Articles de revues : « Iwam language »

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Bobok, Arlyanto Sonne, Akmal Hamsa et Sulastriningsih Dj. « ANALISIS GAYA BAHASA LAGU-LAGU IWAN FALS DALAM ALBUM 1980-1990 ». Wahana Literasi : Journal of Language, Literature, and Linguistics 2, n^o 1 (5 janvier 2023) : 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.59562/wl.v2i1.41100.

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This research is a qualitative research that aims to; (1) examining the style of language contained in Iwan Fals' songs on the 1980-1990 album; (2) examining the meaning of figurative language contained in Iwan Fals' songs on the 1980-1990 album; and (3) examine the relationship between the meaning of figurative language and educational values in Iwan Fals' songs on the 1980-1990 album. Data in the form of words, sentences or expressions that contain language styles. The data collection technique used is the documentation technique. Performance results; (1) the style of language used in Iwan Fals' songs on the 1980-1990 album, namely formal, informal, conversational, climax, antithesis, repetition, rhetorical, and figurative language styles; (2) the meaning contained in the style of language in the album songs of Iwan Fals 1980-1990, namely lexical, referential, connotative, contextual, associative meanings, terms, and proverbs; (3) the relationship between the songs of Iwan Fals' 1980-1990 album and educational values, which are related to the values of religious education, the values of moral education, and the values of social education.

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Putri, Tantry Oktafika Sari. « TEORI BREAK : GAYA BAHASA DALAM LIRIK LAGU IWAN FALS DAN SLANK ». Jurnal Hata Poda 1, n^o 2 (2 janvier 2023) : 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.24952/hatapoda.v1i2.6717.

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Style of language is a form described in the conduct of elections diction, phrases and clauses in a sentence. Either in writing or orally. In the selection of diction are some by the author. For some writers, the choice of diction is very important that the purpose and the intended meaning precisely the reader in mind. The lyrics are considered a work rich in diction metaphors or parables. In this paper have two songwriter and singer who uses song lyrics figurative meaning that the lyrics performed by Iwan Fals and Slank. The method used in this paper is a qualitative method with some additional techniques. Then combined with the theory that includes Base BREAK Discourse, Discourse Relations, Equilibrium Discourse, Discourse Actualization, Sustainability Discourse. The lyrics were created by Iwan Fals selected as the primary discourse containing style figurative language and imagery. While the lyrics Slank used as a secondary discourse that only a few uses language metaphors or parables. As a comparison the lyrics of this song were analyzed based languages or parable uses. Keywords: BREAK Theory, language in style, song

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Hudaa, Syihaabul. « GAYA BAHASA PADA LIRIK-LIRIK LAGU KARYA IWAN FALS DALAM ALBUM 50:50 2007 ». BEBASAN Jurnal Ilmiah Kebahasaan dan Kesastraan 6, n^o 2 (9 mars 2020) : 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/bebasan.v6i2.113.

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This research aims to find the type, function, and meaning of any language style contained in the song lyrics of Iwan Fals album 50:50 2007. This study examines each song lyrics contained therein, and grouping them according to the type of language style, as well as studying its function, then knowing the meaning to be conveyed through the lyrics of the song. This study uses a qualitative approach using content analysis methods. The researcher first collected data in the form of song lyrics, then conducted an analysis of the linguistic style of song lyrics by Iwan Fals in the 50:50 2007 album to find the function of the type of language style found, as well as what meaning was contained in it. The research results found by researchers namely in the 50:50 2007 album found 3 types of language style groups, namely: (1) comparative language styles, (2) conflicting language styles, (3) affirmative language styles. Of all the existing language styles, the author is more dominant to use a metaphorical language style in conveying the message to be conveyed through the lyrics of the song. By finding the style of language in the lyrics of the song, the reader can understand the message conveyed. The results found by researchers, the 50:50 album by Iwan Fals is more dominant using the style of the metaphorical language. The use of metaphorical style of language is considered to represent the feelings of the writer to be conveyed to the listener or reader.

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Tambunan, Marlina. « Analisis Wacana pada Kumpulan Lirik Lagu Iwan fals dengan Menggunakan Teori Kohesi Leksikal ». Sintaks : Jurnal Bahasa & ; Sastra Indonesia 2, n^o 1 (28 février 2022) : 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.57251/sin.v2i1.233.

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This study aims to describe cohesion, especially lexical cohesion contained in a collection of songs created by Iwan Fals. The method used is descriptive method. The data sources used are the songs entitled “Office Rat”, “Ruble”, “Bachelor of Youth”, “Voice of the People's Representatives”, “Half-God Man”. The results of the lexical cohesion research in the collection of Iwan Fals songs are 38 repetition data, 11 collocation data, and 11 synonym data. In this case, repetition dominates the lexical cohesion contained in the collection of Iwan Fals songs. The use of lexical cohesion is to get cohesion through the choice of vocabulary, the intensity of the meaning of the language, and the beauty of the language. Thus, the discourse of the song will be more varied and create a discourse linkage and bind the relationship between elements in the sentence. Keywords: Discourse; Lexical Cohesion; Song

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Wahyu Nugraha et I. Dewa Ayu Devi Maharani Santika. « LINGUISTICS LANSCAPE IN BERINGKIT PUBLIC MARKET ». SPHOTA : Jurnal Linguistik dan Sastra 15, n^o 2 (30 septembre 2023) : 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.36733/sphota.v15i2.7562.

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This research discusses about the presence of Linguistic Landscape in Beringkit Public Market. Linguistic Landscape concerned with the use of textual language displayed in public spaces. Formatted languages include the use of language on various signs and the focus of Linguistic Landscape studies does not focus on just one language, but bilingualism or multilingualism. Beringkit Public Market is one of the traditional market located at Kebo Iwa Street, Mengwi subdistrict, Badung Regency, Bali Province. Descriptive Qualitative method was applied in this research in other to analyze the data. The data were collected through direct observation with photographic technique. As the result, it was found that 39 signs consider as the representation of advertising signs based on the function and usefulness. In term of the language use 39 signs (65%) are in Indonesian.

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Apriliana, Elisa Nur, Ririn Wahyu Eka Sari et Dwi Susanto. « Representation of the Author’s Inner Conflict in the Novel Ziarah (1969) by Iwan Simatupang : a Psychoanalitycal Study ». SUAR BETANG 18, n^o 2 (22 décembre 2023) : 305–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/surbet.v18i2.12856.

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The aim of this research is to reveal Iwan Simatupang's inner conflict through his novel entitled Ziarah (1969) using Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic approach, namely condensation, symbolization, and diversion. The novel tells the story of the inner struggles of a former painter who acts like a madman and a drunkard because his wife died. The method used is descriptive qualitative. The material object in this research is the novel Ziarah (1969) by Iwan Simatupang, while the formal object is the author's inner conflict which is represented through the language contained in the novel. The primary data for this research are words, sentences, language, narrative, and symbols contained in the novel Ziarah (1969) which show the existence of conflict or desire that the author tries to suppress. The secondary data for this research is all information related to the biography and work of Iwan Simatupang to be related to psychology, especially in revealing the inner conflict experienced by Iwan Simatupang. Data collection techniques are carried out by reading and recording various information needed in the research. The data analysis technique uses Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory to uncover the author's inner construction or conflict represented in the text. The results of the research were that Iwan Simatupang was known to be experiencing depression because his wife died. Through condensation, symbolization and diversion, Iwan can be said to be experiencing a serious mental disorder which can affect his emotions, behavior and communication. This mental disorder is called schizophrenia. AbstrakTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengungkapkan konflik batin Iwan Simatupang melalui novelnya yang berjudul Ziarah (1969) menggunakan pendekatan psikoanalisis Sigmund Freud, yaitu kondensasi, simbolisasi, dan pengalihan. Novel tersebut bercerita tentang pergulatan batin mantan bekas pelukis yang bertingkah layaknya orang gila dan pemabuk karena istrinya meninggal. Metode yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Objek material dalam penelitian ini adalah novel Ziarah (1969) karya Iwan Simatupang, sedangkan objek formalnya berupa konflik batin pengarang yang direpresentasikan melalui bahasa yang terdapat dalam novel. Data primer penelitian ini berupa kata, kalimat, bahasa, narasi, dan simbol yang terdapat dalam novel Ziarah (1969) yang menunjukkan adanya konflik atau hasrat yang berusaha pengarang pendam. Data sekunder penelitian ini adalah segala informasi yang berhubungan dengan biografi dan karya dari Iwan Simatupang untuk dikaitkan dengan psikologi, khususnya dalam mengungkap konflik batin yang dialami oleh Iwan Simatupang. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara membaca dan mencatat berbagai informasi yang diperlukan dalam penelitian. Teknik analisis data menggunakan teori psikoanalisis Sigmund Freud untuk membongkar konstruksi atau konflik batin pengarang yang terepresentasi dalam teks. Iwan Simatupang diketahui mengalami depresi karena istrinya meninggal. Melalui kondensasi, simbolisasi, dan pengalihan Iwan dapat dikatakan mengalami gangguan mental berat di mana dapat memengaruhi emosional, tingkah laku, dan komunikasinya. Gangguan mental inilah yang disebut dengan skizofrenia.

