Thèses sur le sujet « Joint ventures – Europe »

Traitant une question centrale pour les transitologues chercheurs en sciences de gestion, la presente these s'interroge sur l'efficience productive des modes de gestion des ressources humaines, sur le terrain particulier des joint-ventures occidentaux en europe centrale. Posant l'hypothese que les systemes de gestion des ressources humaines occidentaux sont inadaptes a l'environnement des peco, l'auteur entreprend de demontrer la superiorite des approches specifiques a la transition en confrontant son modele theorique a (a realite telle qu'elle s'observe dans un pays d'europe centrale et orientale, la republique tcheque. La demonstration est realisee a partir d'observations, de questionnaires et d'entretiens aupres des acteurs de la transition ainsi que quatre annees d'experimentations dans un joint-venture franco-tcheque. Teslatv. D'une maniere assez nette, les performances en termes d'efficience productive obtenues par les approches adaptees surpassent celles resultant de la simple application de mesures classiques ayant fait leurs preuves en france. Cependant, plutot que de conclure a la superiorite des approches specifiques a la transition, il parait opportun de depasser cette opposition, en partie artificielle, pour parvenir a des recommandations de gestion des ressources humaines fondees sur une vision affranchie d'un heritage communiste exagere et prenant en compte la rationalite des acteurs. Le cas tesla tv montre que les resistances du personnel vis-a-vis de l'application des nouvelles normes de gestion ne resultent pas d'une incapacite a s'adapter mais d'un refus de s'adapter, compte tenu de la perte de bienetre occasionnee par les nouvelles methodes de travail en l'absence de compensations suffisantes. En conclusion, l'application de modeles de gestion occidentaux ou l'adaptation de ceux-ci a la culture locale semble moins importante que la recherche de compromis, de dialogue social et de consensus durables au sein des organisations
This doctoral thesis deals deals with human resource management in central and eastern europe. The research is based on the assumption that specific models are more efficient than standard human resources management models. The demonstration is mainly conducted in a french-czech joint-venture in prague. The results show that the most important is not to find the right model but to make arrangements and obtain a social consensus in the firms

This study investigates the interactions between the partners in the joint ventures between the UK Contractors and other European (EC) partners. The dynamics of interactions were focused at three levels of the joint ventures: Structure, Organisation and Team. The variables of the interactions at these levels were tested for their relationships with the pattern of success. The general study of joint ventures has been concerned with the macro-inter-firms relationships. However, this study is attempting to seek a pattern of success of the EC JVs from the internal micro level of the JV organisation, i.e. the partners' interactions. The pattern of success for the JVs studied was measured based on ten goals. The expectations and the outcomes of achieving these goals were used to identify the pattern of success of the JVs. Eight cases were available as the sample size and the data were collected by structured interviews as well as by telephone. The UK Contractors' perceptions were only taken for this study. The Spearman Correlation and the non-parametric statistics were used to seek the statistical tests of the various relationships of the variables and against the pattern of high and low JV success. The interactions of the partners at the structure and team were strongly correlated with the pattern of success. The organisation level has strong correlation with the decision-making process indicating that high problems in decision-making is associated with high success. Trust was not having statistically significant correlation with all the variables of interaction, but all cases had high level of trust. The study found strong relationships between the pattern of success of the JVs with the structuring of the interaction based on the sharing of expertise and resources as well as the leadership personality and members' characteristics of the JV teams. Further study into deeper areas of these interaction dynamics is greatly recommended.

La trascendencia práctica del tema del régimen jurídico de las joint ventures es indudable. En los Estados miembros de la Unión Europea, y más especialmente en España, las joint ventures remiten a una idea de mayor eficiencia económica, permitiendo a las empresas formar alianzas entre ellas, y así mejorar su competitividad, adaptando sus estructuras a las dimensiones crecientes de los mercados europeos y mundiales.

Las joint ventures no están reguladas como tales en ninguna legislación nacional europea. El derecho comunitario se concentra por su parte en el análisis de los efectos de estas operaciones sobre la competencia. Las joint ventures adquieren en la práctica, únicamente, su contenido jurídico.

Este estudio tiene por objetivo presentar un análisis a la vez teórico y práctico del régimen jurídico de las joint ventures, intentando definir el "valor añadido" del trabajo del jurista profesional cuando interviene en la creación y el funcionamiento de las joint ventures. La adopción de esta óptica funcionalista permite integrar el análisis de los diversos aspectos jurídicos de las joint ventures, sus estructuras contractuales y societarias así como su tratamiento en derecho de la competencia, que se abordan tradicionalmente en estudios separados, e insistir en la interelación existente entre las diversas ramas del derecho afectadas. Este estudio se concentra esencialmente en las cuestiones planteadas por las joint ventures en el ámbito del derecho de las obligaciones y del derecho societario.

