Thèses : « Investments – Law and legislation – Europe »

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Strik, Philip Philip Frederik Jozef Simon. « Shaping the single European market in the field of foreign direct investment ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610031.

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Wang, Gang 1958 Sept 13. « Foreign direct investment laws of China and Canada ». Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33062.

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FDI plays an important role in economic life. It is arguably an even more significant driving force behind economic growth than trade in goods and services nowadays.
China and Canada are both important FDI absorbers, but their FDI laws display various characteristics due to their different economic bases, political structures and legal systems etc. In order to guide FDI practice in the two countries and to draw on Canada's experience for China's FDI law, this thesis mainly introduces the FDI policies of China and Canada, analyzes the FDI law systems of the two countries, and expounds their general regulations on FDI.

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Belevici, Stanislav. « The legal framework for investment protection in [the] Russian federation / ». Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=83946.

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Attempts by the international community to establish a comprehensive global framework for protection of foreign investment have not yet succeeded. The Russian Federation has remained aloof from these efforts. Its attention instead has been focused on the need to redesign its internal legal framework to accommodate the transition to a market economy.
The first aim of this thesis is to identify the major policy issues that inform the multilateral investment protection debate and to identify the motives that have influenced Russia not to participate. The second aim is to provide an analysis of the progress that the Russian Federation has made in reforming its internal legal framework to better accommodate and protect foreign investment and identify the deficiencies that still have to be addressed.

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Vespro, Cristina. « Essays on understanding financial architecture ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210588.

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This dissertation is composed of three essays related to Financial Architecture.

The first essay, analysed in the first chapter of the thesis, contributes to the literature on Efficient Market Hypothesis and in particular in understanding several issues associated with how prices are determined for individual stocks. The chapter, in particular, provides further evidence of price and volume effects associated with index compositional changes by analysing the inclusions (exclusions) from the French CAC40 and SBF120 indices, as well as the FTSE100. I find evidence supporting the price pressure hypothesis associated with index fund rebalancing, but weak or no evidence for the imperfect substitution, liquidity and information hypotheses. The results improve on recent evidence from the S&P500 index. The evidence for the FTSE100 additions shows, in particular, that markets learn about an imminent inclusion and incorporate this information into prices, even before the announcement date.

The other two essays of this thesis relate to Corporate Governance issues. Chapters 2 and 3, in particular, analyze some aspects of two corporate governance mechanisms: ownership concentration and managerial labour market.

Chapter 2 provides an overview of the evolution of control in listed Slovenian corporations and evaluates the impact of the current changes in ownership on firm performance. Ownership and control has been concentrating in most transition countries. This consolidation of control introduces changes in the power distribution within privatised firms and, most importantly, redirects the corporate governance problem to a conflict between large and small shareholders. The chapter evaluate the ownership changes in Slovenian privatised firms through an analysis of stock price reactions to the entrance of a new blockholder (the shared benefits of control) and through an estimation of the premiums paid for large blocks (the private benefits of control). It provides evidence and discuss the reasons for the failures of the privatization investment funds in implementing control over firm managers and in promoting the restructuring of firms in the first post-privatization years.

Chapter 3 concentrates on one specific aspect of the managerial labour market: monetary remuneration schemes. The purpose of this chapter is to examine the interconnection between pay and corporate governance approaches with respect to the different rules found across European legal systems. The research data on reported pay practices for 2001 among FTSE Eurotop300 companies reveal a reliance on performance-based pay generally and a somewhat variable adoption of share options programs and other equity-based incentive contracts, which generate difficulties in dispersed ownership systems. Furthermore, on the basis of the regulation on executive remuneration disclosure discussed in this chapter and on the basis of the disclosure practices resulting from the data collected for the FTSE Eurotop300 constituents, I construct some disclosure indicators and analyse empirically how country and firm characteristics affect remuneration disclosure.

Doctorat en sciences économiques, Orientation économie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Giard, Timothée M. « The control of state aid to airlines by the European Commission / ». Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=78215.

