Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Justice, Administration of – Europe »
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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Justice, Administration of – Europe"
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Nagy, Noémi. « Language Rights of European Minorities in the Administration of Justice, Public Administration and Public Services ». European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online 18, no 1 (1 juin 2021) : 113–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116117_01801006.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This article provides an overview of European minorities’ language rights in the administration of justice, public administration, and public services in 2019. Relevant legal developments are presented in the activities of the major international organizations, i.e. the United Nations, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the European Union, and the Council of Europe. Since the most relevant treaties on the language rights of minorities in Europe are the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages and the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, special attention is paid to the implementation thereof. Whereas international monitoring mechanisms devoted to the effective protection of minorities are abundant, language rights of national minorities receive less attention, especially in the fields of official language use, that is, in public administration and justice. The regulation of these areas has been traditionally considered as almost exclusively belonging to the states’ competence, and international organizations are consequently reluctant to interfere. As a result, the official use of minority languages differs in the various countries of Europe, with both good practices (e.g. the Netherlands, Spain, Finland) and unbalanced situations (e.g. Estonia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan).
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Nagy, Noemi. « Observing Minority Rights in the Administration of Justice and Public Administration : European Developments in 2016 ». European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online 15, no 01 (10 février 2018) : 113–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116117_01501006.
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This article overviews the 2016 developments concerning the status and rights of European minorities with respect to administrative and judicial proceedings, with special focus on language rights. The longest section of the article is devoted to the activities of the Council of Europe, including the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights and the implementation of the European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages, as well as the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. Furthermore, the relevant legal developments in the activities of the United Nations, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe and the European Union are presented.
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Bufacchi, Vittorio, et Shari Garmise. « Social Justice in Europe : An Evaluation of European Regional Policy ». Government and Opposition 30, no 2 (1 avril 1995) : 179–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.1995.tb00122.x.
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WHEN RAWLS FORMULATED HIS VIEWS ON SOCIAL JUSTICE IN the 1950s and 1960s, leading to the publication of A Theory of Justice in 1971, he based his theory on a simple but unconditional assumption, namely, that justice is the first virtue of social institutions. This assumption Rawls considers to be beyond doubt, so much so that in the very first page of his treatise he claims that ‘laws and institutions no matter how efficient and well-arranged must be reformed or abolished if they are unjust’.Largely as a result of Rawls's A Theory of Justice, over the last 25 years questions of social justice have dominated most debates on political theory. And while vast quantities of ink were expended over philosophical discussions on significant but detailed aspects of Rawls's theory, principally on the plausibility of his meta h sical assumptions on individuals and human psychology, it is unfortunate that not enough attention has been paid to Rawls's initial recommendation of adopting normative criteria as a tool for evaluating political institutions.
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Nagy, Noémi. « Language Rights of Minorities in the Areas of Education, the Administration of Justice and Public Administration : European Developments in 2017 ». European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online 16, no 1 (1 avril 2019) : 63–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116117_01601004.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This section overviews the 2017 situation of the language rights of European minorities in the fields of education, the administration of justice and public administration. The author presents the relevant legal developments in the activities of the major international organizations, i.e. the United Nations, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the European Union, and the Council of Europe including the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, and the implementation of the European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages as well as the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. In the concluding remarks, tendencies and common patterns are emphasized.
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Nason, Sarah. « European Principles of Good Administration and UK Administrative Justice ». European Public Law 26, Issue 2 (1 juin 2020) : 391–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/euro2020049.
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Recent interest in the harmonizing potential of European administrative law stems in part from the view that administrative states are facing a ‘legitimacy crisis’ and that administrative law must evolve to survive. Emergent ‘new administrative law’ no longer recognizes the state as a centralized leviathan, but rather as promoter, facilitator, regulator, and helmsman of domestic social and economic progress. In this article I argue that articulating shared ‘European’ principles of good administration and administrative law only goes part of the way to understanding this re-positioned administrative state, and that a better approach also focuses on the architecture of administrative justice. I outline various UK conceptions administrative justice and European conceptions of good administration and examine, for the first time, the impact that European principles of good administration have had on UK administrative justice. I argue that UK approaches to administrative justice help to meet the challenges of new administrative law by focusing on incorporating principles of good administration and human rights into the design architecture of institutions, as well as into administrative law itself. I conclude that there is potential to develop, through further comparative analysis, European conceptions of administrative justice, overlapping with and complementary to, European principles of good administration. Good administration, administrative justice, Council of Europe, European administrative law, right to good administration
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Nagy, Noémi. « The Rights of European Minorities : Justice, Public Administration, Participation, Transfrontier Exchanges and Citizenship—International Developments in 2020 ». European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online 19, no 1 (29 juin 2022) : 161–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116117_009.
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Abstract This article provides an overview of the implementation of the rights of European national, ethnic or linguistic minorities and indigenous peoples in 2020, in the fields of administration of justice, public administration, participation, citizenship and tranfrontier exchanges. Relevant legal developments are presented in the activities of the United Nations, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the European Union, and the Council of Europe. Special attention is paid to the application of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages and the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, which are the most important international treaties on the rights of minorities in Europe.
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Lister, Ruth. « Social justice : meanings and politics ». Benefits : A Journal of Poverty and Social Justice 15, no 2 (juin 2007) : 113–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.51952/gssv5143.
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Now that the main British political parties are committed to the ideal of social justice, the political debate will focus on its meaning(s) and how – and through which institutions – it is best achieved. This article discusses key dimensions of social justice – conceptualised as distribution and recognition claims – with particular reference to poverty, inequality, disability and the perceived tension between diversity and solidarity in the welfare state. The second part provides an overview of a number of social justice issues below and above the (nation) state, moving from the domestic, through the neighbourhood, the devolved administrations and Europe, to the global.
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David, Roman. « Transitional Justice and Changing Memories of the Past in Central Europe ». Government and Opposition 50, no 1 (19 septembre 2013) : 24–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/gov.2013.37.
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Memories of wrongdoings are often viewed as an obstacle to reconciliation in divided societies. Is it due to the past or the present politics of the past? To examine the dilemma of essentialism versus presentism, this article investigates the impact of transitional justice on memories of wrongdoing. It theorizes that using different transitional justice strategies to deal with the same wrongdoing shapes memories in different ways. The theory is tested via vignette-based surveys in the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland, which adopted distinct lustration laws. The results show that wrongdoing is viewed through lustration laws, reflecting present power constellations, not history.
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Klímová-Alexander, Ilona. « Development and Institutionalisation of Romani Representation and Administration. Part 1 ». Nationalities Papers 32, no 3 (septembre 2004) : 599–629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0090599042000246415.
