come Atene, Delo, Alessandria) la cui funzione di porto commerciale attirava folti gruppi di stranieri, ma esso assume a Rodi dimensioni senza confronti: nell’isola e nei territori della sua Perea è documentata la presenza, allo stato attuale dei rinvenimenti, di circa duecento koinà. La maggior parte di essi è rappresentata da associazioni di tipo “eranos”, ovvero gruppi organizzati e di carattere stabile, i cui affiliati, accanto ai cittadini, erano principalmente stranieri (epidamoi, meteci, schiavi) provenienti dai più importanti empori del Mediterraneo e dell’Egeo. Gli eranoi, i cui nomi derivano sostanzialmente da teonimi (in molti casi sono attestati nomi multipli) e da fondatori, presidenti o riformatori, avevano una struttura interna molto articolata, basata sul modello della polis: le cariche interne di presidente, tesoriere, vari archontes, epistati e di segretario venivano annualmente rinnovate dall’Assemblea di tutti i membri dell’associazione che approvava anche l’accettazione stessa di nuovi affiliati, previa constatazione delle qualità morali del candidato e giuramento sullo statuto del koinon. Una volta accolto, il nuovo iscritto doveva versare una quota fissa in denaro secondo le scadenze stabilite e, occasionalmente, era chiamato a partecipare volontariamente a sottoscrizioni, promosse dall’associazione, per coprire le necessità o le emergenze economiche del proprio eranos di appartenenza (i motivi potevano essere i più vari: dal bisogno di liquidità per l’acquisto o la ristrutturazione di sedi e spazi comunitari all’allestimento di adeguate onoranze funebri per soci di spicco; la sottoscrizione volontaria era un sistema, praticato anche dalla polis, per fronteggiare spese improvvise di qualsiasi tipo); naturalmente il denaro donato, secondo le possibilità di ciascuno, non era reso, bensì dato a titolo di doreà. Spesso la composizione dell’associazione era mista, ovvero vi partecipavano sia stranieri residenti che cittadini; il koinon, secondo la legge della polis, diversamente dagli stranieri in quanto singoli, aveva il diritto di acquistare beni immobili come case (ad uso di sede), terreni ove intraprendere attività agricole o edifici ad uso commerciale, purché i guadagni ricavati costituissero capitale sociale e non individuale; ancora, molte associazioni, specialmente quelle con un gran numero di affiliati, possedevano spazi circoscritti nelle necropoli dove seppellire i propri soci e dove celebrare vere e proprie festività di carattere funerario. La maggior parte delle iscrizioni in nostro possesso rivelano che una delle attività fondamentali dei koinà era quella onoraria, ovvero la possibilità di decretare onori ufficiali a cittadini importanti o membri del gruppo per le occasioni più varie; tale partecipazione consisteva nell’acquisto di corone e nella collocazione di stele onorarie a spese dell’associazione. Tale consuetudine, quando destinata a politici di spicco (non necessariamente affiliati dell’associazione), rivela uno stretto legame esistente tra le associazioni private e la polis, entrambe le quali traevano reciprocamente grandi vantaggi sia di natura economica che in termini di visibilità sociale. Gli eranoi, a differenza degli altri tipi di associazione (come quelle dei veterani, dei giovani legati al ginnasio, dei gene, dei magistrati o dei sacerdoti) disponevano di capitali ingenti, provenienti sia da quote associative e donazioni che dagli introiti delle attività esercitate in comunità; essi rappresentavano dunque una garanzia di ricchezza e protezione sia per gli affiliati (spesso appunto stranieri che, diversamente, non avrebbero potuto investire in beni immobili né conquistare ruoli importanti i società) che per la polis, la quale beneficiava della loro prosperità non soltanto in termini finanziari - se si pensa, ad esempio, ai contributi privati delle associazioni per la costruzione di edifici pubblici o per l’allestimento di festività che chiamavano commercianti da tutto il Mediterraneo – ma anche in vista di rapporti politici con altre città, che avrebbero accordato la loro preferenza a Rodi sotto l’aspetto commerciale, garantendole un continuo afflusso di ricchezza e il sostegno per il mantenimento di una politica di neutralità. Concludendo, il fenomeno associativo rodio, oltre alle conseguenze più evidenti legate ai risvolti economici, deve la sua ampia diffusione a molti altri fattori, primi fra tutti al rapporto di stretta reciprocità e collaborazione con la polis e alla sua versatilità nel rendersi parte integrante e necessaria della società rodia; i koinà non erano comunità indipendenti o estranee alla compagine sociale i cui interessi rimanevano “privati” e limitati ai soli soci, bensì il collante tra cittadini e stranieri che creava una forte osmosi da cui tutti, polis compresa, traevano vantaggi di ogni tipo.
XX Ciclo
1979

Dans les bourgs de la Navarre péninsulaire entre le XIIIe et XIVe siècles est apparue une scripta juridique occitane dont l'usage était lié à l'établissement des Francos, population bénéficiant de privilèges particuliers et provenant originellement du nord des Pyrénées. Le développement de cette langue en dehors d'un territoire occitanophone lui a conféré des caractéristiques qui la rendent d'emblée reconnaissable; et si elle conserve des traits la rattachant au languedocien, elle partage des points communs avec d'autres variétés du diasystème, étendu au catalan, ainsi qu'avec le navarro-roman au contact duquel elle a évolué.