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The airline industry has undergone an unprecedented crisis in the aftermath of the events of September 11th, 2001 in the United States. At that time, the U.S. federal government rapidly moved to create and implement an important rescue package to ensure the sustainability of the U.S. airlines. Contrarily, the European Commission decided to keep the existing legislations and policies regarding state aid, allowing limited support from the Member States to their national carriers. For the Commission, the U.S. state-involvement in the air industry, as well as similar developments in other countries, was bound to create distortions of competition. This situation led the EU to submit a proposal to the Council and the European Parliament for a Regulation with aims to protect the Community airlines from the unfair pricing practices of state-aided non-Community air carriers. The text, modeled after the legislation applicable in the field of trade of goods, would fill a "legal void" and be a new efficient legislative tool for the Commission. Questions did arise, however, about its political legitimacy as well as its legal basis.

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Moessner, Philipp. « Slot allocation in the United States and Europe ». Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99146.

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The following thesis describes and analyzes the development of the U.S. slot allocation system from 1968 until today, in order to draw relevant conclusions for a new European Slot Regulation. The European Commission is currently drafting a new Slot Regulation purporting to introduce market mechanisms. A similar approach was espoused in the United States from 1986 onward, but was ultimately supplanted by overriding legislation in 2000. The analysis of the U.S. slot allocation system reveals the reasons underlying its abolition and queries whether this experience can be successfully transposed in Europe. The thesis commences by providing general information on the definition of slots, slot allocation, and airport capacity. A brief review of the European Commission's current consultation process on the implementation of market mechanisms for slot allocation follows. The main part of the thesis discusses the U.S. High Density Rule and the Rules for the Allocation and Transfer of High Density Airport Slots in historical order. Some criticisms frequently voiced assert that the Rules artificially limited access to airports, constituted barriers to market entry, restricted airline competition, generated higher fares, and yielded adverse effects on smaller communities which, in turn, lost access to key markets. Through a favorable assessment of the Rules, the thesis analyses these concerns and concludes that the suppression of the Rules was rather prompted by local political motivations than by other rationalities. However, experiences drawn from the U.S. Rules demonstrate that a future European secondary market for slots, if implemented under a grand fathering system, will likely have a positive impact on the efficiency of airport capacity, but not on access to the market and competition.

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Philander, Graig Henry. « How can Africa attract foreign direct investment, with specific reference to an investment strategy within Africa ». Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2004. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&amp.

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This research focused primarily on certain bilateral agreements as well as relevant multilateral agreements that govern the world's investment system. Attention is given to governance in the world of foreign direct investment and the aims and objectives of the integration initiative, as well as to the centrality of investment law in the scheme. The role of investment and the effect this have on the development of Africa is also a focal point of this paper. The central objective of the integration initiative is also looked at against the backdrop of investment-rating agencies and investment flows around the world.

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Henckels, Caroline Julia Sonja. « Balancing investment protection and regulatory autonomy : proportionality and standards of review in investor-state arbitration ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648402.

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Liu, Jia. « A utilitarian assessment of bilateral inverstment treaties if People's Republic of China and their prospective development ». Thesis, University of Macau, 2018. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3952230.

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Efunkoya, Adeola Adefunke. « Agricultural sector : the role of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the creation of an integrated agriculture sector in Nigeria ». Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_7046_1256021947.

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This research recommended ways in which Nigeria could unlock constraints to commercialization and investment in the Nigerian agricultural sector for sustained economic growth, enhanced food security, increased competitiveness of products in the domestic, regional and international markets, sustainable environmental management and poverty alleviation.

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Vega, Rengifo Beatriz de la. « Taxation on mining and hydrocarbon investments ». Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116765.

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This article comments the most important aspects of the tax treatment applicable to investments of mining and oil and gas industry. The document highlights the relevant tax topics of the general tax legislation(Income Tax Law) and the special legislation of both industries (General Mining Law and Hydrocarbons Organic Law).
Este artículo comenta los aspectos más relevantes del tratamiento tributario de las inversiones de la industria minera y de hidrocarburos, resaltando los puntos principales de la legislación tributaria general (Ley del Impuesto a la Renta) y sectorial (Ley General de Minería y Ley Orgánica de Hidrocarburos).

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Al, Saedan Ahmad A. K. « The law governing oil concession agreements and the permanent sovereignty of states over their natural resources : with special reference to Islamic Shari'ah law ». Phd thesis, Faculty of Law, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/8638.