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Sukarto, Kasno Atmo. « PEMAKAIAN BAHASA INDONESIA DALAM NOVEL IBUK KARYA IWAN SETYAWAN ». Pujangga 5, n^o 1 (11 janvier 2020) : 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.47313/pujangga.v5i1.727.

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ABSTRACT Novel “Ibuk” which was written in Indoesian language tends to use local language particularly Javanese. The javanese exists in the Indonesian written novel is the writer‟s style. It shows the uniqueness of Novel itself which was written by iwan Setyawan. This article aims at describing elements of javanese in applying Indonesian Language. This article employs descriptive qualitative method, which is describing javanese elements in the novel. The theory of SPEAKING Hymes (1972) was employed to analize the data. The finding shows that there are japanese language in the novel Ibuk include nasalisation, repeated words, root words, and sentences. ABSTRAK Bahasa Indonesia yang digunakan dalam novel Ibuk ada kecenderungan menggunakan bahasa daerah khususnya bahasa Jawa. Bahasa Jawa yang muncul dalam novel yang berbahasa Indonesia itu merupakan ciri dan gaya penulisnya. Hal itu merupakan keunikan novel Ibuk karya Iwan Setyawan. Tujuan penulisan ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan unsur-unsur bahasa Jawa dalam pemakaian bahasa Indonesia. Metode penulisan ini adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif yaitu mendeskripsikan unsur-unsur bahasa Jawa dalam pemakaian bahasa Indonesia novel tersebut. Adapun teori yang dipakai untuk mendeskripsikan pemakaian bahasa Jawa mengacu pada teori SPEAKING Hymes (1972). Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pemakaian bahasa Jawa dalam bahasa Indonesia novel Ibuk meliputi bentuk nasalisasi, kata ulang, kata dasar, dan kalimat. Kata Kunci: Nasalisasi, Kata Ulang, Kata Dasar, Kalimat

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Koschmal, Walter. « Iwan Turgenjew und Pauline Viardot ». Zeitschrift für Slawistik 64, n^o 3 (6 août 2019) : 493–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2019-0026.

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Wang, Haiyan, Xinmiao Liu et Xin Li. « A cartographic approach to sentence production in aphasia ». International Journal of Chinese Linguistics 8, n^o 1 (1 juin 2021) : 73–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijchl.19026.wan.

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Abstract There is much evidence that individuals with aphasia (IWA) are impaired in tense or aspectual inflections and the production of non-canonical sentences like passives. On the Cartographic Approach (CA), passives are represented at the lower node in the syntactic tree, with tense or aspectual elements at the higher node. This hierarchical structure can be used to account for the selective impairments in aphasic production. The present study reports the empirical findings from Chinese agrammatism using the theory of cartography. It is found that the performance of IWA with different degrees of severity is associated with different nodes (CP, TP, and vP) in the syntactic tree. Notably, the Chinese-speaking IWA are severely impaired in vP-related elements. Finally, the present study highlights the significance of adopting a cartographic approach to aphasia studies.

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Rahmaniar, Rahmaniar, et Ahmad Dahoir. « AKUNTANSI KELEMBAGAAN EKONOMI SYARIAH DALAM PERSFEKTIF IWAN TRIYUWONO ». JURNAL AL-QARDH 2, n^o 1 (5 juin 2017) : 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.23971/jaq.v2i1.825.

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Islam as a religion has been placed as an option and at the same teachings that provide guidance in human life adherents. Islamic economic development in Indonesia is progressing very rapidly, characterized by the emergence of sharia based financial institution. Financial institutions in practice cannot be separated from the financial statements or called in the language of business is accounting. This study focused on mentation of Iwan Triyuwono about the concept of sharia accounting, as stated in this theory that sharia enterprise theory and synergy binary opposition. The formulation of the problem in this study are (1) how the concept mentation of Iwan Triyuwono about sharia accounting? (2) how the relevance mentation of Iwan Triyuwono about accounting institutional of Islamic economics? Therefore the purpose of this study were (3) to describe the concept mentation of Iwan Triyuwono about sharia accountting (4) to describe the relevance mentation of about acoounting institutional of Islamic economics. This type of research is the library research using hictorical research aproach, namely research conducted by collecting data or scientific papers aimed at the object of research or data collection is literature, or the study undertaken to solve a problem on basically rests on a critical and in depth study of the materials relevant book. The subjects used in this study is Iwan Triyuwono. The results of this study indicate that the mentation of Iwan Triyuwono with shariah enterprise theory and the theory of binary opposition synergies already very relevan to formulate theories that previously exsited in modern accounting theory. But in practice has not been able to be applied fully in the Islamic economics institutions. Because of the needs of the industry if sharia accounting concept he put forward can be realized with either the creation of a network organization with the realities if divine power.

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Sianipar, Rosmani. « A Literature Analysis of “Kering” By Iwan Simatupang ». Jomantara : Indonesian Journal of Art and Culture 2, Vol. 2 No. 1 (31 janvier 2022) : 54–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.23969/jijac.v2i1.5045.

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Iwan Simatupang the great writer was born on January 18, 1928. Lots of his works have been translated into various languages, while the demand for reprints continues to increase. Iwan Simatupang's "Kering" is not only in a physical sense but is more contemplative in nature. With the adventures carried out, he describes how the actors are afflicted with psychological, spiritual, ideas, and ready to be swallowed by termites so that it becomes pathetic. Iwan, in channelling his ideas and thoughts is by the understanding of the philosophers he admires, namely existentialist philosophers. Iwan can also be called a nihilist. He negates all old values and confirms standard values. He tried to overcome something he felt was an obstacle in the creation of his writing. The flow of thoughts he emits in a firm, yet artistic form. This is most evident in the novel 'Kering'. He ignores the rules, neither in his life nor in formulating his thoughts. If people want to characterize the nature of his mind and wisdom, it is fierce, like a sailboat hit by the waves of the ocean. Keywords: irrationalism, parallelism, philosophy of existentialism,

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Machdalena, Susi, Reiza D. Dienaputra, Agus Suherman, Awaludin Nugraha, N. Kartika et Susi Yuliawati. « NAMA-NAMA BATIK JAWA BARAT : KAJIAN KHREMATONIMIKA ». Prosiding Konferensi Linguistik Tahunan Atma Jaya (KOLITA) 20, n^o 20 (14 octobre 2022) : 342–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.25170/kolita.20.3814.

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Batik is one of the cultural works. Therefore, every batik has motifs. The motifs have names. In this paper, the names of batik motifs are examined by a Khrematonimika study. The research aims to describe the naming of batik found in West Java. These names of batik are closely related to the local wisdom of the Sundanese society. The study employs a descriptive-qualitative method. The purpose of this method is to make a systematic, factual, and accurate description or illustration of the data, characteristics, and relationships of the phenomena studied. The research model is ethnography, which aims to explain the naming of batik motifs and Sundanese culture holistically. The data used in this research are a lexicon of West Java batik motifs that is in Sundanese language or its local languages. The data were obtained from observation, literature study, interviews with batik craftsmen and entrepreneurs. The result shows that various batik motifs produced by the designers and craftsmen are named based on the local language and culture. The richness of these batik motifs reflects the richness of the local culture, history, and languages. Each batik center gives names to its works according to the world view, knowledge, perception, and language skills of the batik creators. In Sumedang, for example, they named the batik motifs Kuda Renggong (related to the performing arts in Sumedang) and Daun Boled (Sumedang produces sweet potatoes); in Indramayu, they name the batik motif Iwak Etong (related to a kind of fish produced in Indramayu); in Cimahi, they name the batik motif Reundeu (related a traditional village which staple food is sweet potato); in Majalengka, they name the batik motifs Kota Angin (related to Majalengka’s typical nature which often occurs storms) and Gedong Gincu (Majalengka is famous for their sweet mangoes); and in Cirebon, they name the batik motif Paksinaga Liman (related to their history); etc. These batik names are created from the lexemes of Sundanese and their local languages, such as the languages of Indramayu and Cirebon. The names of batik function to maintain the local languages.

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Turmudzi, Muhammad Imam. « SEGMENTASI SISTEM TANDA TEKS DRAMA SURREAL “LAKI-LAKI LAUT” KARYA IWAN EFFENDI : PERSPEKTIF TADEUSZ KOWZAN ». ALAYASASTRA 16, n^o 1 (29 mai 2020) : 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.36567/aly.v16i1.356.