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The post-1989 rise of ethnic conflicts in the former Eastern Bloc have led to the renewed salience of minority rights and their prominence in international relations. The 1990s witnessed a proliferation of legal instruments and offices dedicated to minority rights at the intergovernmental level (mainly within the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe, Council of Europe, but also the United Nations). After decades of arguing that rights of persons belonging to national, ethnic or religious minorities can be sufficiently ensured within the framework of universal human rights, attributed to individuals regardless of group membership, liberal political theorists (most notably Will Kymlicka) have started to advocate the need to supplement these traditional human rights with minority rights (meaning certain group-differentiated rights or “special status” for minority cultures) in order to ensure justice in multicultural states.
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CURT, Cynthia Carmen. « "Romanian Commitment to Independence of Justice and Anticorruption Reforms under CVM and Rule of Law Incentives. Some Considerations on Case-Law of the Constitutional Court" ». Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences, no 65E (25 février 2022) : 48–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/tras.65e.3.
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"During 2017-2019 Romania faced a controversial justice laws’ ‘reform’, undermining the rule of law and independence of justice principles, challenging the commitments established under Commission Decision 2006/928/EC in the areas of judicial reform and the fight against corruption. In the context of democratic backsliding in Central and Eastern Europe, Romanian evolutions could be seen as following a regional pattern. The study proposes a critical analysis of the most important legislative evolutions in the area of justice and fight against corruption in the region, as reflected by the Cooperation and Verification Mechanism for Romania (CVM) and Rule of Law Reports, European Court of Justice and European Court of Human Rights judgements. The analysis focuses on some controversial decisions of the Constitutional Court, concerning justice laws ‘reform’ and the application of primacy of EU law principle. The study expresses a strong concern related to Romanian Constitutional Court’s tendencies to walk along the authoritarian path of politically captured courts of Poland and Hungary. The conclusions reveal the requirement for new political instruments of EU supranational intervention to safeguard democratic EU core values."
Thèses sur le sujet "Justice, Administration of – Europe"
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Lhuillier, Julien. « La bonne administration de la Justice pénale en Europe ». Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0157.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Etudier l'administration de la Justice et l'évaluation de sa qualité, sous l'angle d'unecomparaison européenne, c'est en quelque sorte anticiper ce que pourrait être la Justice indépendante et démocratique du 21ème siècle. En initiant les démarches comparatives sur ce thème, le Conseil de l'Europe - et plus exactement la Commission européenne pour l?efficacité de la Justice (CEPEJ) - a mis en place un cadre d'évaluation et un réseau de tribunaux référents efficace, qui lui donnentaujourd'hui une longueur d'avance sur les travaux entrepris par ailleurs. La diversité des systèmes judiciaires du Conseil de l'Europe, par son ampleur, offre des possibilités de comparaisons élargies, permettant la mise en évidence de groupes d'Etats comparables et d'indicateurs de qualité nombreux et pertinents.En Europe, citoyens et classe politique brocardent fréquemment les circonstances dans lesquelles la justice est rendue. Mais, ce n'est plus comme autrefois la décision rendue pour telle ou telle affaire qui est le plus souvent dénigrée, c'est en fait la gestion du problème par l'ensemble de la chaîne judiciaire qui est remise en cause. Les indicateurs quantitatifs se multiplient, au risque de nuire à la qualité de la justice rendue. Pour répondre aux attentes nouvelles des citoyens sans mettre en péril l'indépendance et la qualité de la Justice, les Etats d'Europe doivent eux-mêmes évoluer et installer la question de l'administration de la Justice au coeur du débat public. Dans la première partie de l'étude, la recherche d'une bonne administration de laJustice permet de mettre en évidence certains indicateurs de qualité relatifs aux différentes formes d'indépendance et de transparence de la Justice. Elle permet aussi de s'interroger sur la nouvelle place de l'usager durant le procès et sur l'attente qui lui est imposée pour traiter son affaire. Il en ressort en définitive que le souci de bonne administration joue un grand rôle dans l'indépendance organique et déontologique, tant lors de la sélection et de la nomination des magistrats que de leur entrée en fonction et de l'exercice de celle-ci. Les différents niveaux considérés, institutionnel, fonctionnel et personnel, témoignent de possiblesévolutions, y compris en France où le pouvoir exécutif joue encore un rôle important. D'autres réformes, visant à rendre l'administration de la Justice plus proches de l'usager sont également souhaitables : en favorisant la concertation et l'échange avec les usagers et les 8 partenaires des juridictions, il deviendra plus aisé de définir la place de l'usager, de répondre à ses préoccupations et de rendre son attente véritablement utile.Dans la seconde partie de l'étude, la recherche d'une bonne administration de laJustice permet de mettre en évidence de nombreux indicateurs quantitatifs et qualitatifs relevant par exemple des moyens de la Justice, de la gestion des flux, du coût et de la qualité des procédures. Le dernier titre de l'étude élabore une synthèse ainsi qu'un outil à l'usage des praticiens. Il replace les principaux indicateurs relevés au cours de l'étude au sein de divers domaines d'évaluation et indique pour chaque indicateur les méthodes d'évaluation qui paraissent être les plus appropriées. L'intérêt et le caractère novateur de cette recherche résident dans la comparaison des différents modèles judiciaires, sans se limiter à une approche purement conceptuelle, « architecturale », de l'administration de la Justice, mais en y incluant largement les critères qualitatifs et quantitatifs dégagés au sein des Working Groups des organisations internationales. La bonne administration de la Justice n'est pas seulement la justice rendue, quantifiée par les rapports d'activité des juridictions, mais également la capacité du système à faire accepter et respecter, aussi bien dans les milieux judiciaires que dans l'opinion publique, les critères de bonne justice qui ont été dégagés par le droit européenIn a European comparative perspective, a study of administration of Justice andassessment of its quality means to anticipate what an independent and democratic Justice should be in the XXIst century. By carrying out comparative exercises in this field, the Council of Europe - and namely the European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice - has created an assessment framework and an efficient network of pilot courts, which put the Commission's endeavors ahead of any similar works done by other organizations. The diversity of judicial systems that make part of the Council of Europe offers large possibilities for comparison, which allow sampling and categorizing of different States and elaboration of relevant quality indicators. In Europe, citizens and political classes criticize the circumstances under which Justice is rendered. However, in contrast with the past, the critique does not target specific decisions rendered in a particular case, but more so the administration of the case by the entire chain of the judicial mechanism. Quality indicators are proliferating, at risk of hindering the quality of Justice rendered. In order to give an adequate reply to new demands of the citizens, without infringing independence and quality of Justice, the European States should themselves assessthe quality of Justice administration and put this issue in the heart of the public debate. In the First part of the Study, the quest for fair administration of justice allows to identify certain quality indicators relating to different forms of independence and transparency of Justice. Also, it raises the question of the new place that should be conferred to the user of Justice during the process and the timeframes to which his case is subjected. The study shows that, in the end, the quest for fair administration of Justice has a great role