El jurista profesional desempeña, en primer lugar, una función de naturaleza organizativa, creando un conjunto de reglas obligatorias (reglas jurídicas) para todas las empresas participantes en la operación, de acuerdo con sus intereses estratégicos. El resultado puede ser, por ejemplo, la conclusión de un simple contrato, la constitución de una AEIE o la de una sociedad de capital. La complejidad de la organización jurídica de la joint venture impide estudiar de manera separada, como dos piezas aisladas, el llamado acuerdo de base de la joint venture por un lado, y la sociedad eventualmente constituida, la llamada filial común, por otro. El hecho de no entender la filial común como parte de un todo unitario y más complejo no permite describir correctamente las especialidades del régimen aplicable a dicha sociedad frente a sociedades constituidas en otros contextos económicos.

La organización compleja de las joint ventures se diferencia de otros negocios jurídicos complejos por razón de su finalidad económica específica, la de establecer una alianza entre empresas. Tal como indica el derecho comunitario de la competencia, la joint venture es una operación en la que: (i) participan dos o más empresas independientemente activas en el mercado; (ii) se agrupan recursos necesarios al desarrollo de una actividad económica común en el seno eventualmente, pero no obligatoriamente, de una entidad separada (la llamada empresa común"); (iii) las empresas participantes ejercen un control conjunto sobre dicha actividad económica común. Estos tres elementos forman el núcleo de la definición de la joint venture en derecho.

La cuestión de la validez y eficacia jurídica de los pactos presentes en el contrato complejo de joint venture, cuando implica la existencia de una sociedad de capital, es la que más dificultades plantea. El problema respecto a la joint venture, como respecto a muchos otros contratos complejos, es organizar un discurso sobre el uso de la libertad y sus consecuencias en el ámbito del derecho de sociedades.

Mientras el jurista profesional organiza la joint venture, atrae también la atención del legislador sobre las necesidades jurídicas de las empresas que deciden "aliarse" en el seno de una joint venture. Los pactos presentes en los contratos complejos de joint venture no dependen únicamente del contenido del derecho aplicable a la sociedad "filial común" por ejemplo, sino también de la creatividad de los juristas profesionales. Las finalidades a cubrir por el contrato lo serán en regla general mediante combinaciones originales y complejas de mecanismos jurídicos, demostrándose una vez más el papel relevante de la práctica en la formación del derecho.

Como consecuencia, puede observarse una tendencia a la flexibilización del derecho aplicable a las sociedades de capital, sobre todo en los países europeos continentales. Esta adaptación del derecho a la realidad práctica se observa también, y de manera significativa, en otras ramas del derecho, como en derecho de la competencia donde el legislador intenta introducir un tratamiento cada vez más pragmático de los efectos producidos por las joint ventures sobre los mercados.

El análisis de la organización jurídica de las joint ventures en la práctica demuestra, sin embargo, la falta de utilidad y de oportunidad de una ordenación legal de la joint venture como tal en Europa. Como en el caso de la organización de la empresa, basta con que los operadores "candidatos" a la alianza encuentren en el derecho positivo los legal tools, o instrumentos jurídicos, adaptados a los objetivos económicos legítimos que persiguen ( por ejemplo, diversas formas sociales, la AIE, la UTE, la cuenta en participación etc), y sobre la base de los cuales puedan conservar y reforzar el sentimiento de confianza que necesitan tener en la operación y en su "aliado" para alcanzar con éxito estos objetivos.
This study provides a comprehensive analysis of both practical and theoretical legal issues raised by joint ventures in Europe. In the European Union member states and especially in Spain, joint ventures are viewed as a high efficient strategic operation - allowing alliances between firms, which may improve their competitiveness and adapt them to the growing dimensions of European markets and to the new global economy.

Joint ventures are not organised as such by any statute law in Europe. European law focuses on the analysis of the effects they may produce on competition. Joint ventures obtain a legal content only in practice.

The aim of this study is to define the "added value" of the practical work of lawyers, when they take part in processes of creation of joint ventures. This question allows to integrate the analysis of different legal aspects of joint ventures - their contractual and corporate structure as well as their legal treatment under competition law - which are traditionally treated in separate studies, and to point out the existence of on-going interfaces between them. This study focuses essentially on the contractual and corporate aspects of joint ventures.