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ABSTRAKPenelitian ini mendeskripsikan tanda dalam teks drama surreal “Laki-Laki Laut” karya Iwan Effendi dengan cara mengklasifikasikannya menjadi beberapa segmen sistem tanda. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah semiotika teater Tadeusz Kowzan yang berfokus pada tiga belas sistem tanda dalam teks drama. Sumber data penelitian adalah teks drama surreal “Laki-Laki Laut” karya Iwan Effendi yang penulis dapatkan langsung dari pengarang. Data diperoleh dengan teknik baca dan catat. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan segmentasi tiga belas sistem tanda, meliputi kata (bahasa), nada (paralingustik), mimik, gesture, gerak, tata rias (make-up), gaya rambut, tata busana (kostum), properti (prop), ruang panggung (setting), tata cahaya (lighting), musik, dan bunyi (sound effects). Kata kunci: segmentasi tanda, semiotika teater, Tadeusz Kowzan, teks dramaABSTRACTThe study described the sign in the surreal drama text of the "Laki-Laki Laut" by Iwan Effendi by classifying it into several sign system segments. The approach used is the Tadeusz Kowzan theater semiotics which focuses on thirteen sign systems in the drama text. The source of the research data is the surreal drama text of the "Laki-Laki Laut" by Iwan Effendi. Data is obtained by reading and recording techniques. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. The results of the research are thirteen segmentation sign systems, including: word (language), tone (paralingustik), expression, gesture, motion, make-up, hairstyle, fashion (costume), property (prop), setting (stage space), lighting, music, and sound effects.Keywords: sign segmentation, theater semiotics, Tadeusz Kowzan, drama text

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Iwashita, Noriko, et Robyn Spence-Brown. « Assessing writing ability in a foreign language at secondary school ». Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 41, n^o 1 (12 octobre 2018) : 28–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.17038.iwa.

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Abstract Foreign language programs in schools have a strong focus on the development of communicative language ability and, increasingly, assessment tasks are designed to capture communicative abilities required for real-world situations. In communicative test tasks, sociolinguistic and discourse components, which are beyond grammatical accuracy, target the abilities required to produce integrated texts that fulfil their communicative purposes. However, the majority of the work on assessment of communicative abilities has been carried out in the context of academic English, and less is known about the abilities of secondary students in foreign language teaching situations. This study examines the outcomes of an integrated writing task designed as part of formal year 12 assessment in Japanese as a second language. It seeks to elucidate the features which differentiate students at higher and lower levels of competence, and, through a focus on content and how it is presented, it demonstrates how these aspects of competence can be observed in responses to the task. The study contributes to our understanding of the nature of communicative abilities and their assessment in a secondary education context, and it also sheds light on aspects of competence which might benefit from more targeted teaching in such settings.

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Izady, A., A. Joodavi, M. Ansarian, M. Shafiei, M. Majidi, K. Davary, A. N. Ziaei et al. « A scenario-based coupled SWAT-MODFLOW decision support system for advanced water resource management ». Journal of Hydroinformatics 24, n^o 1 (26 octobre 2021) : 56–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2021.081.

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Abstract Models provide invaluable visions to decision-makers for basin-scale management of water resources. However, decision-makers have difficulties in directly using these complex models. Water managers are primarily interested in user-friendly features allowing an integration of their judgments into the decision-making process, rather than applying detailed theories and methodologies. This knowledge gap between technical simulation models and policy-makers highlights the urgent need for developing an integrated water resource management decision support system (IWRM-DSS). This paper describes the main aspects of a new IWRM-DSS in which Microsoft Visual Studio under the C# language was employed to integrate the Microsoft SQL server as a database and ArcGIS Engine DLLs for pre/postdata processing for the SWAT and MODFLOW models. Two particular ‘module’ and ‘presentation’ shells are specifically designed for decision-makers to create four different scenarios, namely, ‘climatic’, ‘recharge’, ‘discharge’, and ‘coupled’ and to analyze the results. Decision-makers, without any detailed modeling knowledge and computer skills, can access the data and run models to test different management scenarios in an attractive graphical user interface. The IWRM-DSS, which was applied for the Neishaboor watershed, Iran, reveals that mean annual potential evapotranspiration increased to 8.2%, while runoff and recharge rates are reduced to 35 and 63%, which led to a decline of 13.5 m in mean groundwater level for the 13-year projected period.

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Cahyadi, Anak Agung Ngurah Agung Eka, I. Nyoman Linggih et I. Wayan Sugita. « Geguritan Kebo Iwa (Kajian Bentuk, Fungsi, dan Pendidikan Karakter) ». Dharma Sastra : Jurnal Penelitian Bahasa dan Sastra Daerah 1, n^o 2 (16 octobre 2021) : 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.25078/ds.v1i2.2479.

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The uniqueness of Balinese culture in the form of folklore (satua), should be preserved as an ancestral heritage that contains elements of education, especially in character building. One of the existing folklore is the Kebo Iwa story where its existence is starting to be forgotten. By one of the sons of Bali, the story of Kebo Iwa is presented in the form of geguritan as an educational medium with Hinduism in mind. Geguritan Kebo Iwa was formed by pupuh who were already known to the public, bound by the Padalingsa rules. The work of Mr. I Nyoman Suprapta uses the common Balinese language and the presentation time is short so that the contents and meanings are easy to understand, can provide enlightenment and foster a sense of pride, especially to the younger generation of Bali. The general purpose of research is as an effort to explore, preserve, develop, and describe conceptual values. The specific objectives are to find out the form, explain the function, and understand the value of character education in Geguritan Kebo Iwa. The concepts presented are form, function, and character education, which are guided by structuralism theory, function theory, semiotic theory and value theory. This type of research uses qualitative research. The primary data source is the Geguritan Kebo Iwa manuscript, the secondary data includes books, magazines, and other libraries that are considered relevant, as well as the results of observations, interviews, literature studies and documentation to ensure the truth of the data obtained.

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Braza, Meredith D., Ashley Sakash, Phoebe Natzke et Katherine C. Hustad. « Longitudinal Change in Speech Rate and Intelligibility Between 5 and 7 Years in Children With Cerebral Palsy ». American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 28, n^o 3 (9 août 2019) : 1139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_ajslp-18-0233.

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Purpose We examined growth between 5 and 7 years in speech intelligibility, speech rate, and intelligible words per minute (IWPM) in 3 groups of children: those who were typically developing (TD), those with cerebral palsy (CP) and clinical speech motor impairment (SMI), and those with CP and no SMI (NSMI). Method Twenty-six children with CP, 16 with SMI, and 10 with NSMI were each seen at 5, 6, and 7 years of age. A cross-sectional group of 30 age-matched TD children, 10 in each age group, were included as controls. All children produced a corpus of utterances of 2–7 words. Results All groups of children showed increases in intelligibility and IWPM between 5 and 7 years. Only children with SMI showed increases in speech rate over time. Patterns of change were similar for children in the TD and NSMI groups but different for children in the SMI group. Conclusions The window of time between 5 and 7 years is an important period of growth for the production of connected speech where nearly all children, regardless of group, made significant changes in speech intelligibility and IWPM. Interventions focusing specifically on enhancing intelligibility in this age range may help facilitate even further growth in children with SMI, who still had marked intelligibility reductions at 7 years of age.

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Iwata, Seizi. « Another look at the interaction between verbs and constructions ». Constructions and Frames 13, n^o 2 (21 décembre 2021) : 263–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.21006.iwa.

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Abstract Despite the wealth of literature on English resultatives, there still remain a number of issues that have not been squarely addressed. This paper addresses two of them through a case study of resultatives based on wipe. First, while the existence of resultatives with objects not selected by verbs is well-known in the literature (e.g., wipe the crumbs off the table/*wipe the crumbs), few studies have addressed the issue of exactly which entities may appear as non-selected objects. Second, there are resultatives whose form is to be analyzed as a mixture of the verb’s lexically-specified syntactic frame and the syntactic frame of resultatives (e.g. wipe the blade clean on his skin coat), but such resultatives have been neglected in previous studies. In order to find an answer to the first issue, this paper adopts a force-recipient account, according to which the post-verbal NP of a resultative is a force-recipient (cf. Croft 1990, 1991, 1998, 2012). It is shown that non-selected objects like crumbs are indeed force-recipients in a conceptual scene. As for the second issue, such resultatives can be accommodated by means of a constructional analysis which holds that verbs contribute the semantics of the resulting expression, and that argument structure constructions simply enable the verb meaning to take its form. Together, these findings indicate that verbs play a far more important role than argument structure constructions in effecting the syntax and semantics of the resulting expression.

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Da Silva, Anna Marietta. « ANALYZING COMPLAINTS BY INDONESIAN EFL SPEAKERS ». Celt : A Journal of Culture, English Language Teaching & ; Literature 14, n^o 1 (2 décembre 2014) : 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24167/celt.v14i1.57.

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The English language competence of an EFL learner can be reflectedin his pragmatic competence. Yet, for language learners and teachers a mastery of the pragmatic competence may unconsciously be neglected. In other words, it may not be taught in line with the grammatical competence since the initial period of learning. The article centers on two problems: (1) the similarities and differences of speech act of complaints among Indonesian EFL learners, Indonesian EFL teachers and American native speakers, and (2) the evidence of any pragmatic transfer in the complaint performance. DCT was used to gather the data, which was then analyzed using Rinnert, Nogami and Iwai?s aspects of complaining (2006). It was found that there were both differences and similarities of complaints performed by both the native and non-native speakers of English when power and social status were involved. Some evidence on pragmatic transfer was also tangible; mainly it was due to cultural differences

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OBA, Kenji. « A Study of Iwai Shunji’s Swallowtail Butterfly as a Work of Techno-Orientalist Minor Literature and its Representation of the East Asian Diaspora ». Border Crossings : The Journal of Japanese-Language Literature Studies 14, n^o 1 (28 juin 2022) : 177–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.22628/bcjjl.2022.14.1.177.

