Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Ipsl-Cm »

This study assessed the water supply stability for Boryeong multipurpose dam by applying future dry climate change scenarios and Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). CMCC-CM, INM-CM4, and IPSL-CM5A-MR RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios were selected as the future dry conditions using Runs theory and Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). For historical (1980–1999), present (2000–2019), and future periods (2030s, 2050s, 2070s, and 2090s) of the 6 scenarios, SWAT model was used to simulate the future dam water supply stability. The stability was evaluated in terms of reliability (RT), resilience (RS), and vulnerability (V) based on the monthly target storage. The results showed that the future RT can be decreased to 0.803 in 2050s IPSL-CM5A-MR RCP 8.5 scenario from present 0.955. The future RS and V showed the minimum value of 0.003 and the biggest value of 3567.6 × 106 m3 in 2070s IPSL-CM5A-MR RCP 4.5 scenario. The future RT, RS, and V showed that the dam has low resilience and is vulnerable to future drought scenarios.

Abstract. The impact of anthropogenic climate change on marine net primary production (NPP) is a reason for concern because changing NPP will have widespread consequences for marine ecosystems and their associated services. Projections by the current generation of Earth system models have suggested decreases in global NPP in response to future climate change, albeit with very large uncertainties. Here, we make use of two versions of the Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace Climate Model (IPSL-CM) that simulate divergent NPP responses to similar high-emission scenarios in the 21st century and identify nitrogen fixation as the main driver of these divergent NPP responses. Differences in the way N fixation is parameterised in the marine biogeochemical component PISCES (Pelagic Interactions Scheme for Carbon and Ecosystem Studies) of the IPSL-CM versions lead to N-fixation rates that are either stable or double over the course of the 21st century, resulting in decreasing or increasing global NPP, respectively. An evaluation of these two model versions does not help constrain future NPP projection uncertainties. However, the use of a more comprehensive version of PISCES, with variable nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratios as well as a revised parameterisation of the temperature sensitivity of N fixation, suggests only moderate changes in globally averaged N fixation in the 21st century. This leads to decreasing global NPP, in line with the model-mean changes of a recent multi-model intercomparison. Lastly, despite contrasting trends in NPP, all our model versions simulate similar and significant reductions in planktonic biomass. This suggests that projected plankton biomass may be a more robust indicator than NPP of the potential impact of anthropogenic climate change on marine ecosystems across models.

On the climate-health issue, studies have already attempted to understand the influence of climate change on the transmission of malaria. Extreme weather events such as floods, droughts, or heat waves can alter the course and distribution of malaria. This study aims to understand the impact of future climate change on malaria transmission using, for the first time in Senegal, the ICTP’s community-based vector-borne disease model, TRIeste (VECTRI). This biological model is a dynamic mathematical model for the study of malaria transmission that considers the impact of climate and population variability. A new approach for VECTRI input parameters was also used. A bias correction technique, the cumulative distribution function transform (CDF-t) method, was applied to climate simulations to remove systematic biases in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) global climate models (GCMs) that could alter impact predictions. Beforehand, we use reference data for validation such as CPC global unified gauge-based analysis of daily precipitation (CPC for Climate Prediction Center), ERA5-land reanalysis, Climate Hazards InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS), and African Rainfall Climatology 2.0 (ARC2). The results were analyzed for two CMIP5 scenarios for the different time periods: assessment: 1983–2005; near future: 2006–2028; medium term: 2030–2052; and far future: 2077–2099). The validation results show that the models reproduce the annual cycle well. Except for the IPSL-CM5B model, which gives a peak in August, all the other models (ACCESS1–3, CanESM2, CSIRO, CMCC-CM, CMCC-CMS, CNRM-CM5, GFDL-CM3, GFDL-ESM2G, GFDL-ESM2M, inmcm4, and IPSL-CM5B) agree with the validation data on a maximum peak in September with a period of strong transmission in August–October. With spatial variation, the CMIP5 model simulations show more of a difference in the number of malaria cases between the south and the north. Malaria transmission is much higher in the south than in the north. However, the results predicted by the models on the occurrence of malaria by 2100 show differences between the RCP8.5 scenario, considered a high emission scenario, and the RCP4.5 scenario, considered an intermediate mitigation scenario. The CanESM2, CMCC-CM, CMCC-CMS, inmcm4, and IPSL-CM5B models predict decreases with the RCP4.5 scenario. However, ACCESS1–3, CSIRO, NRCM-CM5, GFDL-CM3, GFDL-ESM2G, and GFDL-ESM2M predict increases in malaria under all scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). The projected decrease in malaria in the future with these models is much more visible in the RCP8.5 scenario. The results of this study are of paramount importance in the climate-health field. These results will assist in decision-making and will allow for the establishment of preventive surveillance systems for local climate-sensitive diseases, including malaria, in the targeted regions of Senegal.

