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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « KG. Safety »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "KG. Safety"

Carabin, Ioana G., George A. Burdock et Chris Chatzidakis. « Safety Assessment of Panax Ginseng ». International Journal of Toxicology 19, n^o 4 (juillet 2000) : 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10915810050202105.

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Since the 1994 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act, the consumption of botanical supplements has increased to the point where ginseng is the third best selling herbal supplement in the United States and it is now also being used as a flavoring agent in foods. The predominant pharmacologically active constituents of Panax are ginsenosides, at least 25 of which have been identified and are present in variable amounts and ratios to one another, depending on the particular species, variety, and conditions of growth. The toxicological profile of ginseng indicates it to be of rather low acute oral toxicity (LD50 > 5000 mg/kg for rats and mice, approximating 200 mg ginsenoside/kg.) No toxicological effects were identified in mini pigs at a dose of 2000 mg/kg (80 mg ginsenoside/kg). As concluded from a 90-day dog study and in reproduction studies in rats and mice, 15 mg/kg (∼ 0.6 mg ginsenoside/kg) was without effect. No effect was seen in rats administered 4000 mg/kg (160 mg ginsenoside/kg) for 20 days. There was no mutagenic activity observed in Salmonella typhimurium TM677 system with the use of ginseng in the presence or absence of metabolic activation. The no-observed-adverse-effectlevel (NOAEL) in rodents is likely within the range of 50 to 100 mg ginsenoside/kg. There are no confirmed reports of adverse reactions in humans attributed to ginseng alone. Importantly, no consistent symptomology or findings have been attributed to, or identified as being associated with, ginseng consumption. Ginseng extracts standardized at a concentration of 4 mg ginsenosides/100 mg capsule and given at a dose of up to 114 θ g ginsenoside/kg have not resulted in untoward effects when administered to humans for periods of up to 12 weeks.

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Senecal, Joseph A., et Patricia A. Beaulieu. « KG : New data and analysis ». Process Safety Progress 17, n^o 1 (1998) : 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170104.

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Diddi Sneha Latha et Arulmozhi S. « Safety Pharmacological studies of Kalyanaka ghrita ». International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 12, n^o 3 (3 août 2021) : 2155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v12i3.4827.

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Safety pharmacology is a study of unfavorable, pharmacodynamic effects of a drug on physiological functions with therapeutic range by using International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) S7A guidelines. The cardiovascular, central nervous, and respiratory systems are most affected by pharmacological side effects, resulting withdrawal of multiple medications from the market. Kalyanaka ghrita (KG) is an Ayurvedic formulation with ghee as a major basic component, though a promising candidate in treatment of AD, KG has not been documented for its safety profile, which prompted the study. In this study we evaluated safety pharmacology of KG oral (4, 2, 1g/kg), and nasal (100, 50, 25 µl/rat), in Wistar rats for 28 days subjected to CNS, CVS and the respiratory safety profile was evaluated on day 0, 14 and 28. At the end of the study the nasal turbinate was evaluated histopathologically. In the present study KG did not cause any significant change in CNS profile. However KG treatment had increased the grooming and rearing behaviors, which were not significant compared to vehicle control and did not cause change in CVS and respiratory profile upon treatment with KG for 28 days. The epithelium of nasal turbinate of animals was found intact after 28 days of nasal administration. After sustained dosing, the KG oral and intranasal treated groups showed no harmful events, which illustrates the CNS, CVS and respiratory safety profile of Kalyanaka ghrita.

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Zhou, Yuting, Claire Kruger, GS Ravi, DP Santhosh Kumar, SK Vijayasarathi, Mayuri Lavingia, Xiaoyan Chen et Pamela Ambriz. « Safety evaluation of galacto-oligosaccharides ». Toxicology Research and Application 1 (1 janvier 2017) : 239784731771586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2397847317715864.

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Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) have been added to infant formulas and conventional foods as prebiotics all over the world. The present study was conducted to assess the subchronic toxicity of a GOS syrup (VITAGOS™) when administered orally by gavage daily at 0, 1020, 2041, and 4082 mg GOS syrup/kg/day to male and female Sprague-Dawley rats to deliver doses of 0, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg GOS/kg/day for 90 days. Throughout the entire treatment period, no abnormal clinical signs or mortalities were observed. Similarly, no test article-related toxicologically adverse findings were seen in body weight, feed consumption, ophthalmological findings, hematology, coagulation, clinical chemistry, urinalysis, organ weights, and gross pathology or histopathology. Significant increases in the cecum weight of males and females treated with 2000 mg GOS/kg/day were associated with mucosal hypertrophy/hyperplasia; no changes in the cecum were noted at lower doses. The organ weight and histopathological changes noted in the cecum are consistent with findings in rats administered other poorly digestible and fermentable substances; thus, this is considered to be an adaptive rather than toxic response. The No-Observed-Adverse-Effect-Levels for VITAGOS™ is 4082 mg GOS syrup/kg body weight/day or 2000 mg GOS/kg body weight/day.

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Momtaz, Parisa, Vivian Park, Katherine S. Panageas, Michael A. Postow, Margaret Callahan, Jedd D. Wolchok et Paul B. Chapman. « Safety of Infusing Ipilimumab Over 30 Minutes ». Journal of Clinical Oncology 33, n^o 30 (20 octobre 2015) : 3454–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2015.61.0030.

