Articles de revues : « J huxley »

1

Kinna, Ruth. « Kropotkin and Huxley ». Politics 12, n^o 2 (octobre 1992) : 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9256.1992.tb00214.x.

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Obiedkov, Oleksandr. « THE IDEA OF TRANSHUMANISM AS A BUILDING BLOCK FOR THE FUTURE WORLD. THE ORIGINS, ESSENCE AND CRITICISM ». Educational Discourse : collection of scientific papers, n^o 35(7) (16 août 2021) : 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33930/ed.2019.5007.35(7)-3.

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The fundamental ideas of transhumanism were first proposed by a British biochemist J. Haldane. In his 1923 essay "Daedalus; or Science and the Future" he describes how scientific and technological discoveries can change society and improve the human condition. In this work, he predicted that the implementation of advanced sciences to human biology would bring great benefits. These views inspired another researcher, who is still associated with the birth of transhumanism, namely J. Huxley, who first used the term "Transhumanism" in his work. Under it, Huxley understood humanity’s awareness of the need for self-improvement, or directed revolution.

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Islam, Molla Manjurul, et Naimul Islam. « Measuring Threshold Potentials of Neuron Cells Using Hodgkin-Huxley Model by Applying Different Types of Input Signals ». Dhaka University Journal of Science 64, n^o 1 (28 juin 2016) : 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujs.v64i1.28518.

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The Hodgkin-Huxley model is the first successful mathematical model for explaining the initiation and propagation of an action potential in a neuron cell. In this paper we reinvestigated the Hodgkin-Huxley model through computer simulation and determined the threshold potentials by applying different types of stimulating input signals. To implement the work, a computer programme of the Hodgkin-Huxley model was written in MATLAB programming language. The action potentials of neuron cells were checked and the threshold potentials of the neuron cell for specific types of stimulating input signals were tabulated with an aim to utilize these values to do experiment on neuron cell in future.Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 64(1): 15-20, 2016 (January)

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Byk, Christian. « Transhumanism : from Julian Huxley to UNESCO ». JAHR 12, n^o 1 (2021) : 139–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21860/j.12.1.8.

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Julian Huxley, founder and the first Director-General of UNESCO, is at the heart of contemporary debates on the nature and objectives of the concept of transhumanism, which he first used in the early 1950s. Therefore, the analysis of his idea of transhumanism - a tool to improve the quality of life and the condition of man - should lead us to question his heritage in terms of philosophy that inspires UNESCO’s action as it seeks to build a comprehensive approach to artificial intelligence that takes into account, among other things, the values and principles of universal ethics and aims to derive the best from the use of this technology. This title where the British biologist, the elder brother of the famous science fiction writer, Aldous Huxley, author of the Brave New World, coexists with the United Nations Organization in charge of Education of Science and Culture is obvious for those who know the history of this international organization or who like radio games: Julian Huxley was appointed as the first Director-General of UNESCO in 1946. But, beyond this evidence, there is a deeper link that highlights the history of the renewal of the idea of transhumanism (I) and questions about the role that UNESCO has, among the other international organizations (II).

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Lightman, Bernard. « Thomas Henry Huxley : Communicating for Science. J. Vernon Jensen ». Isis 83, n^o 4 (décembre 1992) : 677–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/356341.

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Cohen, Caroline, Timothée Mouterde, David Quéré et Christophe Clanet. « Capillary muscle ». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, n^o 20 (5 mai 2015) : 6301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1419315112.

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The contraction of a muscle generates a force that decreases when increasing the contraction velocity. This “hyperbolic” force–velocity relationship has been known since the seminal work of A. V. Hill in 1938 [Hill AV (1938) Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 126(843):136–195]. Hill’s heuristic equation is still used, and the sliding-filament theory for the sarcomere [Huxley H, Hanson J (1954) Nature 173(4412):973–976; Huxley AF, Niedergerke R (1954) Nature 173(4412):971–973] suggested how its different parameters can be related to the molecular origin of the force generator [Huxley AF (1957) Prog Biophys Biophys Chem 7:255–318; Deshcherevskiĭ VI (1968) Biofizika 13(5):928–935]. Here, we develop a capillary analog of the sarcomere obeying Hill’s equation and discuss its analogy with muscles.

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Lee, Jeffrey. « Charles Darwin and Thomas Henry Huxley ». Focus on Geography 47, n^o 4 (mars 2004) : 34–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-8535.2004.tb00049.x.

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Meinrenken, Christoph J., J. Gerard G. Borst et Bert Sakmann. « The Hodgkin–Huxley–Katz Prize Lecture ». Journal of Physiology 547, n^o 3 (mars 2003) : 665–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j..2003.t01-1-00665.x.

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Thorpe, W. H. « SIR JULIAN SORELL HUXLEY 1887-1975 ». Ibis 117, n^o 4 (3 avril 2008) : 536–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1975.tb04254.x.

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Bennett, N. C. « Introducing the Thomas Henry Huxley Review 2010 ». Journal of Zoology 281, n^o 2 (21 janvier 2010) : 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00716.x.

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Pérez, Vicente. « La revista Nature, J. W. von Goethe y T. H. Huxley ». Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia 47, n^o 3 (décembre 2019) : 63–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0718-686x2019000300063.

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BISHOP, ELIZABETH. « A NEW CAPITAL, ALDOUS HUXLEY, AND SOME INDIANS ». Yale Review 94, n^o 3 (juillet 2006) : 76–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9736.2006.00213.x.

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Biktasheva, I. V., R. D. Simitev, R. Suckley et V. N. Biktashev. « Asymptotic properties of mathematical models of excitability ». Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A : Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 364, n^o 1842 (21 mars 2006) : 1283–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2006.1770.