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The whole set of the texts in the book of the Gospel of Jesus Christ according to Luke (Luke) and the book of Acts of the Apostles (Acts) creates the Lukan work. Its primary recipients, in the second half of the first century AD, are Hellenistic Gentiles who joined the announcement that the hope of ancient Israel takes place in the Messiah Jesus of Nazareth, the Christian kerygma. This religious expression (the Early Christianity) is inserted into an existing tradition, Judaism. Such expression needs to be continued, to provide a self-comprehension and to be based on the roots of that tradition. Otherwise, it would face the risk of provoking a definitive break that would imply a spare expression and without support for both Jews and Gentiles who chose Christianity. This research aims to present the final text of Lukan work, the pericope of Acts 28:16-28, as a summary, climax and paradigm of the confirmation of continuity and completeness of Israel's hopes in the Christian kerygma. Paul, the character, a Hellenistic Jew, apostle of the Gentiles, becomes the protagonist of this process. Therefore, the book of the Acts of the Apostles not only proposes his innocence from the charges, made by the Jewish leaders, as well as it presents him as an imitator of his master, Jesus, and model for other Christians, especially concerning to the reasons given in the Jewish tradition, to the freedom as for the practice on Mosaic usages and laws and to the vocational openness for the announcement to all nations. Thus, this research accesses the Greek text, analyzes it in several instances, translates it into Portuguese and presents an exegetical-theological study of the pericope
O conjunto dos textos do livro do Evangelho de Jesus Cristo segundo Lucas (Lc) e do livro dos Atos dos Apóstolos (At) forma a obra lucana. Seus destinatários primeiros, da segunda metade do século I AD, são gentios helenistas que aderiram ao anúncio de que a esperança do antigo Israel se realiza no Messias Jesus de Nazaré, o querigma cristão. Essa expressão religiosa (o cristianismo primitivo) está inserida numa tradição já existente, o judaísmo. Ela precisa ser continuidade, autocompreender-se e fundamentar-se nas raízes dessa tradição, sob o risco de provocar uma ruptura definitiva que implicaria numa expressão avulsa e sem sustentação tanto para os judeus quanto para os gentios que optassem pelo cristianismo. Esta pesquisa busca apresentar o texto final da obra lucana, a perícope de At 28,16-28, como sumário, clímax e paradigma da confirmação dessa continuidade e completude das esperanças de Israel no querigma cristão. O personagem Paulo, judeu helenista, apóstolo dos gentios, passa a ser o protagonista desse processo e, por isso, o livro dos Atos dos Apóstolos não só propõe sua inocência quanto às acusações dos líderes judaicos, como também o apresenta como imitador de seu mestre, Jesus, e modelo para os demais cristãos, especialmente quanto à sua fundamentação na tradição judaica, quanto à liberdade na prática dos costumes e leis mosaicas e quanto à abertura vocacional ao anúncio a todas as nações. Para tanto, a pesquisa acessa o texto grego, analisa-o em várias instâncias, além de traduzi-lo para o português, e apresentar um estudo exegético-teológico da perícope

La ceramica daunia è un particolare tipo di ceramica con ornamentazione in genere geometrica prodotta tra il IX e il IV sec. a.C. dalla popolazione della parte più settentrionale dell’attuale Puglia. Si tratta, tra le produzioni indigene del Sud Italia, di quella più vivace e duratura. Questa produzione non ha circolato solamente nella regione di produzione ma si è diffusa a largo raggio lungo entrambe le coste adriatiche. L’obiettivo di questa tesi è quello di fornire in primis una descrizione della ceramica daunia (forme, decorazioni, tecniche di produzione) e, in secondo luogo, di trattare, per quanto possibile, l’argomento della diffusione di tale produzione nelle regioni affacciate sull’Adriatico. Seguendo la diffusione della ceramica daunia, cercherò di comprendere al meglio i rapporti, commerciali e non solo, intercorsi dal IX al IV sec. a.C. tra le due sponde adriatiche, in larga parte nello stesso periodo in cui si registra una koiné adriatica nella circolazione dei manufatti metallici e, soprattutto, dei bronzi. Allo stesso modo cercherò di comprendere quale fosse la funzione d’uso della ceramica daunia al di fuori della regione di produzione (consumo del vino e/o commercio delle granaglie). Infine, intendo soffermarmi su come la circolazione della ceramica daunia possa essere inquadrata nell’ambito del commercio nel Mare Adriatico durante il IX e il IV sec. a.C.