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This paper is an investigation of “Techno-Orientalism” in postmodern Japanese and global cultural genres and subcultures since the 1980s. It concentrates on the representation of the diaspora from East Asia in the film Swallowtail Butterfly (1996), directed by Iwai Shunji (1963-). This film criticized the expansion of neoliberalism after the collapse of the “Bubble Economy” in the years 1986 to 1991 from the perspective of the diaspora, suggesting a path for the reconsideration of the connection between postmodernism and global capitalism in 1980s Japan. A postmodern genre formed in which urban space in Japan was represented as “Techno-Orientalist”, in works such as Blade Runner (1982) by Sir Ridley Scott (1937-), Akira (1988) by Otomo Katsuhiro (1954-), and Ghost in the Shell (1995) by Oshii Mamoru (1951-). Oriental “Techno Pop” music by Sakamoto Ryuichi (1952-) was also produced in the same context, and it is possible to discuss Iwai Shunji’s Swallowtail Butterfly in this context. The most important point of this movie is that Japanese actors played the roles of those who were part of the diaspora from East Asia, and they speak “Fake Chinese” and “Fake English.” This paper discusses these fake and creole languages through the prism of the theory of “Minor Literature” elaborated by Gilles Deleuze (1925-1995) and Pierre-Félix Guattari (1930-1992).

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Alit Rangkan Nuaja, I. Wayan, Anak Agung Ketut Cahyawan Wiranatha et Kadek Suar Wibawa. « Rancang Bangun Game Patih Kebo Iwa Begenre Turn Based Role Playing Game Berbasis Android ». JITTER : Jurnal Ilmiah Teknologi dan Komputer 3, n^o 1 (10 janvier 2022) : 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jtrti.2022.v03.i01.p08.

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Game is a means of entertainment that can provide lessons for its users. This research offers a solution, namely the making of Game Patih Kebo Iwa with an android-based turn based rpg genre by telling the struggle of Kebo Iwa to become a mainstay patih of Bali until he was willing to sacrifice for the land of Bali when the devious politics carried out by Gajahmada to subdue the Balinese kingdom. The purpose of this research is to know the design of this game and measure the feasibility of the aspects of functionality and usability with ISO 9126. The game is made using the Unity application with the C# programming language. Game testing was carried out using a media questionnaire filled out by gamers. The results of this game include 20 characters, 4 main scenes, 15 maps, player movement mechanisms, battle mechanisms, menu mechanisms, item mechanisms, shop mechanisms. Testing on this game shows 100% valid results from the functionality aspect. From the usability aspect, it shows that 82% of respondents accept this game in terms of information, convenience, and ease of playing this game.

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Rohman, M. Fatkhur, Maria Matildis Banda et I. Nyoman Weda Kusuma. « Novel Susah Sinyal Karya Ika Natassa dan Ernest Prakasa : Kajian Stilistika ». Stilistika : Journal of Indonesian Language and Literature 1, n^o 2 (15 avril 2022) : 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/stil.2022.v01.i02.p03.

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This study aims to determine the description of the structure (plot, setting, character) and style of language, namely the novel "Hard Signal" by Ika Natasya and Ernest Prakasa published by PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta, the first edition of 2018 and the book thickness is 272 pages. This type of research is descriptive qualitative research using reading, listening and note-taking techniques. The research procedures include: (1) Understanding the structure and types of language styles, then reading and studying the novel, Difficult Signals, (2) Recording data in the form of novel structures and language styles, (3) Classifying the data that has been obtained, (4) Describing the structure and language style obtained, (5) Concluding the results of the analysis. The result of this research is the structure contained in the novel of Difficult Signal by Ika Natasya and Ernest Prakasa, namely: The plot used in this novel is a mixed plot but uses more advanced plots. Setting, this novel takes several settings as a story but focuses more on the Sumba setting. In character, the main character in this novel is Ellen, a mother who is firm, independent, and hardworking. Kiara, a high school girl who is growing up is spoiled, kind, and loving. Grandma, a grandmother who loves family, is kind, and also wise. Iwan, a friend and work partner of Ellen who is humorous, and kind, Saodah and Ngatno, workers and housemaids who are humorous, Yos and Melki, a travel and hotel officer who has a humorous and kind character. Abe, one of the hoteliers who is firm, wise, kind, and friendly. Aunt Maya, a hotel owner who is humorous, kind and also compassionate. Next, the language style in the novel, Difficult Signal. The results of this study found that there were 102 uses of language styles in total, from 16 types of language styles, and in 4 classifications.

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Barbosa, Maria Aparecida. « “Paris Arde”, de Ivan Goll : A Metrópole Desencantada ». Cadernos de Tradução 41, n^o 3 (6 octobre 2021) : 58–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7968.2021.e83212.

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Análise da poesia de Iwan Goll. Parte de "Paris brennt", que completa um século em 2021. O poema é um olhar sagaz para a metrópole, no sentido de cidade grande e de centro colonial. A investigação visa traçar uma interpretação do todo orgânico se voltando à célula e retornando ao organismo. Como viés de um projeto que, diante do hiato da recepção e levando em conta a maneira intensa como essa poesia reemerge e age na nossa realidade, prevê a edição de uma antologia com traduções de poemas e textos mais experimentais, o artigo implicita um processo de elaboração de tradução do poema ao português brasileiro. Há uma série de discussões embutidas, que dizem respeito principalmente à criação poética no âmbito da poesia modernista de um modo mais geral, poesia essa insubmissa às leis que regem a construção de uma poésie pure.

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Attili, Grazia, Patrizia Vermigli et Antonio Roazzi. « Rearing Styles, Parents' Attachment Mental State,and Children's Social Abilities : The Link to Peer Acceptance ». Child Development Research 2011 (22 juin 2011) : 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/267186.

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This paper examines the discriminant effect of mothers' and fathers' attachment working models, the quality of their relationships in everyday settings, and children's social abilities on children's peer acceptance. Participants were thirty-four 7–9 year olds, their mothers, and fathers. Interactions were observed at home and coded on global measures of positive, negative, controlling, disconfirming, correcting behaviors, and neutral conversation. Parents' IWM were assessed by the AAI. Children's peer acceptance and behavioral orientations as a measure of a child's social competence at school were assessed by sociometric techniques. By using both traditional statistical analyses and a multidimensional scaling approach (MDS), in terms of “similarity structure analysis (SSA)” and the “external variables as points technique,” it emerged that children's lack of success among peers associated with social behaviors which were linked to parents' rejecting/neglecting and directive interactive styles, mainly to negative, disconfirming, and a few positive interactions. These parenting styles were significantly affected by adults' insecure IWM.

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Park, Daeheum, et Yungsook Song. « The “Internal Working Model,” a Key Concept in Bowlby’s Attachment Theory, Research Trend Analysis in Korea ». Korean Society of Culture and Convergence 44, n^o 11 (30 novembre 2022) : 859–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33645/cnc.2022.11.44.11.859.

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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the current status of domestic research on the “internal working model(IWM)”of attachment formed by interactions between mother and child in the early stages of life, and to suggest directions for future research. The papers published in domestic journals from 1991 to 2021 on the topic of IWM of attachment were searched by RISS and Google scholar. And selected 35 papers among them. As a result of the analysis, by the samples of the study, the majority of research papers were 9 papers (34.6%) out of 26 papers targeting 20-year-olds and college students followed by 4 papers each targeting mothers and mother-child pairs (15%). And by subjects the study between the IWM of the primary caregiver and the IWM of mothers and children by the developmental period of their children showed the highest frequency with a total of 14 studies (40.0%). By research methods, 20 quantitative studies (57%) and 15 qualitative studies (43%), were relatively balanced. As for future research directions, the study participants are expanded to include the elderly, and the subject also suggests a study on the relationship between attachment type and death anxiety.

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Flügel, W. A., et C. Busch. « Development and implementation of an Integrated Water Resources Management System (IWRMS) ». Advances in Science and Research 7, n^o 1 (26 avril 2011) : 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/asr-7-83-2011.

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Abstract. One of the innovative objectives in the EC project BRAHMATWINN was the development of a stakeholder oriented Integrated Water Resources Management System (IWRMS). The toolset integrates the findings of the project and presents it in a user friendly way for decision support in sustainable integrated water resources management (IWRM) in river basins. IWRMS is a framework, which integrates different types of basin information and which supports the development of IWRM options for climate change mitigation. It is based on the River Basin Information System (RBIS) data models and delivers a graphical user interface for stakeholders. A special interface was developed for the integration of the enhanced DANUBIA model input and the NetSyMod model with its Mulino decision support system (mulino mDss) component. The web based IWRMS contains and combines different types of data and methods to provide river basin data and information for decision support. IWRMS is based on a three tier software framework which uses (i) html/javascript at the client tier, (ii) PHP programming language to realize the application tier, and (iii) a postgresql/postgis database tier to manage and storage all data, except the DANUBIA modelling raw data, which are file based and registered in the database tier. All three tiers can reside on one or different computers and are adapted to the local hardware infrastructure. IWRMS as well as RBIS are based on Open Source Software (OSS) components and flexible and time saving access to that database is guaranteed by web-based interfaces for data visualization and retrieval. The IWRMS is accessible via the BRAHMATWINN homepage: http://www.brahmatwinn.uni-jena.de and a user manual for the RBIS is available for download as well.