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We analyse small parameters in selected models of biological excitability, including Hodgkin–Huxley (Hodgkin & Huxley 1952 J. Physiol. 117 , 500–544) model of nerve axon, Noble (Noble 1962 J. Physiol. 160 , 317–352) model of heart Purkinje fibres and Courtemanche et al . (Courtemanche et al . 1998 Am. J. Physiol. 275 , H301–H321) model of human atrial cells. Some of the small parameters are responsible for differences in the characteristic time-scales of dynamic variables, as in the traditional singular perturbation approaches. Others appear in a way which makes the standard approaches inapplicable. We apply this analysis to study the behaviour of fronts of excitation waves in spatially extended cardiac models. Suppressing the excitability of the tissue leads to a decrease in the propagation speed, but only to a certain limit; further suppression blocks active propagation and leads to a passive diffusive spread of voltage. Such a dissipation may happen if a front propagates into a tissue recovering after a previous wave, e.g. re-entry. A dissipated front does not recover even when the excitability restores. This has no analogy in FitzHugh–Nagumo model and its variants, where fronts can stop and then start again. In two spatial dimensions, dissipation accounts for breakups and self-termination of re-entrant waves in excitable media with Courtemanche et al . kinetics.

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Weinert, Friedel. « The Loss of Rational Design ». Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 56 (mars 2005) : 235–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1358246100008869.

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Charles Darwin published hisOrigin of Specieson November 24, 1859. Whatever hurdle the theory of natural selection faced in its struggle for acceptance, its impact on human self-images was almost immediate. Well before Darwin had the chance of applying the principle of natural selection to human origins—in hisDescent of Man(1871)—his contemporaries quickly and rashly drew the inference to man's descent from the ape. Satirical magazines likePunchdelighted in depicting Darwin with his imposing head on an apish body. At the Oxford meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (June 1860), Bishop Wilberforce asked T. H. Huxley triumphantly whether he traced his ancestry to the ape on his grandfather's or grandmother's side. A wave of evolutionary texts swept over Europe (L. Biichner, E. Haeckel, T. H. Huxley, J. B. Lamarck, C. Lyell, F. Rolle, E. Tyler and K. Vogt). Written in English, French and German, they all had a common focus: the place of humans in a Darwinian world, including religion and morality.

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WORTHINGTON, MARTIN. « On Names and Artistic Unity in the Standard Version of the Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic ». Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 21, n^o 4 (octobre 2011) : 403–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186311000423.

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Great is the importance of names in literature. For modern audiences, good names are an important and enjoyable part of the experience of reading, and many authors have delighted their readers with new creations or especially apposite matches – one could cite examples as varied as J. K. Rowling (Malfoy, Dumbledore, Snape), Aldous Huxley (Tantamount, Burlap, Spandrill), Charles Dickens (Pickwick, Sweedlepipe, Honeythunder), Andrea Camilleri (Catarella, Montalbano, Boneti-Alderighi), or Franz Kafka (K.).

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BRADSHAW, D. « THE BEST OF COMPANIONS : J. W. N. SULLIVAN, ALDOUS HUXLEY, AND THE NEW PHYSICS ». Review of English Studies XLVII, n^o 186 (1 mai 1996) : 188–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/res/xlvii.186.188.

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BRADSHAW, D. « THE BEST OF COMPANIONS. J. W. N SULLIVAN, ALDOUS HUXLEY, AND THE NEW PHYSICS ». Review of English Studies XLVII, n^o 187 (1 août 1996) : 352–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/res/xlvii.187.352.

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RAYNER, STURE. « JULIAN HUXLEY AND HIS VIEW ON EUGENICS IN EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE ». Hereditas 56, n^o 2-3 (2 septembre 2009) : 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1966.tb02075.x.

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Wang, Jianjie, Susan Bingaman et Virginia H. Huxley. « Intrinsic sex-specific differences in microvascular endothelial cell phosphodiesterases ». American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 298, n^o 4 (avril 2010) : H1146—H1154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00252.2009.

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The importance of gonadal hormones in the regulation of vascular function has been documented. An alternate and essential contribution of the sex chromosomes to sex differences in vascular function is poorly understood. We reported previously sex differences in microvessel permeability ( Ps) responses to adenosine that were mediated by the cAMP signaling pathway (Wang J, PhD thesis, 2005; Wang J and Huxley V, Proceedings of the VIII World Congress of Microcirculation, 2007 ; Wang J and Huxley VH, Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 291: H3094–H3105, 2006). The two cyclic nucleotides, cAMP and cGMP, central to the regulation of vascular barrier integrity, are hydrolyzed by phosphodiesterases (PDE). We hypothesized that microvascular endothelial cells (EC) would retain intrinsic and inheritable sexually dimorphic genes with respect to the PDEs modulating EC barrier function. Primary cultured microvascular EC from skeletal muscles isolated from male and female rats, respectively, were used. SRY (a sex-determining region Y gene) mRNA expression was observed exclusively in male, not female, cells. The predominant isoform among PDE1–5, present in both XY and XX EC, was PDE4. Expression mRNA levels of PDE1A (male > female) and PDE3B (male < female) were sex dependent; PDE2A, PDE4D, and PDE5A were sex independent. Barrier function, Ps, was determined from measures of albumin flux across confluent primary cultured microvessel XY and XX EC monolayers. Consistent with intact in situ microvessels, basal monolayer Ps did not differ between XY (1.7 ± 0.2 × 10−6 cm/s; n = 8) and XX (1.8 ± 0.1 × 10−6 cm/s; n = 10) EC. Cilostazol, a PDE3 inhibitor, reduced (11%, P < 0.05) Ps in XX, not XY, cells. These findings demonstrate the presence and maintenance of intrinsic sex-related differences in gene expression and cellular phenotype by microvascular EC in a gonadal-hormone-free environment. Furthermore, intrinsic cell-sex likely contributes significantly to sexual dimorphism in cardiovascular function.

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Krueger, J. W. « A compact and stable hydraulic micromanipulator patterned after a Huxley-style approach ». American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 261, n^o 5 (1 novembre 1991) : C936—C943. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1991.261.5.c936.