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Purpose The approved dose of ipilimumab is 3 mg/kg infused over 90 minutes; however, in clinical trials, 10 mg/kg has also been infused over 90 minutes. At this higher dose, patients receive 3 mg/kg within the first 27 minutes of treatment. We sought to determine whether the standard dose of 3 mg/kg could be safely infused over 30 minutes. Methods We reviewed retrospectively the incidence of infusion-related reactions (IRRs) to ipilimumab at our institution in patients receiving doses of either 3 or 10 mg/kg infused over 90 minutes. Our findings led to a change in institutional guidelines for ipilimumab infusion time from 90 minutes to 30 minutes. We reviewed the first 14 months of our prospective experience using a 30-minute infusion of ipilimumab. Results Between April 1, 2008, and June 30, 2013, 595 patients received 2,507 doses of ipilimumab infused at either 3 mg/kg (n = 457) or 10 mg/kg (n = 138) over 90 minutes. Although the 10 mg/kg group had a higher incidence of IRRs (4.3%) than the 3 mg/kg group (2.2%), this difference was not statistically significant (P = .22). In 120 patients treated prospectively with ipilimumab 3 mg/kg infused over 30 minutes, seven patients (5.8%) had an IRR (P = .06 compared with 90-minute infusions). All IRRs occurred at dose 2; six were grade 2, and one was grade 3. All seven patients received subsequent doses of ipilimumab safely, the majority with premedication. Conclusion Ipilimumab at 3 mg/kg can be infused safely over 30 minutes with an acceptably low incidence of IRRs. After an IRR, patients can safely receive additional doses of ipilimumab with premedication.

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Sullivan, Dexter W., Shayne C. Gad, Bryan Laulicht, Sasha Bakhru et Solomon Steiner. « Nonclinical Safety Assessment of PER977 ». International Journal of Toxicology 34, n^o 4 (15 juin 2015) : 308–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091581815590667.

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A new molecular entity, PER977 (di-arginine piperazine), is in clinical development as an anticoagulant reversal agent for new oral anticoagulants and heparins. The good laboratory practices (GLP)-compliant studies were conducted to evaluate the toxicity of PER977 and its primary metabolite, 1,4-bis(3-aminopropyl)piperazine (BAP). PER977 and BAP were negative for systemic toxicity in dogs and rats. PER977 was rapidly eliminated from the blood with little to no accumulation. PER977 was negative for genotoxicity and did not alter neurological, respiratory, or cardiovascular function. Maximum tolerated doses for PER977 were 40 (rat) and 35 mg/kg (dog), and greater than 80 mg/kg (rat) for BAP. The no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) for 14-day intravenous exposure to both rats and dogs was 20 mg/kg/d. For BAP, the NOAELs for 14-day intravenous exposure to rats and dogs were 5 and 20 mg/kg, respectively. Based on these results, a safe and conservative dose level of 19.4 mg/d was used for the PER977 first in human study.

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Surówka, Krzysztof, Ireneusz Maciejaszek, Kamila Walczak, Maria Walczycka, Barbara Surówka, Magdalena Rzepka et Joanna Banaś. « Chemical composition, safety and quality attributes of traditional cottage sausage ». Czech Journal of Food Sciences 37, No. 5 (31 octobre 2019) : 325–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/135/2019-cjfs.

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The characteristic features of traditional cottage sausage were analysed. In addition, the extent to which manufacturers create product diversity on the market was investigated, along with potential health risks of the product to consumers. The samples had high overall sensory scores. The average level of fat slightly exceeded 28%, cholesterol content was in the range of 435.4–1220.3 mg/kg and salt content was 1.53–2.77%. Some manufacturers do not cure their product, but about 20% of them apply nitrites above the level of 150 mg/kg. Due to their relatively high pH level (5.76–6.60) and water activity (0.95–0.98), Polish cottage sausage can be a medium which encourages the growth of microorganisms; however, pathogenic bacteria were not found. Histamine was detected in only 42% of the samples, at the low level of 2.6 to 34.2 mg/kg. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied and the dominant variables were specified for particular PCs.

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Patton, Aaron J., Daniel V. Weisenberger, Glenn A. Hardebeck et Zachary J. Reicher. « Safety of Herbicides on ‘zenith’ Zoysiagrass Seedlings ». Weed Technology 21, n^o 1 (mars 2007) : 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-06-099.1.

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Improved cultivars of zoysiagrass established by seed are now available, but little is known about the safety of herbicides on zoysiagrass seedlings. Our objective was to determine the turf safety of various herbicides when applied from emergence to 4 wk after emergence (WAE) of ‘Zenith’ zoysiagrass. Oxadiazon (3.4 kg ai/ha), MSMA (2.3 kg ai/ha), and pronamide (1.1 kg ai/ha) did not reduce coverage 7 WAE when applied at emergence or later and caused only temporary discoloration of seedlings. Foramsulfuron (0.03 kg ai/ha) injured seedling zoysiagrass both years of testing and reduced cover in the final year. Fluazifop (0.07 kg ai/ha) caused significant injury in all 3 yr of the study and reduced coverage in the final year. Fenoxaprop (0.14 kg ai/ha) caused visible injury and reduction in zoysiagrass coverage in all 3 yr of the study. Our studies indicate pronamide, MSMA, or oxadiazon are the safest herbicides to use over Zenith zoysiagrass seedlings, and selection among these three depends on the primary weed species present.

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Marret, Jean-Baptiste, Claire Dupont-Lucas, Thierry Petit, Benjamin Menahem, Camille Godet, Philippe Ravasse et Julien Rod. « Safety of laparoscopic fundoplication in children under 5 kg : a comparative study ». Surgical Endoscopy 32, n^o 10 (30 mars 2018) : 4191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00464-018-6164-6.

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Amarillo, Maria, Ruth Martinez, Alexander Mallari, Cyndi Tai et Vicente Belizario. « Efficacy and safety of 40 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg single doses of praziquantel in the treatment of schistosomiasis ». Journal of Pediatric Infectious Diseases 03, n^o 01 (28 juillet 2015) : 027–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1556962.

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Thèses sur le sujet "KG. Safety"

Pfafferott, Milena. « Entwicklung eines Notfall- und Evakuierungskonzepts am Beispiel der UB Ilmenau ». Thesis, 2011. http://eprints.rclis.org/15346/1/286.pdf.

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Disaster planning and preparedness are important issues in every library. But not only the safety and security of books and media and the handling of wet or destroyed pages are to be thought of. Staff members and guests must know where emergency exits are and how they can leave the building immediately. The university library in Ilmenau is subject of this thesis. The development of disaster and evacuation concepts is explained and described, including a summary of legal backgrounds and a risk analysis of site and organisation. Detailed instructions for staff members, concepts for in-house trainings and some critical thoughts about the whole subject complete this thesis.