This thesis uses insights from a modern theory of communication, Relevance Theory, to examine the function of certain particles - in particular the conjunction hina - in Koine Greek. This particle has been regarded from the time of Classical Greek as an introducer of purpose clauses and so has been thought to have the lexical meaning of ‘in order that.’ More recently, however, scholars have recognised that in the New Testament at least, no more than 60% of the uses of hina merit such a translation, with a considerable number of independent clauses being introduced by this particle also. Apart from the New Testament it is the case that pagan writers of Koine used this particle to introduce a wider range of clauses than merely those with a telic relationship to the main clause of the sentence. This is particularly noticeable in the Discourses of Epictetus, a philosopher who taught in the latter half of the first century of the Christian era. In addition, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, a notable critic of literary style and the historian Polybius, both writing within the Koine period used hina to introduce indirect commands and noun clauses as well as purpose clauses. The frequency of such uses (approximately 10% of all the instances of this particle) in their writings is considerably less than that of Epictetus, but those uses are nevertheless present in their works. Since iota-nu-alpha was used for this wider range of clauses by pagan, non-Jewish authors, some of whom spoke Greek as their first language, it seems extremely implausible to attribute such use to the incompetence of the implied authors of the New Testament, or ‘Semitic interference’. Since the many instances of non-telic hina in the New Testament are identified with reference to the context in which they occur, the telic instances should also be deduced from such context. I claim that the function of this particle is not to introduce a purpose clause nor does it have a fixed lexical meaning of ‘in order that’, but rather that it alerts the reader to expect an interpretation of the thought of the speaker or implied author. Of course in many instances a clause introduced by hina will be a purpose clause, but this is inferred from context rather than solely from the presence of this particle. This thesis proposes a unified account of the function of hina which fits the developing pattern of the language and relates it to the particle 'hina', and provides a theoretical basis for its use as an indicator of speaker or subject’s thought, thus enabling a reader to re-examine biblical texts whose interpretation has been problematic to date.

El título del presente trabajo repite el de una de las conocidas contribuciones teóricas de Amado Alonso a la historiografía del español americano y lo relaciona, a través del subtítulo dubitativo, con el contenido de propuestas recientes acerca del proceso de formación de dicha modalidad. De este modo queda acotado el propósito que me anima: exponer un conjunto de reflexiones que recogen el estímulo, tanto del antiguo ensayo del ilustre filólogocuyo centenario conmemoramos, como de trabajos actuales que constituyen aportes teóricos de gran relieve a la debatida cuestión de los orígenes lingüísticos de América.

The thesis is a study of the language of Menander Comicus (c.341-292/1 B.C.). The core of the thesis is a partial description of his language. Using a sociolinguistically informed model of koineisation, Menander's language is related to developments in the linguistic history of Greek. The first chapter therefore reviews the literature on Menander's language and details the theory of koineisation that will inform the subsequent chapters; accommodation theory is here of particular importance. The second chapter reviews nominal word-formation, used elsewhere in the literature as a criterion of the Koiné. It is pointed out that word-formation is not a good criterion, as the assessment of productivity patterns in a dead variety is difficult. However, by a detailed philological study of the data in Menander, some conclusions are reached about the productive and non-productive suffixes in Menander. The derivational patterns he attests for the most part look classical, but some changes are detected. The third chapter looks at the phonology and morphology of Menander. It is suggested that the vocalism of Menander betrays some characteristic Koiné developments, while the consonantism is mostly conservative. Noun and pronoun morphology are mostly conservative, while verbal morphology shows some signs of paradigm levelling. This is in line with the developments expected of a koineising variety, which are characterised by levelling. The final chapter is much more descriptive and focuses on syntax, particularly subordinate clauses. Some difficult examples of relative clauses are discussed which may anticipate later developments. Adverbial and complement clauses show that the optative, while morphologically stable, is no longer used in certain syntactic contexts (the oblique optative has more or less disappeared). An overall assessment attempts to distinguish the synchronic and the diachronic conclusions: the thesis deliberately discussed both together. It points out some concrete results establishing some spurious Menandrean texts while discussing the status of Menander's dialect. The main conclusion is that the terms of the debate about Menander's language have been misconceived: 'Attic vs. 'Koiné' is a false dichotomy in fourth-century Attica.

Les Koina profondément ancrés dans la tradition grecque connaissent encore de belles heures sous le principat. Ces communautés - c'est en effet le terme que nous privilégierons pour les dénommer - ont différents statuts aussi bien historiquement que géographiquement. Cette richesse statutaire engendre bien sur des situations variées sans empêcher pour autant une certaine unité. L'étude de la vie interne des Koina le prouve. Quant à l'intense activité religieuse et aux pratiques politiques des Koina, elles démontrent un réel souci de se faire entendre. Les orientaux acceptent la domination romaine et les Koina aussi sans pour autant négliger leurs intérêts. Intermédiaires privilégies entre les populations locales et les autorités romaines, les Koina bénéficient en leur sein de l'engagement des notables locaux ; des notables locaux qui paraissent d'ailleurs omniprésents dans la vie des grecs de l'époque impériale employant leur richesse et leur disponibilité sociale au service de leurs communautés mais aussi de leurs cites, d'associations ou de particuliers. En retour ce personnel communautaire, - en contact avec les autorités romaines, acquiert plus facilement les tria nomina et la possibilité d'intégrer le cursus honorum, même si seulement une minorité de membres de Koina restent célèbres pour avoir mené des carrières d'administrateurs brillantes au sein de l'empire. Parmi ces notables au service des Koina, une place à part doit être faite aux intellectuels qui s'investissent eux-aussi volontiers dans ces communautés régionales, provinciales ou supra-provinciales, souvent pour être mieux à même de défendre les valeurs de l'hellénisme. Cependant entre le Ier siècle et la fin du IVème siècle les Koina disparaissent ou se transforment allant, avec la formation d'un empire chrétien, vers une lente sécularisation. Le court règne de Julien ne saura enrayer le processus ; les Koina perdent leur valeur religieuse mais l'idée de représentativité et le gout des festivités perdurent ; les valeurs de l'hellénisme ne s'éteignent donc pas brutalement.

