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Milan, Stefania. « The Italian anomaly ». Index on Censorship 42, no 1 (mars 2013) : 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306422013477017.
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Sassoon, Donald. « The Italian anomaly ? » Comparative European Politics 11, no 3 (11 avril 2013) : 280–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/cep.2012.43.
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MAGHENZANI, SIMONE, et MASSIMO FIRPO. « Antonio degli Albizzi and Lutheran Propaganda in Early Seventeenth-Century Italy ». Journal of Ecclesiastical History 73, no 2 (7 février 2022) : 275–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046921001433.
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In the early 1610s, some Italian Lutheran propaganda came to the attention of the Holy Office. Such propaganda is an anomaly for the period, and questions the current scholarship on the topic. Via the bibliographic study of pamphlets previously neglected or unknown, this article investigates this activity, mostly attributing it to Antonio degli Albizzi (1547–1627), sometime secretary to the Cardinal of Austria. This curious case elucidates the longevity of interest in Lutheranism in the Italian peninsula, and, even if in the mind of just one man, the belief that seventeenth-century Italians could still turn to Protestantism.
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Battiston, Simone, et Stefano Luconi. « The vote of Italians abroad : an anomaly in the new Italian political landscape ? » Contemporary Italian Politics 12, no 1 (30 décembre 2019) : 62–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23248823.2019.1709760.
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Stepanov, Arthur, Sara Andreetta, Penka Stateva, Adam Zawiszewski et Itziar Laka. « Anomaly detection in the processing of complex syntax by early L2 learners ». Second Language Research 36, no 3 (21 février 2019) : 371–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658319827065.
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This study investigates the processing of long-distance syntactic dependencies by native speakers of Slovenian (L1) who are advanced learners of Italian as a second language (L2), compared with monolingual Italian speakers. Using a self-paced reading task, we compare sensitivity of the early-acquired L2 learners to syntactic anomalies in their L2 in two empirical domains: (1) syntactic islands, for which the learners’ L1 and L2 grammars provide a converging characterization, and (2) verb–clitic constructions, for which the respective L1 and L2 grammatical descriptions diverge. We find that although our L2 learners show native-like processing patterns in the former, converging, grammatical domain, they may nevertheless perform non-native-like with respect to syntactic phenomena in which the L1 and L2 grammars do not align, despite the early age of L2 acquisition. Implications for theories of L2 acquisition and endstate are discussed.
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Nicita, Antonio, et Riccardo Vannini. « Path-dependency and corporate governance in Italy : The political origins of debt financing ». Corporate Ownership and Control 4, no 4 (2007) : 92–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv4i4c4p8.
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In this paper we investigate the emergence and the co-evolution of institutional complementarities between debt and equity as alternative financial instruments in the case of Italy. We focus on the evolution of Italian firms (related to the benchmark years from 1952 to 1991). Through the data collected we observed the collaterals that firms were able to transfer to loan institutes. We also examined the factors which made difficult to switch to equity financing, comparing the rate of profitability of Italian firms with alternative investments. The results show a financial structure for Italian firms that rely exclusively on debt, independently of the public or private nature of firms’ property and of the economic sector. This anomaly seems to be the consequence of path-dependencies between “political origins” and firm’s governance structure in Italy.
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Veale, David. « Cognitive–behavioural therapy for body dysmorphic disorder ». Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 7, no 2 (mars 2001) : 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.7.2.125.
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The DSM–IV classification of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) refers to an individual's preoccupation with an ‘imagined’ defect in his or her appearance or markedly excessive concern with a slight physical anomaly (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). An Italian psychiatrist, Morselli, first used the term ‘dysmorphophobia’ in 1886, although it is now falling into disuse, probably because ICD–10 (World Health Organization, 1992) has discarded it, subsuming the condition under hypochondriacal disorder.
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Agosti, Maristella, Maurizio Atzori, Paolo Ciaccia et Letizia Tanca. « Report on SEBD 2020 ». ACM SIGIR Forum 54, no 2 (décembre 2020) : 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3483382.3483392.
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This paper reports on the 28th Italian Symposium on Advanced Database Systems (SEBD 2020), held online as a virtual conference from the 21st to the 24th of June 2020. The topics that were addressed in this edition of the conference were organized in the sessions: ontologies and data integration, anomaly detection and dependencies, text analysis and search, deep learning, noSQL data, trajectories and diffusion, health and medicine, context and ranking, social and knowledge graphs, multimedia content analysis, security issues, and data mining.
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Ippolito, Alessandro, Loredana Perrone, Angelo De Santis et Dario Sabbagh. « Ionosonde Data Analysis in Relation to the 2016 Central Italian Earthquakes ». Geosciences 10, no 9 (5 septembre 2020) : 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10090354.
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Ionospheric characteristics and crustal earthquakes that occurred in 2016 next to the town of Amatrice, Italy are studied together with the previous events that took place from 1984 to 2009 in Central Italy. The earthquakes with M larger than 5.5 and epicentral distances from the ionosonde less than 150 km were selected for the analysis. A multiparametric approach was applied using variations of sporadic E-layer parameters (the height and the transparency frequency) together with variations of the F2 layer critical frequency foF2 at the Rome ionospheric observatory. Only ionospheric data under quiet geomagnetic conditions were considered. The inclusion of new 2016 events has allowed us to clarify the earlier-obtained seismo-ionospheric empirical relationships linking the distance in space (km) and time (days) between the ionospheric anomaly and the impending earthquake, with its magnitude. The improved dependencies were shown to be similar to those obtained in previous studies in different parts of the world. The possibility of using the obtained relationships for earthquake predictions is discussed.
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Scuderi, Antonio. « Metatheatre and Character Dynamics in The Two-Headed Anomaly by Dario Fo ». New Theatre Quarterly 21, no 1 (26 janvier 2005) : 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x04000296.
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Dario Fo has developed his own brand of epic theatre by adapting principles and techniques from various forms of popular performance and the oral tradition. He stays detached from the role he plays by frequently shifting in and out of character and by calling attention to the performance as such. This, argues Antonio Scuderi, allows him to emphasize the interpretive frame – the ‘messages’ he establishes in his prologue. His most recent play, The Two-Headed Anomaly, is thus at one level a farcical romp; but a closer look reveals an intricate metatheatrical structure that allows Dario Fo and his fellow-performer Franca Rame to deliver their political satire. Antonio Scuderi is Associate Professor of Italian at Truman State University in Missouri. He is the author of Dario Fo and Popular Performance (Legas, 1998) and with Joseph Farrell edited Dario Fo: Stage, Text and Tradition (Southern Illinois University Press, 2000). His most recent articles on Fo have appeared in Theatre Journal (2003) and Modern Language Review (2004).
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Quaresima, Paola, Federica Visconti, Eusebio Chiefari, Maria Mirabelli, Massimo Borelli, Patrizia Caroleo, Daniela Foti et al. « Appropriate Timing of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Diagnosis in Medium- and Low-Risk Women : Effectiveness of the Italian NHS Recommendations in Preventing Fetal Macrosomia ». Journal of Diabetes Research 2020 (18 septembre 2020) : 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5393952.
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Background. Screening strategies for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) earlier than 24-28 weeks of gestation should be considered to prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes. Nonetheless, there is uncertainty about which women would benefit most from early screening and which screening strategies should be offered to women with GDM. The Italian National Healthcare Service (NHS) recommendations on selective screening for GDM at 16-18 weeks of gestation are effective in preventing fetal macrosomia in high-risk (HR) women, but the appropriateness of timing and effectiveness of these recommendations in medium- (MR) and low-risk (LR) women are still controversial. Patients and Methods. We retrospectively enrolled 769 consecutive singleton pregnant women who underwent both anomaly scan at 19-21 weeks of gestation and screening for GDM at 16-18 and/or 24-28 weeks of gestation, in agreement with the NHS recommendations and risk stratification criteria. Comparison of maternal characteristics, fetal biometric parameters at anomaly scan (head circumference (HC), biparietal diameter (BPD), abdominal circumference (AC), femur length (FL), estimated fetal weight (EFW)), and neonatal birth weight (BW) percentile among risk groups was examined. Results. 219 (28.5%) women were diagnosed with GDM, while 550 (71.5%) were normal glucose-tolerant women. Out of 164 HR women, only 62 (37.8%) underwent the recommended early screening for GDM at 16-18 weeks of gestation. AC and EFW percentiles, as well as neonates’ BW percentiles, were significantly higher in HR women diagnosed with GDM at 24-28 weeks of gestation with respect to normal glucose-tolerant women, as well as MR and LR women who tested positive for GDM. Comparative analysis between MR and LR women with GDM and women with normal glucose tolerance revealed significant differences in both AC and EFW percentiles (P<0.05), while there was no significant difference in neonatal BW percentiles. Conclusion. In MR and LR women with GDM, a mild acceleration of fetal growth can be detected at the time of anomaly scan. However, in these at-risk categories, the NHS recommendations for screening and treatment of GDM at 24-28 weeks of gestation are still effective in normalizing BW and preventing fetal macrosomia, thus supporting a risk factor-based selective screening program for GDM.