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I describe a remote-controlled micromanipulator platform that is stable, durable, precise, and easy to construct. Small metallic bellows are used for hydraulic control, where all fluid connections are made by standard 1/16-in. high-performance liquid chromatography fittings. Inspired by the parallelogram suspension utilized in the larger Huxley-style micromanipulator (A. F. Huxley. J. Physiol. Lond. 157: 6-5P, 1961), the device is a compact cradle suspension of folded lever arms that creates vertical motions which have minimal cross-coupled horizontal error. A simple arrangement for securing the bellows in the remote controller counteracts the vertical cross-coupling error that arises in the parallelogram suspension so that the position of the microtool more faithfully corresponds to the micrometer settings. Being compact, the micromanipulator can be mounted on a microscope stage to eliminate the microscope's resonance as a source of vibration. This feature also reduces the cantilevering of the microtool that 1) is a source of parasitic vibrations and 2) limits the load bearing in larger devices which can only be placed alongside the microscope. The device has a good dynamic response, and one design suits both right- and left-handed use.

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Martinek, Johannes, Yvonne Stickler, Martin Reichel, Winfried Mayr et Frank Rattay. « A Novel Approach to Simulate Hodgkin-Huxley-like Excitation With COMSOL Multiphysics ». Artificial Organs 32, n^o 8 (août 2008) : 614–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1594.2008.00611.x.

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O'Neill, A. « Aun Aprendo : A Comprehensive Bibliography of the Writings of Aldous Leonard Huxley. By DAVID J. BROMER ». Library 13, n^o 4 (1 décembre 2012) : 485–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/library/13.4.485.

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Jones, Lamar B. « C. E. Ayres's Reliance on T. H. Huxley : Did Darwin's Bulldog Bite ? » American Journal of Economics and Sociology 54, n^o 4 (octobre 1995) : 413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1536-7150.1995.tb03245.x.

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Conning, David M. « Consumers and consumerism or ‘Where the hormones, there moan F Aldous Huxley ». Nutrition Bulletin 14, n^o 2 (mai 1989) : 75–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-3010.1989.tb00308.x.

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Boulenger, G. A. « 10. On the Systematic Position of the Genus Miolania, Owen (Ceratochelys, Huxley). » Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 55, n^o 3 (20 août 2009) : 554–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1887.tb03018.x.

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Riss, Uwe V., et Johannes Magenheim. « Sociofact Theory ». International Journal of Knowledge-Based Organizations 4, n^o 1 (janvier 2014) : 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijkbo.2014010101.

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The current study concentrates on units of organizational knowledge that the authors call sociofacts following a terminology introduced by J. Huxley. The analysis looks at the constituents of sociofacts as well as their lifecycle, starting from the concept of knowledge asset. It is based on insights from various established theories such as Activity Theory, Nonaka's SECI model, Boundary Objects and Transactive Memory Theory. The authors investigate how the form of sociofacts changes during the Knowledge Maturing process and point at their business relevance. The goal of the paper is to improve the understanding of the structure of organizational knowledge and the process of knowledge maturing.

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Leonard, T. R., M. DuVall et W. Herzog. « Force enhancement following stretch in a single sarcomere ». American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 299, n^o 6 (décembre 2010) : C1398—C1401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00222.2010.

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It has been accepted for half a century that, for a given level of activation, the steady-state isometric force of a muscle sarcomere depends exclusively on the amount of overlap between the contractile filaments actin and myosin, or equivalently sarcomere length (Gordon AM et al., J Physiol 184: 170–192, 1966). Moreover, according to the generally accepted paradigm of muscle contraction, the cross-bridge theory (Huxley AF, Prog Biophys Biophys Chem 7: 255–318, 1957), this steady-state isometric sarcomere force is independent of the muscle's contractile history (Huxley AF, Prog Biophys Biophys Chem 7: 255–318, 1957; Walcott S and Herzog W, Math Biosci 216: 172–186, 2008); i.e., it is independent of whether a muscle is held at a constant length before and during the contraction or whether the muscle is shortened or lengthened to the same constant length. This, however, is not the case, as muscles and single fibers that are stretched show greatly increased steady-state isometric forces compared with preparations that are held at a constant length (Abbott BC and Aubert XM, J Physiol 117: 77–86, 1952; De Ruiter CJ et al., J Physiol 526.3: 671–681, 2000; Edman KAP et al., J Physiol 281: 139–155, 1978; Edman KAP et al., J Gen Physiol 80: 769–784, 1982; Edman KAP and Tsuchiya T, J Physiol 490.1: 191–205, 1996). This so-called “residual force enhancement” (Edman KAP et al., J Gen Physiol 80: 769–784, 1982) offers a perplexing puzzle for muscle physiologists. Many theories have been advanced to address the discrepancy between prediction and observation with the most popular and accepted being the sarcomere length nonuniformity theory (Morgan DL, Biophys J 57: 209–221, 1990), which explains the residual force enhancement with the development of large nonuniformities in sarcomere lengths during muscle stretching. Here, we performed experiments in mechanically isolated sarcomeres and observed that the residual force enhancement following active stretching is preserved. Since our preparation utilizes a single sarcomere, a redistribution of the length of neighboring sarcomeres to produce the higher force following stretch is, by design, precluded. Furthermore, the enhanced forces in the single sarcomeres always exceed the isometric forces on the plateau of the force-length relationship, thereby eliminating the possibility that our result might have been obtained because of a redistribution of half-sarcomere lengths. Since force enhancement in single myofibrils has been associated with actin-titin interactions (Kulke M et al., Circ Res 89: 874–881, 2001; Li Q et al., Biophys J 69: 1508–1518, 1995) and calcium binding to titin (Joumaa V et al., Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 294: C74–C78, 2008; Labeit D et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100: 13716–13721, 2003), titin may regulate the sarcomeric force enhancement observed here.

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Brizendine, Richard K., Diego B. Alcala, Michael S. Carter, Brian D. Haldeman, Kevin C. Facemyer, Josh E. Baker et Christine R. Cremo. « Velocities of unloaded muscle filaments are not limited by drag forces imposed by myosin cross-bridges ». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, n^o 36 (20 août 2015) : 11235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1510241112.