Tutkielman aiheena ovat oppilaiden tunteet koulussa. Tavoitteena on tutkia, millaisia tunnemuistoja oppilailla on koulusta sekä millaisia näkemyksiä oppilailla on kouluun liittyvistä tunnesäännöistä. Tutkimuskysymykset ovat: ”millaisia tunnemuistoja oppilailla on koulusta ja millaisiin tilanteisiin ne liittyvät? ” sekä ”millaisia näkemyksiä oppilailla on kouluun liittyvistä tunnesäännöistä?” Tutkielma on tapaustutkimus, jossa analyysimenetelmänä käytän aineistolähtöistä laadullista sisällönanalyysia. Aineistonkeruumenetelmänä käytin kyselyä, joka sisälsi avoimia kysymyksiä. Tutkielma sijoittuu suomalaiseen alakouluun ja tutkittava tapaus on eräs kahdesta ryhmästä koostuva viidesluokka (n= 42). Tutkielma on toteutettu aineistolähtöisesti ja sen teoreettinen viitekehys pohjautuu tunteisiin, tunnemuistoihin ja tunnesääntöihin. Tunnemuistot tarkoittavat tässä tutkielmassa aikaisemmin tapahtuneiden tunnekokemusten muistelua. Käytän tätä käsitettä, sillä oppilaiden vastaukset perustuivat tunnekokemusten muisteluun, jotka haluan erottaa välittömistä tunnekokemuksista. Tunnesäännöt puolestaan tarkoittavat tässä tutkielmassa koulussa vaikuttavia sosiokulttuurisia normeja, jotka ohjaavat kuinka tietyssä tilanteessa olisi sopivinta tuntea tai ilmaista omia tunteitaan. Tämän tutkielman tulosten perusteella oppilailla on monenlaisia tunnemuistoja erilaisiin koulun tilanteisiin liittyen ja heidän näkemyksissä tunnesäännöistä on sekä yhtäläisyyksiä että eroja. Oppilaiden tunnemuistot olivat sekä positiivisia että negatiivisia. Muistot liittyivät kaveritilanteisiin, oppitunteihin, tapahtumiin, konflikteihin, tapaturmiin sekä muihin koulun tilanteisiin. Tunnesääntöjä oppilaat hahmottivat kolmella tapaa. Osa näki, että koulussa saa näyttää kaikenlaisia tunteita, osa kertoi, etteivät kaikki tunteet kuulu kouluun ja osalle tunnesäännöt eivät näyttäytyneet helppoina, vaan niiden hahmottaminen oli vaikeaa. Oppilaat perustelivat tunnesääntöjä monin tavoin, kuten esimerkiksi tunteiden yksilöllisyydellä, tarttumisella ja voimakkuudella, sekä muiden huomioimisen tärkeydellä, yhteenkuuluvuuden tunteen vahvistamisella sekä sillä, että jotkin tunteet ovat poikkeuksia, joiden näyttäminen on perusteltua tietyissä tilanteissa.

This doctorate thesis in Romanist studies, is entitled The language of vernacular chronicles of the age of Carraresi, and it is a linguistic description of four chronicles composed in Padua during the first half of the 14th century and the first years of 15th: The history of the borders war by Nicoletto d'Alessio, The Carrara's chronicle by Gatari, the B and D versions of Gesta Magnifica Domus Carrariensis. These chronicles focus on the seigniory of the Carrara in Padua. In this work the texts are studied in all their linguistic levels: the graphic, the phonological, the morphological, the syntactical and the lessical one. The method which has been used is that inherited from the tradition of historical grammar, id est a selection of a large number of phenomena for all levels, illustrating the results of the observation of each of them. By the comparison, for every linguistic passage, of the results relevant to every text, the linguistic similarities and differences among the different chronicles are immediately in relief. From this analysis it turns out that there are important differences among each text, because each of them have been influenced in a different way from the different linguistic models of reference: the Medieval Latin of changery-ecclesiastic tradition, the local vernacular language, the most important literary languages, which are Tuscan and French, and Venetian, the vernacular language of the leading local state. This fact marks an important change in the approach to this type of texts. The historians of italian language have given less importance to chronicles until now, not only for their length, but also because of their particular kind of language, defined as "hybrid language" by first studies of them, definition which more suggests the lost of local vernacular language than the linguistic variety which characterizes chronicles. In this thesis, the syntactical level is the more in-depth studied aspect, for a specific reason. A parallel aim of this thesis is giving some contributions to the knowledge of the syntax of ancient Italian prose. For this purpose it has been used a contrastive method with the contemporary Italian, highlighting the specific features of ancient Italian, and also using the most recent concepts of linguistic science, which has been applicated only in a partial way on ancient Italian texts until now.