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湯任彌 et Yum-li Benjamin Tong. « Financing schemes for investment in China : identifying the optimal capital structure ». Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1989. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31264499.

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Shadley, Anna Bardes. « The Third Gate : Naturalization Legislation in Central and Eastern Europe ». Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1206123091.

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Okhomina, Grace Esohe. « The quest for a multilateral agreement on investment (MAI) ». Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&amp.

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The aim of this examination was to identify those evolving trends that are common to multilateral agreements some of which have been entered into by African developing countries, bearing in mind the debates and position of African developing countries. The study also aimed at examining the effects of these regulations on African countries especially with key provisions and the kinds of rights and obligations they confer on investors as well as the host country. As there is a need to create a balance between the interest of the host nation and the investor, the study also aimed at identifying if those evolving common trends can be used to establish a guideline for a standard bilateral investment treaty or on the other hand whether they can be used as a template for a multilateral agreement on investment.

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Bengtson, Christina. « National parliaments and European legislation : how scrutiny procedures have adapted and why ». Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2006. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1041/.

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National parliaments have always been involved in the affairs of the European Union. They have debated and voted on joining the Community and have ratified the European treaties negotiated by their governments. On a more regular basis, national parliaments have also, to varying degrees, scrutinised European legislation and the European-level activities of their executives. Increasingly, it has been recognised that national parliaments underpin decisions taken at the European level by legitimising the actions of their executives. As Europeanisation has progressed and the impact of European legislation has become more widely felt at the domestic level, national parliaments have found that their space to manoeuvre has shrunk. National parliaments have become part of a multi-level system of governance and can no longer, singularly, determine the parameters within which they operate. The traditional model of undertaking scrutiny, with specialised European committees operating in isolation from the rest of parliament, is therefore no longer tenable. EU specialists are unable to provide the expertise on all areas covered by European integration and increasingly require the expertise found in other committees within national parliaments to perform their scrutiny adequately. Inter-parliamentary contacts have contributed to a better understanding of common parliamentary problems. Parliamentarians have become more aware of the challenges of Europeanisation and globalisation, but have also discovered ways to, collectively and individually, face these challenges. National parliaments are likely to remain firmly anchored in the domestic level, maintaining their roles as legitimisers of national executives as well as expressions of national sovereignty. They can therefore also be expected to remain independent and autonomous institutions, determining their own activities and procedures. As a consequence, the impetus behind any move by national parliaments to further develop their influence over European (or global) decision-making and activities must come from within national parliaments themselves.

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Lin, Ling, et 林灵. « The effectiveness and legitimacy of investment incentive regime in China : dilemmas of state intervention ». Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B50533757.

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While investment incentives are increasingly employed by the developing economies, the vast amount of literature has failed to reach a consensus on the role of incentive regimes. A fundamental problem with the previous econometric studies is that they assume a mature market condition, under which the government should remain outside FDI competition. However, in reality, most developing countries lack a mature market and market-oriented regulatory institutions. This thesis adds to the conventional wisdom by examining whether and how Chinese investment incentive regimes have been successful in harnessing FDI during the last three decades. Like many developing economies, China is still in the process of building a market economy. The striking ability of China to attract FDI with numerous incentives presents a meaningful laboratory for examining the role of investment incentives. In contrast to most previous economic studies, this thesis does not attempt to examine the economic mechanisms of investment incentives. The basic presumption of this thesis is that incentive measures are instrument of state intervention with designed policy goals. A policy-oriented approach has thus been adopted, under which the role of investment incentives is examined against precisely defined policy objectives in a particular policy context. In China’s case, the efficacy of investment incentives is shown by a strategic and dynamic correlation between the investment incentive regime and its achieved development goals. In the given policy context, their functions cannot be replaced by more desirable instruments due to the political and economic constraints. Besides the economic evaluation, the study adds the legal dimension of evaluation on investment incentives. From a legal perspective, the regulatory space for developing countries is increasingly defined by the international legal regime. Investment incentives should be framed in a way to balance national interests and the level of protection required for foreign investment. The evolution of China’s incentive regime presents a good example to integrate global consensus with domestic imperatives. By unifying its income tax system, China adopted an incentive regime generally consistent with its WTO commitments and could be utilized to its advantages. However, serious problems inherent in the incentive system have already emerged in China, which may hamper its economic development in the long run. The thesis shows that the state’s capacity to channel FDI towards development goals is declining, as its intrusiveness has given way to arbitrariness. A top-down approach deprives foreign investors of their channels to communicate their opinions to the policymakers. The local arbitrariness and corruption in incentive implementation will compound the problem and hinder the inflows of high quality foreign investment. The thesis then proposes that the investment incentive regime in China needs to be upgraded into a more legalized system with non-discrimination, transparency, coherence and an effective monitoring mechanism as its central features. The legalization process would help to alleviate the negative effects of investment incentives. In the absence of a political infrastructure compatible with a rules-based system, the Chinese government needs to start with redefining the government-business relationship with a legal framework and reinforcing an independent judicial system.
published_or_final_version
Law
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy