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Krumpas, Barbara. « Schimmelpilzbildung in Archiven und Depots : prophylaktische, konservatorische und restauratorische Maßnahmen, sowie Schutz für MitarbeiterInnen und BenützerInnen ». Thesis, 2006. http://eprints.rclis.org/7727/1/AC05369844.pdf.

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Mould in stock areas is a severe problem for both libraries and archives. Micro organisms not only affect the material but also endanger the employees' and users' health. This paper presents an overview of the living conditions of micro organisms and of the state-of-the-art of conservation and restoration methods of mouldy library material. A short description of illnesses caused by mould and advice for health care is given as well. A review of the literature revealed the vital climatic conditions to prevent stored library material from micro organisms. These conditions are described in interaction with different materials (paper, parchment and photographs) and the nutritional requirements of mould. The empirical part of this paper was planned to be based on interviews with librarians and restaurateurs to give an insight of how libraries and archives in Vienna deal with the mould problem. It had to be libraries and archives that had the restoration facilities of their own. Interviews were conducted with Dr. Erna Pilch-Karrer (head of the restoration department of the Austrian State Archive) and Mag. Christa Hofmann (head of the restoration department of the Austrian National Library). The main outcome of the interviews is that conservation methods to prevent mould are more economical than the restoration of mouldy materials. The interviews also revealed that from over 200.000 species of micro organisms, only between 30 and 40 usually occur in libraries and archives. By describing precautions and treatments for stored library material, librarians and archivists concerned with this topic find an introduction to relevant literature and a starting point for choosing a method for their own use.

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Schmidt, Annette Karin. « Leit- und Orientierungssysteme in Bibliotheksneubauten ». Thesis, 2011. http://eprints.rclis.org/17356/1/Annette%20Schmidt%20Bachelorarbeit-Endfassung1.pdf.

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This bachelor thesis describes the basic components of a guidance and orientation system which is discussed under special consideration of signage. The study clarify whether an applied signage within the design of the guidance and orientation system will improve the orientation in a library and beyond that if it will have impacts on the well-being of the user and furthermore on the image nof the library. The developed properties of a guidance and orientation system with a good information design are shown at two examples of public libraries: The Mediothek Krefeld and the cental public library Hamm. At the end of this thesis, I will summarize the results and give some preview of upcoming trends in the design of control and guidance systems.

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Pribil, Teresa Elisabeth. « Die Zerstörung von Kulturgut in bewaffneten Konflikten am Beispiel des ehemaligen Jugoslawiens 1991-1996 : Bibliotheken, Archive und Museen als strategisch wichtige Angriffsziele und Kriegstrophäen ». Thesis, 2007. http://eprints.rclis.org/10032/1/AC06035135.pdf.

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This thesis addresses issues concerning the deliberate and calculated attack on cultural heritage such as libraries, archives and museums in the armed conflict of Ex-Yugoslavia. Its cultural heritage reflected the diversity of the Yugoslavian people and was for this reason a popular target in the war 1991 - 1996. It illustrates how attacks on cultural property across all countries are political as well as symbolic acts and points out the significance of strategic warfare. Furthermore, the challenge of protecting them through the international community and UNESCO conventions is analysed. First, a review of literature about the protection of cultural material and institutions is undertaken in order to identify its utmost significance and the motivation for cultural destruction in armed conflicts. Further qualitative interviews have been conducted with library directors and museum curators in Sarajevo and Osijek. In addition, a written statement is obtained from the National Library in Vienna. The analysis of interviews and written statement aims at discovering the importance of cultural heritage and the challenge of protecting them during war. The main outcome of this thesis is that a nation’s memory stored in libraries, archives and museums is of vital importance in preserving cultural identities and in linking the past and the present. However, the international community may find itself powerless to intervene and protect it, as may be seen in the case of Yugoslavia. Hence this thesis documents the fact that utmost respect and worldwide attention is required, in order to protect cultural property more effectively and to prosecute the perpetrators who are responsible for its destruction.

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Livres sur le sujet "KG. Safety"

Britain, Hoverclub of Great, dir. Light hovercraft : Design,construction & safety requirements : requirements for cruising craft of up to 500 kg dry weight : effective from March 1st 1987. 3^e éd. (Salisbury) ((45 St. Andrews Rd., Salisbury, Wilts.)) : Hoverclub of Great Britain, 1987.

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Fahrzeugsicherheit. VDI Verlag, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.51202/9783181023648.

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Dieser VDI-Bericht ist ausschließlich als PDF-Dokument erschienen! Inhalt Vorwort 1 R. Schöneburg, Mercedes-Benz AG S. Müller, Technische Universität Berlin Auswirkung automatisierten Fahrens auf die Fahrzeugsicherheit Sicherheit zukünftiger hochautomatischer Fahrzeuge im Mischverkehr – Anforderungen, Lösungskonzepte und Potenzialabschätzungen 3 H. Freienstein, J. Kolatschek, G. A. D‘Addetta, Bosch Research, Vehicle Safety and Automated Driving, Robert Bosch GmbH Erkennung der kognitiven Belastung eines Fahrers anhand von Vitalparametern aus realen Fahrzeugsensoren 21 F. Ripper, K. Mahdi, Joyson Safety Systems Aschaffenburg GmbH, Berlin Injury Risk on Rearward Facing Seats in Frontal Impact – Sled Tests and Simulation in a Generic Test Environment 41 H. Zellmer, A. Soni, S. Schilling, B. Eickhoff, Autoliv B.V. & Co. KG, Elmshorn The individual safety of a car seat as a central element of autonomous driving – A comprehensive study of ATDs and human body models based...

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Servin, Frédérique S., et Valérie Billard. Anaesthesia for the obese patient. Sous la direction de Philip M. Hopkins. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0087.