to play in ensuring structural and ethical independence during selection and appointment of magistrates, as wellas during their entering into function and their exercise thereof. The different levelsconsidered - institutional, functional and personal - allow projecting possible ways ofevolution of the matter in Europe, including in France where the executive power still plays an important role. Reforms aiming at making Justice closer to the user are recommended: by promoting exchange between users and different partners of jurisdictions, it will become easier to define the place of the users within the Justice system, to provide an adequate 11 remedy to their problems and to make useful the time that they spent awaiting a decision on their case.In the Second part of the Study, the quest for fair administration of Justice allows to identify multiple qualitative and quantitative indicators, which relate to the case flow, to the costs, to the quality of the procedures, as well as to the financial means allocated to Justice. The last title of the study provides a synthesis and a tool for practical use: it applies the previously identified indicators to different fields of assessment and designates to every indicator the most pertinent assessment methods. The interest and the novelty of the present research reside in the comparison of the different Justice models, going beyond a purely conceptual, -architectural - approach of Justice administration and exploiting qualitative and quantitative criteria elaborated by Working Groups of international organizations. Fair administration of Justice is not only the Justice rendered and quantified by courts' activity reports. It also reflects the capacity of the Justice system to make accept and respect - by the judiciary, as well as by the public opinion - the common European criteria of "fair justice"
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KHADAR, Lamin. « Expanding access to justice : an exploration of large firm pro bono practice across Europe ». Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/63004.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Defence date: 24 May 2019Examining Board: Professor Claire Kilpatrick, European University Institute; Professor Scott Cummings, UCLA; Professor Louise Trubek, University of Wisconsin; Professor Joanne Scott, European University Institute
Awarded the Mauro Cappelletti Prize 2020 for Best Doctoral Thesis in Comparative Law defended in 2019
This PhD thesis explores pro bono practice among large, international law firms in Europe. The central question addressed by the thesis is: does “Big Law Pro Bono” contribute to access to justice in Europe? The thesis commences with a review of the literature which both contextualizes and situates the thesis. This review also identifies gaps in the existing literature particularly related to the globalization and localization of law firm pro bono and its practice beyond the United States (i.e. its practice in other parts of the world such as Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America). After identifying issues with the current definition of access to justice, used throughout much of the existing literature, the thesis proposes a new definition which is then used throughout the thesis to evaluate pro bono practice in Europe. Towards this end, the thesis first provides historical context to law firm pro bono practice by exploring the history of pro bono, legal aid and other models of progressive lawyering across Europe. Following this, the thesis closely explores the process by which large firm pro bono practice arrived in Europe (i.e. globalization), the contemporary practice and the process by which it adapted to the European legal, social and political ecosystem (i.e. localization). Ultimately, it is suggested that large firm pro bono does not contribute to access to justice in Europe insofar as access to justice is defined narrowly - in the way that it has been conceived of in much of the existing literature. However, by embracing a broader definition of access to justice, it is possible to perceive the actual (and possible) social and political impact of large firm pro bono practice in Europe.
Chapter 6 ‘Does Big Law Pro Bono contribute to access to justice in Europe? Can it?' of the PhD thesis draws upon an earlier version published as chapter 'The EU public interest clinic and the case for EU law clinics' (2018) in the book ‘Reinventing legal education : how clinical education is reforming the teaching and practice of law in Europe’
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Senatore, Audrey. « Constitution française et Europe de la justice pénale : de la coopération policière et judiciaire au Parquet européen ». Aix-Marseille 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX32088.
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L’émergence d’une justice pénale européenne ne saurait être envisagée sans l’autorisation des constitutions nationales des États membres de l’Union européenne. Ainsi, la Constitution du 4 octobre 1958 doit être perçue comme un support nécessaire au développement de l’espace pénal judiciaire européen. Dans un mouvement de réception, la Constitution s’adapte au droit de la coopération policière et judiciaire en matière pénale. Pour ce faire, le constituant est amené à réviser notre Loi fondamentale, tandis que la jurisprudence constitutionnelle l’interprète de manière constructive. Dans un mouvement de consolidation, le Conseil constitutionnel et le juge de droit commun participent à la construction de l’Europe de la justice pénale. Le Parlement, de manière plus nuancée, contribue également à l’avènement d’un véritable espace de liberté, de sécurité et de justice. A l’heure où une nouvelle phase d’intégration européenne se profile, cette étude se devait d’examiner dès lors les conditions et les limites constitutionnelles d’un éventuel Parquet européenThe emergence of an European penal justice would not be envisaged without the approval from the European Union member states through its Constitution. Thus, the Constitution of October 4th, 1958 must be considered as a basis for the development of the European judicial penal area in France. During a reception phase, the Constitution adapts itself to the law of the police and judicial cooperation in criminal matters. To that end, the constituent is brought to amend our fundamental Law, while the constitutional case law interpreters it in a constructive way. During a consolidation phase, the Constitutional Council and the judge of law participate in the construction of Europe for the criminal justice. The Parliament, in a lesser extent, also contributes to the development of a real area of freedom, security and justice. In the context of a new European integration phase, the constitutional limits and conditions of a possible European Public Prosecutor, needed to be analysed
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Lepka, Estelle. « Les degrés de juridiction communautaire : à la croisée du système et du réseau ». Université Robert Schuman (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004STR30014.
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Les juridictions communautaires (la Cour de justice, le Tribunal de première instance, les chambres juridictionnelles dont notamment le Tribunal de la fonction publique, et les chambres de recours) sont organisées et fonctionnent selon deux modes distincts. Elles sont liées par des rapports hiérarchiques dans le cadre de degrés de juridiction. Ainsi, les juridictions communautaires forment un système juridictionnel. Mais elles entretiennent également des relations plus égalitaires, faites d'interaction et de coopération. Ce faisant, elles constituent un réseau juridictionnel, qui est susceptible d'accueillir des juridictions non communautaires, telles que les juridictions nationales et la Cour européenne des droits de l'hommeThe Community Courts (the Court of Justice, the Court of First Instance, the Judicial Panels, and the Courts of Appeal) are organised and work according to two different modes of functioning. First, they are related to each other in an hierarchical order, as levels of jurisdiction. This relationship leads, as a result, to the formation of a judicial system. Nevertheless, they also maintain a more egalitarian relationship, both interactive and cooperative. Therefore, it seems that a judicial network is emerging in between them, which tends to embrace other jurisdictions, such as national judges and the European Court of Human Rights
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Salles, Jérémy. « Economie politique du principe de subsidiarité ». Aix-Marseille 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX32043.