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Deng, Lin, et 鄧琳. « Critical assessment of the reform in respect of the statutory minimum registered capital system of the company law of China (2005) indealing with undercapitalization with reference to Hong Kong'sexperience ». Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42664226.

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Luna, Bernardo D. « Investment opportunities in the Mexican financial markets ». Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ64291.pdf.

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Foerderer, Jens Peter. « An unclean deal : why the European Commission was right to block GE-Honeywell ». Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=78213.

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When the European Commission ultimately blocked the merger between American giant General Electrics and Honeywell in July 2001, this decision triggered a firestorm of criticism. Not only had the Commission just stopped a purely American transaction for the first time since the enactment of European Merger Regulation, but it also contradicted its American Counterpart, the US Department of Justice: The Americans had cleared the deal several months earlier.
In spite of constant cooperative efforts during the investigation, the two antitrust agencies could not reach a common position. When scholars and officials tried to find reasons for the divergence between the American and European decisions, they often criticized the Commission's general approach of focusing on competitors rather than on consumers. They further claimed that the Commission had used dubious economic models to block the merger.
This thesis tries to reinstate the reputation of the European Commission as a professional antitrust institution. The criticisms often left the impression that the Task Force of the Directorate-General for Competition of the European Commission constituted a politically-orientated, rather than economic and legally-orientated, organ. It will be shown that this is actually not the case.
After having analyzed the Commission's decision in detail, and revealing both the strengths and weaknesses of its findings, the thesis will demonstrate that most of the criticisms have to be rejected, and that the Commission had a legal and economic basis in blocking the GE-Honeywell merger.

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Fouret, Julien. « The notion of fair and equitable treatment of foreign direct investment / ». Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=80921.

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To be fair and equitable are aims inherent in most legal systems, whether domestic or international, but are usually tacitly stated. With respect to foreign direct investment (FDI) they constitute a standard of treatment which lacks a clear definition. Nevertheless, the recurrence of this standard in conventional instruments makes it one of the focal points of this branch of international law.
The main goal of this thesis is to explore and understand the standard of fair and equitable treatment. To understand its definition, it is first necessary to undertake a theoretical analysis of the notion. Secondly, having assessed the general meaning to fair and equitable treatment, an attempt is made to assess the difficulties which have arisen from its incorporation in Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Finally, the thesis tries to assess where the concept stands in international law and whether or not it has passed into the corpus of customary international law.

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Wunderlin, Beverly J. « The Regulation of Medically Assisted Procreation in Europe and Related Nations and the Influence of National Identity, Social Cultural, and Demographic Differences ». Thesis, University of North Texas, 2002. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3192/.