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Francese, R. G., A. Bondesan, M. Giorgi, S. Picotti, J. Carcione, M. C. Salvatore, F. Nicolis et C. Baroni. « Geophysical signature of a World War I tunnel-like anomaly in the Forni Glacier (Punta Linke, Italian Alps) ». Journal of Glaciology 65, no 253 (4 septembre 2019) : 798–812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jog.2019.59.
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AbstractGlobal warming and the associated glacier retreat recently revealed the entrance to an ice–rock tunnel, at an altitude of ~3600 m a.s.l., in the uppermost portion of the Forni Glacier in the Central Italian Alps. The tunnel served as an entrance to an Austro-Hungarian cableway station excavated in the rocks during the Great War just behind the frontline. A comprehensive geophysical survey, based on seismic and ground-penetrating radar profiling, was then undertaken to map other possible World War I (WWI) remains still embedded in the ice. The ice–rock interface was reconstructed over the entire saddle and in the uppermost portion of the glacier. A prominent linear reflector was surprisingly similar to the common response of buried pipes. The reflector orientation, almost longitudinal to the slope, does not seem to be compatible with a glacial conduit or with other natural features. Numerical simulations of a series of possible targets constrained interpretation to a partly water-filled rounded shape cavity. The presence of a preserved WWI tunnel connecting Mount Vioz and Punta Linke could be considered a realistic hypothesis. The Forni glacier could be still considered polythermal and comprised of cold ice without basal sliding in its top portion.
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Al Kalak, Matteo. « Investigating the Inquisition : Controlling Sexuality and Social Control in Eighteenth-Century Italy ». Church History 85, no 3 (septembre 2016) : 529–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640716000469.
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This article investigates the actions of the eighteenth-century Roman Inquisition, looking at controlling sexuality and social control in particular. To this end, it examines the actions of an “atypical” outlying tribunal: the Modena tribunal. In the 1700s, the tribunal's activities did not decline, as the number of trials held increased. Possible reasons for this anomaly and its characteristics are illustrated in response to certain questions: what instructions did Modena receive from the Holy Office in Rome? What was the Modena tribunal's actual reaction? The article demonstrates the existence of not only a discrepancy between the Roman Congregation's instructions and the behavior of the judges in Modena, but also differing priorities regarding which crimes to pursue. The Modena anomaly is compared with other Italian inquisitorial offices, identifying idiosyncrasies and points of convergence: in the case of Modena—capital of the Duchy of Modena—it seems the Inquisition acted as a tool of social control and moralization, alongside a relatively weak political power. Lastly, the case in question highlights a methodological matter: the documentation from Rome (e.g. correspondence with local inquisitions) does not reflect the reality of events in the outlying offices, thus requiring caution and, where possible, verification, when used.
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Borga, Marco, Paolo Boscolo, Francesco Zanon et Marco Sangati. « Hydrometeorological Analysis of the 29 August 2003 Flash Flood in the Eastern Italian Alps ». Journal of Hydrometeorology 8, no 5 (1 octobre 2007) : 1049–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm593.1.
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Abstract The 29 August 2003 storm on the upper Tagliamento River basin in the eastern Italian Alps is examined as a prototype for organized convective systems that dominate the upper tail of the precipitation frequency distribution and are likely responsible for the majority of flash flood peaks in this area. The availability of high-resolution rainfall estimates from radar observations and rain gauge networks, together with flood response observations derived from stream gauge data and post-event surveys, provides the opportunity to study the hydrometeorological and hydrological mechanisms associated with this extreme storm and the associated flood. The flood occurred at the end of a climatic anomaly of prolonged drought and warm conditions over Europe and the Mediterranean region. A characteristic of the event is its organization in well-defined banded structures, some of which persisted in the same locations for the duration of the event. The steadiness of these rainbands led to highly variable precipitation accumulations and, associated with orographic enhancement, played a central role in the space–time organization of the storm. Two dominant controls on extreme flood response are recognized and analyzed: steadiness of convective bands and dry antecedent soil moisture conditions.
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Lazarević, Radmila. « WORD-FORMATION PRODUCTIVITY OF ABBREVIATIONS IN ITALIAN AND SERBIAN / MONTENEGRIN : DERIVATION BY SUFFIXATION ». Folia linguistica et litteraria XIII, no 39 (février 2022) : 207–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31902/fll.39.2022.11.
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The research is focused on the comparison between the abbreviations in modern Italian and those in Serbian and Montenegrin language, as stems for derivation by nominal, adjectival, and verbal suffixes. The approach is contrastive, and for the corpora were used mostly materials extracted from the daily press, as well as dictionaries of neologisms in the case of Italian corpus. For the Italian corpus, the dictionaries used were Neologismi: Parole nuove dai giornali (2009) by Istituto Treccani, with an updated online version of that dictionary on the publisher’s site https://www.treccani.it/magazine/lingua_italiana/neologismi/, as well as the database ONLI: Osservatorio Neologico della Lingua Italiana (https://www.iliesi.cnr.it/ONLI/), which collects materials mostly from daily and weekly press. Several studies on abbreviations were also very helpful as the source for examples of suffixation. Serbian and Montenegrin press was analyzed as one corpus, as there are virtually no differences between these languages as far as abbreviations are concerned. The latter corpus relies mostly on online versions of Serbian and Montenegrin daily press (Vijesti, Pobjeda, Dan, Novosti, Telegraf, Politika, and so on), with several examples taken from social media, blogs and web portals, for the most part through the web site Kontekst.io (https://www.kontekst.io/) which for Serbian corpus uses database srWaC (Serbian Web, https://www.clarin.si/noske/run.cgi/corp_info?corpname=srwac&struct_attr_ stats=1&subcorpora=1). As in printed Serbian and Montenegrin literature were found only older and, in some cases, outdated examples, it was necessary to complement this corpus with newer and more up-to-date materials. In the corpora analysis, neologisms derived from acronyms by suffixation were of particular interest, as an indicator of vitality and productivity of these lexical items in modern language. As they become more and more present in modern languages, this traditional approach to abbreviations as a marginal anomaly should be revised. It is necessary to establish consistent rules of writing and pronouncing for some acronyms, as well as to meet the requirements of everyday use which their limited inflection and morphosyntactic irregularity can complicate. Although their form does not conform to the rest of the language system, their use is becoming more frequent and encompassing, and the number of derivations from the most used and present abbreviations keeps growing. In both Serbian and Montenegrin linguistics, the research of abbreviations has merely started as far as word formation is concerned. Therefore, this field offers a lot of potential for further research, especially if one observes the daily influence of extralinguistic context on the changes in modern language.
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Masci, F., P. Palangio et M. Di Persio. « The INGV tectonomagnetic network ». Advances in Geosciences 14 (2 janvier 2008) : 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-14-65-2008.
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Abstract. The Italian Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) tectonomagnetic network was installed in Central Italy since the middle of 1989 to investigate possible magnetic anomalies related to earthquakes. The network is part of the INGV L'Aquila Geomagnetic Observatory and is located in an area extending approximately in latitude range [41.6°–42.8°] N and longitude range [13.0°–14.3°] E. Actually the network consists of four stations where the total magnetic field intensity data are collected using proton precession magnetometers. New stations will be added to the network starting from the end of 2007. Here we are reporting the whole data set of the network's stations for the period 2004–2006. No significant anomaly in the local geomagnetic field correlated to the seismic activity has been found. Some considerations about misleading structures present in the data sets are reported.
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Bertuzzi, Niccolò. « Political Generations and the Italian Environmental Movement(s) : Innovative Youth Activism and the Permanence of Collective Actors ». American Behavioral Scientist 63, no 11 (8 mars 2019) : 1556–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764219831735.
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During recent years, Italian social movements have experienced a period of crisis, in part due to diffuse antipolitical feelings and latent social conflict. However, environmental issues and especially territorial mobilizations remain relevant, due to the appearance of new contentious actors and to the permanence of long-standing organizations and important local grassroots campaigns. Based on 19 semistructured interviews with activists belonging to informal groups and formal associations, this article discusses the role of age and generations within the variegated Italian environmental archipelago, in which organizational and collective aspects prove to currently have a relevant role. Indeed, age does not represent an important fracture, representing a partial anomaly if confronted with the other case studies discussed in this special issue. The only diversities between cohorts are related to the forms of action preferred and (eventually) adopted, while the common perception of job precariousness among young activists is not translated into a single frame and common path of resistance. More than a Millennials’ identity, it is rather appropriate to speak of various and divergent political generations: individuals belonging to different cohorts share some ideologies and visions of the world, especially related to territorial belongings or to specific ways of looking at environmental issues. Also for this reason, a final comparison between contemporary young activists and those of previous generations is proposed to address the generation(s) in movement(s) in a dynamic perspective.
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Beshyah, Salem A. « The Giant of Tripoli : The Case of Late Recognition and Management of an Extreme Acromegalic Gigantism in Resource-Poor Settings ». Journal of Diabetes and Endocrine Practice 05, no 03 (juillet 2022) : 122–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1760393.