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It is not known which kinetic step in the acto-myosin ATPase cycle limits contraction speed in unloaded muscles (V0). Huxley’s 1957 model [Huxley AF (1957) Prog Biophys Biophys Chem 7:255–318] predicts that V0 is limited by the rate that myosin detaches from actin. However, this does not explain why, as observed by Bárány [Bárány M (1967) J Gen Physiol 50(6, Suppl):197–218], V0 is linearly correlated with the maximal actin-activated ATPase rate (vmax), which is limited by the rate that myosin attaches strongly to actin. We have observed smooth muscle myosin filaments of different length and head number (N) moving over surface-attached F-actin in vitro. Fitting filament velocities (V) vs. N to a detachment-limited model using the myosin step size d = 8 nm gave an ADP release rate 8.5-fold faster and ton (myosin’s attached time) and r (duty ratio) ∼10-fold lower than previously reported. In contrast, these data were accurately fit to an attachment-limited model, V = N·v·d, over the range of N found in all muscle types. At nonphysiologically high N, V = L/ton rather than d/ton, where L is related to the length of myosin’s subfragment 2. The attachment-limited model also fit well to the [ATP] dependence of V for myosin-rod cofilaments at three fixed N. Previously published V0 vs. vmax values for 24 different muscles were accurately fit to the attachment-limited model using widely accepted values for r and N, giving d = 11.1 nm. Therefore, in contrast with Huxley’s model, we conclude that V0 is limited by the actin–myosin attachment rate.

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TOYE, JOHN, et RICHARD TOYE. « One World, Two Cultures ? Alfred Zimmern, Julian Huxley and the Ideological Origins of UNESCO ». History 95, n^o 319 (24 juin 2010) : 308–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-229x.2010.00488.x.

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Patterson, William R. « The Greatest Good for the Most Fit ? John Stuart Mill, Thomas Henry Huxley, and Social Darwinism ». Journal of Social Philosophy 36, n^o 1 (mars 2005) : 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9833.2005.00259.x.

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DeFonso, Chet R. « J. Vernon Jensen. Thomas Henry Huxley : Communicating for Science. Newark, Del. : University of Delaware Press. 1991. Pp. 253. $38.50. » Albion 24, n^o 3 (1992) : 521–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4051000.

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Li, Yan-Long, Zhao-Yang Chen, Jun Ma et Yu-Hong Chen. « Simulation study of stimulation parameters in desynchronisation based on the Hodgkin-Huxley small-world neural networks and its possible implications for vagus nerve stimulation ». Acta Neuropsychiatrica 20, n^o 1 (février 2008) : 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5215.2007.00254.x.

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Adopting small-world neural networks of the Hodgkin-Huxley (HH) model, the stimulation parameters in desynchronisation and its possible implications for vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) are numerically investigated. With the synchronisation status of networks to represent epilepsy, then, adding pulse to stimulations to 10% of neurons to simulate the VNS, we obtain the desynchronisation status of networks (representing antiepileptic effects). The simulations show that synchronisation evolves into desynchronisation in the HH neural networks when a part (10%) of neurons are stimulated with a pulse current signal. The network desynchronisation appears to be sensitive to the stimulation parameters. For the case of the same stimulation intensity, weakly coupled networks reach desynchronisation more easily than strongly coupled networks. The network desynchronisation reduced by short-stimulation interval is more distinct than that of induced by long stimulation interval. We find that there exist the optimal stimulation interval and optimal stimulation intensity when the other stimulation parameters remain certain.

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Vasiljeva, Ekaterina V. « THE CONCEPT ‘APE’ IN ENGLISH LITERATURE OF THE 20th CENTURY (in Works by G. Chesterton, J. Galsworthy, H. Wells, A. Huxley) ». Вестник Пермского университета. Российская и зарубежная филология 11, n^o 1 (2019) : 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2073-6681-2019-1-89-97.

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Miller, Paul Steven. « Genetic Testing and the Future of Disability Insurance : Thinking about Discrimination in the Genetic Age ». Journal of Law, Medicine & ; Ethics 35, S2 (2007) : 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2007.00152.x.

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As we enter the new century, humanity wields increasing power to understand, alter, and control the world in which we live. The mysteries of our genetic code provide remarkable new insights into our unique human characteristics. Rapid developments in information technology provide instant access to limitless data. The information age has taken hold, and the genetic revolution is in full swing. With apologies to Aldous Huxley, we stand at the precipice of a brave new world.It has been just 50 years since James Watson and Francis Crick's groundbreaking discovery of the double helix. Since then, profound developments in the science of genetics have been staggering. More staggering still are the potential benefits, the boundless horizons, the promised and unimagined applications of their work, and the work of the many scientists involved in the sequencing of the human genome. There can be no doubt that a firm and unwavering commitment to the betterment of humankind has fueled this tireless effort.

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Nielsen, B. G. « Towards bridging the gap from molecular forces to the movement of organisms ». Biochemical Society Transactions 32, n^o 5 (26 octobre 2004) : 694–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0320694.

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Muscles are responsible for generating the forces required for the movement of multicellular organisms. Microscopically, these forces arise as a consequence of motor proteins (myosin) pulling and sliding along actin filaments. Current knowledge states that the molecular forces between actin and myosin are linear in nature [Huxley and Simmons (1971) Nature (London) 233, 533–538] and that the physiologically observed non-linearities (e.g. Hill's force–velocity relationship) are a consequence of non-linearities in the attachment/detachment ratios. However, this view has been disputed recently [Nielsen (2002) J. Theor. Biol. 219, 99–119], inspired by results from protein pulling experiments showing that proteins often have non-linear entropic force–extension profiles. Irrespective of the case, the present study aims at integrating such basic force-producing properties into large-scale simulations of muscle, which may accommodate macroscopic properties of muscles, e.g. the catch-like effect, the Henneman principle and accurate twitch force and motor unit size distributions. As a test of the underlying principles, a model of the biceps caput breve muscle is presented and compared with experimental data.

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Aoki, Noriaki, Souhei Sawada, Yutaka Shimomura, Tomotaka Tsujimoto, Kaoru Ito, Masaaki Ito, Michael A. Rogers et Jürgen Schweizer. « A Novel Type II Cytokeratin, mK6irs, is Expressed in the Huxley and Henle Layers of the Mouse Inner Root Sheath ». Journal of Investigative Dermatology 116, n^o 3 (mars 2001) : 359–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1747.2001.01226.x.