Practitioners set up, first of all, mechanisms which are compulsory - i.e. legal rules - for the firms involved in the operation according to their strategic interests. The result may be, for instance, the creation of a mere "contractual joint venture", of an European Economic Interest Grouping, or the incorporation of a "joint venture company". The complexity of the joint venture legal organisation prevents from studying separately the so-called "joint venture agreement" on which is based the operation, and the company which may be incorporated within it. The joint venture company is only a part of a more complex ensemble, which needs to be understood as such in order to be correctly analysed.

The complex legal organisation of joint ventures differs from any other complex legal organisations because of its specific purpose, ie. establish a strategic alliance between firms. It aims to organise an operation in which: (i) participate two or more firms independently active on the market; (ii) are gathered the resources necessary to carry out a common business activity, possibly but not obligatory within a separate entity; and (iii) the participating firms jointly control the common business activity. Those three features are at the basis of the legal definition of joint ventures.

The question of the legal validity and efficiency of the terms and conditions present in incorporated joint venture agreements is the more problematic one for the practitioners. The main difficulty in relation with joint ventures like in relation with many other complex agreements is to determine the limits of use of contractual freedom in company law.

While organising the operation, the practitioners are also drawing the attention of the legislator on the legal needs of the firms willing to enter into alliances. The terms and conditions present in joint venture agreements depend not only on the content of the statute law applicable to the joint venture company for example, but also on the creative skills of the practitioners. The joint venture agreement needs to cover different purposes generally through original and complex combinations of legal mechanisms, proving once again the relevant role of practice in the generation of law.

As a result, it is possible to observe a certain "flexibilization" of the rules in company law, especially in continental Europe. This new tendency develops in parallel with the movement observed in competition law towards a more realistic and pragmatic analysis of joint venture effects on the markets.

The analysis of the legal organisations of joint ventures existing in practice demonstrates however the lack of necessity for a statutory regulation of this (strategic) operation in Europe. Like in the case of the organisation of a firm, the economic players willing to enter into strategic alliances only need to find in statute law different "legal tools" which may adapt their legitimate economic interests - such as different company forms, the Economic Interest Grouping, the partnership - and on the basis of which they can conserve and reinforce the confidence they need to have in their partner and in the operation in order to achieve successfully their purposes.

This study analyses the announcements of European mergers and joint ventures as forms of intra-European direct investment that affect the share prices of U.K. plcs. From a review of the theories of multinational enterprise and foreign direct investment in the context of European economic integration, the study emphasized the importance of the single market and its implications on foreign direct investment. A comparison is made between mergers and joint ventures as forms of foreign direct investment based on their theories and empirical evidences. The effects of the integration on European mergers and joint ventures are then examined by analysing the announcement effects. Using event study methodology, the study investigates the effects of announcements of UK plc acquisitions of European firms and their involvement in European joint ventures on the share prices of UK plcs. Both parametric and non-parametric techniques are used to measure the impact of these announcements in terms of abnormal returns and volatility of returns. The results show positive significant market reaction to the merger announcements on the announcement day for the abnormal return and on the day before the announcement for the volatility. However a significantly negative post announcement cumulative abnormal return is found. A shift of the market reaction after U. K. Is entry into the Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) is also found. The market reaction to the joint venture announcements is not significant on the day of announcement. However a significant positive cumulative abnormal return is found a few days prior to the announcement of the joint venture. A positive significant relationship between cumulative market reaction and U.K. Is entry into ERM is also established. Profile analysis of the significant announcements also shows the relevance of certain factors that could explain the market impact of joint ventures.