A presente dissertação tem como eixo de análise o romance Sangue de amor correspondido, do escritor argentino Manuel Puig, e sua tradução ao espanhol elaborada pelo próprio autor, Sangre de amor correspondido. Nosso objetivo central é analisar o resultado desse caso emblemático de contato entre o português brasileiro e o espanhol. Para tanto, no primeiro capítulo, procuramos caracterizar o narrador das obras, instância que consideramos comprometida no contato no nível discursivo. No segundo, buscamos definir em qual variante do espanhol está baseada a tradução. No terceiro e quarto capítulos, dedicamo-nos, por fim, à análise do contato entre as duas línguas que se instaura nas versões em português e em espanhol e dentro de cada uma delas. Para tanto, baseamo-nos na hipótese de que, quando se estabelece uma relação de contato entre o português brasileiro e o espanhol, constitui-se uma relação singular que promove uma permeabilidade entre as duas línguas. Partindo desse ponto de vista, buscamos examinar como se constrói essa permeabilidade por meio de uma análise contrastiva entre os dois textos nos níveis lexical, sintático, discursivo e poético.
Our central objective is analyzing the result of this emblematic case of contact between Brazilian Portuguese and Spanish: the novel Sangue de amor correspondido, by the Argentinian writer Manuel Puig, and its translation to Spanish, Sangre de amor correspondido, which was elaborated by the author himself. In the first chapter we characterize the narrator of the novel. In the second chapter we define on which variant of Spanish the translation is based. In the third and fourth chapters, we analyse the result of the contact established between the two languages. We are considering the hypothesis that the contact between Brazilian Portuguese and Spanish results in a singular relation that promotes a permeability between those two languages. Considering this point of view, we analyze how this permeability occurs by a contrastive analysis between the two novels in the lexical, syntactic, discursive and poetical levels.

The primary goal of this thesis is to collect, record and interpret the available coin evidence from the territory of modern Bulgaria during the late Hellenistic and early Roman Imperial period, from an archaeological, historical and numismatic perspective. In so doing the work documents the transition and integration of the monetary system of ancient Thrace to that of the Roman world. The evidence examined covers over 250 years, from the establishment of the province of Macedonia in 146 BC down to the reign of Trajan (AD 98-117). Of foremost importance in this process are the introduction, distribution and use of the denarius in the local coin market. The evidence under study was collected from the area of ancient Moesia and Thrace, an area recognized as a frontier zone in the early Roman Empire. Previously Thrace was never the subject of a comprehensive numismatic study that integrated the existing archeological and historical record for such a critical period of time. The purposely studied coin finds (both hoards and single coins, over 48,000 pieces) allowed for the application of statistical analysis to the coin data, revealing important military, economic and fiscal tendencies. The results document a culture well accustomed to the use of coins as means of payment long before the arrival of the Roman currency. Given these circumstances, it is no surprise that as denarii were introduced during the 1st century BC, the market quickly adjusted to new economic relations. Tracing the regional use and distribution of coins, the study bears witness to how local communities benefited from their strategic location and native resources. The main contribution of this work lies in the systematic comparison between the Late Hellenistic, Thracian, Celtic and Roman coinages that circulated together in a region that was of great strategic importance to the Roman Empire. Mechanisms of introduction and acceptance of Roman coins as financial tools have been documented and interpreted both from a chronological and geographical standpoint. Based on comprehensive analyses, this thesis concludes that the nature of the Thracian and Moesian society and economy, as well as the supply of coins, followed the Imperial and interregional trends as an integral part of the Roman Empire.

This dissertation identifies and addresses key issues in Septuagint lexicography using case studies from the Greek version of Judges. The first chapter outlines the state of the question on the textual history of Judges in Hebrew and Greek, and also presents my lexicographical method and related matters. Chapter two surveys the history of Septuagint lexicography. I demonstrate how data about the meaning of Septuagint vocabulary has been insufficiently or in appropriately derived, expressed, and/or documented. I also highlight debates over the nature of post-classical Greek and the language of the Septuagint, which has predisposed scholars against viewing the Septuagint corpus as part of post-classical Greek in general. By pointing out methodological flaws that have plagued Septuagint lexicography-as well as theoretical problems in a Hebrew-priority view of the language-I argue for a Greek-priority view that evaluates Septuagint vocabulary in light of contemporary sources and emphasizes the importance of documentary evidence. The following chapters provide case studies from Greek Judges that demonstrate the benefits of a Greek-priority view. Many cases of consistent vocabulary disagreement in the textual history of the book cannot be explained on the basis of the Hebrew text nor given the data available in current lexicons. Examination of post-classical Greek evidence demonstrates that the motivation for the language change is multifaceted, but clearly includes matters of style and semantics in Greek independent from the source text. Chapter three focuses on παρατάσσω and παράταξις; chapter four on παιδάριον, παιδίον, νεανίας, and νεάνισκος; and chapter five on ἀπάντησις and συνάντησις. Each chapter concludes by discussing the relevance of the evidence for Septuagint lexicography, the motivation underlying the revision of Greek Judges, and the potential of Septuagint vocabulary to inform Greek lexicography in general. Chapter six summarizes my lexical analysis and discusses the benefits of a Greek-priority approach and its value for Septuagint lexicography. I posit a time-frame for the translation and revision of Greek Judges based on linguistic evidence. I conclude by emphasizing the need for renewed efforts in Septuagint lexicography to incorporate literary and nonliterary post-classical Greek sources. To address this need, I provide several sample lexicon entries for words discussed in the preceding study.