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Bazhenov, Maxim, Igor Timofeev, Mircea Steriade et Terrence J. Sejnowski. « Cellular and Network Models for Intrathalamic Augmenting Responses During 10-Hz Stimulation ». Journal of Neurophysiology 79, n^o 5 (1 mai 1998) : 2730–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.79.5.2730.

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Bazhenov, Maxim, Igor Timofeev, Mircea Steriade, and Terrence J. Sejnowski. Cellular and network models for intrathalamic augmenting responses during 10-Hz stimulation. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 2730–2748, 1998. Repetitive stimulation of the thalamus at7–14 Hz evokes responses of increasing amplitude in the thalamus and the areas of the neocortex to which the stimulated foci project. Possible mechanisms underlying the thalamic augmenting responses during repetitive stimulation were investigated with computer models of interacting thalamocortical (TC) and thalamic reticular (RE) cells. The ionic currents in these cells were modeled with Hodgkin-Huxley type of kinetics, and the results of the model were compared with in vivo thalamic recordings from decorticated cats. The simplest network model demonstrating an augmenting response was a single pair of coupled RE and TC cells, in which RE-induced inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) in the TC cell led to progressive deinactivation of a low-threshold Ca2+ current. The augmenting responses in two reciprocally interacting chains of RE and TC cells depended also on γ-aminobutyric acid-B (GABAB) IPSPs. Lateral GABAA inhibition between identical RE cells, which weakened bursts in these cells, diminished GABAB IPSPs and delayed the augmenting response in TC cells. The results of these simulations show that the interplay between existing mechanisms in the thalamus explains the basic properties of the intrathalamic augmenting responses.

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Schmich, Robert M., et Michael I. Miller. « Stochastic Threshold Characterization of the Intensity of Active Channel Dynamical Action Potential Generation ». Journal of Neurophysiology 78, n^o 5 (1 novembre 1997) : 2616–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.78.5.2616.

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Schmich, Robert M. and Michael I. Miller. Stochastic threshold characterization of the intensity of active channel dynamical action potential generation. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 2616–2630, 1997. This paper develops a stochastic intensity description for action potential generation formulated in terms of stochastic processes, which are direct analogues of the physiological processes of the pre- and postsynaptic complex of the cochlear nerve: 1) neurotransmitter release is modeled as an inhomogeneous Poisson counting process with release intensity μ t , 2) the excitatory postsynaptic conductance (EPSC) process is modeled as a marked, linearly filtered Poisson process resulting from the linear superposition of standard shaped postsynaptic conductances of size G, and 3) action potential generation is modeled as resulting from the EPSC exceeding a random threshold determined by active channel dynamics of the Hodgkin-Huxley type. The random threshold is defined to be the least upper bound in the size of a standard-shaped neurotransmitter release injected at time t given the previous action potential time and the number of releases occurring in a short preconditioning time increment. The action potential process is modeled as a self-exciting point process with stochastic intensity resulting from the probability that the random threshold process crosses the threshold in some small time increment that is a function of time since previous action potential, release intensity, and the probability that a single synaptic event exceeds the stochastic threshold. The stochastic intensity model is consistent with a direct simulation of the nonlinear Hodgkin-Huxley differential equations over a variety of parameters for the vesicle release intensity, vesicle size, vesicle duration, and temperatures. Results are presented showing that the regularity properties seen in the vestibular primary afferent in the lizard, Calotes versicolor, associated with a slow-to-activate potassium channel resulting in a long afterhyperpolarization can be accommodated directly by the stochastic intensity description. The stimulus dependence of the model is attributed to synaptic transmission and the probabilistic nature to the threshold conductance process, which is dependent upon the EPSC process. The stochastic intensity is seen to have a form consistent with the phenomenologically based Siebert-Gaumond model, a stimulus-related function of time multiplied by a refractory-related function of time since previous action potential.

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Толочко, Орест. « Експресивна інверсія в оригінальному та перекладному текстах роману О. Гакслі "Жовтий кром" як зразку "інтелектуальної прози" ». East European Journal of Psycholinguistics 3, n^o 2 (22 décembre 2016) : 110–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.29038/eejpl.2016.3.2.tol.