La joint venture internationale est l'une des techniques juridiques qui montre la mieux le mouvement vers la transnationalisation du droit. Cette opération met en place une nouvelle personne morale contrôlée par deux ou plusieurs unis par une confiance réciproque très forte. En tant que personne morale, la joint venture peut prendre n'importe quelle forme sociale prévue par un droit national. Cet instrument qu'est la société commerciale est soumis à un droit des sociétés qui ne peut être que national. En revanche, parce que les liens juridiques qui se créent entre les partenaires se réalisent par des contrats internationaux, ceux-ci sont soumis à un droit choisi par les parties et sont également caracterisées par la très grande liberté des parties. La joint venture contient par conséquent une bivalence droit des sociétés national contrat international. Cette bivalence se retrouve dans toute les joint ventures, notament dans celles constituées en Europe de l'Est, pays dits en transition. La Roumanie est l'exemple le plus significatif de cette transition politique, économique et juridique. L'objet de la recherche est de vérifier que la technique est la joint venture est adaptée à cet environnement roumain en transition. En effet, d'une part parce que la joint venture à une société commerciale de droit national, elle permet une intervention économique de l'état par le biais de la législation sur les sociétés commerciales. Cette intervention est d'autant plus importante lorque le partenaire roumain est lui même contrôlé par l'État, ce qui constitute aujourd'hui le cas le plus fréquent. D'autre part, parce que la joint venture est un ensemble de contrats internationaux, il sera possible de limiter les effets de l'ordre public national en internationalisant l'opération. Cette internationalisation se réalise par les règles habituelles de droit international privé et par réference à l'arbitrage commercial international
The international joint venture is the best legal device to point out the movement toward a transnational trend of the law. This operation sets up a legal entily, controlled by two or several partners bound together bw deep mutual trust. As a legal entity, joint ventures may have any corporate shape provided for by national law. The corporation, as an insturment, is governed by corporation law, that is only national law. On the other hand, as the legal ties which are set up between parners are affected through international agreements, the latter are submitted to any legal system chosen by the parties and are also characterized by the parties'wide freedom. Joint venture therefore include a twofold resulting from linked on the one hand to national corporation law and and the other hand to international agreements. This aspect can be found in any joint venture, specially those set up in eastem european countries, which are said to be countries in transition. Rumania is the most significant illustration to this political, economical and legal transition. Indeed, on the one side, because thue joint venture is a corposation under national law, ot enables the state's economic intervention through enactment of corporation law. This intervention is more significant when the rumanian partner is itself controlled by the state, which is the most frequent case today. On the other side, it will be possible to limit the effects of national public policy with the internationalizing of the operation. This internationalizing is done troblic policy with the internationalizing of the operation. This internationalizing

The assessment of joint venture appears to be one of the most difficult issues in European competition law. A rational and well-balanced treatment is long awaited. Indeed, the artificial distinction between co-operative and concentrative joint ventures was based on complex and contradictory criteria. The European Commission applied them flexibly at the expense of predictability, damaging the legal certainty that is so necessary for these transactions. The existence of two distinct regimes, one for concentrative and one for co-operative joint ventures, with more favourable treatment for the former, explains why firms wished to subject their transactions to the Merger Regulation rather than article 81 of the Treaty. The reform of the Merger Regulation, which entered into force in 1998, modifies the boundaries between the different types of joint ventures, now focusing on structural criterion. It gives birth to a new distinction between structural and behavioural joint ventures. This simplification of the qualification phase, however, raises new questions relating to the content and the relevance of the chosen criterion. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

The aim of this study is to examine the market reaction when information about a company’s foreign direct investment is announced and how that affects the shareholder’s value. Also of interest is whether the market reacts differently depending on which country the investment is established in and which mode of entry is used. This will be achieved by using an event study approach. The selection that was used consisted of 206 companies registered on the Nasdaq OMX Nordic homepage, which had during a time period stretching from 1999 to 2009 established a foreign direct investment in the regions BRIC, Europe or the USA using the mode of organic growth, joint venture or acquisition. The units were submitted to a hypothesis test, this was done to determine if an abnormal return was attained during the event window. The event window consisted of eleven days, five days before the announcement and five days after, which includes the announcement day. The tests were performed on the units as a whole and divided into categories depending on mode of entry, region and country. The event study was accompanied by a questionnaire.

The result of the study show no statistically significant abnormal return related to the announcement of a foreign direct investment. There were however some indications of a deviation when the units were divided into region, most noticeably between the regions BRIC, which showed a steady negative development, and Europe, which showed a steady positive development. These results were however not significant.