This dissertation analyses seven modern Bible translations in French with respect to their renderings of Koine Greek participles. The sample consists of the Passion Story from the four Gospels (Matt 26-28, Mark 14-16, Luke 22-24 and John 18-21), and is comprised of 603 Hellenistic participles in all. The participle forms are studied in six categories according to their syntactic function. The comparison focuses on differences in translation strategy, i.e. formal equivalence, omission and different kinds of transpositions, with special attention given to the choice of verb form. There is a discussion of the adequacy of contemporary, explicative theories of systemic differences between the passé simple/passé composé and the imparfait. A large number of examples are analysed in detail. The results of the survey show that the most prominent differences in translation strategies concern the predicative participle. Furthermore, this was the category that occurred most frequently in the sample. The Catholic scientific and literary translation La Bible de Jérusalem (1998) is the most literal of the seven versions. A high level of formal equivalence is also registered in the other scientific translation, La Traduction Œcuménique de la Bible (1988), even though application of this strategy outweighs the use of finite verbs, that is to say, the most common transposition. La Bible en français courant (1996) is the least literal: generally, it transposes the participle of the source text with a finite verb. This transposition is also very frequent in the literary La Bible de la Pléiade (1971). Most of the omissions are recorded in the recent literary La Bible, Nouvelle traduction (2001), which is shown to be the most divergent translation. Omissions are also frequent in the pastoral La Bible des moines de Maredsous (1968) and the liturgical La Traduction liturgique de la Bible (1977). When translated in conjunction with an element comprising a verb in one of the non-indicative moods (infinitive, imperative, participle and subjunctive), both the present and the aorist predicative participles are, to a large extent, rendered by a simple form, expressing non-accomplishment. However, the Bible de Jérusalem stands out with its greater use of compound present participles than any other version. When the predicative participle of the source text is transposed with a verb in the indicative mood, the passé simple is generally used to render the aorist; for the present participle, the imparfait is more frequent than the passé simple. Nevertheless, here too the passé simple accounts for a significant portion of the equivalents, especially in the two translations where transpositions formed by finite verbs are particularly important. There exist a few cases where some translators chose to use the passé simple/passé compose, while others chose the imparfait. The various details, tables and linguistic analyses in this dissertation provide a solid basis for accurately characterizing the various modern attempts made at reproduce this ancient text – a text so often translated, paraphrased, interpreted and deeply integrated in our cultural heritage.

nuestra Tesis Doctoral estudia el uso de las partículas en el griego de época imperial. En el capítulo introductorio se analizan los distintos problemas que estas formas no flexivas plantean, su definición y su categorización como clase de palabras, y las distintas perspectivas que han planteado las corrientes lingüísticas para su estudio. Frente a una koiné en la que desde época helenística se observa un progresivo descenso del uso de partículas de énfasis, la eliminación de sinónimos y su especialización funcional, en época imperial cambia la tendencia, dada la importancia que adquiere el aticismo como voluntad general de imitar el griego clásico de los autores del canon. Especial atención concedemos a Luciano de Samosata, figura clave de la Segunda Sofística, y a los Santos Padres (ss. I-IV d.C.), en cuyos textos se aprecian técnicas de la retórica clásica con marcas y rasgos aticistas.
The aim of our Ph.D. dissertation is to study the use of particles in the Imperial Age Greek. An introductory chapter contains the problematic issues relating to the study of these non-inflectional words, definition and categorization as a class of words, according to the approach of different disciplines and linguistic trends. Koiné greek shows a progressive elimination of two synonym particles, functional specialization and decrease in the use of focus particles; on the other hand, Atticism and Second Sophistic turn the tendency over because of the classical authors imitation. Special attention is focused on Lucian, a key figure of the Second Sophistic, and Early Christian Fathers as well (ss. I-IV AD), as their texts exhibit atticist and classical rhetoric features.