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У статті проаналізовано експресивно марковані контексти з інверсією та їх роль у творенні образно-стилістичної канви англійського художнього тексту, шляхи їх адекватного відтворення цільовою мовою та збереження індивідуально-авторських рис художнього стилю О. Гаслі. Інверсія як граматично-стилістична категорія є вагомим засобом, який використовують задля досягнення належного естетичного ефекту. У поєднанні з іншими засобами різних мовних рівнів, а також через використання інших тропів інверсивне зміщення виконує ряд функцій у тексті оригіналу: (а) наголошення семантично й концептуально значущих і часто стилістично маркованих компонентів висловлювання. У певних контекстах ці елементи створюють ефект антитези; (б) емфаза певного елементу речення, що «консолідує» наративну структуру наведеного уривку, сприяє змістовому розкриттю та емоційно-оцінній характеристиці персонажів; (в) подання художньої деталі; (г) передання динамічності дії, яка вказує і на емоційне напруження героя твору, і на складний характер зображуваної у контексті ситуації; (д) засіб передання настрою та афективного стану персонажа. Емотивний колорит перекладного дискурсу твориться завдяки збереженню у його структурі експресивно маркованих засобів різних мовних рівнів, а також завдяки розкриттю асоціативної конотації мовних одиниць, що у поєднанні творять образну канву цільового тексту. Література References Анджапаридзе Г. (1976) Предисловие. Huxley A. Crome Yellow: A Novel – M.: ProgressPublishers. С. 3–32.Andzhaparidze, G. (1976) Predisloviye [Preface] // Huxley A. Crome Yellow. Moscow:Progress Publishers, 3–32. Болотнова Н. (2009) Коммуникативная стилистика текста: словарь-тезаурус. – М. :Флинта; Наука.Bolotnova, N. (2009) Kommunikativnaya stilistika teksta: slovar’-tezaurus [CommunicativeStylistics of text]. Moscow: Flinta; Nauka. Бредбері М. (2011) Британський роман нового часу / Переклад з англ. В. Дмитрука. –К.: Ксенія Сладкевич.Brudbery, M. (2012) Brytans’kyi roman novoho chasu [The Modern British Novel]. transl. byVictor Dmytruk. Kyiv: Kseniya Sladkevych. Гальперин И. (1976) О принципах семантического анализа стилистическимаркированных отрезков текста. В кн. Принципы и методы семантическихисследований. – М.: Наука (Сс. 284–289).Galperin, I. (1976) O printsipakh semanticheskogo analiza stilisticheski markirovannykhotrezkov teksta [On principles of Semantic Analysis of Stylistically Marked Parts of Text] In:Pritsipy i Metody Semanticheskikh Issledovanii. (pp. 284–289). Moscow: Nauka. Ilek B. (1970) On Translating Images. In: The Nature of Translation. Essays on Theory andPractice of Literary Translation (pp. 135–138). J. C. Holmes. (ed.). Bratislava: PublishingHouse of Slovak Academy of Sciences. Засєкін С. Психолінгвістичні універсалії перекладу художнього тексту. – Луцьк: Волин.нац. ун-т ім. Лесі Українки, 2012.Zasiekin, S. (2012) Psykholingvistychni Universalii Perekladu Khudozhnyoho Textu[Psycholinguistic Universals in the Translation of Literary Text]. Lutsk: Volyn NationalUniversity. Кухаренко В. Інтерпретація тексту. – Вінниця: Нова книга, 2004.Kukharenko, V. (2004) Interpretatsiya tekstu [Interpretation of Text]. Vinnytsya: NovaKnyha. Leech, G., Short, M. (2007) Style in Fiction. A Linguistic Introduction to English FictionalProse. L.& N.Y.: Longman Pearson. Lyons, J. (1995) Linguistic Semantics An Introduction. NY: Cambridge University Press. Норман Б. Когнитивный синтаксис русского языка. – М.: ФЛИНТА, 2013.Norman, B. (2013) Kognitivnyi sintaksis russkogo yazyka [Cognitive Syntax of Russianlanguage]. Moscow: Flinta. Пелевина Н. Стилистический анализ художественного текста. – М.: Просвещение, 1980.Pelevina, N. (1980) Stilisticheskii analiz khudozhesvennogo teksta [Stylistic Analysis ofBelles-letters Text]. Moscow: Prosveshchenie. Ревуцкий О. Анализ художественного текста как коммуникативно обусловленногосвязного целого. – Минск: НИО, 1998.Revutskiy, O. (1998) Analiz khudozhestvennogo teksta kak kommubikativno obuslovlennogosviaznogo tselogo [Analysis of Belles-lettres Text as a Communicatively Determined CoherentUnit]. Minsk: NIO. Сдобников В. Теория перевода. – М.: АСТ: Восток – Запад, 2007.Sdobnikov, V. (2007) Teoriya perevoda [Theory of Translation]. Moscow: AST Vostok –Zapad. Селіванова О. О. Методи дослідження тексту в сучасній лінгвістиці. В кн. СелівановаО.О. Світ свідомості в мові.– Черкаси: Ю. Чабаненко, 2012. – C. 327–346.Selivanova, O. (2012) Metody doslidzhennya tekstu v suchasnii lingvistytsi [Methods of TextAnalysis in Contemporary Linguistics]. In: Svit Svidomosti v Movi, O. Selivanova, (Ed.). (pp.327–346). Cherkasy: Yu. Chabanenko. Селіванова, О. O. Проблема моделювання перекладацького процесу // Світ свідомості вмові. – Черкаси: Ю. Чабаненко, 2012. – С. 445–454.Selivanova, O. (2012) Problema modeliuvannia perekladatskogo protsesu [Problem ofTranslation Process Modelling] In: Svit Svidomosti v Movi, O. Selivanova, (Ed.). (pp. 445–454). Cherkasy: Yu. Chabanenko. Селіванова О. Сучасна лінгвістика: напрями та проблеми. – Полтава: Довкілля-К, 2008.Selivanova O. (2008) Suchasna lingvistyka: napriamy ta perspektyvy [ContemporaryLinguistics: Trends and Prospects]. Poltava: Dovkillia-K. Сучасна українська літературна мова. Стилістика. /за заг. ред. І. К. Білодіда. – К. : Наук.думка, 1972.Suchasna Ukrains’ka Literaturna Mova. Stylistyka (1972) [Modern Ukrainian LiteraryLanguage. Stylistics] I. Bilodid. (Ed.). Kyiv: Naukova Dumka. Sukhorolska S., Fedorenko O. (2006) Methods of Linguistic Research. Lviv: Lviv IvanFranko National University Publishing Center. СУМ: Словник української мови: В 11-ти т. – К.: Наук. думка, 1970–1980.SUM (1970–1980) Slovnyk Ukrains’koi Movy. Kyiv: Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. SOED (1975) The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles. C. T. Onions,(Ed). NY.: Oxford University Press. Sources Гакслі О. Жовтий Кром / Переклад з англ. В. Вишневого. – К.: Українськийписьменник, 2011.Huxley A. (2011) Zhovtyi Krom [Crome Yellow]. transl. by V. Vyshnevyi. Kyiv: UkrainskyiPys’mennyk. Huxley A. (1976) Crome Yellow. Moscow: Progress Publishers.

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Schneider, K. R. « Cronin, J. : Mathematical aspects of Hodgkin-Huxley neural theory. Cambridge Studies in Mathematical Biology : 7. Cambridge University Press 1987, xi, 261 S., £36,– ; $ 49.50 ». Biometrical Journal 31, n^o 5 (1989) : 636. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bimj.4710310521.