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Obesity is becoming an epidemic health problem, and the number of surgical patients with a body mass index of more than 50 kg m−2 requiring anaesthesia is increasing. Obesity is associated with physiopathological changes such as metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disorders, or sleep apnoea syndrome, most of which improve with weight loss. Regarding pharmacokinetics, volumes of distribution are increased for both lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs. Consequently, doses should be adjusted to total body weight (propofol for maintenance, succinylcholine, vancomycin), or lean body mass (remifentanil, non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent). For all drugs, titration based on monitoring of effects is recommended. To minimize recovery delays, drugs with a rapid offset of action such as remifentanil and desflurane are preferable. Poor tolerance to apnoea with early hypoxaemia and atelectasis warrant rapid sequence induction and protective ventilation. Careful positioning will prevent pressure injuries and minimize rhabdomyolysis which are frequent. Because of an increased risk of pulmonary embolism, multimodal prevention is mandatory. Regional anaesthesia, albeit technically difficult, is beneficial in obese patients to treat postoperative pain and improve rehabilitation. Maximizing the safety of anaesthesia for morbidly obese patients requires a good knowledge of the physiopathology of obesity and great attention to detail in planning and executing anaesthetic management. Even in elective surgery, many cases can be technical challenges and only a step-by-step approach to the avoidance of potential adverse events will result in the optimal outcome.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "KG. Safety"

Voth, Matthias, et Andrea Löwe. « Summary of Safety of Vasovist® at 0.03 mmol/kg Body Weight Dose — Clinical Data ». Dans Clinical Blood Pool MR Imaging, 43–50. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77861-5_4.

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Ortiz-Romero, Nallely, Efren Delgado, Gerardo Antonio Pámanes-Carrasco, Hiram Medrano-Roldán, Vicente Hernández-Vargas et Damián Reyes-Jáquez. « Development and Evaluation of an Extruded Balanced Food for Sheep Based on Cottonseed Meal (Gossypium hirsutum) ». Dans Cotton [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.102425.

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The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of the content of cottonseed meal (Gossypium hirsutum) and the processing variables on the functional properties and the content of gossypol of an extruded feed for sheep (Ovis aries). The diet was balanced according to the requirements of fattening Dorper sheep breed under 1 year. The extrusion process was optimized using a surface response methodology, with four independent variables: temperature in the last heating zone (120–160°C), moisture content (14–18%), screw speed (120 rpm–180 rpm), and cottonseed meal content (9 g–27 g 100 g−1), in a single screw extruder. The optimal food had 27.25% crude protein, 4.24% crude fat, 12.21% crude fiber, 46.95% nitrogen-free extract, and 9.35% ash. The composition of essential amino acids in the optimal diet was 1.00 g kg−1 of lysine, 1.25 g kg−1 of phenylalanine, 2.04 g kg−1 of leucine, 0.87 g kg−1 of isoleucine, 0.98 g kg−1 of threonine, 1.15 g kg−1 of valine, and 0.65 g kg−1 of histidine. The fatty acids present in the highest concentration in the optimal diet were 2.14% linoleic acid, 1.11% oleic acid, and 0.81% palmitic acid. The gossypol content of the optimal diet was less than 0.1%, which ensures the safety of cottonseed meal as a protein source. The optimum conditions of the extrusion process were 120°C temperature, 120 rpm screw speed, 14.00% humidity, and 27 g 100 g−1 cottonseed meal.

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Jannat, Muhtarima, Md Mostafa Masud, Mushfika Nusrat, Samrin Bashar, Mamuna Mahjabin Mita, Muhammad Iqbal Hossain, Md Zahangir Alam, Sabina Yeasmin et Md Rashidul Islam. « Aflatoxins and Fumonisins Contamination of Maize in Bangladesh : An Emerging Threat for Safe Food and Food Security ». Dans Maize - Recent Advances, Applications and New Perspectives for Crop Improvement [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101647.

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Maize (Bhutta) is one of the important growing cereal crops in Bangladesh. Toxigenic fungi such as Aspergillus and Fusarium infect stored maize grains. Enzyme-linked immusorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine total aflatoxins and fumonisins contamination in stored maize grains collected from 15 Bangladeshi maize-producing areas. The highest total concentration of aflatoxins (103.07 µg/kg) and fumonisin (9.18 mg/kg) was found in Chuadanga and Gaibandha, whereas the lowest was detected for aflatoxins (1.07 µg/kg) and (0.11 mg/kg) in Dinajpur and Cumilla, respectively. The findings clearly demonstrated that aflatoxin concentrations in samples from six regions and fumonisin concentrations in samples from 10 regions were beyond the regulatory limit of aflatoxin (10 ppb) and fumonisin (1 ppm), respectively, as set by European Union (EU). However, a positive correlation between aflatoxins with toxigenic A. flavus, and fumonisins with toxigenic Fusarium spp. was observed. The fungi associated with maize grains were identified by sequencing of ITS regions. Moreover, toxigenic A. flavus was confirmed using primers specific to nor, apa2, omtA and primer FUM1 for F. proliferatum and F. oxysporum. Since the Bangladesh Food Safety Authority has not authorized any precise regulation limits for maize mycotoxin contamination, these results will serve as a benchmark for monitoring mycotoxin contamination in maize and also to develop globally practiced biocontrol approach for producing safe food and feed.

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Anderson, Brian J. « The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and acetaminophen ». Dans Oxford Textbook of Paediatric Pain, 436–44. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642656.003.0043.

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The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and acetaminophen (N-acetyl-p-aminophenol, APAP) are the commonest analgesic drugs used in childhood. Although both drugs act through inhibition of prostaglandin H₂ synthetase (PGHS), acetaminophen lacks the anti-inflammatory effects of the NSAIDs. Neonatal acetaminophen hepatic clearance is reduced in premature neonates (5–10% adult rates) and increases to 30% adult rates in neonates born at term; adult rates (approximately 16–20 L/h/70 kg) are reached within the first year of life. NSAID clearance maturation, mostly through cytochrome P450 mixed oxidases, is more rapid. Concentration–response relationships suggest a maximum pain reduction of 5 or 6 on a 10-point scale for both drugs. Combination therapy does not increase this maximum effect but does prolong duration of analgesia. While both drugs have good safety profiles, dosing of both drug groups is tempered by concerns about toxicity. Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity is associated with single doses (〉250 mg/kg in preschool children, 〉150 mg/kg in adults) and therapy duration longer than 3 to 5 days (〉90 mg/kg/day).The most common minor adverse events in NSAID recipients are nausea, dizziness, and headache. More concerning is the potential of NSAIDs to cause gastrointestinal irritation, blood clotting disorders, renal impairment, neutrophil dysfunction, and bronchoconstriction. These adverse effects are uncommon provided care is taken with drug dose, duration of therapy, and recognition of contraindications.