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Abstract Background There are a few studies from the Middle East and North Africa. Several notable cases of acromegaly and giantism in the west found their way to public life and media. Case History One of the cases is discussed in this article. The case lived between 1943 and 1991. He was one of few individuals in medical history to reach or surpass 8 feet in height. In the 1960s, he reportedly underwent repeated (perhaps 4) pituitary surgery at 17 in Rome, Italy, to halt his growth. A few photos and one short video clip in Italian demonstrate his physical features. He was one of the tallest basketball players ever at 245 cm, though when he featured as a basketball player, he was closer to 239 cm and played for Libya. He was a medical anomaly and the eighteenth tallest person in the history of the world. He was also credited with being the tallest actor in history by appearing in a single Italian fantasy drama movie in 1969. He died in 1991 due to heart disease. Conclusion The case presented in this vignette is depicted in the public domain and is imprinted in the folk memory of the residents of Tripoli, Libya. However, due to its uniqueness, it deserves a place in the regional medical literature.
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Bevilacqua, Francesca, Francesco Morini, Antonio Zaccara, Chiara De Marchis, Annabella Braguglia, Simonetta Gentile, Pietro Bagolan et Lucia Aite. « Couples Facing the Birth of a Newborn with a Congenital Anomaly : PTSD Symptoms in the First Year ». American Journal of Perinatology 35, no 12 (18 avril 2018) : 1168–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1641591.
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Objective The objective of this study was to assess the presence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in parental couples of newborn requiring early surgery at 6 and 12 months after birth. Study Design A longitudinal study was set up from January 2014 to June 2015. As a measure of PTSD, we used the Italian version of the Impact of Event Scale—Revised (IES-R). Results Thirty-four couples form the object of the study. At 6 months, half of mothers (52.9%) and fathers (44.1%) reported traumatic stress symptoms above the clinical cutoff. Percentages remained stable at 12 months. When parental gender and length of follow-up were compared with two-factor analysis of variance, none had an impact on IES-R score, nor an interaction between these factors was found. A significant correlation of IES-R total score was present within the couple both at 6 and 12 months (6 months—r: 0.6842, p < 0.0001 and 12 months—r: 0.4045, p = 0.0177). Conclusion Having a child with a repaired malformation represents a complex prolonged stressful situation with persistent burden for both parents who are at high risk of developing PTSD symptoms.
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Toreti, A., E. Xoplaki, D. Maraun, F. G. Kuglitsch, H. Wanner et J. Luterbacher. « Characterisation of extreme winter precipitation in Mediterranean coastal sites and associated anomalous atmospheric circulation patterns ». Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 10, no 5 (20 mai 2010) : 1037–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-1037-2010.
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Abstract. We present an analysis of daily extreme precipitation events for the extended winter season (October–March) at 20 Mediterranean coastal sites covering the period 1950–2006. The heavy tailed behaviour of precipitation extremes and estimated return levels, including associated uncertainties, are derived applying a procedure based on the Generalized Pareto Distribution, in combination with recently developed methods. Precipitation extremes have an important contribution to make seasonal totals (approximately 60% for all series). Three stations (one in the western Mediterranean and the others in the eastern basin) have a 5-year return level above 100 mm, while the lowest value (estimated for two Italian series) is equal to 58 mm. As for the 50-year return level, an Italian station (Genoa) has the highest value of 264 mm, while the other values range from 82 to 200 mm. Furthermore, six series (from stations located in France, Italy, Greece, and Cyprus) show a significant negative tendency in the probability of observing an extreme event. The relationship between extreme precipitation events and the large scale atmospheric circulation at the upper, mid and low troposphere is investigated by using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data. A 2-step classification procedure identifies three significant anomaly patterns both for the western-central and eastern part of the Mediterranean basin. In the western Mediterranean, the anomalous southwesterly surface to mid-tropospheric flow is connected with enhanced moisture transport from the Atlantic. During ≥5-year return level events, the subtropical jet stream axis is aligned with the African coastline and interacts with the eddy-driven jet stream. This is connected with enhanced large scale ascending motions, instability and leads to the development of severe precipitation events. For the eastern Mediterranean extreme precipitation events, the identified anomaly patterns suggest warm air advection connected with anomalous ascent motions and an increase of the low- to mid-tropospheric moisture. Furthermore, the jet stream position (during ≥5-year return level events) supports the eastern basin being in a divergence area, where ascent motions are favoured. Our results contribute to an improved understanding of daily precipitation extremes in the cold season and associated large scale atmospheric features.
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Sanders, Janet. « ‘The fiery circle of temptation : opt, opt’ : why a minority of Italian Military Internees chose to cooperate with the Nazi-Fascists ». Modern Italy 23, no 3 (27 juillet 2018) : 269–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mit.2018.20.
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Between 8 September 1943 and the end of the war, Italian Military Internees were confronted daily with a stark choice between continued resistance and opting to assist the Reich by fighting or working. Extraordinarily, over 600,000 said no, and endured internment or forced labour until they were liberated or died. Paradoxically, the minority who made the more predictable choice of opting to cooperate, the so-called optanti, constituted an anomaly. This article examines their motivation by giving an overview of the political background, the experience of deportation, the Lager environment and the phases and methods of propaganda. Primary sources indicate that hunger was a common denominator in their decision, but that the weight of other factors, which varied with individuals, broadly speaking fell into three categories: bleak honesty, specious cynicism and maverick idealism. These categories are illustrated by four case studies: the mass adhesion at Biala Podlaska and the individuals Pietro Faraci, Tranquillo Frigeni and Remo Faustini.
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Baraldi, Matteo Bonini. « Family vs solidarity Recent epiphanies of the Italian reductionist anomaly in the debate on de facto couples ». Utrecht Law Review 4, no 2 (9 juin 2008) : 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.18352/ulr.73.
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Circi, Simone, Cinzia Ingallina, Silvia Vista, Donatella Capitani, Andrea Di Vecchia, Genesio Leonardi, Giovanni D’Achille, Luigi Centauri, Federica Camin et Luisa Mannina. « A Multi-Methodological Protocol to Characterize PDO Olive Oils ». Metabolites 8, no 3 (28 juillet 2018) : 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo8030043.
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An analytical approach including Panel Test, Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was proposed to characterize Italian “Colline Pontine” PDO olive oils (40 samples) of two consecutive crop years. Our approach has evidenced the high quality of these olive oils. Only 6 of 40 olive oils samples were defined as “defective” by the official Panel Test due to the detection of negative sensory attributes. The low variability of isotopic data monitored by IRMS confirmed that the olive oil samples all came from a limited geographical area. NMR spectra did not evidence any chemical composition anomaly in the investigated samples. In order to assess the influence of harvesting year over the olive oil chemical composition, the NMR analysis was extended to other 22 olive oil samples of a third harvesting year. NMR data were submitted to two different statistical methods, namely, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and principal component analysis (PCA) allowing olive oils of three consecutive harvesting years to be grouped.
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MASETTI, DANIELE, BILLY FIGUS, HUGH C. JENKYNS, FILIPPO BARATTOLO, EMANUELA MATTIOLI et RENATO POSENATO. « Carbon-isotope anomalies and demise of carbonate platforms in the Sinemurian (Early Jurassic) of the Tethyan region : evidence from the Southern Alps (Northern Italy) ». Geological Magazine 154, no 3 (30 mai 2016) : 625–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756816000273.
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AbstractDespite its global impact on ecosystems, the Triassic/Jurassic boundary event had only a modest effect on the carbonate depositional systems of the Southern Alps, whereas a fundamental reorganization of the same palaeogeographic area took place during the Sinemurian Age. This paper investigates whether or not the well-documented demise of Sinemurian carbonate platforms in the Tethyan region was a response to a global event by examination of carbon-isotope anomalies in successions of different facies that record this interval of time. A chemostratigraphic transect from Lake Garda up to the eastern Italian border is illustrated by four stratigraphic sections; high-resolution (20 cm over key intervals) chemostratigraphic sampling allowed detection of a major negative δ13C anomaly of ~ 1.5‰, preceded by a positive excursion, both in shallow- and deep-water successions, over the stratigraphical range of the ammonite genus Arnioceras. A comparison with sections from the UK suggests that the positive excursion belongs to the turneri Zone and the succeeding negative excursion falls within the obtusum Zone. In the deep-water Belluno Basin, the negative anomaly occurs in a biogenic chert-rich unit recording the onset of mesotrophic conditions in the basin. In the platform-carbonate successions, this major negative carbon-isotope excursion is developed within a calcarenitic unit corresponding to the lowest occurrence of the foraminifer Paleomayncina termieri. This evidence for deepening and transgression across the carbonate platform suggests pre-conditioning for drowning. Hence, rather than tectonic subsidence alone, environmental factors may have aided the demise of Tethyan carbonate platforms during the Early Jurassic Sinemurian Age.
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Margiotta, S., F. Mazzone, S. Negri et M. Calora. « The role of integrated high resolution stratigraphic and geophysic surveys for groundwater modelling ». Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 5, no 5 (21 octobre 2008) : 2859–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-5-2859-2008.