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Iwanek, Krzysztof. « ‘Secularism’ as understood and interpreted by Hindu nationalists ». Journal of Language and Politics 17, n^o 4 (25 juillet 2018) : 533–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jlp.14020.iwa.

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Abstract This article focuses on how Hindu nationalists interpret the term ‘secularism’ in Hindi. I will refer to two Hindi translations of ‘secularism’: dharmnirpekṣtā and panthnirpekṣtā. The first one means indifference towards religion and the second indifference towards communities. My main point is that the Hindu nationalists’ strategy of referring to old, Sanskrit meanings of dharm (which means ‘law’ and ‘order’ aside ‘religion’ and other concepts) make it possible for them to criticise dharmnirpekṣtā and choose panthnirpekṣtā instead. Their position is that the state can only be indifferent to communities and not to dharm, as the latter would also mean being indifferent to ‘law’ and ‘order’. Such an approach helps the Hindu nationalists to claim to be in agreement with the idea of secular Indian state on one hand and promote their religion-linked ideology on the other.

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Harsa, Andar Dittya, et Gregorius Genep Sukendro. « Analisis Gaya Bahasa Sarkasme Lagu “Suci Maksimal” oleh Musisi Jason Ranti ». Koneksi 4, n^o 2 (1 octobre 2020) : 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/kn.v4i2.8133.

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In Indonesia, there are many individual and group musicians who make music as a media for criticism of social or political aspects that are happening in the community. Like Iwan Fals, Slank, the Greenhouse Effect, Jason Ranti and others. This study aims to determine the meaning of the song "Suci Maximum" to the reader. This study uses a qualitative method. In this study using the heremeneutika technique. This research is about the analysis of the style of the sarcasm of the song Suci Maksimal of the band Jason Ranti. The thing to be discussed is the meaning of the language style of the song "Suci Maksimal" by Jason Ranti's band, which he wants to convey to the listeners. Theories used in this study are sarcasm, hermeneutics, song as mass communication and construction. This research uses descriptive qualitative research methods. The results of the study were obtained from online sources about the song "Suci Maximum" and related to Jason Ranti as the writer.Di Indonesia banyak musisi perorangan maupun kelompok yang menjadikan musik sebagai media kritik terhadap aspek sosial ataupun politik yang sedang terjadi di masyarakat. Seperti Iwan Fals, Slank, Efek Rumah Kaca, Jason Ranti dan lain-lain. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui makna lirik lagu “Suci Maksimal” kepada pembaca. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif. Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan teknik heremeneutika. Penelitian ini tentang analisis gaya bahasa sarkasme lagu Suci Maksimal band Jason Ranti. Hal yang ingin dibahas yaitu, makna gaya bahasa lirik lagu “Suci Maksimal” band Jason Ranti yang ingin disampaikan kepada pendengar. Teori yang di pakai dalam penelitian ini, yaitu sarkasme, hermeneutika, lagu sebagai komunikasi massa dan konstruksi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif deskriptif. Hasil penelitian diperoleh dari sumber online mengenai lagu “Suci Maksimal” dan berhubungan dengan Jason Ranti selaku penulis.

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Verner, Andrew M., et Margareta Mommsen. « Hilf mir, mein Recht zu finden. Russische Bittschriften von Iwan dem Schrecklichen bis Gorbatschow ». Russian Review 50, n^o 4 (octobre 1991) : 500. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/131030.

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Basal, N. « The concept of compensation ('iwad/ta'wid) as used by Yehuda Hayyuj in comparison with Sibawayhi ». Journal of Semitic Studies 44, n^o 2 (1 septembre 1999) : 227–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jss/44.2.227.

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Langer, Nils. « Patrick Studer and Iwar Werlen (eds.) : Linguistic Diversity in Europe. Current Trends and Discourses (Contributions to the Sociology of Language 97) ». Language Policy 13, n^o 3 (19 juin 2013) : 287–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10993-013-9288-5.

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Ali, Watad. « A Linguistic Issue In By NafīS AL-Dīn Abū L-Faraj Ibn Al-Kaṯār (Thirteenth Century) ». Journal of Semitic Studies 65, n^o 2 (1 septembre 2020) : 531–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jss/fgaa018.

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Abstract The treatise by Nafīs al-Dīn Abū l-Faraj Ibn al-Kaṯār, also known as Shams al-Ḥukamā, active circa the end of the thirteenth century CE, is written in Middle Arabic in the Arabic script. Verses of the Torah and quotes from Samaritan religious poems are written in Samaritan Hebrew letters. The treatise is extant in a number of Samaritan manuscripts kept in various libraries in Israel and abroad. While the title of this work is , its contents encompass numerous topics in a variety of fields: linguistics, exegesis, religious law and more. Among the linguistic issues it addresses, for example are topics in phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics. The present article discusses two interrelated linguistic issues in phonology and morphology, the first dealing with the conjugation of irregular verbs: the phonological discussion focuses on the concept of ‘iwaḍ (compensation) and in morphology we discuss I/y verbs and, by the way, also I/n verbs. In addition, I examine this work's affinities with the grammatical theories expounded by the Samaritan grammarian Ibn Mārūṭ and the rabbinic grammarian Yehuda Ḥayyūj.

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Bielniak, Nel. « II wojna światowa w diarystyce Iwana Bunina ». Roczniki Humanistyczne 71, n^o 7 (26 septembre 2023) : 175–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/rh23717.11.

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Iwan Bunin niemal całe życie prowadził dzienniki, które pełniły różne funkcje, charakteryzowały się ponadto fragmentarycznością i nieciągłością. W diariuszu pisarz odnotowywał m.in. istotne dla niego wydarzenia i towarzyszące im emocje. Znalazły się w nich również jego przemyślenia dotyczące II wojny światowej, którą pisarz spędził głównie na południu Francji. Bunin uważnie śledził i komentował przebieg działań wojennych na świecie i losy kolejnych zaangażowanych w nią krajów. Konflikt na terytorium dawnej ojczyzny skłonił diarystę m.in. do złagodzenia wypowiedzi o ZSRR, jak też do wspomnień o kraju ojczystym. Z kolei opis francuskich realiów wojennych obfituje w szczegółowe uwagi o warunkach bytowych i zdrowotnych Bunina i jego bliskich, przedstawia ponadto skomplikowaną i niepewną sytuację rosyjskich emigrantów. A wszystkie zapiski okraszone są rozważaniami o przemijaniu, czasie, śmierci czy pamięci.

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Trzeciak, L. « TRACES OF UKRAINIAN/RUTHENIAN LANGUAGE INFLUENCES IN HISTORICAL ANTHROPONYMY OF LWÓW/LVIV ARMENIANS (FROM 17TH AND THE 18TH CENTURIES) ». Вісник Житомирського державного університету імені Івана Франка. Філологічні науки, n^o 2(100) (5 juillet 2023) : 243–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.35433/philology.2(100).2023.243-255.

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The main topic of this article are traces of Ukrainian/Ruthenian language influences in historical anthroponymy of Lwów/Lviv Armenians. The research material was excerpted from parish registers of the Armenian Cathedral of Lwów from 1635 to 1732. Lwów/Lviv was one of the most important centres of the Armenian diaspora (with most inhabitants on the Polish South-Eastern Borderlands). The first Armenians appeared in Lwów in the 14th century; from the 16th to the 18th century a new Armenian wave of migrants arrived. The first medieval immigrants spoke Kipczak (Armeno-Kipczak), but wrote is using the Armenian alphabet; later, immigrants spoke Armenian (Western Armenian). Armenians were gradually Slavicized (mainly Polonized). The analysis of the collected material showed that the antroponymic system of the Armenians residing in Lwów/Lviv contains features Ukrainian (Ruthenian) anthroponymy too. Ukrainian influences were also noted in terms of phonetics and morphology (suffixation). The variety of first names in the documents studied covers 17 male names (20 together with the names morphologically derived from the personal name) and 8 female names (10 together with the names morphologically derived from the personal name). Ukrainian names of Lwów/Lviv Armenians were predominantly Christian tradition, e.g.: male – Andrij (Андрій); Hryhor(ij) (Григор(ій); Serhij (Сергій); female – Kateryna/Kataryna (Катерина); Sofija (Софія); Warwara (Варвара). Few of them were pre-Christian names: two-part name Bohdan (Богдан) and proprialized appellative Hołub (< голуб "pigeon, dove").The material noted the derivated forms of full names too, e.g.: Nastka (Настка) < Anastasija (А)настасія); Iwaszko (Івашко) < Iwan (Іван). Basing on the material there have been distinguished 32 surnames (including rudiments of surnames). Among the family names most anthroponyms were anthroponymically underived (62,5%), e.g. Kohut (< когут "rooster, cock"); Krawec (< кравець "tailor"); *Wasyl (< Василь "Basil"). The share of surnames anthroponymically derived it was 37,5%; surnames of such type were formed with the use of the following formants: -owicz/-ewicz (75%), e.g. Łatynowicz (< латина "Latin"); Stepanowic(z) (< Степан "Stephen/Steven"); -enko, e.g. Z(o)łotenko (< золото "gold", золотий "gold; golden").