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Anderson, Brian J. « The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and acetaminophen ». Dans Oxford Textbook of Pediatric Pain, sous la direction de Bonnie J. Stevens, Gareth Hathway et William T. Zempsky, 449–63. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198818762.003.0043.

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Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and acetaminophen (N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (APAP; paracetamol)) are the commonest analgesic drugs used in childhood. Though both drugs act through inhibition of prostaglandin H₂ synthetase, acetaminophen lacks the anti-inflammatory effects of the NSAIDs. Neonatal acetaminophen hepatic clearance is reduced in premature neonates (5–10% adult rates) and increases to 30% adult rates in neonates born at term; adult rates (approximately 16–20 l/h/70 kg) are reached within the first year of life. NSAID clearance maturation, mostly through cytochrome P450 mixed oxidases, is more rapid. Concentration–response relationships suggest a maximum pain reduction of 5 or 6 on a 10-point scale for both drugs. Combination therapy does not increase this maximum effect but does prolong duration of analgesia. Whilst both drugs have good safety profiles, dosing of both drug groups is tempered by concerns about toxicity. Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity is associated with single doses (>250 mg/kg in preschool children, >150 mg/kg in adults) and therapy duration longer than 3–5 days (>90 mg/kg/day).The most common minor adverse events in NSAID recipients are nausea, dizziness, and headache. More concerning is the potential of NSAIDs to cause gastrointestinal irritation, blood clotting disorders, renal impairment, neutrophil dysfunction, and bronchoconstriction. These adverse effects are uncommon provided care is taken with drug dose, duration of therapy, and recognition of contraindications.

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Vladimirovna Simakova, Inna, Alexey Alekseevich Vasiliev, Konstantin Vyacheslavovich Korsakov, Lyudmila Alexandrovna Sivokhina, Vladimir Vasilievich Salautin, Lyudmila Yurievna Gulyaeva et Nikita Olegovich Dmitriev. « Role of Humic Substances in Formation of Safety and Quality of Poultry Meat ». Dans Humic Substance [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96595.

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The purpose of this chapter was to study the influence of humic substances on the formation of the safety and quality of poultry meat. The high abilities of the natural and organic complex of humic acids “Reasil®HumicHealth” (produced in Russia, Saratov) to sorb and desorb five mycotoxins of compound feed (aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin, toxin T-2, zearalenone and fuminisin B1) were experimentally established. The hepatoprotective ability of humic acids was observed in experiments on broilers using rapeseed meal containing an increased amount of secondary plant metabolites that could cause liver damage. It was found out that the inclusion of humic acids in the amount of 1 and 1.5 g per 1 kg of feed to the main diet of broiler chickens has a more stable positive effect, both in terms of slaughter indicators (yield of semieviscerated carcasses and carcasses of complete evisceration), and in the production of the most valuable natural semi-finished products (breast, chicken legs) due to the intensive growth of muscle tissue. A clear improvement in the morpho-biochemical and immunological parameters of blood and micromorphometric characteristics of the organs of the immune system of poultry was noted with the use of different concentrations of humic acid salts. The use of the additive at the rate of 1 and 1.5 g per 1 kg of feed does not negatively affect the sensory indicators of finished culinary products.

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« kW electron beam would thus process 180 kg of food or other materials, the 67,578-Ci 60Co would process 108 kg, and the 308,641-Ci 137Cs would process 72 kg, always with a dose of lOkGy in 1 h. If a 5-MeV electron beam were converted to x-rays with % efficiency and the x-ray beam were absorbed by the irradiated food with 50% efficiency, the electron beam power would have to be about 14.5 kW to process 180 kg with a dose of 10 kGy/h (12). If we recalculate this in each case for a throughput of 1.8t/h, the beam power or source load indicated in Table 2 is obtained. Many 60Co sources of this size exist all over the world, but not a single 137Cs source approaching 7 MCi exists anywhere. Electron accelerators of the capacity indicated in Table 2 are commer cially available. The possible throughput is only one of the parameters that influence the choice of a particular type of irradiator. Many other technical, economical, and, increas ingly, sociopolitical aspects must be taken into consideration. Technical considerations refer primarily to the different penetrating power of various types of radiation and to differences in dose rate. If large crates of potatoes are to be irradiated, it is obvious that a gamma source rather than an electron irradiator must be chosen. When the two types of gamma sources are compared, it must be considered that the use of Co, due to the higher penetrating ». Dans Safety of Irradiated Foods, 43. CRC Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482273168-33.

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Slath, Anish, et Ashish Nikhanj. « Food Waste Management and Corporate Social Responsibility in Indian Food Service Industry ». Dans Corporate Social Responsibility in the Hospitality and Tourism Industry, 92–105. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9902-1.ch008.

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India is a land of cultural diversity, every year thousands of tourist travel to India for enjoying the rich heritage of the country. The growth of tourism and hospitality sector has been phenomenal in the recent years. Due to this growth the inflow of tourists has increased. More tourists mean more waste. It is estimated that on an average an in house guest generates one kg of waste every day which is quite alarming figure. Hospitality Industry is an ever growing industry. In hospitality industry, managing generation of daily operational waste is a perpetual challenge. Every year a hotel spends huge amount of money in managing waste keeping in mind the health and safety of the staff the hotels need separate space to store and sort waste. As a practice the waste that is generated in the industry goes to landfill, but the current study is focused on understanding the use of food waste under CSR practices.

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Slath, Anish, et Ashish Nikhanj. « Food Waste Management and Corporate Social Responsibility in Indian Food Service Industry ». Dans Urban Agriculture and Food Systems, 196–209. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8063-8.ch010.