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Abstract. This work sets out a methodology of integrated geological, hydrogeological and geophysical surveys for the characterization of contaminated sites. The flow model of the shallow aquifer in the Brindisi area (recognized to be at significant environmental risk by the Italian government) and the impact of an antrophic structure on the groundwater flow have been evaluated. The stratigraphic and hydrogeological targets used for the calibration phase of the flow model provide a means of assessing calibration quality. The good calibration of the model point out the key role of a detailed knowledge of the physical-stratigraphycal attributes of the area to be studied and field data collection. Geoelectrical tomography focus the attention on an area resulted of particular interest by the flow model obtained. This method permit to reconstruct in detail the lateral and vertical lithological variations in the geological formations improving the spatial resolution of the data and consequently the scale of observation. Besides, anomaly resistivity values have been correlated with pollution. Chemical analysis have confirmed this correlation.
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Guerri, Giulia, Alfonso Crisci, Irene Cresci, Luca Congedo, Michele Munafò et Marco Morabito. « Residential Buildings’ Real Estate Values Linked to Summer Surface Thermal Anomaly Patterns and Urban Features : A Florence (Italy) Case Study ». Sustainability 14, no 14 (8 juillet 2022) : 8412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14148412.
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Climate-change-related extreme events impact ecosystems, people, economy, and infrastructures, with important consequences on the real estate market as well. This study aims to investigate the variation of residential buildings’ real estate values in a historic Italian city in relation to the summer surface thermal anomaly pattern and urban features surrounding buildings. Open data from remote sensing products and the national database of the Revenue Agency of Italy were used. Real estate values of residential buildings were spatially analyzed in four urban belts, and the association with daytime summer surface hot- and cool-spot zones was studied through odds ratio (OR) statistic. Urban features (impervious area, tree cover, grassland area, and water body) surrounding residential buildings with different real estate values were also analyzed. Considering the whole Florentine municipality, 13.0% of residential buildings fell into hot-spot zones (only 0.6% into cool-spot ones), characterized by very low tree cover surfaces (generally <1%), most of which were in the central belt (37% of all buildings in central belt). Almost 10% of these buildings belonged to the highest market value class revealing a positive association (OR = 1.53) with hot-spot zones. This study provides useful information to plan targeted building interventions to avoid a probable decrease of the value of residential properties in high heat-related risk areas.
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Zanutta, Antonio, Monia Negusini, Luca Vittuari, Leonardo Martelli, Paola Cianfarra, Francesco Salvini, Francesco Mancini, Paolo Sterzai, Marco Dubbini et Alessandro Capra. « New Geodetic and Gravimetric Maps to Infer Geodynamics of Antarctica with Insights on Victoria Land ». Remote Sensing 10, no 10 (10 octobre 2018) : 1608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10101608.
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In order to make inferences on the geodynamics of Antarctica, geodetic and gravimetric maps derived from past and new observations can be used. This paper provides new insights into the geodynamics of Antarctica by integrating data at regional and continental scales. In particular, signatures of geodynamic activity at a regional extent have been investigated in Victoria Land (VL, Antarctica) by means of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) permanent station observations, data from the VLNDEF (Victoria Land Network for Deformation control) discontinuous network, and gravity station measurements. At the continental scale, episodic GNSS observations on VLNDEF sites collected for 20 years, together with continuous data from the International GNSS Service (IGS) and Polar Earth Observing Network (POLENET) sites, were processed, and the Euler pole position assessed with the angular velocity of the Antarctic plate. Both the Bouguer and the free-air gravity anomaly maps were obtained by integrating the available open-access geophysics dataset, and a compilation of 180 gravity measurements collected in the VL within the Italian National Program for Antarctic Research (PNRA) activities. As a result, new evidence has been detected at regional and continental scale. The main absolute motion of VL is towards SE (Ve 9.9 ± 0.26 mm/yr, Vn −11.9 ± 0.27 mm/yr) with a pattern similar to the transforms of the Tasman and Balleny fracture zones produced as consequence of Southern Ocean spreading. Residual velocities of the GNSS stations located in VL confirm the active role of the two main tectonic lineaments of the region, the Rennick–Aviator and the Lillie–Tucker faults with right-lateral sense of shear. The resulting VL gravity anomalies show a NW region characterized by small sized Bouguer anomaly with high uplift rates associated and a SE region with low values of Bouguer anomaly and general subsidence phenomena. The East and West Antarctica are characterized by a different thickness of the Earth’s crust, and the relative velocities obtained by the observed GNSS data confirm that movements between the two regions are negligible. In East Antarctica, the roots of the main subglacial highlands, Gamburtsev Mts and Dronning Maud Land, are present. The Northern Victoria Land (NVL) is characterized by more scattered anomalies. These confirm the differences between the Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (GIA) modeled and observed uplift rates that could be related to deep-seated, regional scale structures.
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Marchina, Chiara, Claudio Natali et Gianluca Bianchini. « The Po River Water Isotopes during the Drought Condition of the Year 2017 ». Water 11, no 1 (16 janvier 2019) : 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11010150.
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The year 2017 was anomalously warm and dry across the whole Italian Peninsula, and the paucity of precipitation was emphasized during the extreme summer drought of the main Italian river, i.e., the Po river, which was characterized by a discharge persistently below 600 m3/s (in spite of the average discharge of 1500 m3/s). During these extreme conditions, the Po river oxygen and hydrogen stable isotopes (δD, δ18O) displayed a relation (δD = 6.1*δ18O − 6.6) significantly different from that recorded in the previous investigation of the years 2012–2014 (δD = 7.5*δ18O + 6.5). The lowering of the slope and the negative intercept clearly reflect the transition toward arid conditions that characterized the investigated period. The difference is expressed by the derivative parameter Line-Conditioned excess (LC-exc), which better describes the compositional difference of Po river water in the year 2017 with respect to that of the period 2012–2014, when the system was less affected by warm or dry conditions and the river discharge was more similar to the historical trends. The isotopic anomaly observed in 2017 throughout the river is even greater in the terminal part of the river, where in the meanders of the deltaic branches, the river flow progressively slows down, suffering significant evaporation. The isotopic signature of the water appears, therefore, an appropriate tool to monitor the watershed response to evolving environmental conditions. These sensitive isotopic parameters could be interpreted as “essential climate variables” (ECV) that are physical, chemical, or biological geo-referenced parameters that critically contribute to the characterization of Earth’s climate. Future research needs to find relationships between ECV (including the water stable isotopes) and the evolution of ecosystems, which especially in the Mediterranean area, appear to be fragile and severely affected by natural and anthropogenic processes.
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Traversari, M., F. Feletti, A. Vazzana, G. Gruppioni et M. A. Frelat. « Three cases of developmental dysplasia of the hip on partially mummified human remains (Roccapelago, Modena, 18th Century) : a study of palaeopathological indicators through direct analysis and 3D virtual models ». Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris 28, no 3-4 (27 janvier 2016) : 202–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13219-015-0140-7.
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Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is caused by a delay in the development of the acetabular cavity, leading to an anomaly in the angle of the acetabular roof. As a result, the femoral head and the acetabular cavity do not interact normally. The identification of three cases of DDH among the remains discovered in the most recent unit from the crypt at Roccapelago (Modena, Italy) enabled us to discuss the presence of DDH in this region during the 18th century. All three cases are bilateral and Dunn class I, two have been identified as male and one as female. These DDH cases are very likely mainly due to mechanical factors such as the breech position of the foetus, perhaps associated with birth order. But given their overall similarity, they may also have resulted from the practice of swaddling new-borns. In addition, current data from the Italian Ministry of Health suggests that the incidence of DDH has remained stable in this region from the 18th century to the present. The ongoing study of remains from earlier units should bring a better understanding of the particular prevalence of DDH at Roccapelago.
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Tanda, Giovanni, Marco Balsi, Paolo Fallavollita et Valter Chiarabini. « A UAV-Based Thermal-Imaging Approach for the Monitoring of Urban Landfills ». Inventions 5, no 4 (9 novembre 2020) : 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inventions5040055.
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The monitoring of waste disposal sites is important in order to minimize leakages of biogas, produced by anaerobic digestion and potentially explosive and detrimental to the environment. In this research, thermal imaging from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has been proposed as a diagnostic tool to monitor urban landfills. Since the anaerobic decomposition produces heat along with biogas, thermal anomalies recorded over the soil are likely to be associated with local biogas escaping from the landfill terrain and leaving a local thermal print. A simple and novel approach, based only on the processing of thermal maps gathered by the remote sensing surveys, has been proposed for the estimation of the fugitive methane emissions from landfills. Two case studies, concerning two Italian landfills, have been presented. For one of them (Mount Scarpino, Genoa), significant thermal anomalies were identified during several UAV flights and the relevant thermal images processed to obtain a rough estimation of the associated methane leakages. For the second landfill (Scala Erre, Sassari), the thermal map did not reveal any anomaly attributable to local biogas emission. Despite some limitations outlined in the paper, the present approach is proposed as an innovative method to identify significant biogas leakages from an urban landfill and to provide a preliminary evaluation of the methane production potential.
