Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Islamic devotional calendars »

The Tolaki people continue to base their way of life on traditions like the Tolaki calendar for identifying good and bad days. The Tolaki tribe employs a tool that is often employed as a weather forecast or as a guide for the community to carry out certain actions to ascertain this. The formulation of the issue is brought up by the author, who asks questions like: How does the Tolaki calendar system work?, How are the good and bad days for the Tolaki people determined?, and How is astronomical research related to the Tolaki calendar system?. The Tolaki Culture Book, which is processed with journals linked to the Tolaki Tribal Calendar System, is used in this research technique, which is a library method. It is studied descriptively and presented qualitatively. These are the study's findings: The moon's position in the night sky is used as the basis for the Tolaki calendar. The meanings of the names of the days in the month are used by the Tolaki people to identify good and bad days, and they use Naga Hari, Kutika, and Bilangari to ascertain the precise day and hour. The Tolaki calendar is identical to the Hijri calendar in astronomy since it uses a lunar calendar that keeps track of the moon's orbit. The Tolaki community uses the concept of good days and bad days as a guide for carrying out activities, but it cannot be utilized as a model for how to do Islamic devotion.

This article provides a full English translation of the Du’ā’ al-saḥar or Dawn Supplication for the Islamic month of Ramaḍān. Attributed to certain Imams whom Twelver Shī`ī Muslims regard as the successors of the Prophet Muhammad, it is an Arabic invocatory devotional also known from around the 13th century CE after its opening words, as the Du‘ā al-Bahā (Supplication of Splendour–Glory–Light). It is commonly ascribed to the fifth Imam Muhammad al-Bāqir (d. c. 126/743) or as transmitted through his son, the sixth Imam Ja‘far al-Ṣādiq (d. c. 138/765). The former version or recension has around 22 invocations, while the sixth Imam’s recension is known as the Du‘ā’ al-mubāhalah (The Supplication for Mutual Imprecation) and is considerably longer, consisting of over 30 supplicatory lines. This latter recension had its origin at a time when Muhammad was challenged near Medina by certain Yemenite Christians of Najrān about his messianic status as a Prophet in the light of theological and Christological issues. Both Sayyid ‘Alī Muḥammad Shīrāzī, “the Bāb” (1819–1850), and Mīrzā Ḥusayn ‘Alī Nūrī, “Bahā’u’llāh” (1817–1892) gave great importance to this supplication (or these two related supplications) and were much influenced by its vocabulary and rhythmic, cascading content relating the Names of God. The Bāb interpreted it on Islamic and imamological lines in his Persian Dalā’il-i saba‘ (The Seven Proofs). He cited it often, both in early texts and within numerous later major writings, including the Kitāb al-asmā’ (The Book of Names) and the Kitāb-i panj sha’n (The Book of the Seven Modes [of Revelation]). In his Persian Bayān and other writings, he used nineteen of its invocatory divine Names to frame the structure and names of his annual calendar of nineteen months: his new, wondrous or Badī‘ calendar (“The New/Regenerative Calendar”). This calendar was furthermore adopted by Baha’u’llah in his Kitāb-i aqdas (The Most Holy Book). His own theophanic title, evolving from “Jināb-i Bahā’” (His eminence the Glory) to “Bahā’u’llāh” (the Glory of God) is closely related and is rooted in this and certain similar texts. Baha’u’llah referred to the Du‘ā’ al-saḥar as the Lawh-i baqā’ (The Scriptural Tablet of Eternity) and understood its opening lines as an allusion to his person as the embodiment of the Supreme or Greatest Name of God (al-ism al-a`ẓam). Several of the Arabic and Persian writings in which the founder of the Baha’i religion interprets the Du‘ā’ al-saḥar are translated in this current paper. Their content demonstrates the extent to which he elevated this powerful Islamic text.

This chapter surveys scholarship about pilgrimage, Islamic shrines, liturgical calendars and the Islamic annual cycle, and some of the typologies suggested by scholars of Islam. It claims that modern researchers did not devote much attention to Muslim non-canonical devotions, including those of the month of Rajab.