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This study details the Medically Assisted Procreation regulations in thirty-five nation-states, and explores the influence of national identity, social cultural and demographic differences on these regulations. Detailed data were gathered from ministries of health, offices of prime ministers, embassy staff, and others on regulations for each nation. These data were used to categorize the nations in regard to MAP legislation status and regulatory policy regarding marital or age restrictions; posthumous conception; sperm, ovum, or embryo donation, surrogacy; and policy on handling donors. Possible associations between national identity, social cultural, and demographic data for each nation and their regulations were explained. The thirty-five nations were treated as a population with common geographical and political ties. PRE methods, and eta coefficients were used to assess the associations. Sixteen nations have adopted MAP legislation, eight nations have either alternative regulatory guidelines or partial structures, four nations have legislation pending and possibly some laws, and seven nations are unregulated. Based upon statistical analysis, language group emerges as an important indicator for differences in MAP regulations. For example knowing a nation's language group enabled percent improved prediction of that nation's regulatory handling of embryo donation. The percent GDP spent on health care was found to have a substantial or moderate association with most regulations. The findings of this study indicate that the cultural roots associated with national identity as well as economic circumstances such as health care budgets impact the policy making process responsible for the regulation of MAP in Europe. Among other mediating circumstances, MAP related family law cases brought to the European Court of Human Rights create an accumulation of judge-made law, which help create a common European standard. This study of the European region provides a baseline for further research and a reference for cross cultural comparisons.

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Liu, Wai-leung, et 廖為良. « Legislative support for waste reduction initiatives ». Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253805.

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Rumble, Tony Law Faculty of Law UNSW. « Synthetic equity and franked debt : capital markets savings cures ». Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Law, 1998. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/17591.

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Micro-economic reform is a primary objective of modern Australian socio-economic policy. The key outcome targetted by this reform is increased efficiency, measured by a range of factors, including cost reduction, increased savings, and a more facilitative environment for business activity. These benefits are sought by the proponents of reform as part of a push to increase national prosperity, but concerns that social equity is undermined by it are expressed by opponents of that reform. The debate between efficiency and equity is raging in current Australian tax policy, a key site for micro-economic reform. As Government Budget restructuring occurs in Australia, demographic change (eg, the ageing population) undermines the ability of public funded welfare to provide retirement benefits. Responsibility for self-funded retirement is an important contributor to increasing private savings. Investment in growth assets such as corporate stock is increasing in Australia, however concerns about volatility of asset values and yield stimulate the importance of investment risk management techniques. Financial contract innovation utilising financial derivatives is a dominant mechanism for that risk management. Synthetic equity products which are characterised by capital protection and enhanced yield are popular and efficient equity risk management vehicles, and are observed globally, particularly in the North American market. Financial contract innovation, risk management using financial derivatives, and synthetic equity products suffer from an adverse tax regulatory response in Australia, which deprives Australian investors from access to important savings vehicles. The negative Australian tax response stems from anachronistic legislation and jurisprudence, which emphasises tax outcomes based on legal form. The pinnacle of this approach is the tax law insistence on characterisation of financial contracts as either debt or equity, despite some important financial similarities between these two asset types. Since derivatives produce transactions with novel legal forms this approach is unresponsive to innovation. The negative tax result also stems from a perception that the new products are tax arbitrage vehicles, offering tax benefits properly available to investment in stocks, which is thought to be inappropriate when the new products resemble debt positions (particularly when they are capital protected and yield enhanced). The negative tax response reflects administrative concerns about taxpayer equity and revenue leakage. This approach seeks to impose tax linearity by proxy: rather than utilising systemic reform to align the tax treatment of debt and equity, the current strategy simply denies the equity tax benefits to a variety of innovative financial contracts. It deprives Australians of efficiency enhancing savings products, which because of an adverse tax result are unattractive to investors. The weakness of the current approach is illustrated by critical analysis of three key current and proposed tax laws: the ???debt dividend??? rules in sec. 46D Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 (the ???Tax Act???); the 1997 Budget measures (which seek to integrate related stock and derivative positions); and the proposals in the Taxation of Financial Arrangements Issues Paper (which include a market value tax accounting treatment for ???traded equity,??? and propose a denial of the tax benefits for risk managed equity investments). The thesis develops a model for financial analysis of synthetic equity products to verify the efficiency claims made for them. The approach is described as the ???Tax ReValue??? model. The Tax ReValue approach isolates the enhanced investment returns possible for synthetic equity, and the model is tested by application to the leading Australian synthetic equity product, the converting preference share. The conclusions reached are that the converting preference share provides the key benefits of enhanced investment return and lower capital costs to its corporate issuer. This financial efficiency analysis is relied upon to support the assertion that a facilitative tax response to such products is appropriate. The facilitative response can be delivered by a reformulation of the existing tax rules, or by systemic reform. The reformulation of the existing tax rules is articulated by a Rule of Reason, which is proposed in the thesis as the basis for the allocation and retention of the equity tax benefits. To avoid concerns about taxpayer equity and revenue leakage the Rule of Reason proposes a Two Step approach to the allocation of the equity tax benefits to synthetics. The financial analysis is used to quantify non-tax benefits of synthetic equity products, and to predict whether and to what extent the security performs financially like debt or equity. This financial analysis is overlayed by a refined technical legal appraisal of whether the security contains the essential legal ???Badges of Equity.??? The resulting form and substance approach provides a fair and equitable control mechanism for perceived tax arbitrage, whilst facilitating efficient financial contract innovation. The ultimate source of non-linearity in the taxation of investment capital is the differential tax benefits provided to equity and debt. To promote tax linearity the differentiation needs to be removed, and the thesis makes recommendations for systemic reform, particularly concerning the introduction of a system of ???Franked Debt.??? The proposed system of ???Franked Debt??? would align the tax treatment of debt and equity by replacing the corporate interest deduction tax benefit with a lender credit in respect of corporate tax paid. This credit would operate mechanically like the existing shareholder imputation credit. The interface of this domestic tax credit scheme with the taxation of International investment capital, and the problems occasioned by constructive delivery of franking credits to Australian taxpayers via synthetics, are resolved by the design and costings of the new system, which has the potential to be revenue positive.