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Marchina, Chiara, Valeria Lencioni, Francesca Paoli, Marzia Rizzo et Gianluca Bianchini. « Headwaters’ Isotopic Signature as a Tracer of Stream Origins and Climatic Anomalies : Evidence from the Italian Alps in Summer 2018 ». Water 12, no 2 (1 février 2020) : 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12020390.
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Glaciers are shrinking due to global warming, resulting in a diminishing contribution of ice and snowmelt to headwaters and subsequent consequences to freshwater ecosystems. Within this context, we tested whether water-stable isotopes are spatio-temporal tracers of (i) water in high altitude periglacial environments, being the isotopic signature of surface water inherited from the snow/icemelt, groundwater, and rainfall; and (ii) regional (year-specific) meteorological conditions, being the isotopic signature of precipitations affected by air temperature, humidity and aqueous vapour origin, ascribing stable isotopes to the list of “essential climate variables″ (ECVs). To this end, we investigated the ionic and isotopic composition (δ18O and δ2H) of six high-altitude streams and one pond in the Italian Alps (Noce and Sarca basins) during the ablation season in 2018. Differences between habitat types (pond, kryal, rhithral, krenal) were detected. More negative values of δ18O and δ2H were recorded in the kryal and glacio-rhithral sites, dominated by ice and snowmelt, in early summer. Less negative values were recorded in these sites in late summer, as well as in the krenal sites, which were dominated by groundwater and rainfall inputs. The isotopic results also show that the complex alpine orography influences air masses and moisture, ultimately resulting in isotopic differences in the precipitations of neighboring but distinct catchments (Sarca and Noce basins). On average, less negative values were recorded in the Sarca basin, characterized by a higher contribution of precipitation of Mediterranean origin. In general, isotopic results of the entire water population appeared to be strongly influenced by the regional climatic anomaly of 2018, which was anomalously warm. Therefore, the study will provide additional information for the climate change debate, proposing water isotopes as ECVs for assessing change in a warmer future.
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Crespi, Alice, Michael Matiu, Giacomo Bertoldi, Marcello Petitta et Marc Zebisch. « A high-resolution gridded dataset of daily temperature and precipitation records (1980–2018) for Trentino-South Tyrol (north-eastern Italian Alps) ». Earth System Science Data 13, no 6 (16 juin 2021) : 2801–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2801-2021.
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Abstract. A high-resolution gridded dataset of daily mean temperature and precipitation series spanning the period 1980–2018 was built for Trentino-South Tyrol, a mountainous region in north-eastern Italy, starting from an archive of observation series from more than 200 meteorological stations and covering the regional domain and surrounding countries. The original station data underwent a processing chain including quality and consistency checks, homogeneity tests, with the homogenization of the most relevant breaks in the series, and a filling procedure of daily gaps aiming at maximizing the data availability. Using the processed database, an anomaly-based interpolation scheme was applied to project the daily station observations of mean temperature and precipitation onto a regular grid of 250 m × 250 m resolution. The accuracy of the resulting dataset was evaluated by leave-one-out station cross-validation. Averaged over all sites, interpolated daily temperature and precipitation show no bias, with a mean absolute error (MAE) of about 1.5 ∘C and 1.1 mm and a mean correlation of 0.97 and 0.91, respectively. The obtained daily fields were used to discuss the spatial representation of selected past events and the distribution of the main climatological features over the region, which shows the role of the mountainous terrain in defining the temperature and precipitation gradients. In addition, the suitability of the dataset to be combined with other high-resolution products was evaluated through a comparison of the gridded observations with snow-cover maps from remote sensing observations. The presented dataset provides an accurate insight into the spatio-temporal distribution of temperature and precipitation over the mountainous terrain of Trentino-South Tyrol and a valuable support for local and regional applications of climate variability and change. The dataset is publicly available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.924502 (Crespi et al., 2020).
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Viani, Cristina, Marta Chiarle, Roberta Paranunzio, Andrea Merlone, Chiara Musacchio, Graziano Coppa et Guido Nigrelli. « An integrated approach to investigate climate-driven rockfall occurrence in high alpine slopes : the Bessanese glacial basin, Western Italian Alps ». Journal of Mountain Science 17, no 11 (novembre 2020) : 2591–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11629-020-6216-y.
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Abstract Rockfalls are one of the most common instability processes in high mountains. They represent a relevant issue, both for the risks they represent for (infra) structures and frequentation, and for their potential role as terrestrial indicators of climate change. This study aims to contribute to the growing topic of the relationship between climate change and slope instability at the basin scale. The selected study area is the Bessanese glacial basin (Western Italian Alps) which, since 2016, has been specifically equipped, monitored and investigated for this purpose. In order to provide a broader context for the interpretation of the recent rockfall events and associated climate conditions, a cross-temporal and integrated approach has been adopted. For this purpose, geomorphological investigations (last 100 years), local climate (last 30 years) and near-surface rock/air temperatures analyses, have been carried out. First research outcomes show that rockfalls occurred in two different geomorphological positions: on rock slopes in permafrost condition, facing from NW to NE and/or along the glacier margins, on rock slopes uncovered by the ice in the last decades. Seasonal thaw of the active layer and/or glacier debutressing can be deemed responsible for slope failure preparation. With regard to timing, almost all dated rock falls occurred in summer. For the July events, initiation may have been caused by a combination of rapid snow melt and enhanced seasonal thaw of the active layer due to anomalous high temperatures, and rainfall. August events are, instead, associated with a significant positive temperature anomaly on the quarterly scale, and they can be ascribed to the rapid and/or in depth thaw of the permafrost active layer. According to our findings, we can expect that in the Bessanese glacierized basin, as in similar high mountain areas, climate change will cause an increase of slope instability in the future. To fasten knowledge deepening, we highlight the need for a growth of a network of high elevation experimental sites at the basin scale, and the definition of shared methodological and measurement standards, that would allow a more rapid and effective comparison of data.
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Mirabelli, Maria, Eusebio Chiefari, Paola Quaresima, Federica Visconti, Daniela Foti et Antonio Brunetti. « Early Onset Acceleration of Fetal Growth in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus : Deciding About When and Whom to Screen for Preventing Fetal Macrosomia ». Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (1 mai 2021) : A353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.719.
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Abstract The precise time into pregnancy at which women are screened for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is crucial for determining the benefits of diagnosis. However, this issue remains a source of intense debate among guidance authorities and there is no consensus about when and whom to screen. Since 2010, the IADPSG recommends universal screening with 75g OGTT at 24–28 weeks’ gestation (WG), due to evidence of a positive linear correlation between maternal blood glucose levels around 28 WG and risk of fetal macrosomia. Nonetheless, emerging evidence indicates that initial acceleration of fetal growth (FG) related to GDM, predicting fetal macrosomia, is already underway at 20 WG, thereby suggesting that screening strategies for GDM earlier than the recommended 24–28 WG should be reconsidered (1). By exploiting the routine 19–21 WG obstetrical assessment of FG (anomaly scan), along with the risk stratification system endorsed by the Italian NHS, which offers, in addition to the usual GDM screening test at 24–28 WG, an early 75g OGTT at 16–18 WG to women who are classified as at high risk (HR) for GDM (i.e. previous GDM, pre-gravid obesity, or FPG at first prenatal visit between 5.6–6.9 mmol/L), we aimed to verify whether an early onset acceleration of FG related to GDM would be observed in our pregnant population, and if reversion could occur with current screening recommendations. For this, 769 consecutive women in singleton pregnancies, subjected to both anomaly scan and GDM screening, were retrospectively enrolled at our Institution between Jan 2018-Feb 2020. At a mean time of 20.8 WG, the percentiles of estimated fetal weight (EFW) and abdominal circumference (AC) were significantly higher in women who tested positive for GDM at late screening than in women with normal glucose tolerance (NGT). However, while no differences in the birthweight (BW) percentiles of neonates born to non-HR women diagnosed with GDM at 24–28 WG, with respect to NGT women were observed (p=0.416), neonates born to HR women diagnosed with GDM at 24–28 WG (due to refusal to comply with early screening advices) were significantly heavier (p<0.001). In contrast, both the EFW and AC percentiles, as well as the BW percentiles, were significantly lower in infants born to HR women diagnosed with GDM at 16–18 WG with respect to their late diagnosis counterparts (EFW p=0.001, AC p=0.002, BW p=0.048), and not dissimilar to those of NGT women (EFW p=0.824, AC p=0.873, BW p=0.242). These results were confirmed by regression analysis, while adjusting for maternal confounders. Although an initial acceleration of FG related to GDM can be detected at anomaly scan in non-HR women, reversion occurs with current screening recommendations. Earlier screening strategies should be reserved to HR women, as the acceleration of FG related to GDM in these cases is less responsive to treatment delays. (1) Ref: Li et al. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;8(4):292–300.
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Senes, Filippo M., Maria Grazia Calevo, Roberto Adani, Carla Baldrighi, Franco Bassetto, Massimo Corain, Antonio Landi et al. « Hand and Upper Limb Malformations in Italy : A Multicentric Study ». Journal of Hand Surgery (Asian-Pacific Volume) 26, no 03 (10 août 2021) : 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2424835521500302.