Rozprawa – jeśli czytać ją pod kątem teoretycznym – poświęcona jest zagadnieniu kulturowej roli cytatu. Reaktualizuje koncepcje Michaiła Bachtina i Walentina Wołoszynowa związane z problematyką słowa dialogowego, by przypomnieć, że cytat (w szerokim rozumieniu: od cytatu właściwego, przez parafrazę i aluzję po mowę pozornie zależną) nie jest jedynie wykładnikiem relacji międzytekstowych, jak traktuje go późno nowoczesna i ponowoczesna humanistyka, ale przede wszystkim wykładnikiem relacji międzypodmiotowych. Po pierwsze, jest dialogiem nadawcy z adresatem zróżnicowanym formalnie i znaczeniowo ze względu na łączące ich więzi, stosunek ich światopoglądów, kompetencje oraz sytuację, w jakiej przebiega komunikacja między nimi. Po drugie – jest eksterioryzacją dialogu wewnętrznego autora, do którego włączone zostają przyswojone cudze słowa, przede wszystkim te, które pochodzą z bliskich jemu i jego odbiorcom tekstów kultury. Wyjątkowo dogodnego materiału do zweryfikowania tych założeń dostarcza literatura niefikcjonalna (to jest o identyfikowalnej referencji), zwłaszcza list, który ze względu na specyficzną sytuację komunikacyjną szczególnie sprzyja zaistnieniu wielu typów cytatów, zróżnicowanych pod względem formy oraz funkcji. Na podstawie analiz cytatów biblijnych w listach Cypriana Norwida, a dla porównania – także Piotra Semenenki, Adama Mickiewicza i Juliusza Słowackiego, sformułowana została koncepcja cytatu jako koiné kulturowej. Koncepcja ta zasadza się na uznaniu, że posługiwaniu się w mowie (wypowiedzi) cytatami z tekstów powszechnie znanych w danej wspólnocie, odwołujących się do podzielanej przez jej członków kompetencji kulturowej i językowej, ułatwia nie tylko ich porozumiewanie się, lecz także stanowi o wspólnoty tej integracji. Integracji nie jako powtórzeniu, potwierdzeniu i alegacji, ale także dialogu: sporze, polemice, niezgodzie lub aprobacie z zastrzeżeniami bądź antycypowanymi sprzeciwami. Cytaty należące do koiné są formą dialogującego i zdialogizowanego słowa kulturowego. Pierwszy rozdział rozprawy został poświęcony listowi i jego gatunkowym wyróżnikom. Na podstawie analiz empirycznego materiału historycznego, ujmowanego w optyce inwariantywnej, sformułowana została teza, że list wyróżniają przede wszystkim tekstowe eksponenty specyficznej dla niego sytuacji komunikacyjnej. Za takie minimalne wykładniki listowości uznane zostały konwencjonalne elementy listu, szyftery, formy osobowe czasowników, niekonwencjonalne zwroty do adresata, określenia czasu i miejsca, nawiązania o charakterze dialogowym oraz uwagi metatekstowe. Drugi rozdział podjął zadanie weryfikacji teoretycznych ustaleń o gatunkowych wyróżnikach listu na przykładzie pism Norwida i historii ich edycji. Rozdział trzeci został poświęcony cytatowi: jego różnym koncepcjom oraz powiązaniom z kwestią mowy pozornie zależnej. Przypomniana została problematyzacja cytatu jako dwugłosu i wykładnika relacji międzypodmiotowych, znana z prac Bachtina i Wołoszynowa. Na tej podstawie zdefiniowany został cytat, skatalogowane jego formalne typy oraz sformułowana koncepcja koiné kulturowej. Opisana została także rola Biblii (stanowiącej źródło analizowanych w dalszych częściach pracy cytatów) w XIX-wiecznej polskiej wspólnocie narodowej, pojmowanej (za autorytatywnymi rozstrzygnięciami socjologów) jako wspólnota kulturowa. W rozdziale czwartym opisana została koiné kulturowa Semenenki, Mickiewicza i Słowackiego. Cytaty biblijne w ich listach pozwalają wskazać charakterystyczne dla autorów strategie cytowania: koiné jako powtórzenia, koiné jako mówienia oraz koiné jako elementu stylizacji. Każda z nich polega na wykorzystaniu innych właściwości i możliwości cytatu. Rozdział piąty został w całości poświęcony koiné Norwida. Analiza jego różnych sposobów cytowania ma przede wszystkim wykazać, że poeta nie tylko mówił, ale także myślał Biblią, o czym najdobitniej świadczą jego cytaty w mowie pozornie zależnej.
The dissertation – in its theoretical aspect – is devoted to the issue of the cultural role of quotation. It reactualises Mikhail Bakhtin’s and Valentin Voloshinov’s concepts related to the issue of dialogical word, to remind, that quotation (broadly defined – from the quotation, paraphrase and allusion to represented speech and thought) is not only an exponent of intertextual relations, as late modern and postmodern humanities consider it, but also and most of all an exponent of intersubject relations. First, it is a dialogue between the sender and receiver formally and semantically differentiated because of their connexion, relation of their worldviews, cognizance and the situation their communication is set in. Second – it is exteriorization of authors inner dialogue, to which internalised other’s words are included, mainly those that have origins in cultural texts well known to him and his receivers. Nonfiction literature is a suitable material to verify those assumptions – especially a letter with its unique communicative situation that allows many types (in form and function) of quotation to be used. Based on the analysis of Bible quotations in letters of Cyprian Norwid, and also, for comparison, of Piotr Semenenko, Adam Mickiewicz and Juliusz Słowacki, the concept of quotation as a cultural koiné is presented. It states, that using a quotation from texts well-known in a particular cultural community (appealing to shared cultural and lingual cognizance) not only simplifies communication, but also integrates the community. This integration comes from both confirmation and dialogue: argument, polemic, disagreement or approval with objections. A quotation that belong to koiné are a form of dialoguing and dialogised word of the culture. The topic of the first chapters is a letter genre and its characteristics – the findings about the minimal requirements of a letter, that are referring to previous studies, above all, to the first Polish monograph of the genre, Teoria listu (Theory of letter) by Stefania Skwarczyńska (1937), will be used in further studies about quotation in a letter and its specifity. The conclusion, based on the analysis of letters, is, that letter genre in distinguished mostly by textual exponents of its unique communicative situation. The minimal exponents of it are conventional elements of letter, shifters, first and second person verb forms, unconventional form of addressing the receiver, information about time and place, referring to receivers words and metatextual remarks. The second chapter is a verification of those theoretical findings by the example of Norwid’s works and the history of their editions. The third chapter is dedicated to a quotation: different concepts of it and its connections with the represented speech and thought. The idea of a quotation as a double voice and an exponent of intersubject relations known from Bakhtin’s a Voloshinov’s works is reminded. Based on it quotation is defined, its types catalogued and the concept of cultural koiné is presented. Also the role of the Bible (which is a source of the quotation analysed in the next part of the dissertation) in the XIXth century Polish nation as a cultural community is described. The fourth chapter describes the cultural koiné of Semenenko, Mickiewicz and Słowacki. Bible quotations in their letters allow to point out characteristic strategies of quoting: koiné as a repetition, koiné as speaking and koiné as a part of stylization. Each of them is using different properties and abilities of quotation. Finally, the fifth chapter is fully devoted to the Norwid’s koiné. The analysis of various types of quotations in his letters proves, that he not only spoke, but also thought by the Bible, which is best shown by his quotations in the form of represented speech and thought.