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« than its original energy. The ejected electron (Compton electron) has enough kinetic energy to cause excitations and ionizations in the absorber atoms. It thus interacts with the absorber in the same way as the ejected secondary electrons produced by an electron accelerator beam (Fig. 12b). Because Compton electrons are produced when gamma or x-ray photons interact with a medium, and because the Compton electrons cause ionizations and excitations in the same way as secondary electrons produced by accelerator beam electrons, the radiation-induced chemical changes in the irradiated medium are largely the same, regardless of the type of radiation used. The purpose of dose meters is to measure the amount of radiation energy absorbed by the irradiated product. The instrument that gives a reading of absorbed dose directly is the calorimeter. It measures the total energy dissipated or the rate of energy dissipation in a material in terms of the thermal properties of the absorbing body. This instrument, therefore, is considered to be an absolute dose meter that can be used for calibrating other dose meters. The principle of radiation calorime try is implicit in the definition of the radiation dose unit 1 Gy (gray) = 1 J (joule)/ kg. Ideally the temperature elevation should be measured in the irradiated food product itself— but in practice this is usually not done because the thermal properties of foodstuffs vary widely. A substance with known, reproducible thermal properties is taken instead, which serves as a heat-sensing calorimetric body, included in an adiabatic system (adiabatic = without transmission of heat). Water, graphite, aluminum, or a water-equivalent plastic is usually chosen, and the thermal change is determined by small calibrated thermocouples or thermis tors embedded in the calorimetric body. The practice of using radiation calorimetry is not simple, and ways to use it in a routine fashion have been developed only recently (24,25). Because the process of temperature elevation should run under adiabatic or quasi-adiabatic conditions, the dose has to be applied in a very short time. Calorimetry is therefore mostly used for measuring electron accelerator beam doses. The absorbed dose in the calorimetric body can be converted to that of the material of interest (foodstuff) by taking into consideration the different density and the different energy absorp tion coefficients of the two materials. The temperature elevation depends on radiation dose and on the specific heat of the material irradiated. A dose of 10 kGy causes a temperature elevation as follows : 2.3K in water (specific heat 4.2 kJ/kg • K) 6.2K in dry protein (specific heat 1.6 kJ/kg • K) 7.1K in dry carbohydrate (specific heat 1.4 kJ/kg • K) 12.5 K in glass (specific heat 0.8 kJ/kg • K) ». Dans Safety of Irradiated Foods, 49. CRC Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482273168-38.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "KG. Safety"

Atahan, Ali O., Guido Bonin et Mustafa El-Gindy. « Design and Validation of a 30,000 kg Heavy Goods Vehicle Using LS-DYNA ». Dans ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-80200.

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Extraordinary developments in virtual crash testing research have been achieved during the past decade. Advancements in hardware and software technology along with improvements in computation mechanics and increased number of full-scale crash tests contributed positively to the development of more realistic finite element models. Use of complex finite element codes based on computational mechanics principles allowed the virtual reproduction of real world problems. Regarding roadside safety, the design phase was, until now, based on the use of simplified analysis, unable to describe accurately the complexity of vehicle impacts against safety hardware. Modeling details, such as geometry, constitutive laws of the materials, rigid, kinematic and other links between bodies, definition and characterization of contact surfaces are necessary to build an accurate finite element model for an impact problem. This set of information is needed for each different body involved in the event; making the development of a complete model very much demanding. Once a part (subset) of the entire model has been accurately validated against real experimental data, it can be used again and again in other analogous models. In this paper, finite element model of a unique Heavy Goods Vehicle (HGV) was developed and partially validated using actual crash test data. Development of this particular vehicle model was important since this vehicle is extensively used in Europe to test the structural adequacy of high containment level (H4a) safety barriers according to EN 1317 standard. The HGV model studied reproduces a FIAT-IVECO F180 truck, a vehicle with 4 axles and a mass of 30,000 kg when fully loaded. The model consisted of 12,337 elements and 11,470 nodes and was built for and is ready to use with LS-DYNA finite element code from Livermore Software Technology Corporation. Results of the validation study suggest that the developed HGV model shows promise and can be used in further studies with confidence. Improvements such as, steering mechanism in front axes and suspension system is currently underway to make model more realistic.

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Marshaus, Julie G., Mike A. Gall, Jennifer A. Topinka et Glenn R. Bower. « Safety Aspects Related to the Development of a Full Aluminum Frame for the Year 2000, 1500 Series Chevy Suburban ». Dans ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/amd-25442.

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Abstract In conjunction with the FutureTruck collegiate design competition, The University of Wisconsin - Madison has integrated an all aluminum frame into their four-wheel drive, charge sustaining, parallel hybrid-electric sport utility vehicle. The base vehicle is a 2000 Chevrolet Suburban nicknamed the “Moollennium” and weighs approximately 2400 kg. The original GMT 830 frame constitutes 10% of the Suburban’s weight and has the largest weight reduction potential. In a cooperative effort with Tower Automotive, the University of Wisconsin-Madison has modeled, stamped and constructed two full aluminum frames using the GMT 430 tooling. The first frame, the UW 430 AL, was assembled to replicate the GMT 430 frame, while the second-generation frame, the UW 830 AL, mimicked the GMT 830 frame. FEA and traditional deflection and bending calculations were used to stiffen and strengthen the aluminum frame to acceptable levels. Front horn crush tests were used to optimize frontal impact energy absorption — the UW 830 AL design absorbs 36% more energy than the original GMT 430 steel frame with a 40% reduction in peak load. The complete aluminum frame weighs 120 kg — 98 kg lighter than the steel GMT 830 frame and 130 kg lighter than the steel GMT 430 frame.

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Silvetti, Alessio, Alberto Ranavolo, Giorgia Chini, Tiwana Varrecchia, Antonella Tatarelli, Lorenzo Fiori, Adriano Papale, Ari Fiorelli et Francesco Draicchio. « Integrating sEMG into NIOSH protocol : a manual material handling risk assessment in the fruit and vegetable department of a supermarket ». Dans 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002598.