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Background: Although hand and upper limb malformations are quite frequent, up to now very few reports have been published on epidemiology. The aim of this study is to evaluate the number of infants who presented with hand and upper limb malformations from 2010 to 2015 in Italy. Methods: A retrospective analysis of a pediatric population presenting with hand and upper extremity malformations was carried out, gathering reports achieved from eight Italian Centers of pediatric hand surgery. Other factors such as gender, date and region of birth, family distribution of malformations and associated syndromes, were analysed. Results: Out of 3,100,421 live births, 765 children presented with hand and upper limb malformations. The incidence was 2,5/10,000 live births with a predominance of males and the right side. Radial polydactyly was the anomaly with the highest percentage, closely followed by simple syndactyly, simbrachidactyly and complex syndactyly. Less common conditions were the triphalangic thumb, thumb in palm, proximal radioulnar synostosis and Sprengel deformity. Inheritance of and familial predisposition to those malformations was recorded in 25 cases, while 84 children presented with syndromes related to hand anomalies. Conclusions: In conclusion the incidence of hand and upper extremity malformations in Italy is lower than that registered in other countries. The retrospective nature of the study combined with the fact that some defects frequently evade pediatric hand surgeon consultations are some possible limitations of the study. However, our data confirmed that, in spite of the decrease in the birth rate in Italy, the trend of congenital hand disorders maintained a stable trend. We aim to integrate this study with a prospective analysis and to involve the institutional health authorities in other countries so as to register the correct incidence of hand and upper extremity defects.
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Garuti, Giorgio, Massimo Oddone et José Torres-Ruiz. « Platinum-group-element distribution in subcontinental mantle : evidence from the Ivrea Zone (Italy) and the Betic – Rifean cordillera (Spain and Morocco) ». Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 34, no 4 (1 avril 1997) : 444–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e17-037.
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The six platinum-group elements (PGE's) Os, Ir, Ru, Rh, Pt, and Pd and Au were analyzed by instrumental neutron-activation analysis after nickel sulfide fire assay, in peridotites and dyke rocks from the orogenic ultramafic massifs of the Ivrea Zone in the Italian western Alps (Baldissero, Balmuccia, Finero) and the Betico–Rifean cordillera in southern Spain and northern Morocco (Ronda, Beni Bousera). The peridotites are considered as variably depleted, and reenriched low lithosphere, whereas the dyke rocks represent polybaric derivatives of basaltic melts (pyroxenites and gabbros), most coming from the underlying asthenosphere. The peridotites have total PGE content in the range 8.6–54.7 ppb, while mantle-normalized patterns generally grade from nearly flat and PGE rich, in less depleted lherzolites, to negative and PGE poor, in residual harzburgites and dunites. Dyke rocks have total PGE's in the range 5.4 – 250 ppb and positive mantle-normalized patterns. Negative anomalies of Ir – Pt are frequently observed in dykes, indicating that both metals were probably retained in the mantle source of these melts. Most of the peridotites display positive anomaly of Au, and in some case are enriched in Ru, Rh, and Pd, but exhibit the same negative anomalies in Ir and Pt as the dykes. These features are ascribed to reintroduction of noble metals into the residual mantle by reaction with the basaltic melts that generated the dykes, or alternatively by recycling of "dyke material" during further partial melting of the host mantle. The role of the sulfide phase as carrier of the recycled PGE is stressed by clear interelemental correlation in peridotites from the Ivrea Zone. Present data provide evidence that zones of PGE enrichment can origin; this way in the subcontinental mantle, and may constitute a potential reservoir for noble metal fertile volcanism in continental rift systems.
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HARRINGTON, JOEL F. « THE FOREST FOR THE TREES : SOCIETY AND THE HOUSEHOLD IN EARLY MODERN EUROPE ». Historical Journal 41, no 4 (décembre 1998) : 1161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x98008218.
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Gender relations in German history: power, agency, and experience from the sixteenth to the twentieth century. Edited by Lynn Abrams and Elizabeth Harvey. London: UCL, 1996. Pp. x+262. ISBN 1-85728-485-2. £12.95.Adultery and divorce in Calvin's Geneva. By Robert M. Kingdon. Cambridge, Mass., and London: Harvard UP, 1995. Pp. ix+214. ISBN 0-674-00520-1 (hb). £18.50.Housecraft and statecraft: domestic service in Renaissance Venice, 1400–1600. By Dennis Romano. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996. Pp. xxvi+333. ISBN 0-8018-5288-9. £37.00.The European nobility, 1400–1800. By Jonathan Dewald. New approaches to European history, ix. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Pp. xvii+209. ISBN 0-521-42528-x (pb). £12.95.Garden and grove: the Italian Renaissance garden in the English imagination, 1600–1750. By John Dixon Hunt. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1996. Pp. xix+268. ISBN 0-8122-1604-0 (pb). £23.50.Like an ancient woodsman or a guide through the Amazonian jungle, the ideal historian possesses at least two kinds of expertise: enough familiarity with the general terrain to plan successful expeditions and enough experience in the field to make inevitable adjustments to ‘the big picture’ when underway. Of course in the real world (of both geography and history) the tasks of exploration and cartography are often bifurcated, without necessarily disastrous results. The historian who is equally skilled at both close-up description and large-scale theorizing is consequently celebrated as a rare and valued anomaly. Meanwhile, for most of us stumbling scouts, the world beyond our familiar trails remains largely one of learned lore, with connections to our own limited forays often vague at best. Unless, of course, we are fortunate enough to come across something which provides an almost magical link between the narrow and the wide, the micro and the macro.
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Regonini, Gloria. « LE POLITICHE SOCIALI IN ITALIA : METODI DI ANALISI ». Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica 15, no 3 (décembre 1985) : 335–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0048840200003348.
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IntroduzioneQuesto articolo si propone tre obiettivi: discutere alcuni recenti orientamenti metodologici emersi dagli studi comparati sul policy making nei paesi occidentali; mettere alla prova la loro capacità di catturare elementi importanti del modo di elaborare le politiche sociali in Italia; controllare se non sia possibile trattare le discordanze tra i modelli considerati ed il caso italiano non come meri residui o come prodotti di una qualche anomalia nazionale, ma come elementi per un riesame degli schemi inizialmente assunti come punto di riferimento, in modo da ampliarne il potere esplicativo.
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Torcasio, Rosa Claudia, Stefano Federico, Albert Comellas Prat, Giulia Panegrossi, Leo Pio D'Adderio et Stefano Dietrich. « Impact of Lightning Data Assimilation on the Short-Term Precipitation Forecast over the Central Mediterranean Sea ». Remote Sensing 13, no 4 (13 février 2021) : 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13040682.
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Lightning data assimilation (LDA) is a powerful tool to improve the weather forecast of convective events and has been widely applied with this purpose in the past two decades. Most of these applications refer to events hitting coastal and land areas, where people live. However, a weather forecast over the sea has many important practical applications, and this paper focuses on the impact of LDA on the precipitation forecast over the central Mediterranean Sea around Italy. The 3 h rapid update cycle (RUC) configuration of the weather research and forecasting (WRF) model) has been used to simulate the whole month of November 2019. Two sets of forecasts have been considered: CTRL, without lightning data assimilation, and LIGHT, which assimilates data from the LIghtning detection NETwork (LINET). The 3 h precipitation forecast has been compared with observations of the Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for Global Precipitation Mission (GPM) (IMERG) dataset and with rain gauge observations recorded in six small Italian islands. The comparison of CTRL and LIGHT precipitation forecasts with the IMERG dataset shows a positive impact of LDA. The correlation between predicted and observed precipitation improves over wide areas of the Ionian and Adriatic Seas when LDA is applied. Specifically, the correlation coefficient for the whole domain increases from 0.59 to 0.67, and the anomaly correlation (AC) improves by 5% over land and by 8% over the sea when lightning is assimilated. The impact of LDA on the 3 h precipitation forecast over six small islands is also positive. LDA improves the forecast by both decreasing the false alarms and increasing the hits of the precipitation forecast, although with variability among the islands. The case study of 12 November 2019 (time interval 00–03 UTC) has been used to show how important the impact of LDA can be in practice. In particular, the shifting of the main precipitation pattern from land to the sea caused by LDA gives a much better representation of the precipitation field observed by the IMERG precipitation product.
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Di Girolamo, P., D. Summa, R. F. Lin, T. Maestri, R. Rizzi et G. Masiello. « UV Raman lidar measurements of relative humidity for the characterization of cirrus cloud microphysical properties ». Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, no 4 (8 juillet 2009) : 14735–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-14735-2009.