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van der Molen, Maurits W., Patrick Snellings, Sebastián Aravena, Gorka Fraga González, Maaike H. T. Zeguers, Cara Verwimp et Jurgen Tijms. « Dyslexia, the Amsterdam Way ». Behavioral Sciences 14, n^o 1 (19 janvier 2024) : 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs14010072.

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The current aim is to illustrate our research on dyslexia conducted at the Developmental Psychology section of the Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, in collaboration with the nationwide IWAL institute for learning disabilities (now RID). The collaborative efforts are institutionalized in the Rudolf Berlin Center. The first series of studies aimed at furthering the understanding of dyslexia using a gamified tool based on an artificial script. Behavioral measures were augmented with diffusion modeling in one study, and indices derived from the electroencephalogram were used in others. Next, we illustrated a series of studies aiming to assess individuals who struggle with reading and spelling using similar research strategies. In one study, we used methodology derived from the machine learning literature. The third series of studies involved intervention targeting the phonics of language. These studies included a network analysis that is now rapidly gaining prominence in the psychopathology literature. Collectively, the studies demonstrate the importance of letter-speech sound mapping and word decoding in the acquisition of reading. It was demonstrated that focusing on these abilities may inform the prediction, classification, and intervention of reading difficulties and their neural underpinnings. A final section examined dyslexia, conceived as a neurobiological disorder. This analysis converged on the conclusion that recent developments in the psychopathology literature inspired by the focus on research domain criteria and network analysis might further the field by staying away from longstanding debates in the dyslexia literature (single vs. a multiple deficit, category vs. dimension, disorder vs. lack of skill).

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Wahyudi Joko Santoso, Bernadus, Mohamad Yusuf Ahmad Hasyim, Maria Johana Ari Widayanti et Eko Widianto. « REPRESENTATION OF SOCIAL ACTORS IN REPUBLIKA.CO.ID AFTER INAUGURATION OF MOCHAMAD IRIAWAN AS ACTING OF WEST JAVA GOVERNOR, INDONESIA ». Linguistik Indonesia 40, n^o 2 (2 août 2022) : 245–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/li.v40i2.264.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate social actors' representation on the inauguration of Acting Governor in West Java 2018, from Ahmad Heryawan (Aher), representing the Right Islamic Party, to Commissioner General Mochamad Iriawan (Iwan), representing the Nationalist Party, in the perspective of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) Theo van Leeuwen model (2008). Method of data collection were the method of reading, namely the intensive and comprehensive reading. We read the social actor’s representations that were represented in mass media online: Republika.co.id during 3 days of news, on 18, 19, and 20 of June 2018 where there was a lot of polemics over the Irawan’s inauguration. The Republika.co.id was more inclined than supported the inauguration, though according to Indonesian Government, it was legal because in that moment Irawan was as Main Secretary of the National Resilience Institute (Lemhannas), not as an active Chief of Police in Special Capital Region, Jakarta. The data were obtained by copying-paste technique. The analytical methods used were descriptions, interpretations, and explanations. The results of the analysis showed that all pro-government social actors, both in government and "outside the government", supported Irawan's inauguration as acting governor of West Java. On the other hand, social actors who did not support the inauguration are reported as social actors who obey the constitution, educate the people, encourage honesty, uphold democracy and so on. That was why, Irawan's inauguration as acting governor in West Java was reported negatively, such as unconstitutional inauguration, fooling people, violating democracy, public deception, and so on. The difference of the social actors’ representation above was undeniable due to differences in the ideology (nationalism versus Islamism) and political interest ahead of the presidential election last year, in 2019. Thus, it proves that the study of CDA perspective can show us the relationship between language use (discourse), ideology, ‘hidden’ power and also discourse and social practice.

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Ivanytska, Maria. « UKRAINIAN EMIGRE TRANSLATORS’ ACTIVITY IN WEST GERMANY AFTER WORLD WAR II ». Polish Studies of Kyiv, n^o 35 (2019) : 150–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/psk.2019.35.150-160.

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The article provides an insight into the work of cultural activists in Germany in the post-war decades. It delineates the following groups of translators and popularizers of Ukrainian literature in West Germany: 1) German speakers: Halychyna descendant Hans Koch and Elisabeth Kottmeier, the wife of the Ukrainian poet Igor Kosteckyj; 2) the Ukrainian scholars who began their activity before the war: Dmytro (Dimitrij) Tschižeswskij, Iwan Mirtschuk; 3) representatives of the younger wave of emigration – Jurij Bojko-Blochyn, Olexa and Anna-Halja Horbatsch, Igor Kostetskyj, Mychahlo Orest, Jurij Kossatsch and others. The author reflects on the question whether or not the post-war Ukrainian emigration was integrated into a wider context of German culture. This is analyzed from the vantage point of the Western European reader’s/ literary critic’s readiness for the reception of Ukrainian literature. Among the first promoters of Ukrainian literature was the Artistic Ukrainian Movement (Munich), whose member of the board, Jurij Kossatsch, published the first review of the then contemporary Ukrainian literature in the German language “Ukrainische Literatur der Gegenwart” (1947). The author analyzes the first collection of translations of Ukrainian poetry “Gelb und Blau: Moderne ukrainische Dichtung in Auswahl” (“Yellow and Blue: Selected Contemporary Ukrainian Poetry”) compiled by Wolodimir Derzhawin, who condemned the persecution and extermination of poets in the USSR, criticized proletarian literature and the choice of authors. The preface by Derzhavin testified to the conviction of Ukrainian emigrants that free Ukrainian literature could flourish only in the exile. The work of the translators’ tandem of Igor Kosteckyj and Elisabeth Kottmeier is further described. The chronological and quantitative comparison of scholarly publications on Ukrainian literature in the then West Germany revealed that one of the major accomplishments of the Ukrainian diaspora was the transition from the complete lack to a gradual increase of interest in the aforementioned subject. The article emphasizes the significance of the translating activity of Anna-Halja Horbatsch aimed at introducing Ukrainian literature to the German Slavic Studies scholars along with ordinary readers. This was made possible when large collections of translations “Blauer November. Ukrainische Erzähler unseres Jahrhunderts” (Blue November: Ukrainian writers of this century) and “Ein Brunnen für Durstige “ (“The Well for the Thirsty”) were out, and in the 90’s – when the publishing house specializing in translations from Ukrainian literature was founded. The Soviets’ negative reaction to those and previous publications is perceived as a manifestation of the political engagement of socialist literary criticism. Conclusion: Anna-Halja Horbatsch’ contribution to the systematic acquaintance of the West German reader with modern Ukrainian literature is by far the most significant due to her numerous translations, scholarly articles, and critical reviews.

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Baker, Carolyn, et Tracy Love. « Modulating Complex Sentence Processing in Aphasia Through Attention and Semantic Networks ». Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 7 novembre 2023, 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2023_jslhr-23-00298.

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Purpose: Lexical processing impairments such as delayed and reduced activation of lexical-semantic information have been linked to syntactic processing disruptions and sentence comprehension deficits in individuals with aphasia (IWAs). Lexical-level deficits can also preclude successful lexical encoding during sentence processing and amplify the processing costs of similarity-based interference during syntactic retrieval. We investigate whether two manipulations to engage attention and pre-activate semantic features of a target (to-be-retrieved) noun will (a) boost lexical activation during initial lexical encoding and (b) facilitate syntactic dependency linking through improved resolution of interference in IWAs and neurologically unimpaired age-matched controls (AMCs). Method: Eye-tracking-while-listening with a visual world paradigm was used to investigate whether semantic and attentional manipulations modulated initial lexical processing and downstream syntactic retrieval of the direct-object noun in object-relative sentences. Results: In the attention and semantic manipulations, the AMC group showed no changes in initial lexical access levels; however, gaze patterns revealed clear facilitations in dependency linking and interference resolution. In the IWA group, the attentional cue increased and maintained activation of N1 with modest facilitations in dependency linking. In the semantic condition, IWA results showed a greater degree of facilitation during dependency linking. Conclusions: The results suggest that attention and semantic activation are parameters that may be manipulated to strengthen encoding of lexical representations to facilitate retrieval (i.e., dependency linking) and mitigate similarity-based interference. In IWAs, these manipulations may help to reduce lexical processing deficits that can preclude successful encoding.

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Tolstova, Elena Vladimirovna. « Historisch-vergleichende Betrachtungen zum ethnopädagogischen Wirken des tschuwaschischen Aufklärers Iwan Jakowlew und des deutschen Reformators Martin Luther ». International Dialogues on Education Journal 2, n^o 3 (4 décembre 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.53308/ide.v2i3.180.

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This article deals with ethnopedagogical orientations in the work of the reformer Martin Luther and the Chuvash enlightener Iwan Jakowlew. They played a fundamental role in the development of a national identity of their people and addressed a number of themes that are still relevant today. The National cultures were, both in Russia and in Germany, under pressure, even from a linguistic point of view. The Russian orthodox Christianity insisted on Russian as the language of religious instruction; in German churches was preached in Latin. There are many similarities in the work of these two eminent representatives of the German and Chuvash people with respect to a national literary language, the introduction of native languages in schools, education being connected with meaningful tasks, music education, education of families, women’s education, etc., despite their distance of three centuries and almost 3,000 km. This points to the continuity and general validity of certain pedagogical insights and experiences and the possibility that these may be a useful topic of study for the respective national culture and education.