Soil moisture plays a key role in water, carbon and energy exchanges between the land surface and the atmosphere. Therefore, a better representation of this variable in the Land-Surface Models (LSMs) used in climate modelling could significantly reduce the uncertainties associated with future climate predictions. In this study, the ESA-CCI soil moisture (SM) combined product (v4.2) has been confronted to the simulated top-first layers/cms of the ORCHIDEE LSM (the continental part of the IPSL Earth System Model) for the years 2008-2016, to evaluate its potential to improve the model using data assimilation techniques. The ESA-CCI data are first rescaled to match the climatology of the model and the signal representative depth is selected. Results are found to be relatively consistent over the first 20 cm of the model. Strong correlations found between the model and the ESA-CCI product show that ORCHIDEE can adequately reproduce the observed SM dynamics. As well as considering two different atmospheric forcings to drive the model, we consider two different model parameterizations related to the soil resistance to evaporation. The correlation metric is shown to be more sensitive to the choice of meteorological forcing than to the choice of model parameterization. Therefore, the metric is not optimal in highlighting structural deficiencies in the model. In contrast, the temporal autocorrelation metric is shown to be more sensitive to this model parameterization, making the metric a potential candidate for future data assimilation experiments.

Based on the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) product and 37 models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) database, the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO) and its decadal generation mechanisms are evaluated by studying the second leading modes of North Pacific sea surface height (SSH) and sea level pressure (SLP) as well as their dynamical connections. It is found that 17 out of 37 models can well simulate the spatial pattern and decadal time scales (10–30 yr) of the NPGO mode, which resembles the observation-based SODA results. Dynamical connections between the oceanic mode (NPGO) and the atmospheric mode [North Pacific Oscillation (NPO)] are strongly evident in both SODA and the 17 models. In particular, about 30%–40% of the variance of the NPGO variability, which generally exhibits a preferred time scale, can be explained by the NPO variability, which has no preferred time scale in most models. Two mechanisms of the decadal NPGO variability that had been proposed by previous studies are evaluated in SODA and the 17 models: 1) stochastic atmospheric forcing and oceanic spatial resonance and 2) low-frequency atmospheric teleconnections excited by the equatorial Pacific. Evaluation reveals that these two mechanisms are valid in SODA and two models (CNRM-CM5 and CNRM-CM5.2), whereas two models (CMCC-CM and CMCC-CMS) prefer the first mechanism and another two models (CMCC-CESM and IPSL-CM5B-LR) prefer the second mechanism. The other 11 models have no evident relations with the proposed two mechanisms, suggesting the need for a fundamental understanding of the decadal NPGO variability in the future.

Abstract Climate change impact on a groundwater-dependent small urban town has been investigated in the semiarid hard rock aquifer in southern India. A distributed groundwater model was used to simulate the groundwater levels in the study region for the projected future rainfall (2012–32) obtained from a general circulation model (GCM) to estimate the impacts of climate change and management practices on groundwater system. Management practices were based on the human-induced changes on the urban infrastructure such as reduced recharge from the lakes, reduced recharge from water and wastewater utility due to an operational and functioning underground drainage system, and additional water extracted by the water utility for domestic purposes. An assessment of impacts on the groundwater levels was carried out by calibrating a groundwater model using comprehensive data gathered during the period 2008–11 and then simulating the future groundwater level changes using rainfall from six GCMs [Institute of Numerical Mathematics Coupled Model, version 3.0 (INM-CM.3.0); L'Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace Coupled Model, version 4 (IPSL-CM4); Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate, version 3.2 (MIROC3.2); ECHAM and the global Hamburg Ocean Primitive Equation (ECHO-G); Hadley Centre Coupled Model, version 3 (HadCM3); and Hadley Centre Global Environment Model, version 1 (HadGEM1)] that were found to show good correlation to the historical rainfall in the study area. The model results for the present condition indicate that the annual average discharge (sum of pumping and natural groundwater outflow) was marginally or moderately higher at various locations than the recharge and further the recharge is aided from the recharge from the lakes. Model simulations showed that groundwater levels were vulnerable to the GCM rainfall and a scenario of moderate reduction in recharge from lakes. Hence, it is important to sustain the induced recharge from lakes by ensuring that sufficient runoff water flows to these lakes.