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L'Europe est aujourd'hui une réalité politique, juridique et économique. Au cœur de cette construction institutionnelle se pose la question de la répartition verticale des compétences entre l'Union Européenne et les Etats membres. Le principe de subsidiarité est un principe qui pose la cadre juridique de cette répartition. Cependant, l'analyse juridique peut être complétée par une analyse économique de ce principe. Pour effectuer cette analyse du principe de subsidiarité, nous mobilisons les principaux outils méthodologiques issus de l'économie politique. Notre travail de recherche s'est construit autour de trois parties distinctes. Dans une première partie, nous analysons la richesse du principe de subsidiarité du point de vue économique, politique et juridique. Ensuite nous présentons la réalité institutionnelle européenne de ce principe à la fois au niveau politique et juridique. Cette analyse nous permet de cerner les limites de l'application pratique de ce principe et notamment de pointer la faiblesse du modèle de justice constitutionnelle européen au niveau du cadre de la répartition verticale des compétences. Nous présentons également un modèle d'application juridique du principe de subsidiarité à partir d'une boîte à outils construites sur les modèles économiques les plus récents. Notre dernière partie, nous interroge sur la dernière réforme constitutionnelle en France et plus spécifiquement sur la compatibilité du modèle étatique français à l'application du principe de subsidiarité comme outil juridique de répartition verticale des compétencesToday, Europe is a political, juridical and economic reality. In this new institutional organization, one important question is the vertical repartition of competencies between EU and the Member States. The principle of Subsidiarity is the legal framework of this repartition. However, this legal framework can be better if we use jointly an economical perspective. This search is built on three distinct parts. The first part presents the different aspects of subsidiarity: economic, political and juridical. In the second part, we show the European reality of this principle at the political and juridical side. This part presents the limits of the application of this principle and points the weakness of the European model of constitutional justice on the specific question of repartition of competences. After, we propose a practical model of subsidiarity with an economic toolbox. This model offers a better application of subsidiarity in the vertical repartition of competences. In the third part of this search, we focus on the last French constitutional reform and we ask the compatibility between the French Model of organization and the application of the principle of subsidiarity as a juridical tool of vertical repartition
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Viollet-Peix, Nicole. « La politique pénale du Parquet dans le traitement des mineurs délinquants : étude comparative entre la Belgique, l'Espagne et la France ». Bordeaux 4, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR40019.
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Depuis quelques annees nous assistons a un interet croissant manifeste a l'egard du role joue par le parquet dans le traitement de la delinquance juvenile, tant au niveau national qu'international. Face a ce mouvement et afin d'en comprendre la signification, il s'est avere fort interessant de mener une etude comparative au niveau europeen en ce domaine. Nous avons constate la meme augmentation des prerogatives du parquet des mineurs en belgique, en espagne et en france. . En effet, grace a sa position strategique au sein de la procedure penale ce dernier peut-etre a l'origine d'une veritable politique penale educative. Politique a travers laquelle les substituts cherchent a obtenir un role de plus en plus interventionniste dans le traitement de la delinquance juvenile. Ne voulant plus se limiter a la simple fonction de classer ou de poursuivre les affaires, ils souhaitent aller plus loin dans la recherche de la signification de l'acte pose par le mineur afin de pouvoir lui apporter la meilleure reponse possible. Pour ce faire, ils ont developpe la pratique du deferrement qui permet une rencontre rapide entre la jeune et le magistrat, ainsi que des enquetes de personnalite. Ils ont aussi procede a divers amenagements des classements sans suite, tels que la mediation-reparation. Par cette derniere mesure, les parquets se placent sur le terrain de la resolution du conflit, ce qui n'est pas sans susciter quelques critiques de la part des autres intervenants judiciaires, et notamment des juges des enfants et des avocats. . Outre ces contestations, le developpement du nouveau role joue par le parquet dans le traitement de la delinquance juvenile demeure encore incertain tant au plan national qu'europeen. En effet, le poids des contraintes materielles et la diversite des pratiques selon les parquets, sont autant de freins a l'elaboration d'une politique penale commune et coherente des parquets des mineurs europeens et, la cooperation entre etats reste encore a ameliorerFor a few years, we have been attending an increasing interest demonstrated with reference o the part played by the public prosecutor in the treatment of juvenile delinquency on the national level as well as on the international one. Facing this movement and, its order to understand the meaning of it, evidently it has been very interesting to carry out a comparative study in this field on an european standard. We have noted the same increasing of the under-age public prosecutor's prerogatives in belgium and in spain and in france. Thanks to its strategic position within the penal procedure, it can be at the origin of a true education penal policy. Through this policy, deputy public prosecutors try to obtain a more and more interventionist roll in the processing of juvenile delinquency. Refusing to restrict themselves any longer to the mere function of carrying the cases or relinquish the proceedings, they wish to go further in the search for the meaning of the deed, set by the under-age in order to be able to bring him as good as possible answer. In that purpose, they have instituted different fittings of pursuit renunciations such as "mediation-redress", with this latest measure, the public prosecutor take up their position on the conflict-termination, which may not happen without giving rise to some critics from other judicial intervening parties and more especially from child-magistrates and from barristers. Besides these contestations, the development of the new roll played by the public prosecutor in the treatment of juvenile delinquency still remains dubious on the national field as well as on the european one. Indeed, the burden of compulsions to property and the variety of practices according to public prosecutors an as many bridles to the working out of european under-age public prosecutors common and coherent penal policy and cooperation between states still to improve
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Le, Reste Simon. « La résolution des litiges sportifs ». Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM1089.