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Shortland, Michael. « J. Vernon Jensen, Thomas Henry Huxley : Communicating for Science. London and Toronto : Associated University Press, 1991. Pp. 253. ISBN 0-87413-379-3. No price given. - Michael Collie, Huxley at Work, with the Scientific Correspondence of T. H. Huxley and the Rev. Dr George Gordon of Birnie, near Elgin. London : Macmillan, 1991. Pp. xii +158. ISBN 0-333-51059-3. No price given. » British Journal for the History of Science 26, n^o 1 (mars 1993) : 112–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000708740003051x.

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MORACZEWSKA, Joanna, Hanna STRZELECKA-GOŁASZEWSKA, Pierre D. J. MOENS et Cristobal G. dos REMEDIOS. « Structural changes in subdomain 2 of G-actin observed by fluorescence spectroscopy ». Biochemical Journal 317, n^o 2 (15 juillet 1996) : 605–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3170605.

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The influence of DNase I binding to Ca-ATP-G-actin and of Ca2+/Mg2+ and ATP/ADP exchange on the conformation of G-actin were investigated by measuring the fluorescence of dansyl cadaverine (DC) conjugated to Gln41 in subdomain 2 of the protein. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between this probe and N-[4-(dimethylamino)-3,5-dinitrophenyl]maleimide (DDPM) attached to Cys374 in subdomain 1 was also measured. Contrary to an earlier report [dos Remedios, Kiessling and Hambly (1994) in Synchrotron Radiation in the Biosciences (Chance, B., Deisenhofer, J., Ebashi, S., Goodhead, D. T., Helliwell, J. R., Huxley, H. E., Iizuka, T., Kirz, J., Mitsui, T., Rubenstein, E. et al., eds.), pp. 418–425, Oxford University Press, Oxford], the distance between these probes did not change significantly when DNase I was bound to actin. A small but reproducible increase in the quantum yield and a blue shift of the DC fluorescence maximum were observed when bound Ca2+ was replaced by Mg2+. A large increase (about 70%) in the quantum yield and an approx. 12 nm blue shift of the emission spectrum occurred when ATP in Mg-G-actin was replaced by ADP. These changes were not accompanied by any significant change in the FRET distance between the dansyl donor and DDPM acceptor probes. A substantial change in the fluorescence of DC-actin was observed after proteolytic removal of the last three residues of actin, in accordance with earlier evidence suggesting that there is a conformational coupling between subdomain 2 and the C-terminal segment in subdomain 1 of actin. The results are discussed in relation to recently published data obtained with another fluorescent probe and to earlier observations based on limited cleavage using proteolytic enzymes.

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YETKİNER, Beyler, et Nurullah ÖZTÜRK. « Sinemada Transhümanizm ve Yapay Zekâ ». AJIT-e : Academic Journal of Information Technology, n^o 51 (30 novembre 2022) : 262–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5824/ajite.2022.04.003.x.

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Bilim, canlılara evrimci bakış açsıyla yaklaştığından dolay Homo Sapiens olarak tanımlanan günümüz insanının bir sonraki evriminin “Posthuman” olacağına dair görüşler bulunmaktadır. Homo Sapiens’in Posthuman’a ulaşması için uzunca bir zaman bulunmaktadır. Bu sebeple Homo Sapiens ile Posthuman arasında bir ara form olan transhüman kavramı ortaya çıkmıştır. J. Huxley tarafından ortaya atılan transhümanizme göre insan, biyoteknoloji, genetik mühendisliği ve yapay zekâ gibi teknolojilerle yeniden dizayn edilerek insanüstü bir form kazanacaktır. Transhümanist yaklaşımın öngördüğü gelecek anlayışına sinemada, özellikle de bilim-kurgu filmlerinden rastlamak mümkündür. Sinemada önceleri içerik olarak yer alan transhümanizm, 2010’lardan itibaren biçimsel olarak da yer almaya başlamıştır. 2016’da senaryosu yapay zekâ tarafından yazılan “Sunspring” isimli film ile yapay zekâ, film üretiminin içine girmiştir. İlerleyen tarihlerde sinemada yapay zekâ kullanımının başka örneklerini de görmek mümkün olmuştur. Bu çalışmada asıl amaç sinemada yapay zekâ teknolojisinin günümüzde ne derecede tutarlı çalışmalar ortaya koyduğunun analiz etmektir. Bu bağlamda çalışmada dijital medya platformu Netflix’in yapımcılığını üstlendiği “Mr. Puzzles Wants You To Be Less Alive” filmi incelenmektedir. Animasyon türünde olan bu filmin senaryosu yapay zekâ tarafından yazılmıştır. Çalışmada Nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden betimsel analiz kullanılarak belirli temalar çerçevesinde “Mr. Puzzles Wants You To Be Less Alive” filmi ele alınmıştır. Film; mekân, karakterler, nesneler (dekor ve aksesuarlar) ve senaryo olmak üzere toplam dört temada analiz edilmiştir.

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Childs, David. « Huxley, P., Hagan, T., Henelly, R., Hunt, J. Effective community Mental Health Services. Aldershot : Avebury, 1990. Pp. ix + 226. Hardback ISBN 1–85628–040–3 ». Journal of Community & ; Applied Social Psychology 3, n^o 1 (avril 1993) : 81–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/casp.2450030110.

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Adamson, R. H., V. H. Huxley et F. E. Curry. « Single capillary permeability to proteins having similar size but different charge ». American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 254, n^o 2 (1 février 1988) : H304—H312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1988.254.2.h304.

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We investigated the hypothesis that solute charge modulates transcapillary exchange in microvessels with continuous endothelium. Two globular proteins, alpha-lactalbumin and ribonuclease, having approximately the same size (mol wt 14,176 and 13,683, respectively) but different net charge (-10 and +4, respectively) were test solutes. Each solute was labeled with the fluorescent probe tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate. Labeling did not significantly change solute size, but increased negative charge on each solute by one valency unit. An in vivo fluorescent microscope technique [Huxley et. al., Am. J. Physiol. 252 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 21): H188-H197, 1987] was used to measure solute permeability coefficients (P) in single microvessels of frog mesentery at 14-16 degrees C. The mean P for alpha-lactalbumin, measured when capillary pressure was 10 cmH2O, was 2.1 X 10(-6) cm/s and the mean P for ribonuclease was 4.3 X 10(-6) cm/s. Our results conform to the hypothesis that the transcapillary pathways of frog mesenteric microvessels are negatively charged. With the use of a Donnan-type model for electrostatic partitioning, charge density in the pathway is estimated as 11.4 meq/l. Comparison of measured Ps with those for small solutes in frog mesenteric microvessels indicates that molecular size is a proportionally more significant determinant of solute permeability in continuous capillaries than is solute charge.