Romani Studies as an academic discipline emerged in the 18th century with scholars such as Rüdiger (1782) and Grellmann (1783). At that time, two main hypotheses regarding the origin of the Roma formed that, in some variation, still have their adherents today. Rüdiger argued that the Roma’s ancestors left India because of invading armies, whereas Grellmann argued that they were social outcasts. This thesis argues in support of a military origin of the Roma and a koïné origin of the Romani language by bringing together linguistic, sociohistorical, and genetic evidence.
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The objective of this dissertation is to test some major theories on the discourse function of the Greek indicative verb-forms in narrative. Since the publication of Stanley Porter and Buist Fanning’s doctoral dissertations, verbal aspect has been a major area of research among scholars. Although the debate and research concerning the aspect of Greek verbs continues to be at the forefront of Greek grammatical studies, the question that begs to be answered is whether their answers can satisfactorily account for the varied verb-forms throughout the entirety of a historical narrative. This dissertation seeks to answer this question by testing current proposals on the discourse function of Greek indicative verb-forms within the narrative of Judith. Chapter 1 introduces the thesis of the dissertation, surveys the literature related to Greek grammar, and discusses the need to focus on discourse grammar. Chapter 2 surveys the literature related to discourse grammar, provides a methodology, and discusses the rationale for the selection of the book of Judith. Chapter 3 tests the function of the aorist and the imperfect within the book of Judith. Specifically, it tests the proposal—unless intentionally marked, the aorist is used to describe mainline events, it provides the foundation for the narrative, and thus moves it forward. Whereas the imperfect is used with non-events, giving descriptive or background information, rather than moving it forward. Chapter 4 examines the function of the present within the narrative of Judith. Namely, it evaluates Runge’s rejection of Stanley Porter’s claim that the present indicative verb-form is semantically marked for prominence. Chapter 5 observes the function of the perfect within the narrative of Judith. Specifically, it evaluates the thesis—the perfect is used to show the relevance of the action, idea, or situation to the current discourse. Chapter 6 provides a concluding summary of each chapter in this dissertation and suggests areas for fruitful future research.

The main research focus of this study was to determine more clearly to what extent Atticism influenced textual variants that are considered to belong to the Alexandrian text type. Since the time of Westcott and Hort, the Alexandrian text type has been regarded as a manuscript tradition which is representative of relatively high stylistic Greek. This assumption seems likely, especially given the fact that Alexandria and the areas which gave rise to the manuscripts comprising the Alexandrian text type were cultural centres of learning as well as of a newlyfound Hellenistic awareness within the Roman Empire. One of the movements stemming from this newfound awareness was Atticism, which was, amongst other things, an artificial literary movement which strove towards emulating the classical Attic literary dialect. However, in the last few decades the question of the alleged presence of Atticist influence in the manuscripts of the Greek New Testament has received its share of conflicting scholarly treatment among textual critics, especially since the 1963 publication of G.D. Kilpatrick s influential article, Atticism and the text of the Greek New Testament . On the one hand, there is common assent that Atticism exerted a profound influence on all Greek prose of the first century. On the other hand, some difference of opinion exists as to whether Atticism actually influenced the composition of the New Testament text in any significant way. The influence on the transmission of the New Testament texts is another question that still needs a fuller treatment in order to proceed from mere scholarly opinion to a more established empirical degree of certainty. The current study is an investigation into the nature of Atticism and its relationship with the classical Attic dialect. The results of this investigation were then used as basis for an evaluation of the alleged Atticisms in the Alexandrian witnesses, taking the witnesses to the text of I John as sample. In the process, thoroughgoing eclecticism as text-critical method is evaluated, and an adapted reasoned eclectic method proposed with which to conduct the investigation of the variants in I John. The results have shown that in the textual tradition of I John, inconsistencies of correction and scribal usage occur frequently within the Alexandrian text type and that the correction was predominantly not towards Attic, but rather displayed a tendency towards Hellenistic-Koine usage. In summary, the investigation demonstrates that the uniformity of the Alexandrian text type as a whole, if not completely suspect, should at least be judged very critically when it comes to matters of characteristic features which have for decades been accepted as true, such as the Alexandrian text type s reputation as one displaying stylistically polished Greek. The investigation of I John has shed valuable light on the methodological presupposition that categories of text types are fixed above all doubt, and that they display general typical characteristics. This presupposition has been exposed as false and indicates that one follows it at one s methodological peril.
MA (Greek), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014