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The biomechanical risk of cashiers in the retail sector has been extensively studied in literature. Despite high back pain prevalence in this sector manual material handling (MMH), instead, seems almost ignored. The aim of our study is MMH risk assessment in a fruit and vegetable department of a supermarket. This task wasn't still investigated, to date, together with standardized protocols and instru-mental-based tools. The sizes of the shelf allowed the use of the NIOSH protocol for the low level, whereas middle and high did not allow its use due to horizontal distance that exceeded the 63 cm set by the protocol. To integrate the NIOSH pro-tocol was used surface electromyography (sEMG). The recommended weight limit (RWL) in our case, according through NIOSH liftinq equation, was 17 Kg. The maximum handled weight from the workers was 14 Kg. The maximum mean peak value while lifting 14 Kg at a low level was 40.1% of Maximum Voluntary Contraction (MVC) in the left Erector Spinae. We assumed this sEMG value to be a safety value and used as a limit for lifts at the middle and high shelf levels because the maximum handled weight of 14 Kg was lower than the 17 Kg limit calculated through the NIOSH equation for the low level. This sEMG limit was exceeded, in the middle, while lifting 14 Kg (47.8% MVC), and in the high level lifting 10 Kg (44.7% MVC), 12 Kg (50.3% MVC), and 14 Kg (57.7% MVC). Our findings show that, for the analyzed shelf and for the male working popula-tion of that supermarket, we could accept as reasonably safe handling boxes up to 14 Kg for the low level, up to 12 Kg in the middle, and up to 8 Kg in high. This study shows that the integration of different assessment tools, such sEMG and NIOSH protocol, could help to a better estimation of biomechanical risk assess-ment. The study, moreover, provided practical guidelines for the health and safety service concerning the recommended load handled on each shelf level to minimize the risk of MMH in the fruit and vegetable department.

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Liang Hwu, Paul Wuh, Yin Hsiu Chien, Ni Chung Lee, Sheng Hong Tseng, Chun Hwei Ta, Anne Marie Conway, Luciana Giugliani, Pedro Pachelli, Andressa Federhen et Mark Pykett. « Safety and Improved Efficacy Outcomes in Children With AADC Deficiency Treated With Eladocagene Exuparvovec Gene Therapy : Results From Three Clinical Trials ». Dans XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.049.

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Introduction: aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency, a rare genetic disorder of neurotransmitter synthesis, is characterized by motor developmental deficits and clinical features associated with the autonomic nervous system, including dyskinesia, and oculogyric crisis. Objective: To evaluate clinical outcomes in children with AADC deficiency treated with eladocagene exuparvovec, a recombinant adeno-associated virus vector containing the human cDNA encoding the AADC enzyme. Methods: In 3 open-label clinical studies, children with AADC deficiency who had no full head control and no ability to sit, stand, or walk received eladocagene exuparvovec as bilateral, intraputaminal, stereotactic infusions during a single operative session (total dose, 1.8 x 1011vg). Body weight, oculogyric crisis episodes, and adverse events (AE) were recorded. Results: In the 3 studies, patients aged 21 months to 8.5 years (N=26) received eladocagene exuparvovec, constituting the safety population. In the intent-to- treat population (N=21), mean body weight at baseline was 12.0 kg (median 10.5 kg) and increased to 15.2 kg (median 13.2 kg) at 12 months posttreatment. Frequency of oculogyric crises was improved at 12 months posttreatment. Dyskinesia was recorded as an AE in 23 patients in the safety population; most events were mild or moderate, occurred within 3 months after eladocagene exuparvovec treatment, generally responded to standard pharmacotherapy, and resolved in all patients by 10 months. Conclusions: In children with AADC deficiency who received eladocagene exuparvovec gene therapy, body weight increased and oculogyric crises and dyskinesia improved.

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Park, Chung-Kyu, Cing-Dao (Steve) Kan et William Thomas Hollowell. « Investigation of Crashworthiness of Structural Composite Components in Vehicle Crash Test Simulations ». Dans ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-64842.

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A finite element (FE) model of a baseline and a light-weighted 2007 Chevrolet Silverado, which is a body-on-frame pickup truck, was utilized to evaluate the safety performance of a plastics and composite intensive vehicle (PCIV). By lightweighting steel components in the Silverado using advanced plastics and composites, the original vehicle weight, 2,307 kg, was reduced to 1,874 kg, which is about a 19.0% decrease. As a result, the light-weighted vehicle contains about 442 kg of plastic and composites, which represents about 23.6% of the total weight of the light-weight vehicle. These light-weighted components includes not only non-structural components, but also structural and semi-structural components, such as the bumpers, front-end modules, fenders, door impact beams, A- and B-pillar reinforcements, and ladder frame. The crash performance of these structural components was evaluated by the simulations of four vehicle crash tests: (1) frontal New Car Assessment Program (NCAP) test, (2) frontal Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) offset test, (3) side NCAP test, and (4) Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) 216 roof test. The results show that structural composite components in a vehicle are able to provide equivalent crashworthiness performance to the steel components in frontal and side crash and roof testing configurations.

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Shrivastava, Devashish, Jinfeng Tian, John Hughes et J. T. Vaughan. « Stepping Towards Subject Specific Temperature Modeling to Improve Thermal Safety in Clinical and Ultra-High Field MRI ». Dans ASME 2013 Conference on Frontiers in Medical Devices : Applications of Computer Modeling and Simulation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fmd2013-16122.

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In vivo radiofrequency (RF) heating was simulated by solving the generic bioheat transfer model (GBHTM) in a digital pig due the power deposition from a 3T MR body coil. The simulations were validated by measuring the heating using fluoroptic probes in anesthetized swine due to the whole-body average power deposition of 2.82 W/kg for an hour in a 3T scanner. The GBHTM predicted the RF heating accurately. The simulations as well as the measurements showed that safe temperature changes, as defined by international regulatory guidelines, were exceeded <15 minutes. Thus, appropriate temperature simulations are necessary to ensure human safety in MRI. The new models and methods developed herein brings us closer towards subject specific temperature modeling to improve thermal safety of patients and research subjects in clinical as well as ultra-high field MRI.

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Ueta, Shohei, Jun Aihara, Minoru Goto, Yukio Tachibana et Koji Okamoto. « Development of Security and Safety Fuel for Pu-Burner HTGR : Part 5 — Test and Characterization for ZrC Coating ». Dans 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-67530.