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Shimizu, T., J. E. Dennis, T. Masaki et D. A. Fischman. « Axial arrangement of the myosin rod in vertebrate thick filaments : immunoelectron microscopy with a monoclonal antibody to light meromyosin. » Journal of Cell Biology 101, n^o 3 (1 septembre 1985) : 1115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.101.3.1115.

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A monoclonal antibody, MF20, which has been shown previously to bind the myosin heavy chain of vertebrate striated muscle, has been proven to bind the light meromyosin (LMM) fragment by solid phase radioimmune assay with alpha-chymotryptic digests of purified myosin. Epitope mapping by electron microscopy of rotary-shadowed, myosin-antibody complexes has localized the antibody binding site to LMM at a point approximately 92 nm from the C-terminus of the myosin heavy chain. Since this epitope in native thick filaments is accessible to monoclonal antibodies, we used this antibody as a high affinity ligand to analyze the packing of LMM along the backbone of the thick filament. By immunofluorescence microscopy, MF20 was shown to bind along the entire A-band of chicken pectoralis myofibrils, although the epitope accessibility was greater near the ends than at the center of the A-bands. Thin-section, transmission electron microscopy of myofibrils decorated with MF20 revealed 50 regularly spaced, cross-striations in each half A-band, with a repeat distance of approximately 13 nm. These were numbered consecutively, 1-50, from the A-band to the last stripe, approximately 68 nm from the filament tips. These same striations could be visualized by negative staining of native thick filaments labeled with MF20. All 50 striations were of a consecutive, uninterrupted repeat which approximated the 14-15-nm axial translation of cross-bridges. Each half M-region contained five MF20 striations (approximately 13 nm apart) with a distance between stripes 1 and 1', on each half of the bare zone, of approximately 18 nm. This is compatible with a packing model with full, antiparallel overlap of the myosin rods in the bare zone region. Differences in the spacings measured with negatively stained myofilaments and thin-sectioned myofibrils have been shown to arise from specimen shrinkage in the fixed and embedded preparations. These observations provide strong support for Huxley's original proposal for myosin packing in thick filaments of vertebrate muscle (Huxley, H. E., 1963, J. Mol. Biol., 7:281-308) and, for the first time, directly demonstrate that the 14-15-nm axial translation of LMM in the thick filament backbone corresponds to the cross-bridge repeat detected with x-ray diffraction of living muscle.

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Langbein, Lutz, Silke Praetzel, Michael A. Rogers, Noriaki Aoki, Hermelita Winter et Jürgen Schweizer. « A Novel Epithelial Keratin, hK6irs1, is Expressed Differentially in All Layers of the Inner Root Sheath, Including Specialized Huxley Cells (Flügelzellen) of the Human Hair Follicle ». Journal of Investigative Dermatology 118, n^o 5 (mai 2002) : 789–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.01711.x.

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Warren, Michael W. « Commentary On : Huxley AK and Angevine JB Jr. Determination of Gestational Age from Lunar Age Assessments in Human Fetal Remains. J Forensic Sci 1998;43(6):1254–1256 ». Journal of Forensic Sciences 44, n^o 4 (1 juillet 1999) : 14574J. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jfs14574j.

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Cai, Yidao, Edward J. Walsh et JoAnn McGee. « Mechanisms of Onset Responses in Octopus Cells of the Cochlear Nucleus : Implications of a Model ». Journal of Neurophysiology 78, n^o 2 (1 août 1997) : 872–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.78.2.872.

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Cai, Yidao, Edward J. Walsh, and JoAnn McGee. Mechanisms of onset responses in octopus cells of the cochlear nucleus: implications of a model. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 872–883, 1997. The octopus cells of the posteroventral cochlear nucleus receive inputs from auditory-nerve fibers and form one of the major ascending auditory pathways. They respond to acoustic and electrical stimulation transiently and are believed to carry temporal information in the precise timing of their action potentials. The mechanism whereby onset responses are generated is not clear. Proposals aimed at elucidating the mechanism range from neural circuitry and/or inhibition, “depolarization block” (or inactivation of Na+ channels), and the involvement of a 4-aminopyridine (4-AP)–sensitive, low-threshold channel (KLT). In the present study, we used a compartment model to investigate possible mechanisms. The model cell contains a soma, an axon, and four passive dendrites. Four kinds of ionic channels were included in the soma compartment: the Hodgkin-Huxley–like Na+ and K+ channels, a 4-AP–sensitive, low-threshold channel, KLT, and a Cs+-sensitive, hyperpolarization-activated inward rectifier, I h . DC currents and half-wave–rectified sinewaves were used as stimuli. Our results showed that an onset response can be generated in the absence of neuronal circuitry of any form, thus suggesting that the onset response in octopus cells is regulated intrinsically. Among the many factors involved, low-input impedance, partly contributed by I h , appears to be essential to the basic onset response pattern; also, the KLT conductance plays a major role, whereas the inactivation of Na+ channels probably plays only a secondary role. The dynamics of I h also can modify the response pattern, but due to its slow kinetics, its role is probably limited to longer-term regulation under the conditions simulated in this study.

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Peyerimhoff, S. « J. N. Murrell, S. Carter, S. C. Farantos, P. Huxley, and A. J. C. Varandas : Molecular Potential Energy Functions, Verlag John Wiley & ; Sons, Chichester, New York, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore 1984. 197 Seiten, Preis : £ 19.95. » Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für physikalische Chemie 89, n^o 10 (octobre 1985) : 1122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bbpc.19850891027.

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