Texte intégralRésumé :
La résolution des litiges sportifs a démontré une extraordinaire vivacité ces vingt-cinq dernières années avec la mise en jeu de trois grandes formes de justice qui constituent les « justices sportives », à savoir la justice interne des organisations sportives (disciplinaire et administrative), la justice alternative (MARL, arbitrage et autorités indépendantes) et la justice étatique (française et européenne). A travers le dialogue des différents juges du sport, ces trois justices, pourtant si différentes, s’éclairent, se tolèrent, se respectent et se complètent, permettant ainsi une résolution cohérente et efficace des litiges sportifs. La présente étude visera aussi à mettre en lumière l’existence d’un dialogue entre les différents juges du sport. Ce dialogue participe à l’amélioration de la résolution des litiges sportifs et plus généralement des normes sportives. A travers le dialogue des juges, la justice interne des organisations sportives a considérablement évolué au plus grand profit des justiciables du mouvement sportif qui y ont trouvé des droits plus fermes et mieux garantis. Parallèlement, et tirant bénéfice là encore du dialogue des juges, la justice alternative a connu un développement remarquable, prouvant sa très grande efficacité dans la résolution des litiges sportifs. Reste que ces deux justices ne peuvent raisonnablement prétendre couvrir l’ensemble des litiges du sport et leur donner une issue définitive. En dépit des progrès de la justice sportive interne des organisations sportives, et malgré le développement de la justice alternative, l'intervention de la justice étatique demeure indispensable dans la bonne résolution des litiges sportifsSport disputes resolution has shown an extraordinary strength over the past twenty-five years through the interaction between the three main forms of justice as component of the "sport justices", i.e. the internal justice of the sport organisations (disciplinary and administrative justice), the alternative justice (ADR, arbitration and independent authorities) and the state justice (French and European justice).Through the dialogue between the various sport judges, we will also analyze how these three justices, despite their differences, enlighten each other, stand each other, respect and complete each other. This research also aims at highlighting the very existence of the dialogue between the different sport judges. This dialogue plays a part in the improving of sport disputes resolution and more generally of the sport rules.Through the dialogue of judges, the internal justice of the sport organisations has significantly changes to the benefit of the members of sport organsisations whose rights are more guaranteed. Alongside, thanks to the dialogue between judges, the development of the alternative justice is considerable, showing its significant efficiency in sport disputes resolution. Nonetheless, these two justices cannot pretend covering the whole sport litigation and handing down final and binding decisions. Despite the positive evolution of the internal justice of sport organisations and the development of the alternative justice, the involvement of the state justice remains indispensable in the good resolution of sport litigation
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Cappellina, Bartolomeo. « Quand la gestion s'empare de la Justice : de la fabrique européenne aux tribunaux ». Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0320/document.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Dans de nombreux pays européens, l’institution judiciaire a connu de profondes transformations ces vingt dernières années - notamment, sous l’impulsion d’une logique gestionnaire, qui se caractérise par l’attention aux enjeux d’efficacité, d’efficience et de coûts, au-delà des préoccupations en termes de qualité. La recherche vise à analyser les diverses institutions européennes impliquées dans ce processus de circulation d’une approche managériale dans les systèmes judiciaires nationaux, ainsi qu’à étudier les dynamiques de circulation d’acteurs, d’instruments d’action publique et d’injonctions au changement entre les différents échelons. Pour ce faire, une analyse prosopographique relative aux ressources, carrières, moyens d’action, stratégies et réseaux des divers entrepreneurs de changement au niveau européen sera développée, à partir d’entretiens semi-directifs et de questionnaires. L’analyse des contributions de la Commission Européenne, de plusieurs comités du Conseil de l’Europe et d’autres réseaux d’acteurs judiciaires travaillant sur thématiques d’organisation, qualité et efficacité de la justice, ainsi que de leur construction et développement, intégreront l’analyse de cette espace européen d’élaboration de politiques publiques en matière judiciaire et de ces effets sur les processus de réforme nationaux et locaux en cours ou récemment aboutis en plusieurs pays de l’Europe occidentaleIn many European countries, justice has widely changed in the last twenty years under the influence of a managerial rationality, focusing on efficiency and costs, besides the interest over quality. The research analyses the different European institutions implied in the process of circulation of a managerial approach in national justice systems. It shows the dynamics of change through the circulation of actors, practices, and policy tools between the various levels of policy-making. The origins of the managerial tools applied to justice in the United States is related to its adaptation to the European context by an array of European and national actors involving justice professionals, policy officers, researchers and consultants. The analysis focuses on multiple committees of experts of the Council of Europe specialised on issues related to the organisation of courts. It shows how their work has been appropriated and used by the European Commission to pressure EU Member States over judicial reform pursuing higher efficiency and quality of service for the citizens and businesses. Two case studies on France and Italy depict the mechanisms behind policy change at the national and local level showing the conditions that favour or limit the circulation of managerial practices and tools. The analysis relies on data coming from semi-direct interviews and a prosopographic survey of the European experts, semi-direct interviews with local justice professionals and from an extensive use of documents from the European, national and local institutions involved in judicial policy-making
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Silva, Kelaniyage Buddhappriya Asoka. « Constitutional rights relating to criminal justice administration in South-Asia : a comparison with the European Convention on Human Rights ». Thesis, University of Southampton, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327597.
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Duncan, Gary. « The Inside Threat : European Integration and the European Court of Justice ». Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-7122.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The European Court of Justice (ECJ) has long been recognized as a major engine behind the European integration project for its role in passing judgments expanding the powers and scope of the European Community, while member states have consistently reacted negatively to judgments limiting their sovereignty or granting the Community new powers. It is this interplay between the Court and member state interests that cause the ECJ to pose a threat to the future of integration. Using a combined framework of neofunctionalism and rational choice new institutionalism, six landmark cases and the events surrounding them are studied, revealing the motivations behind the Court’s and member states’ actions. From the analysis of these cases is created a set of criteria which can be used to predict when the ECJ will make an activist decision broadening the powers of the Community at the expense of the member states as well as when, and how, member states will respond negatively.
Livres sur le sujet "Justice, Administration of – Europe"
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Joutsen, Matti. Criminal justice systems in Europe. Helsinki, Finland : Helsinki Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, affliliated with the United Nations, 1991.
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Yhdistyneiden kansakuntien yhteydessä toimiva Helsingin kriminaalipoliittinen instituutti., dir. Criminal justice systems in Europe. Helsinki, Finland : Helsinki Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, affiliated with the United Nations, 1990.
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Tak, P. J. P. Criminal justice systems in Europe. Helsinki, Finland : Helsinki Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, 1993.
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Kimber, Clíona. Criminal justice systems in Europe. Helsinki, Finland : European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, affiliated with the United Nations, 1995.
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Svensson, Bo. Criminal justice systems in Europe. Helsinki, Finland : European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, affiliated with the United Nations, 1995.
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Svensson, Bo. Criminal justice systems in Europe : Sweden. Stockholm : National Council for Crime Prevention, Sweden, 1995.
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Delivre, Emilie. Popular justice in Europe (18th-19th centuries). Bologna : Societa editrice il Mulino, 2014.