Mestrado em Ciências Empresariais
Factores como a globalização e consequente liberalização dos mercados levam a que múltiplas empresas tenham de reagir aos novos desafios que lhes são impostas, de forma a que possam contornar a concorrência e permanecer fortes no mercado ou mesmo garantir a sua própria sobrevivência. A internacionalização aparece então como uma das respostas empresariais a estes desafios. O presente trabalho tem como premissa a escolha do país mais adequado, dentro de um grupo de países da Europa Setentrional, para a internacionalização de uma empresa do sector da Geotecnia, onde são tidos em consideração factores como o sector em que a empresa se insere e o grau de receptividade do país para onde se pretende internacionalizar. O projecto funciona então como uma espécie de guideline teórico-prática metodológica para a escolha de um mercado geográfico para onde se pretenda entrar a fim de se realizar negócios. Os dados relevantes ao estudo foram obtidos através da realização de uma entrevista e da técnica de recolha de informação desk research, com ênfase nos instrumentos de apoio à tomada de decisão como o Doing Business, o Enabling Trade Index e as Dimensões Culturais de Hofstede. A escolha final da Suécia como o país mais indicado, após ocupar o pódio nas categorias consideradas mais relevantes, é depois suportada através do uso da conhecida Ferramenta das Distâncias ou Modelo CAGE.
Factors such as globalization and the consequent liberalization of markets mean that many companies have to react to the new challenges imposed on them, so that they can circumvent competition and remain strong in the market or even ensure their own survival. Internationalization then appears as one of the corporate responses to these challenges. This paper is premised on the choice of the most suitable country, within the group of countries of Northern Europe, for the internationalization of a company in the Geotechnics sector, where factors such as the sector in which the company belongs and of degree of receptivity of the country in which it intends to internationalize are taken into account. The project works then as a sort of methodological theoretical-practical guideline for the selection of a geographic market where one intends to enter in order to conduct business. The data relevant to the study was obtained through an interview and by the information gathering technique named desk research, with emphasis on tools that support the decision-making process, such as Doing Business Report, Enabling Trade Index and Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions. The final choice of Sweden as the most suitable country, after occupying the podium in the most relevant categories, is then supported through the use of the well known CAGE Distance Framework.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Mestrado em Estudos Chineses
In this thesis, which I write as a final work for the master in Chinese Studies at the University of Aveiro, I will research Portuguese Startup companies, the interest they have in entering the Chinese market and the difficulties they might come across when doing so. I will investigate their investment vehicle, their product and the barriers they have setting up their company and negotiating with the Chinese. I will make a questionnaire to obtain the right information and will draw my conclusions after having investigated these issues. I will try to come up with a plan to help them and to see how they can be facilitated with overbridging language and culture differences. And how I specifically, can help with the knowledge gained throughout my studies
Nesta tese, que desenvolvo como trabalho final do mestrado em Estudos Chineses, farei uma pesquisa sobre empresas portuguesas Startups, o interesse que têm no mercado chinês e as dificuldades que poderão encontrar no seu percurso de introdução neste mercado. Procurarei obter informação sobre os seus meios de investimento, produtos e dificuldades nas negociações. Elaborarei um questionário para obter a correta informação e apresentarei as conclusões depois de estudar as respostas apresentadas. Procurarei apresentar um plano para ajudar estas empresas a ultrapassarem os problemas criados pelas diferenças de língua e cultura com o objetivo de as auxiliar pondo em prática o conhecimento que adquiri ao longo dos meus estudos.

碩士
中原大學
財經法律研究所
95
The title of this paper is ‘A Study on the Joint Venture of Technology Transfer centered in Competition law of R.O.C. and European Union’. As for the domestic industries, there are many papers and studies discussing the licensing and collaborations issues concerning related technology transfer; nonetheless, the attainment of advanced technology and expansion of business operation through joint venture remains space for the promotion concerning technology transfer practice. Competitive Law deals with the preventive behaviors of competitiveness (anticompetitive practice), i.e. the unfair competitive treaty between competitors, abuse of the dominating business owners with the superior marketing position, and the business merge leading to the lessening market competitiveness. The joint venture involving Competitive Law is hard to clarify due to the deficiency of clear definition concerning criteria for the foresaid behaviors. Although Fair Trade Commission identifies that the foresaid issue pertains to the case identification, the necessity of inquiry for the definition of collaboration and merger amidst joint venture and the boundary between the two behaviors exists. In order to offer the definite guidlines for the business, this paper hereby addressed the angle of EU Competitive Law and focused on the regulations of current competitive law/act employed by EU and ROC via literature collection and collation and comparison analysis. In the first part, the basic concept and theory of technology transfer and joint venture were stated; then the further exploration of the relevant regulations and practical cases involving the joint venture were processed. The pertinent codes of technology transfer and the possible legal issues were accordingly analyzed, compared and discussed. In the final part, at the angle of legal methodology, the foresaid data were compared and analyzed with the current applicable Fair Trade Act in Taiwan to inspect the space of improvement for the domestic Competitive Law and the related norm. At last, the discussions and research in the preceding chapters were summirzed and some suggestions were addressed accordingly as the conclusions of this paper and as the references to the joint venture conducted by domestic industries and to the case examination and related treatment principles concerning joint venture for Fair Trade Commission.