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Azios, Jamie H., Jaime B. Lee et Leora R. Cherney. « Conversation Analysis of Texting Exchanges in Aphasia ». American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 14 août 2023, 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2023_ajslp-22-00303.

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Purpose: Conversation analysis (CA) is an established method that has been used to understand how aphasia impacts the conversational success of individuals with aphasia (IWAs) and their conversation partners. This article demonstrates CA as a valuable analytic tool for studying text messaging in aphasia to better understand the specific co-constructed actions of IWAs and their partners as they engage in this communication modality. Method: CA was applied to transcribed text message data from eight IWAs. Conversational structures present in face-to-face interactions were identified, segmented, and explicated with a focus on how IWAs and their partners negotiate interaction in this medium. Results: Three key elements of CA, namely, sequential organization, repair, and topic negotiation, were identified within the texting exchanges of participants and their texting partners and compared with existing CA studies on electronic messaging in adults without brain injury. Conclusions: Findings suggest a multitude of strategies that IWAs and their partners used to meet both transactional and interactional goals of communication. Understanding gained from applying CA to texting in aphasia can inform the development of interventions that improve access to digital communication for IWAs.

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Figueroa Saavedra, Miguel, Daisy Bernal Lorenzo et Rafael Nava Vite. « In tlahkuilolyotl ken se nawatlahtolchikawalistli ipan weyitlamachtiloyan : se tlachiwalistli tlen moneki axkan mochiwa ». CPU-e, Revista de Investigación Educativa, n^o 35 (12 juillet 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.25009/cpue.v0i35.2823.

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In tlahkuilolyotl, in tlahkuilolistli ika nawatlahtolli onpewa se welitilistli tlen nesi nikan weyitlamachtiloyan panpa kichikawaltis in nawatlahtolli ken tlamatilistlahtolli, tlamachtihkatlahtolli. Ihkin axkan Weyitlamachtiloyan tlen Veracruz kichiwtok miyak tlamantli tlachiwalistli tlen kipalewia nawatlahtoh weli momachtia, weli tlahtowa, weli tlanemilia, weli moyolnonotza ika nawatlahtolli ipan weyitlamachtiloyan. Nikan tiktemowah, niktamachiwah tlen tlachiwalistli mochiwtok iwan kenin yeh kimalwia se nawatlahtoh tlatowa, tlakaki, tlapowa, tlahkuilowa ika itlahtol, no iwan kenin konpewaltia nawamomachtiani kipatiitta. Ihkin ika inin casotlatemolistli tikchiyah nawi tlachiwalistli: in tetlahtlanilistli ipanpa kitamachiwas tlahtolwelitilistli, yankuik tetlamachtilistli ipanpa kinmachtis tekipanowanih nawatlahtohkeh, tekitlatemolistli ipanpa kichihchiwas amoxtli tlen kipalewia se tetlamachtilistli ika nawatl, iwan se tlachiwaloyan tlen kinmachtisneki in weweh tlahkuilolyotl ipanpa in nawatlamatini, in nawamomachtiani weli kamapowah tlen ye wehka oksekih nawatlahtohkeh okihkuilohkeh iwan weli kimatih kenin nawatlakameh, kenin itlahtol okatkah. Inin nochi tlachiwalistli mosalowa ipan se tekipanolistli tlen kinextilia tlahkuilolyotl nawamomachtiani ken se tlachiwaloni tlen kipalewia ma yetos welitini, tlamatini itech inemilis, itoltekayoh. Literacidad como fortalecimiento de la lengua náhuatl en la universidad: una acción necesaria hoy Resumen La literacidad y la escritura en náhuatl como competencias se hacen presentes en la universidad y hacen de esta lengua una lengua de conocimiento. Hoy la Universidad Veracruzana realiza acciones que ayudan al nahuahablante a que pueda estudiar, hablar, pensar y reflexionar en su lengua. Aquí analizamos estas acciones y cómo garantizan al nahuahablante que hable, escuche, escriba y lea en su lengua, así como también a apreciarla. Este estudio de caso examina la implementación de cuatro acciones: examen de evaluación de competencias lingüísticas, nueva titulación para profesionistas nahuahablantes, proyecto para elaborar publicaciones en náhuatl para la educación superior, y taller de paleografía para que expertos y estudiantes nahuas puedan leer textos nahuas antiguos y saber cómo su lengua y ellos eran. Todas ellas convergen en un trabajo que muestra la literacidad al estudiante nahua como una herramienta que le ayuda a ser experto en su cultura. Literacy as Empowerment of the Nahuatl Language at University: an Action to Take Now Abstract The literacy and writing in Nahuatl as competences are present in the University, which allow to this language to be as a language of knowledge. Today, the Universidad Veracruzana carries out actions to help the Nahua speaker to be able to study, talk, think and reflect on his/her language. Here, we analyze these actions and how to guarantee that the Nahua speaker talks, listens to, writes and reads in his/her language, as well as, to appreciate it. This case study examines the implementation of four actions: an evaluation exam about linguistic competences, a new degree program for Nahua speakers professionals, a project for developing publications in Nahuatl for higher education, and the paelography workshop so that experts and Nahua students can read old Nahua texts and know how their language and they used to be. All of them coincide in some work that shows the literacy to the Nahua student as a tool that lets him/her to be an expert in his/her culture.

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Amin Diwan Waruwu, Tengku, I. Wayan Budiarta et I. Nyoman Muliana. « Meanings and Messages of The Song Lyrics in Iwan Fals' "Wakil Rakyat" Album ». KnE Social Sciences, 4 juillet 2022, 235–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kss.v7i10.11292.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the Meanings and Messages of The Song Lyrics. This study used qualitative methods with a descriptive approach. The researcher employed himself to collect the data by reading whole lyrics of the songs contained in the album and listening to them, marking the sentences that matter. The researcher used the songs of Iwan Fals in his album entitled Wakil Rakyat. After analyzing the lyric of the song which are composed by Iwan Fals, the researcher made the conclusion. The researcher concluded that each song in this album contains different meanings and messages even though some songs have the similarity. The following were the meaning and message contained in each song; conceptual meaning, connotative meaning, collocative meaning, stylistic meaning, affective meaning, and thematic meaning. While the song’s message is Iwan Fals giving advice, criticism, and appeals to teachers, students, the Indonesian legislative assembly, children, parents, farmers, employees, and a variety of other professions. There are numerous terms with various meanings and messages. The conclusion is that a composer or songwriter manipulates words or languages to create an appeal to the lyrics to express his experience. Song lovers, teachers, students, and everyone else who enjoys listening to music should be able to understand the song’s meaning and message thanks to this research. Keywords: meanings, messages, song lyrics of Iwan Fals, “Wakil Rakyat

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Mubarak, Aqly. « PENANGGUHAN UPAH (UJRAH) MENURUT HUKUM AKAD SYARIAH ». AL-IBANAH 7, n^o 1 (7 février 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.54801/iba.v7i1.81.

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Wages come from the Arabic word that is ujrah. In terms of the language of al-ajru is ‘iwad or replace the word al-ajru or ujrah according to the language means al-iwad, that is to replace, in other words the provision of wages or rewards is a sign of action. Islam gives direction that the transfer of salary or wages is done when the work is completed. In this case the worker is required to speed up his work or service to his employer, while as an employer must speed up his payment to workers or payment of workers' wages. Wages should be given according to a contract that was previously agreed upon or in accordance with an employment contract, because the existence of the contract will create cooperation between the worker and his employer and contain the rights to the obligations of each party. If an agreement or contract is not reached then in case accelerate or suspend wages in this case wages are associated with a certain time then must be met when due. Keywords: Wages, workers, employers, contracts.

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Ulfah, Anindia Amalia, Hadjar Pamadhi et Martono. « Peirce’s Semiotics Study of the Chronicle of Devotion Painting of Agus Putu Suyadnya ». KnE Social Sciences, 1 mars 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kss.v5i3.8527.

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Artworks, especially painting, are the second language or visual language of an artist for expressing their ideas. Therefore, through this paper, the writer tried to examine a painting entitled, “The Chronicle of Devotion” using the Charles Sanders Peirce Semiotics approach (Icons, Indexes and Symbols). The results of this study show that the studied painting is a visual form of artists representing the spirit of heroism and legendary sacrifice originating from Bali known as Kebo Iwa, interpreted as Uncle Buffalo. Through Pierce’s semiotics study and approach, the writer described the icons, indexes, and symbols of the painting. The icons describe the visual objects depicted realistically in the painting, such as the buffalo and the bird; the indexes are explained in the object that is outlined as a large and burly male knight; and the symbols are visually explained through colouring, expression, and property portrayed by the main object. Keywords: semiotics, Charles Sanders Peirce, The Chronicle of Devotion, Kebo Iwa

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McCabe, Marta. « Patrick Studer and Iwar Werlen : Linguistic diversity in Europe : current trends and discourses ». International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2016, n^o 238 (1 janvier 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2015-0051.