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Cour de justice et justice pénale en Europe. Paris] : Société de législation comparée, 2010.
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de, Baynast Olivier, dir. L' Europe judiciaire : Enjeux et perspectives. Paris : Dalloz, 2001.
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Vlǎșceanu, Adina. Criminal justice systems in Europe and North America. Helsinki : HEUNI, 2002.
Trouver le texte intégralChapitres de livres sur le sujet "Justice, Administration of – Europe"
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Galindo, Fernando. « Gypsies, the Administration of Justice, Automation and the Resolution of Problems ». Dans Racial Justice, Policies and Courts' Legal Reasoning in Europe, 115–29. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53580-7_5.
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van Dijk, Frans. « Independence and Trust ». Dans Perceptions of the Independence of Judges in Europe, 77–92. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63143-7_6.
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AbstractThe Chapter examines the trust of the general public in the judiciary at the national and EU-level. The starting point is that the correlation between the independence of the judiciary as perceived by the general public and the trust in the judiciary by the same public is very strong: trust in the judiciary equals trust in the independence of the judiciary. Trust in the judiciary is generally higher than that in parliament and government. However, the trust in the judiciary is generally at the same level as that in the public administration. It is likely that the general public associates the public administration with desirable, fair and impartial implementation of public policies, and not so much with (divisive) policy formation. Thus, it is too simple to conclude that the judiciary performs better than the other powers of the state. High trust in the judiciary is fostered by the nature of the tasks. At the EU-level the differentiation of trust between the three branches of government is much smaller than at the national level. Trust in the European Court of Justice (the supreme court of the European Union) is higher than in the national judiciary at low levels of trust at the national level, and smaller at high levels of trust. Still, trust in the ECJ is higher in countries with a highly trusted judiciary than in countries with a less trusted judiciary.
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van Dijk, Frans. « Judiciary in Democracy : Alignment and Disconnect ». Dans Perceptions of the Independence of Judges in Europe, 93–109. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63143-7_7.
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AbstractIn this last Chapter, the consequences of differences in perceptions are examined. Two concepts are used: the lack of alignment and—more extreme—the disconnect between judiciary and society. Ranking countries by trust in the judiciary, in the lowest 20% there is a disconnect of judiciary and society, in the 20% around the median and in the highest 20% there is lack of alignment. Disconnect and lack of alignment seem to be self-perpetuating, as judges do not perceive the state of independence as problematic. Indications are that even a disconnect does not reduce the use of the civil courts, but that it leads citizens to avoid administrative law procedures. A disconnect weakens the position of the judiciary within the trias politica. This reinforces the complicated relationship between the judiciary and the other state powers. Where the other state powers see an increasing influence of the judiciary, the judiciary sees its own independence endangered. These perspectives clash. For the judiciary the way out is to focus on access to justice as an alternative perspective. By addressing the urgent legal needs of citizens, the judiciary has the potential to improve its alignment with society and its position within the trias politica.
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McAllister, Ian, Malcolm Mackerras et Carolyn Brown Boldiston. « Administration of justice ». Dans Australian Political facts, 403–35. London : Macmillan Education UK, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-15196-7_9.
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Butler, David, et Gareth Butler. « Administration of Justice ». Dans British Political Facts 1900–1985, 307–21. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18083-7_8.
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Kratcoski, Peter C. « Administrative Principles and Tasks of Juvenile Justice Administrators ». Dans Juvenile Justice Administration, 21–38. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19515-0_2.
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Kratcoski, Peter C. « Administration of Agencies Serving Endangered Children ». Dans Juvenile Justice Administration, 59–86. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19515-0_4.
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Kratcoski, Peter C., Maximilian Edelbacher, David R. Graff et Gilbert Norden. « Administration of Security and Safety in the Schools ». Dans Juvenile Justice Administration, 129–45. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19515-0_7.
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Kratcoski, Peter C. « Juvenile Court Administration : Diversion and Informal Processing ». Dans Juvenile Justice Administration, 171–92. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19515-0_9.
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Kratcoski, Peter C. « Juvenile Law ». Dans Juvenile Justice Administration, 149–69. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19515-0_8.
Texte intégralActes de conférences sur le sujet "Justice, Administration of – Europe"
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Poretti, Paula, et Vedrana Švedl Blažeka. « REMOTE JUSTICE IN CORONAVIRUS CRISIS – DO THE MEANS JUSTIFY THE ENDS, OR DO THE ENDS JUSTIFY THE MEANS ? » Dans The recovery of the EU and strengthening the ability to respond to new challenges – legal and economic aspects. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/22410.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The coronavirus related crisis affected severely all aspects of life and judiciary is no exception. The world has been confronted with new challenges. New circumstances have created significant impact on the functioning of access to justice. New ways of administrating the legal system were introduced in the last decade, allowing for the use of the means of electronic communication, reducing certain stages of court procedures, opting for solutions for peaceful dispute settlement and promoting out-of-court dispute resolution. However, the coronavirus caused, beyond any doubt, severe delays in court proceedings and even shut down courts in some European Union Member States, Croatia included. Thus, additional efforts were required in order to ensure remote justice to citizens and businesses. More importantly, it called for a swift response, issuing and applying emergency measures, to safeguard the right to access courts and provide for effective administration of justice. The paper thus seeks to explore the ways in which European Union Member States responded to emerging challenges and the consequences these challenges had on administration of justice. Croatian example will be introduced specifically due to obvious struggles in handling the coronavirus caused difficulties in national judiciary system. Along with the analysis of measures taken, there are several questions, which need to be answered. What was the level of readiness of the Member States’ judiciaries for providing justice by means of electronic communications, with Croatia in focus? What are the effects of measures taken in Croatian judiciary system? Should it be left to the courts or other competent bodies to take actions on a case-to-case basis in order to provide the necessary protection of procedural rights to parties? In terms of the effect of the emergency measures, do they allow for the same or similar quality of remote justice? In conclusion, the paper will try to answer the aforementioned questions, deliberate on the efficiency of measures taken in response to the coronavirus crisis, with Croatia in focus and possibilities of future improvements.
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Rozhkova, Marina. « Problems of compliance with European standards for the administration of justice in cases involving intellectual property ». Dans The 20th anniversary of Russia's accession to the Council of Europe. History and prospects ». ru : INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/23310.
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Kamber, Krešimir, et Lana Kovačić Markić. « ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND THE RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL ». Dans EU 2021 – The future of the EU in and after the pandemic. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18363.