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Geoffroy, Marion. « La securite du transport aerien europeen : aspects institutionnels et juridiques ». Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33064.

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Recently, air transportation has been increasing considerably. If that trend continues, there could be a major accident once a week by the year 2010. European States first joined their aviation policies for geographical and economical reasons. To that end, following the American deregulation, they started liberalizing their air transport. Today, they also work on the safety aspects of this activity. Together with the European Community and the DGCA's, three organisations have a relevant function in the regulation of safety: they help States to coordinate new preventive actions. Furthermore, in order to unify the measures that are currently implemented, a discussion on a single European aviation safety authority has been raised in the last few years.
In the course of this thesis, the above-mentioned topics will be studied, whereby a preliminary chapter will focus on the origin of the unification of European air transport and the liberalization aspects, and the three following chapters will review the institutional and legal aspects of the safety of European air transport.

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FARKAS, Lilla. « Mobilising for racial equality in Europe : Roma rights and transnational justice ». Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/66916.

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Defence date: 20 April 2020 (Online)
Examining Board: Professor Claire Kilpatrick (EUI), Professor Bruno de Witte (EUI), Professor Colm O'Cinnedie (University College London), Professor Scott L. Cummings (University of California Los Angeles)
The thesis provides a transnational account of Roma rights activism over the last thirty years with a focus on five Central and Eastern European countries, where the majority of the European Union’s Roma live. It contributes to scholarly debate by (i) mapping ethnic/racial justice related legal opportunities; (ii) taking stock of legally focused non-governmental organisations; (iii) charting legal mobilisation in courts and enforcement agencies; (iv) presenting an alternative account of the transplantation of public interest litigation, and (v) ‘mapping the middle’ between dominant and critical narratives about the Open Society Foundations and white Europeans in the Roma rights field. Finding that international advocacy and litigation alone have been insufficient to generate social change, the thesis highlights the salience of indigenous practices. It points to the shortcomings of the elitist conception of legal mobilisation characterised by top-down, planned legal action and a focus of international NGOs. The thesis proposes to shift the limelight to the financial resources of strategic litigation, to a broad conception of collective legal action, and the necessity of investigating the role private individuals, NGOs, as well as public agencies play in promoting racial equality in general and Roma rights in particular in a transnational field. By scrutinising the ethno-political critique of Roma rights activism and pointing to its conflation with the critique of litigation - that resonates on both sides of the Atlantic - the thesis navigates between liberal internationalism and ethno-nationalism by acknowledging and celebrating organic cross-border cooperation, in other words “good transnationalism.”

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Cortés, Martha. « Analysis of the pursuit of Mexico's foreign direct investment objectives, through the signature of bilateral and multilater agreements ». Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31154.