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Abstract. Raman lidar measurements performed in Potenza by the Raman lidar system BASIL in the presence of cirrus clouds are discussed. Measurements were performed on 6 September 2004 in the frame of Italian phase of the EAQUATE Experiment. The major feature of BASIL is represented by its capability to perform high-resolution and accurate measurements of atmospheric temperature and water vapour, and consequently relative humidity, both in daytime and night-time, based on the application of the rotational and vibrational Raman lidar techniques in the UV. BASIL is also capable to provide measurements of the particle backscatter and extinction coefficient, and consequently lidar ratio (at the time of these measurements only at one wavelength), which are fundamental to infer geometrical and microphysical properties of clouds. A case study is discussed in order to assess the capability of Raman lidars to measure humidity in presence of cirrus clouds, both below and inside the cloud. While air inside the cloud layers is observed to be always under-saturated with respect to water, both ice super-saturation and under-saturation conditions are found inside these clouds. Upper tropospheric moistening is observed below the lower cloud layer. The synergic use of the data derived from the ground based Raman Lidar and of spectral radiances measured by the NAST-I Airborne Spectrometer allows to determine the temporal evolution of the atmospheric cooling/heating rates due to the presence of the cirrus cloud anvil. Lidar measurements beneath the cirrus cloud layer have been interpreted using a 1-D cirrus cloud model with explicit microphysics. The 1-D simulations indicates that sedimentation-moistening has contributed significantly to the moist anomaly, but other mechanisms are also contributing. This result supports the hypothesis that the observed mid-tropospheric humidification is a real feature which is strongly influenced by the sublimation of precipitating ice crystals. Results illustrated in this study demonstrate that Raman lidars, like the one used in this study, can resolve the spatial and temporal scales required for the study of cirrus cloud microphysical processes and appears sensitive enough to reveal and quantify upper tropospheric humidification associated with cirrus cloud sublimation.
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Di Girolamo, P., D. Summa, R. F. Lin, T. Maestri, R. Rizzi et G. Masiello. « UV Raman lidar measurements of relative humidity for the characterization of cirrus cloud microphysical properties ». Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9, no 22 (19 novembre 2009) : 8799–811. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-8799-2009.
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Abstract. Raman lidar measurements performed in Potenza by the Raman lidar system BASIL in the presence of cirrus clouds are discussed. Measurements were performed on 6 September 2004 in the frame of the Italian phase of the EAQUATE Experiment. The major feature of BASIL is represented by its capability to perform high-resolution and accurate measurements of atmospheric temperature and water vapour, and consequently relative humidity, both in daytime and night-time, based on the application of the rotational and vibrational Raman lidar techniques in the UV. BASIL is also capable to provide measurements of the particle backscatter and extinction coefficient, and consequently lidar ratio (at the time of these measurements, only at one wavelength), which are fundamental to infer geometrical and microphysical properties of clouds. A case study is discussed in order to assess the capability of Raman lidars to measure humidity in presence of cirrus clouds, both below and inside the cloud. While air inside the cloud layers is observed to be always under-saturated with respect to water, both ice super-saturation and under-saturation conditions are found inside these clouds. Upper tropospheric moistening is observed below the lower cloud layer. The synergic use of the data derived from the ground based Raman Lidar and of spectral radiances measured by the NAST-I Airborne Spectrometer allows the determination of the temporal evolution of the atmospheric cooling/heating rates due to the presence of the cirrus cloud. Lidar measurements beneath the cirrus cloud layer have been interpreted using a 1-D cirrus cloud model with explicit microphysics. The 1-D simulations indicate that sedimentation-moistening has contributed significantly to the moist anomaly, but other mechanisms are also contributing. This result supports the hypothesis that the observed mid-tropospheric humidification is a real feature which is strongly influenced by the sublimation of precipitating ice crystals. Results illustrated in this study demonstrate that Raman lidars, like the one used in this study, can resolve the spatial and temporal scales required for the study of cirrus cloud microphysical processes and appear sensitive enough to reveal and quantify upper tropospheric humidification associated with cirrus cloud sublimation.
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Capozzi, Vincenzo, Carmela De Vivo et Giorgio Budillon. « Synoptic control over winter snowfall variability observed in a remote site of Apennine Mountains (Italy), 1884–2015 ». Cryosphere 16, no 5 (6 mai 2022) : 1741–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1741-2022.
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Abstract. This work presents a new, very long snowfall time series collected in a remote site of Italian Apennine mountains (Montevergine Observatory, 1280 m above sea level). After a careful check, based on quality control tests and homogenization procedures, the available data (i.e. daily height of new snow) have been aggregated over winter season (December–February) to study the long-term variability for the period 1884–2020. The main evidence emerging from this analysis lies in (i) the strong interannual variability of winter snowfall amounts, (ii) the absence of a relevant trend from the late 19th century to the mid-1970s, (iii) the strong reduction in the snowfall amount and frequency of occurrence from the mid-1970s to the end of the 1990s and (iv) the increase in average snowfall amount and frequency of occurrence in the past 20 years. Moreover, this study shed light on the relationship between the snowfall variability observed in Montevergine and the large-scale atmospheric circulation. Six different synoptic types, describing the meteorological scenarios triggering the snow events in the study area, have been identified by means of a cluster analysis, using two essential atmospheric variables, the 500 hPa geopotential height and the sea level pressure (both retrieved from the third version of the Twentieth Century Reanalysis dataset, which is available for the 1884–2015 period). Such patterns trace out scenarios characterized by the presence of a blocking high-pressure anomaly over Scandinavia or the North Atlantic and by a cold air outbreak involving both maritime and continental cold air masses. A further analysis demonstrates that the identified synoptic types are strongly related with different teleconnection patterns, i.e. the Arctic Oscillation (AO), the Eastern Atlantic Western Russia (EAWR), the Eastern Mediterranean Pattern (EMP), the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Scandinavian pattern (SCAND), that govern the European winter atmospheric variability. The relevant decline in snowfall frequency and amounts between the 1970s and 1990s can be mainly ascribed to the strong positive trend of AO and NAO indices, which determined, in turn, a decrease in the incidence of patterns associated with the advection, in central Mediterranean area, of moist and cold arctic maritime air masses. The recent increase in average snowfall amounts can be explained by the reverse trend of the AO index and by the prevalence of a neutral or negative EAWR pattern.
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Ruisi, Mary M., Evangelista Jessica, Daniel Green, Brenda Oiyemhonlan, Shivani Shah, Benjamin T. Kile, Rachel Burt, Alexis Thompson et James B. Bussel. « Radioulnar Synostosis and Its Hematology and Genetic Associations ». Blood 116, no 21 (19 novembre 2010) : 2521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.2521.2521.
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Abstract Abstract 2521 Defects in the radial ray are associated with hematological problems such as thrombocytopenia and bone marrow failure, i.e. Thrombocytopenia Absent Radius Syndrome and Fanconi Anemia. Congenital radioulnar synostosis (RUS), a rare developmental anomaly involving fusion of the bones of the forearms, has been recognized in the orthopedic literature since the mid-1800s. The bony union of the radius and ulna prevents normal supination of the affected forearm, yet the condition is painless and compatible with a normal functional existence without the need for surgery. RUS occurs more frequently in males, and is bilateral in about fifty percent of cases. In utero, growth patterning of the limbs along the various axes requires products of the Homeobox (Hox) genes, which are members of a highly conserved set of transcription gene factors that are expressed very early in embryonic development. In addition to limb patterning, studies regarding homeobox genes have suggested that they are involved in hematopoiesis, including self-renewal, proliferation, differentiation, and leukemogensis. In the year 2000, Thompson and Nguyen published a report in Nature Genetics that identified an unusual association of amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia and radioulnar synostosis in two unrelated, non-consanguineous families; sequencing of these families found a point mutation of exon 2 of HoxA11. Several other studies have confirmed the association of bone marrow failure or thrombocytopenia and RUS, although a number of patients have not tested positive for the HoxA11 mutation. The aims of our IRB approved project are to create a registry of patients and their family members with congenital RUS with or without hematological problems; compile their medical histories, clinical phenotypes, and results of complete blood counts; archive blood samples; and perform genomic testing for HoxA11 and other DNA screening. We began recruiting subjects at New York Presbyterian Hospital Department of Hematology/Oncology in August of 2009. Through radiology screening, chart review, and referrals from our collaborating pediatric orthopedists, we have identified eight source patients with RUS. All except one patient have hematological manifestations; three have subtle symptoms of easy bruising and recurrent epistaxis, one had thrombocytopenia with reduced megakaryoctyes, one has intermittent thrombocytopenia and leucopenia of undetermined etiology, one had pancytopenia/bone marrow failure in infancy and is status post bone marrow transplant (s/p BMT), and one had acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma in young adulthood and is also s/p BMT. The eighth patient was recently adopted from an orphanage in a foreign country, and his past and family histories are unknown. Other related anomalies or syndromes found in the primary subjects or family members are clinodactyly of the 5th finger, Angelman Syndrome, Autism Spectrum Disorders, Pulmonary Hypertension (PHTN), Polycystic Kidney Disease (PCKD), and possible Poland Syndrome. We have also compiled family pedigrees and collected blood from immediate family members, some of whom also have RUS and hematological manifestatations [Figure 1]. Five of the eight families are of Mediterranean (mostly Italian) ancestry, suggesting a possible founder effect to the mutation versus geographic bias of the New York metropolitan area. One family of Italian descent had consanguinity of the subject's maternal grandparents. We are in the process of sequencing HoxA11 for the subjects and their families. Subject #1 previously tested normal for the HoxA11 gene. If samples are determined to be normal for HoxA11, genome wide SNP analysis for further homozygosity and/or linkage mapping will be pursued. We hope to increase awareness of the linked clinical entities of RUS, thrombocytopenia, bone marrow failure, and possible malignant transformation at the level of the general pediatrician, orthopedists, and hematologists. Additionally, besides HoxA11, we hope to discover other candidate genes or molecular mechanisms within related Hox genes that may influence the development of forearm morphogenesis, thrombopoiesis, and leukemogenesis. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Vannucci, Alberto. « L'infelice anomalia italiana : la corruzione come sistema ». QUESTIONE GIUSTIZIA, no 1 (septembre 2013) : 147–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/qg2013-001011.