Texte intégralRésumé :
On 11 March 2020 the World Health Organization announced the Covid-19 (coronavirus) to be a pandemic. To combat the pandemic, many countries had to adopt emergency measures and some of these measures have affected the judicial system, especially the functioning of courts. The pandemic has been characterised as far as the judiciary is concerned by complete or partial closure of court buildings for the parties and for the public. It is clear that the functioning of national judicial systems has been severely disrupted. This limited functioning of courts impacted the individuals’ right to a fair trial guaranteed, in particular, under Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights. The aim of this article is to examine the manner of the administration of justice during the Covid pandemic and its impact on the due process guarantees. Focus is put on the extent to which different Covid measures, in particular remote access to justice and online hearings have impacted the guarantees of the right to a fair trial and the due process guarantees in general, notably in detention cases. In this connection, the article provides a comparative overview of the functioning of the European legal systems during the pandemic. It also looks into the way in which the two European courts – the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union functioned, as well as the way in which the Croatian courts, including the Constitutional Court, organised their work during the pandemic. The article then provides an insight into the issue of online/remote hearings in the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights and in the Croatian Constitutional Court’s case-law. On the basis of this assessment, the article identifies the differences in the use of remote/online hearings between and within jurisdictions. In conclusion, the article points to some critical considerations that should be taken into account when devising the manner in which any Covid pandemic experience with the administration of justice (notably with regard to remote/online hearings) can be taken forward.
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Beutel, Jochen, Edmunds Broks, Arnis Buka et Christoph Schewe. « Setting Aside National Rules that Conflict EU law : How Simmenthal Works in Germany and in Latvia ? » Dans The 8th International Scientific Conference of the Faculty of Law of the University of Latvia. University of Latvia Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/iscflul.8.2.10.
Texte intégralRésumé :
At the centre of this article is the Simmenthal line of cases of the Court of Justice of the European Union, which establish the duty of every national court or administrative authority not to apply any national law that conflicts with the EU law. The article provides a brief overview of the evolution of the Simmenthal case law at the EU level. It then proceeds to assess how Simmenthal is applied at national level through comparative analysis of experience from Germany and Latvia. A particular emphasis in that regard is placed on the role of constitutional courts, as well as on the role of administrative authorities. Research from both countries points to a general adherence to the obligation established by Simmenthal. However, it also indicates certain discrepancies in national legislation, which obscure strict application of Simmenthal, especially for national administrations. Particularly in Latvia administration is not entitled to disapply national law on its own motion, whereas – explicitly following the Simmenthal doctrine – it would (theoretically) be entitled to do so in Germany.
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Yanakieva, Elena. « THE ACTIVITY OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE COURT - VARNA IN THE 15 YEARS OF ITS EXISTENCE ». Dans 15 YEARS OF ADMINISTRATIVE JUSTICE IN BULGARIA - PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES. University publishing house "Science and Economics", University of Economics - Varna, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/ppdd2022.42.
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The report reviews the creation and development of the system of administrative courts in the Republic of Bulgaria and in particular the Administrative Court of Varna. The challenges are presented both to the judges in the implementation of the legislation - national and European Union, and to the court employees in reaching the standards for the quality of service. Trends and good practices have been identified and conclusions drawn.
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Hadzhiyska, Adelina. « FOR THE "CIVIL CONFISCATION" OF ILLEGALLY ACQUIRED PROPERTY AND THE ENGEL CRITERIA ». Dans 15 YEARS OF ADMINISTRATIVE JUSTICE IN BULGARIA - PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES. University publishing house "Science and Economics", University of Economics - Varna, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/ppdd2022.284.
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This article aims to analyze civil confiscation in the context of the ECtHR's autonomous interpretation of the concept of "criminal charge". In this regard, the approved algorithm for verification is subjected and an assessment is made whether the so-called "civil confiscation" is criminal in nature. Attention is also paid to the legislative approach in settling this type of confiscation in accordance with the set minimum standards of European Union law.
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Dozier, Reagen. « California Community College Faculty Perspectives on Criminal Justice/Administration of Justice Programs ». Dans 2021 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC : AERA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1715006.
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Dauster, Manfred. « Criminal Proceedings in Times of Pandemic ». Dans The 8th International Scientific Conference of the Faculty of Law of the University of Latvia. University of Latvia Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/iscflul.8.2.18.
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COVID-19 caught humanity off guard at the turn of 2019/2020. Even when the Chinese government sealed off Wuhan, a city of millions, for weeks to contain the epidemic, no one in other parts of the world had any idea of what specifically was heading for the countries. The ignorant and belittling public statements and tweets of the former US president are still fresh in everyone's memory. Only when the Italian army carried the coffins with the COVID-19 victims in northern Italy, the gravesites spread in the Bergamo region, as well as the intensive care beds filled in the overcrowded hospitals, the countries of the European Union and other parts of the world realised how serious the situation threatened to become. Together with the World Health Organisation (WHO), the terms changed to pandemic. Much of the pandemic evoked reminiscences originating in the Black Death raging between 1346 and 1353 or in the Spanish flu after the First World War. Meanwhile, life went on. The administration of justice in criminal cases could not and should not come to a standstill. Emergency measures, such as those that began to emerge in February 2020, are always the hour of the executive. In their efforts to stop the spread of the virus, in Germany, governments particularly reflected on criminal proceedings. Neither criminal procedural law nor the courts and court administrations applying this procedural law were adequately prepared for the challenges. Deadlines threatened to expire, access to court buildings and halls had to be restricted to reduce the risk of infection, public hearings represented a potential source of infection for both the parties to the proceedings and the public, virtual criminal hearings via conference calls had not yet been tested in civil proceedings, but were legally possible, but not so in criminal cases. The taking of evidence in criminal cases in Germany is governed by the rules of strict evidence and is largely not at the disposal of the parties to the proceedings. Especially in criminal cases, fundamental and human rights guarantees serve to protect the accused, but also the victims and witnesses. Executive measures of pandemic containment might impact these guarantees. Here, an attempt will be made to discuss at some neuralgic points how Germany has attempted to balance the resulting contradictory interests in the conflict between pandemic control and constitutional requirements for criminal court proceedings.
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Begel'dieva, D. N. « Legality and fairness in the administration of justice ». Dans SCIENCE OF RUSSIA : GOALS AND OBJECTIVES. L-Journal, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/sr-10-02-2021-61.
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Riega-Viru, Yasmina, Mario Ninaquispe Soto, Juan Luis Salas-Riega et Joselyn Arellano Arizola Bach. « Expert systems and administration of justice in Peru and Brazil ». Dans 2022 IEEE Engineering International Research Conference (EIRCON). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eircon56026.2022.9934806.