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To develop the security and safety fuel (3S-TRISO fuel) for Pu-burner high temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR), R&D on zirconium carbide (ZrC) directly coated on yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) has been started in the Japanese fiscal year 2015. As results of the direct coating test of ZrC on the dummy YSZ particle, ZrC layers with 18–21 microns of thicknesses have been obtained with 0.1 kg of particle loading weight. No deterioration of YSZ exposed by source gases of ZrC bromide process was observed by Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope (STEM) observation.

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Prakash, Raghu V., et Sanjay Toshniwal. « Energy Absorption Characteristics of Axially Compressed Double Wall Foam Filled and Empty Square Tubes ». Dans ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-23348.

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Abstract Occupant safety has become increasingly important in the recent times. At the instance of an accident or collision, structures with high energy absorption can provide better occupant safety. Thin-walled tubes are widely used as energy absorbers in automobiles and other structures. In the present work, crashworthiness characteristics of double wall empty and double wall foam filled tubes are investigated. Thin wall extruded aluminum square tubes are used in this study. Polymer foam of three different densities, viz., 40 kg/m3, 80 kg/m3, 140 kg/m3 was used as filler material between the two tubes to fabricate a double wall foam filled tube. Both parallel and diamond configurations were considered for double walled empty and foam filled configurations. All the specimens were compressed at a displacement rate of 100 mm/min. Crushing of different configurations was numerically analyzed using nonlinear finite element tool LS-Dyna®. In double wall empty configuration, diamond arrangement absorbed more energy compared to parallel due to the interaction between inner and outer tubes. Results indicate that energy absorption increases with the filling of foam. Compared to double wall tubes, the maximum increase in energy absorption of ∼ 50% is observed in foam filled tubes. Using Computed Tomography (CT) scan of specimens, it is observed that foam filling alters the crushing behavior of the inner and outer tubes.

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Bettemir, Önder Halis. « Quality and Safety Assurance of Railway Tracks by UAV ». Dans ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-47537.

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Safety assurance of railway tracks is an important task because defects on the railway track may cause trains to be derailed. Unfortunately, there are many fatal train crashes reported in Turkey, Spain and India caused by derailment of the trains. Besides the fatalities, derailment of the trains causes significant economic losses, delay of the timetables and discomfort. Manually investigating the railway tracks are substantially time consuming and expensive. In addition to this, it is human dependent so that the task is prone to error, which may end up without noticing important defects. In this study, a robust and economical method, which automates the investigation of railway tracks, is proposed. The proposed method scans the railway track by a high-resolution optic camera mounted on an UAV. Obtained optic images of the railway track are georeferenced by automatically extracting the Ground Control Points (GCP). The railway track is extracted from the optic image by edge detection. Afterward, any defect on the railway track such as missing bolt or damage on the sleepers and any impropriety of ballasts can be detected by performing image analysis techniques. Advantages of the optic system are its lightweight, higher georeferencing accuracy, and low power consumption. Sony HX300 DSLR camera with 20.4 MP resolution is calibrated on the ground and optical images are obtained at similar imaging geometry. For this reason, flight altitude is fixed as 12 foot above the railway track. The optical camera is mounted on quadcopter, which has 6 kg of maximum take-off weight. The system is tested in Pittsburgh and satisfactory initial test results are obtained. Consequently, site tests showed that the proposed robust and economic system is a good candidate to be implemented for monitoring the railway tracks.

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Dolgov, E. P., A. A. Abramov, E. V. Kuzminova et E. V. Rogaleva. « HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE INTESTINES OF POULTRY DURING FODDER INTOXICATION ». Dans STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS. DSTU-PRINT, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2020.1.102-105.

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The article presents the data on the study of the influence of mycotoxins combination (T-2 toxin at the concentration of 0.095 mg/kg and aflatoxin B1 in the concentration of 0.019 mg/kg) on the body of quails and the results of pharmacocorrection of toxicosis with a complex consisting of beet pulp and lecithin. Structural changes in the intestines of quais at fodder mycotoxicosis are described. The use of antitoxic feed additives in poultry led to a weakening of the action of xenobiotics, which was confirmed by an increase in the safety of poultry and increase in body weight of quails, a decrease in the clinical manifestations of intoxication, as well as in positive changes in the structure of the intestine of the poultry during histological examination.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "KG. Safety"

Regan, Jack, et Robin Zevotek. Evaluation of the Thermal Conditions and Smoke Obscuration of Live Fire Training Fuel Packages. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, mars 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/karu4002.

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Firefighters routinely conduct live fire training in an effort to prepare themselves for the challenges of the fire ground. While conducting realistic live fire training is important, it also carries inherent risks. This is highlighted by several live fire training incidents in which an inappropriate fuel load contributed to the death of participants. NFPA 1403: Standard on Live Fire Training Evolutions was first established in response to a live fire training incident in which several firefighters died. Among the stipulations in NFPA 1403 is that the fuel load shall be composed of wood-based fuels. The challenge of balancing safety with fidelity has led instructors to explore a variety of different methods to create more realistic training conditions. A series of experiments was conducted in order to characterize common training fuels, compare these training fuels to furnishings, and examine the performance of these training fuels in a metal container prop. Heat release rate (HRR) characterization of training fuels indicated that wood-based training fuels had a constant effective heat of combustion. Depending on the method used, this value was between 13.6 and 13.9 MJ/kg. This indicates that, even in engineered wood products, wood is the primary material responsible for combustion. In order to further explore the conclusions from the HRR testing, additional experiments were conducted in an L-shaped metal training prop. The results of these experiments highlighted a number of considerations for firefighter training. Thermal conditions consistent with “realistic fires” could be produced using NFPA 1403 compliant fuels, and in fact the thermal conditions produced by larger wood-based fuel packages were more severe than those produced by fuel packages with a small amount of synthetic fuel. The fuel package used in training evolutions should reflect the training prop or building being used, the available ventilation, and the intended lesson. Fuel load weight and orientation are both important considerations when designing a fuel package. The training considerations drawn from this report will help to increase firefighters’ understanding of fire dynamics, and help instructors better understand fuel packages and the fire dynamics that they produce.

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