Abstract Land surface-atmosphere interactions are a key component of climate modeling. They are particularly critical to understand and anticipate the climate and the water resources over the semi-arid and arid North-African regions. This study uses in situ observations to assess the ability of the IPSL-CM global climate model to simulate the land-atmosphere interactions over Moroccan semi-arid plains. A specific configuration with a grid refinement over the Haouz plain, near Marrakech, and nudging outside Morocco has been performed to properly assess the model’s performances. To ensure reliable model-observation comparisons despite the fact that stations measurements are not representative of a mesh-size area, we carried out experiments with adapted vegetation properties. Results show that the CMIP6 version of the model’s physics represents the near surface climate over the Haouz plain reasonably well. Nonetheless, the simulation exhibits a nocturnal warm bias, and the wind speed is overestimated in tree-covered meshes and underestimated in the wheat-covered region. Further sensitivity experiments reveal that LAI-dependent parameterization of roughness length leads to a strong surface wind drag and to underestimated land-surface atmosphere thermal coupling. Setting the roughness heights to the observed values improves the wind speed and to a lesser extent the nocturnal temperature. A low-bias in latent heat flux and soil moisture coinciding with a pronounced diurnal warm bias at the surface is still present in our simulations. Including a first-order irrigation parametrization yields more realistic simulated evapotranspiration flux and daytime skin surface temperatures. This result raises the importance of accounting for the irrigation process in present and future climate simulations over Moroccan agricultural areas.