Texte intégralRapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Justice, Administration of – Europe"
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NAVAL JUSTICE SCHOOL NEWPORT RI. Legal Office Administration. Revision (Naval Justice School). Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, février 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada306548.
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Irwin, Douglas. Adam Smith's "Tolerable Administration of Justice" and the Wealth of Nations. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, octobre 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w20636.
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Dalabajan, Dante, Ruth Mayne, Blandina Bobson, Hadeel Qazzaz, Henry Ushie, Jacobo Ocharan, Jason Farr et al. Towards a Just Energy Transition : Implications for communities in lower- and middle-income countries. Oxfam, décembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2022.9936.
Texte intégralRésumé :
More frequent or intense floods, heatwaves, wildfires, droughts and typhoons devastate people’s homes, livelihoods and the natural world. A clean energy transition is urgently needed to reduce carbon emissions and prevent the impacts worsening. Wealthy countries have the prime historic responsibility for the climate crisis and therefore for its mitigation. But as the clean energy transition gathers speed, it inevitably also impacts lower-income, lower-emitting countries and communities. This research report, written by 20 co-authors from Africa, Asia, Latin America, the Middle East, the US and Europe, investigates the implications of the energy transition for them, and asks how the world can achieve a truly just, as well as fast, transition. The findings highlight the stark choice facing humanity. If the transition is undertaken with justice and respect for communities’ rights at its heart, it offers an unprecedented opportunity to simultaneously mitigate the climate crisis and reduce poverty and inequality. Conversely, an unjust transition, which entrenches or exacerbates inequalities, risks generating public resistance and slowing the transition with devastating human consequences.
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Perdigão, Rui A. P. Beyond Quantum Security with Emerging Pathways in Information Physics and Complexity. Synergistic Manifolds, juin 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46337/220602.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Information security and associated vulnerabilities have long been a pressing challenge, from the fundamental scientific backstage to the frontline across the most diverse sectors of society. At the tip of the iceberg of this problem, the citizens immediately feel that the reservation of privacy and the degradation of the quality and security of the information and communication on which they depend for the day-to-day activities, already of crucial relevance, are at stake. Naturally though, the challenges do not end there. There is a whole infrastructure for storing information, processing and communication, whose security and reliability depend on key sectors gearing modern society – such as emergency communication systems (medical, civil and environmental protection, among others), transportation and geographic information, the financial communications systems at the backbone of day-to-day transactions, the information and telecommunications systems in general. And crucially the entire defence ecosystem that in essence is a stalwart in preventing our civilisation to self-annihilate in full fulfilment of the second principle of thermodynamics. The relevance of the problem further encompasses the preservation of crucial values such as the right to information, security and integrity of democratic processes, internal administration, justice, defence and sovereignty, ranging from the well-being of the citizen to the security of the nation and beyond. In the present communication, we take a look at how to scientifically and technically empower society to address these challenges, with the hope and pragmatism enabled by our emerging pathways in information physics and complexity. Edging beyond classical and quantum frontiers and their vulnerabilities to unveil new principles, methodologies and technologies at the core of the next generation system dynamic intelligence and security. To illustrate the concepts and tools, rather than going down the road of engineered systems that we can ultimately control, we take aim at the bewildering complexity of nature, deciphering new secrets in the mathematical codex underlying its complex coevolutionary phenomena that so heavily impact our lives, and ultimately bringing out novel insights, methods and technologies that propel information physics and security beyond quantum frontiers.
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Arora, Sanjana, et Olena Koval. Norway Country Report. University of Stavanger, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.232.
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This report is part of a larger cross-country comparative project and constitutes an account and analysis of the measures comprising the Norwegian national response to the COVID-19 pandemic during the year of 2020. This time period is interesting in that mitigation efforts were predominantly of a non-medical nature. Mass vaccinations were in Norway conducted in early 2021. With one of the lowest mortality rates in Europe and relatively lower economic repercussions compared to its Nordic neighbours, the Norwegian case stands unique (OECD, 2021: Eurostat 2021; Statista, 2022). This report presents a summary of Norwegian response to the COVID-19 pandemic by taking into account its governance, political administration and societal context. In doing so, it highlights the key features of the Nordic governance model and the mitigation measures that attributed to its success, as well as some facets of Norway’s under-preparedness. Norway’s relative isolation in Northern Europe coupled with low population density gave it a geographical advantage in ensuring a slower spread of the virus. However, the spread of infection was also uneven, which meant that infection rates were concentrated more in some areas than in others. On the fiscal front, the affluence of Norway is linked to its petroleum industry and the related Norwegian Sovereign Wealth Fund. Both were affected by the pandemic, reflected through a reduction in the country’s annual GDP (SSB, 2022). The Nordic model of extensive welfare services, economic measures, a strong healthcare system with goals of equity and a high trust society, indeed ensured a strong shield against the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Yet, the consequences of the pandemic were uneven with unemployment especially high among those with low education and/or in low-income professions, as well as among immigrants (NOU, 2022:5). The social and psychological effects were also uneven, with children and elderly being left particularly vulnerable (Christensen, 2021). Further, the pandemic also at times led to unprecedented pressure on some intensive care units (OECD, 2021). Central to handling the COVID-19 pandemic in Norway were the three national executive authorities: the Ministry of Health and Care services, the National directorate of health and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. With regard to political-administrative functions, the principle of subsidiarity (decentralisation) and responsibility meant that local governments had a high degree of autonomy in implementing infection control measures. Risk communication was thus also relatively decentralised, depending on the local outbreak situations. While decentralisation likely gave flexibility, ability to improvise in a crisis and utilise the municipalities’ knowledge of local contexts, it also brought forward challenges of coordination between the national and municipal level. Lack of training, infection control and protection equipment thereby prevailed in several municipalities. Although in effect for limited periods of time, the Corona Act, which allowed for fairly severe restrictions, received mixed responses in the public sphere. Critical perceptions towards the Corona Act were not seen as a surprise, considering that Norwegian society has traditionally relied on its ‘dugnadskultur’ – a culture of voluntary contributions in the spirit of solidarity. Government representatives at the frontline of communication were also open about the degree of uncertainty coupled with considerable potential for great societal damage. Overall, the mitigation policy in Norway was successful in keeping the overall infection rates and mortality low, albeit with a few societal and political-administrative challenges. The case of Norway is thus indeed exemplary with regard to its effective mitigation measures and strong government support to mitigate the impact of those measures. However, it also goes to show how a country with good crisis preparedness systems, governance and a comprehensive welfare system was also left somewhat underprepared by the devastating consequences of the pandemic.