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BELLIA, ENRICO, GIULIANO CERASA, VINCENZO CIGNA, SABRINA LO BRUTTO et BRUNO MASSA. « Epinephelus sicanus (Doderlein, 1882) (Perciformes : Serranidae : Epinephelinae), a valid species of grouper from the Mediterranean Sea ». Zootaxa 4758, no 1 (27 mars 2020) : 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.1.10.
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During the editing of the paper “In memory of Pietro Doderlein” (Massa et al. 2018), consulting Doderlein’s bibliography, and highlighting some interesting documents and the material preserved in the Museum of Zoology of the University of Palermo (MZPA) (today named after Doderlein), a taxonomic anomaly was noticed about a grouper collected more than one hundred years ago. The aim of the present statement is to prove that the name Cerna sicana Doderlein, 1882 (presently as Epinephelus sicanus [Doderlein, 1882]) should be considered a valid species unless it is demonstrated that it is a synonym of another valid species. In 1882 Doderlein described Cerna sicana from a single specimen (Fig. 1). The holotype is a female, composed of three parts: MZPA-P/46 comprising the stuffed specimen bearing the external anatomical features (Fig. 1), MZPA-AN/440 comprising the dry gill arches and the heart (Fig. 2), and MZPA-AN/1233 comprising the vertebral column (Fig. 3). The eyes and the digestive and reproductive organs, originally stored in liquid, are lost. The specimen was collected in the central Mediterranean Sea along the coast of northern Sicily (Palermo), southern Italy, in December 1882 and deposited at the Museum of Zoology “P. Doderlein” of the University of Palermo. Later Doderlein (1889) moved the species to the genus Epinephelus Bloch, 1793. About his new species, Doderlein (1882) wrote (translated from Italian): “Serranus Cernioides, Brito Capello, and Serranus Caninus, Val., are those most related to this … It should be established if its characters could allow it to be described as a new species or if they could be anomalies of one of the previously cited species. In order to highlight the peculiar characters, I tentatively decide to name it Serranus or Cerna Sicana, after the locality where it was caught”. Doderlein (1889) wrote about the new species to D.S. Jordan[1] then at the Indiana University of Bloomington (USA), who replied that he considered E. sicanus as a valid species, and that Jordan noted two other adults and a third young specimen collected in Brazil, in 1865, in the Louis Agassiz collection, preserved in the Museum of Cambridge (presently Museum of Comparative Zoology—MCZ, Harvard University, USA) that he considered as possibly conspecific with E. sicanus. According to A. Williston (MCZ curator, pers. comm.) two likely candidates for these Jordan-Doderlein specimens are still present in the museum (voucher codes MCZ 9787 and MCZ 9788), identified as “Epinephelus (allied to nigritus, perhaps new)”. Soon after, Jordan & Eigenmann (1890) synonymized Cerna sicana with Epinephelus merus (Poey, 1868). Subsequently, Boulenger (1895) synonymized Epinephelus merus and E. sicanus with Epinephelus nigritus (Holbrook, 1855), apparently without observing the holotype of C. sicana as argued by Tortonese (1956). [1] Jordan (1891) described Symphodus doderleini with the following etymology: “We have given to it the new name of Symphodus doderleini, in honor of our excellent friend Prof. Pietro Doderlein of the University of Palermo”; this is a proof of the esteem that he had for him.
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D’Alessandro, Michela, Luca Castriota, Pierpaolo Consoli, Teresa Romeo et Franco Andaloro. « Pseudonereis anomala (Polychaeta, Nereididae) expands its range westward : first Italian record in Augusta and Siracusa harbours ». Marine Biodiversity 46, no 1 (2 avril 2015) : 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12526-015-0334-8.
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Scaramuzza, N., C. Diaferia et E. Berni. « Micobiota autoctono e uso di biocompetitori in un impianto per la produzione di Culatello ». Archivos de Zootecnia 67, Supplement (15 janvier 2018) : 167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21071/az.v67isupplement.3596.
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Un impianto artigianale che produce Culatello (un prodotto carneo stagionato tipico italiano) è stato sottoposto a campionamento in inverno ed estate per valutare il micobiota presente nell’aria degli ambienti di stagionatura e sui prodotti, con particolare attenzione alle muffe indesiderate e alle potenziali produttrici di micotossine. Tra il micobiota caratteristico, i ceppi fungini potenzialmente produttori di ocratossina A sono stati rilevati sporadicamente e sono risultati quelli meno prevalenti tra le specie isolate da culatelli. Al contrario, i ceppi fungini responsabili di colorazioni anomale sui budelli sui budelli sono stati rilevati in quantità massive nei primi step del processo di stagionatura, pur essendo la loro presenza in diminuzione verso la fine di tale processo. Per tale ragione, è stato condotto uno studio relativo all’impiego di ceppi fungini autoctoni quali biocompetitori, al fine di trovare una soluzione allo sviluppo di certuni ceppi fungini sui prodotti carnei stagionati. Ceppi autoctoni di Aspergillus e Penicillium sono stati selezionati ed inoculati su alcuni culatelli per agire come biocompetitori nei confronti di ceppi di Sporendonema naturalmente presenti sui prodotti testati. Nonostante la sua fluttuante concentrazione, la muffa sgradita è riuscita ad impartire ai prodotti inoculati una chiazzatura color rosso fuoco nel corso della stagionatura. Per tale motivo, l’uso di biocompetitori autoctoni non ha rappresentato un’effettiva azione di contrasto nei confronti di muffe in grado di produrre colorazioni anomale sui prodotti carnei.
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Pavolini, Emmanuele. « I servizi di welfare come beni collettivi per lo sviluppo : le anomalie del caso italiano ». QA Rivista dell'Associazione Rossi-Doria, no 4 (février 2015) : 65–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/qu2014-004004.
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Alaridhee, Tahseen A., Fatima H. Malk, Abdullah A. Hussein et Dawod S. Abid. « Enhanced Absorption Edge of Anchusa-Italica-Doped Pentacene towards Optoelectronic Applications ». Materials Science Forum 1002 (juillet 2020) : 251–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1002.251.
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The dye-doped polymer is commonly used in the field of optoelectronics, given its effectiveness in optimising the device’s performance. This study is devoted to the synthesis and characterisation of Anchusa-Italica-doped Pentacene thin-film. Scanning electronic microscopy structural analysis, Fourier transform spectroscopy, and UV-visible transmittance spectra with a range of 300-900 nm were also carried out. The fundamental optical properties such as the absorption coefficient, optical energy gap, absorption and refractive indices were calculated based on the methods already used in the literature as Tauc’s relationship. The morphology of the samples indicated that dye structure was affected in the doped pentacene. The Fourier transform infrared technique (FT-IR) resulting spectrum of the doped samples also showed a significant absorption peak corresponding to C-H as an index of impurities. The calculated band-gap energy of the impurity sample was reduced and was the lowest compared to both the pure dye and polymer samples. The optical absorption and transmittance spectra revealed that it was positioned in the desirable ranges for optoelectronic applications. An anomaly in the absorption index was also observed through excitation of the resonance mode with transparent indication. This effect was deduced from the calculation of the refractive index. The results presented in this paper significantly contribute to the developments in the field of optoelectronic devices based on dye/polymer organic materials.
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Benelli, Enrico. « Formazione delle scritture alfabetiche in Italia centrale. Riflessioni sul caso dell'etrusco e alfabetti conessi ». Palaeohispanica. Revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania Antigua, no 20 (1 mai 2020) : 103–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.36707/palaeohispanica.v0i20.391.
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Il processo di formazione dell’alfabeto etrusco segue principi molto diversi rispetto a processi analoghi che hanno portato alla nascita delle altre scritture alfabetiche di area mediterranea. La ricerca passata ha spesso mancato di cogliere questa anomalia, o ha tentato di spiegarla attraverso modelli teorici non sempre soddisfacenti. Partendo dalla constatazione che le città etrusco-meridionali, al momento della formazione della scrittura alfabetica, comprendevano componenti alloglotte, evidenti soprattutto ai livelli sociali più alti, e introducendo confronti con situazioni analoghe riscontrabili in vari sistemi scrittori del mondo, l’articolo propone di spiegare il singolare processo formativo dell’alfabeto etrusco come il risultato di un tentativo di creare una scrittura che potesse servire a rendere più lingue diverse.