Les tempêtes font partie des désastres qui font le plus de dégâts sur terre : elles sont les plus coûteuses, et les deuxièmes plus mortelles. Parmi ces tempêtes, les cyclones tropicaux font le plus de dégâts. Il existe aussi un type de cyclone subtropical méditerranéen proche des cyclones tropicaux, appelé medicane, qui peut causer d'importants dégâts, comme l'a prouvé l'exemple récent de la tempête Daniel.L'étude des cyclones tropicaux et subtropicaux repose en grande partie sur les modèles de climat. Il est bien établi qu'une condition nécessaire à la simulation de ces phénomènes est une résolution horizontale de quelques dizaines de kilomètres.L'Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace (IPSL) développe et maintient un modèle de climat (IPSL-CM), avec lequel il est désormais possible d'atteindre ces résolutions grâce au développement récent de DYNAMICO.Ma thèse consiste à évaluer l'opportunité que représente l'arrivée de DYNAMICO pour l'étude des cyclones tropicaux au sein de l'IPSL. J'ai donc adressé la question suivante : Le modèle de l'IPSL à haute résolution horizontale est-il capable de simuler correctement la climatologie des cyclones tropicaux et méditerranéens ?Dans un premier temps, j'ai effectué une comparaison de plusieurs méthodes de détection des cyclones tropicaux dans des données climatiques. Pour cela, j'ai appliqué quatre méthodes à la réanalyse ERA5, et comparé les résultats à une base de données d'observations. J'ai montré que toutes les méthodes de détection sont capables de détecter environ 80% des cyclones observés. Elles s'accordent toutes sur les évènements les plus forts. La fréquence et la durée des évènements détectés varient selon la propension des méthodes à détecter les cyclones faibles. Certaines méthodes ont aussi tendance à détecter des cyclones extra-tropicaux. Pour remedier à ce problème, j'ai développé deux méthodes de filtrages de ces systèmes. (Bourdin et al., 2022)J'ai ensuite procédé à l'évaluation de la climatologie des cyclones tropicaux dans six simulations de résolution variable, produites selon le protocole HighResMIP. Dans ces simulations historiques en atmosphère seule, on constate que l'activité cyclonique augmente énormément lorsque la résolution augmente de 200 à 25 km. L'augmentation de la résolution permet aussi de mieux simuler la répartition des cyclones entre et parmi les bassins, et la structure des cyclones. Le modèle à haute résolution est capable de simuler la variabilité interannuelle observée et son lien avec ENSO, en particulier dans le Nord Atlantique et de Nord-Est Pacifique. Dans le Nord-Ouest Pacifique, le modèle ne simule pas assez de cyclones tropicaux à cause d'un biais climatologique dans la circulation de grande échelle. Le modèle de l'IPSL démontre une capacité particulièrement bonne à simuler les cyclones tropicaux dans le Nord Atlantique, qui est un bassin où beaucoup d'autres modèles présentent des biais. (Bourdin et al., 2023, en révision)Enfin, j'ai étendu mon évaluation aux cyclone méditerranéens pour mettre en évidence les particularités des medicanes.Le modèle simule une climatologie de cyclones méditerranéens et de medicanes similaire à la réanalyse ERA5. Cela permet de montrer que les medicanes ont une structure plus symétrique, et que les flux de surface y jouent un rôle plus important que pour l'ensemble des cyclones méditerranéens. De plus, ils n'apparaissent qu'en présence d'un faible cisaillement de vent horizontal.En conclusion, ma thèse démontre la capacité du modèle de l'IPSL à simuler des cyclones tropicaux et méditerranéens à une résolution horizontale de 25 km. Cela ouvre la voie à des études plus poussées des cyclones tropicaux avec le modèle de l'IPSL, qui pourront aider à mieux comprendre la climatologie de ces évènements
Storms are among the most damaging disasters on earth: the most costly and the second deadliest. Among these storms, tropical cyclones cause the most damage. Medicanes --- Mediterranean subtropical cyclones --- can also do significant harm, as demonstrated by the recent example of Storm Daniel.The study of tropical cyclones is largely based on climate models. It is well established that a prerequisite for simulating these phenomena is a horizontal resolution of a few tens of kilometres.The Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace (IPSL) develops and maintains a climate model (IPSL-CM), with which it is now possible to achieve such high resolutions thanks to the recent development of DYNAMICO.My thesis assesses the opportunity associated with the arrival of DYNAMICO for studying tropical cyclones at IPSL. The question I address in the present thesis is: Is IPSL-CM at high horizontal resolution capable of correctly simulating the climatology of tropical and Mediterranean cyclones?First, I compared several methods for detecting tropical cyclones in climate data. To this end, I applied four methods to the ERA5 reanalysis and compared the results with a database of observations. I showed that all detection methods can detect around 80% of observed cyclones. They agree on the strongest events. The frequency and duration of events detected vary according to the methods' propensity to detect weak cyclones. Some methods also tend to detect extra-tropical cyclones. To counter this problem, I have developed two methods to filter out such systems. (Bourdin et al., 2022)I then assessed the climatology of tropical cyclones in six simulations with varying resolutions, produced using the HighResMIP protocol. In these atmosphere-only historical simulations, the cyclone activity increases dramatically as resolution increases from 200 to 25 km. Increasing resolution also enables better simulation of the distribution of cyclones between and among basins as well as the structure of cyclones. The high-resolution model can simulate the observed interannual variability and its link with ENSO, particularly in the North Atlantic and Northeast Pacific. In the North-Western Pacific, the model does not simulate enough tropical cyclones due to a climatological bias in the large-scale circulation. The IPSL model shows an outstanding ability to simulate tropical cyclones in the North Atlantic, a basin where many other models exhibit biases. (Bourdin et al., 2023, in review)Finally, I have extended my evaluation to Mediterranean cyclones to highlight the particularities of medicanes.The model can simulate Mediterranean cyclones and medicanes climatology in good agreement with the ERA5 reanalysis. The simulated medicanes have a more symmetrical structure, and surface heat fluxes play a more important role compared to Mediterranean cyclones in general. Unlike Mediterranean cyclones, medicanes only appear in the presence of weak horizontal wind shear.In conclusion, my thesis demonstrates the ability of the IPSL model to simulate tropical and Mediterranean cyclones at a horizontal resolution of 25 km. This paves the way for further studies of tropical cyclones with the IPSL model, which may help to better understand the climatology of these events