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Iwasaki, Shoichi, et Parada Dechapratumwan. « Creating versatility in Thai demonstratives ». Studies in Language, 10 novembre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.20083.iwa.

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Abstract Beyond their basic function to index exophoric and endophoric referents, Thai demonstratives have a host of pragmatic functions to encode concerns regarding discourse organization, subjectivity, and intersubjectivity. Based on a detailed analysis of demonstratives used in conversation, we attempt to uncover the pattern of grammaticalization for this class of words in Thai, and to propose a mechanism that allows them to develop multiple functions. Since demonstratives are indexical signs and are qualitatively distinct from content words, we must view the grammaticalization process of demonstratives differently from that of content words. In this paper, we use the model of the joint attention triangle based on Diessel’s earlier work and the functional utterance frame based on the “attractor position” analysis for grammaticalization of nouns and verbs advanced by Bisang (1996) to analyze how exactly demonstratives come to acquire pragmatic functions.

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Iwaizumi, Emi, et Stuart Webb. « The effect of test format on productive recall of derivatives ». ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 12 décembre 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/itl.23002.iwa.

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Abstract This study investigated the extent to which two recall test formats – contextualized and decontextualized tests – affected productive recall of derivatives, and how the effects of token frequencies of derivatives and L2 receptive vocabulary knowledge on recalling derivatives was moderated by test format. Mixed effects logistic regression models examined the derivatives elicited from L1 (n = 21) and L2 English speakers’ (n = 107) on the two recall tests. Results indicated that contextual cues significantly facilitated recalling derivatives, while such facilitative effects were larger for native speakers and L2 learners with greater vocabulary knowledge. Furthermore, token frequency affected the responses on the decontextualized test to a greater degree compared to the contextualized test. Results suggest that test format influences test-takers’ ability to recall knowledge to produce derivatives.

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Roni Jaya Saragih Garingging, Junifer Siregar et Vita Riahni Saragih. « Kajian Intertekstual pada Lirik Lagu Iwan Fals “Tikus-Tikus Kantor” dan pada Lirik Lagu Slank “Gosip Jalanan” ». Pedagogika : Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Kependidikan 2, n^o 2 (14 novembre 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.57251/ped.v2i2.668.

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Song lyrics are a literary genre, because there are similarities between existing elements and elements possessed by poetry, so it can be said that song lyrics and poetry are the same. With the similarities between poetry and song lyrics it can be understood that song lyrics are also a poem. The many elements of poetry and the same song lyrics, resulting in song lyrics can also be called pitched poetry. So it can be concluded that song lyrics can be analyzed using the same theory and method in studying poetry. The objectives of the study (1) are to describe and explain the combination of the structure of the song lyrics which includes the intrinsic elements contained in the lyrics of Iwan Fals' song "Tikus-tikus Kantor" and the lyrics of the Slank song "Gosip Jalanan", (2) to describe and explain the similarities and differences of the elements. the intrinsic content contained in the lyrics of Iwan Fals' song "Tikus-tikus Kantor" and in the lyrics of the Slank song "Gossip Jalanan", (3) Describes the intertextual relationship in the lyrics of Iwan Fals' song "Tikus-tikus Kantor" and in the lyrics of the Slank song "Gossip Jalanan" . This study uses a qualitative descriptive method using content analysis research or content analysis. Sources of data in this study are: (1) Iwan Fals song lyrics "Tikus-tikus Kantor" (2) Slank song lyrics "Gosip Jalanan". The data collection technique used in this study is a library research method. The results of this study are (1) The structure of the lyrics of the songs "Tikus-tikus Kantor" and "Gosip Jalanan" looks cohesive and has a very strong relationship even though it is seen in the text that the two song lyrics stand alone, (2) Similarities and differences in the lyrics of the song " Office Rats” and “Street Gossip” are similar in structure which includes theme, feeling, tone, and message. The difference between the two lyrics of this song is found in the style of language, (3) The intertextual relationship between “Office Rats” and “Street Gossip” regarding life using the Indonesian political background during the New Order era from 1966 to 1998, states that corruption cases were very rampant during the New Order era, reported by p2k.ukirs.ac.id. It can be said that this problem was first raised in the lyrics of the song "Tikus-tikus Kantor" (1993) by Iwan Fals and then rewritten using the same background in the lyrics of the song "Gosip Jalanan" (2004) by Slank Politics Indonesia in the reform era until now. This can be seen from the structure of the two song lyrics which almost have a combination of every aspect.

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Гнатюк [Hnatiuk], Лідія [Lidiia] Павлівна [Pavlivna]. « Мовна гра як вияв національної лінгвокреативності : на матеріалі галицьких паремій XIX ст. » Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej 57 (31 décembre 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sfps.2848.

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Language Play as a Manifestation of Linguistic Creativity (on the Material of Nineteenth-Century Galician Paroemias)This article analyses nineteenth-century paroemias from the threevolumecollection Halytsʹko-rusʹki narodni prypovidky[Galician-Ruthenian Folk Paroemias] by Ivan Franko, published in 1901–1910. The proverbs and sayings recorded in the collection indicate that in the nineteenth century Ukrainians often combined words that sound alike, which endowed them with new shades of meaning. In order to add expressivity and subtle humour, Ukrainian speakers made skilful use of rich lexico-semantic and grammatical resources. They played with transformation of homonyms, paronomasia, and metathesis of syllables or words in syntagmas. They also used synonyms and words from the same word families and they created onyms.Gra językowa jako przejaw kreatywności językowej (na materiale galicyjskiej paremii z XIX wieku)W artykule zanalizowano dziewiętnastowieczną paremię zamieszczonąw trzytomowym zbiorze Галицько-руські народні приповідки, którą w latach 1901–1910 opublikował Iwan Franko. Zawarte w nim przysłowia i porzekadła świadczą, że w XIX wieku Ukraińcy często łączyli wyrazy o podobnym brzmieniu, co nadawało im nowe odcienie znaczeniowe. Dla wyrażenia ekspresji i subtelnego humoru umiejętnie korzystali z bogatego zasobu leksykalno-semantycznego i gramatycznego. W grze językowej sięgali po: przekształcanie homonimów, paronomazję, przestawianie sylab lub wyrazów w syntagmach. Wykorzystywali również synonimy i wyrazy pokrewne, stosowali reinterpretację etymologiczną, tworzyli także onimy.

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Георгиева [Georgieva], Цветана [Tzvetana]. « Иван Грозев. „Новата културна раса“ в естетикорелигиозния проект на българския модернизъм ». Slavia Meridionalis 20 (31 décembre 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sm.2135.

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Ivan Grozev and the “New Cultural Race” in the Aesthetic Religious Project of Bulgarian ModernismThe aesthetic-religious views of Ivan Grozev, a Bulgarian writer, poet and spiritual awakener, combine various aspects whose unifying center is the mystical ability of man to reach God: the Christian idea of man’s aspiration for God; theosophical and Masonic conceptions; and elements of Hellenistic philosophy and mystery. In his articles and studies that he published in the journal Hyperion, Ivan Grozev promoted ideas about the poet as “a priest and a prophet”, his “worldly sacrifice”, and “the steps towards godly knowledge” (scientist, genius, mystic). As a true Theosophist, he contrasts his utilitarian times with the spiritual from past eras (reason vs. mysticism), affirming the idea of a “New Heaven” and a “New Cultural Race” for the devoted ones. The Bulgarian modern consciousness from the late 19th and early 20th century perceived such ideas as a new type of religion of the aesthetic, and at the same time as a new ethic of the creator (prophet, Übermensch in the sense of Nietzsche or Rudolf Steiner) as a necessity of spiritual creation of a new cultural race that abandons mercantilism for the sake of ideal values. Iwan Grozew i „nowa rasa kulturowa” w religijno-estetycznym projekcie bułgarskiego modernizmuPoglądy estetyczno-religijne Iwana Grozewa, bułgarskiego pisarza, poety, działacza na rzecz duchowego przebudzenia społeczeństwa, łączą aspekty chrześcijańskiej idei dążenia człowieka do Boga, koncepcje teozoficzne i masońskie, elementy hellenistycznej filozofii i misteriów, a ich wspólnym jądrem jest mistyczna zdolność człowieka, aby dotrzeć do Boga. W artykułach i studiach publikowanych na łamach czasopisma „Хиперион” Iwan Grozew propaguje idee dotyczące poety „kapłana i proroka” i jego „ziemskiej ofiary”, „kroków w kierunku boskiej wiedzy” (naukowiec, geniusz, mistyk); jako wyznawca teozofii, utylitarne czasy, w jakich żyje, przeciwstawia epokom duchowym z przeszłości (rozum przeciwko mistycyzmowi), potwierdzając ideę „nowego nieba” i „nowej rasy kulturowej” dla osób poświęconych. W bułgarskiej świadomości modernistycznej przełomu XIX i XX wieku takie idee postrzegane były jako nowy rodzaj religii estetycznej, a jednocześnie jako nowa etyka twórcy (proroka, nadczłowieka w rozumieniu Friedricha Nietzschego lub Rudolfa Steinera), pojęta jako konieczność duchowego stworzenia nowej rasy kulturowej, która odrzuca postawę merkantylną w imię wartości idealnych.

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