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Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is a key element in achieving progress. In a world with increasing competition for capital, it is mandatory for countries to develop different mechanisms to attract FDI. Mexico is an example of a developing country that in recent years has greatly benefited from FDI. This trend results from this country's development of a number of mechanisms on both the domestic and the international scene promoting this type of investment. Along with the investment openings being fostered on the domestic scene, Mexico has been conducting international efforts to reach FDI objectives. It has entered into a number of Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) as well as Bilateral and Regional Free Trade Agreements (FTAs). The most important goals achieved by this country encouraging the reception of FDI are the preferential trade agreements signed with the two biggest markets in the world, North America and the European Union. Mexico's participation in the WTO represents one of its efforts to establish lateral ties to achieve its FDI objectives. The fact that there is a relationship between trade and investment has been established.

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Marquet, Jeannine M. « Les céréaliers français et l'Europe ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213307.

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Jin, Zhe. « The legal environment of corporate income taxation for FDI in China : policy, changes, risks ». Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/32138.

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Foreign direct investment (FDI) was unknown to Chinese people before the opening policy in 1979, but since then China's economy has been surging ahead in the past twenty eight years. As one aspect of the FDI policy, I focused on the corporate taxation field to be my research interest, and the topic of my thesis. In the thesis, the reader will learn how FDI developed in China and degree of FDI development. Also, I provide the reader with China's tax system and policy-oriented in as much detail as possible, most of which is the tax incentive policy towards the FDI in China. However, the policies and incentives raise some issues. As the result of offering FDI tax preference, Chinese government tax revenue as a percentage of GDP has been declining steadily. Problems such as tax avoidance and evasion, and local "fake" FDI entities are getting serious. The new Corporate Income Tax Law of the People's Republic of China (CIT Law) was passed by the PRC National People's Congress on March 16 2007 and will take effect on January 2008. When China entered into the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001, compliance with the general rules required China improve its tax system as soon as possible. The CIT law section in the thesis includes the policy-changing behind the legislation and expected influence on the FDI in China in the future. As a result of the changes to be brought about by the CIT Law, foreign and domestic business in China must adapt to the new tax regime, and I offer some recommendations in that regard.
Law, Peter A. Allard School of
Graduate

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Da, Gama Anabela Nhandamo Pereira. « FDI in Angola constraints encountered by investors in the Angolan territory ». Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/1367.

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Magister Legum - LLM
This thesis focuses on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Angola and on constraints encountered by investors. It discusses the new Investment Law, resulting from a comprehensive law reform in 2003, as well as investment incentives destined to attract FDI into the territory, furthermore: the legal definitions of FDI and of “Investor”; the Angolan private international law; the main constraints (investment barriers) encountered by investors, after and before entering the Angolan territory; the legal protection afforded to investors, and some examples of FDI and their implications in Angola. The author also analyses investment and intra-trade within the Sub-Saharan region, Angola under modes 3 and 4 of GATS, and other aspects of foreign (as well as private) investment, including on what has been done and what should still be achieved under the SADC Trade, Finance and Investment Protocol from 2005 onwards. This analysis, it is hoped, will contribute to the better understanding of the implications and benefits of FDI in Angola, considering the recent increase of inflows of FDI, as well, as to what extent and how the Government should continue to control and direct, as well as encourage FDI. To conclude, the impact (positive -negative) of FDI in the Angolan society, economy and for the environment will be discussed. Together with the chapters describing the legal framework for FDI, these parts are intended to provide a better insight into the legal, economic and social background for investing and for doing business in Angola, and what type of protection investors can expect from the country, whilst information and academic materials on this subject matter continue to be scarce and difficult to access.
South Africa

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Ong'wamuhana, Kibuta. « The taxation of income from foreign investments : a case study of some developing countries ». Title page, contents and abstract only, 1989. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09LM/09lmo58.pdf.

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夏璐. « 論澳門外來直接投資法律制度的完善 : 以新加坡外資法為借鑒 ». Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2537413.

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李翰玲 et Hon-ling Regina Li. « China's new company law : a study of its impact on foreign investment ». Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31267506.

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Breindl, Yana. « Hacking the law : an analysis of internet-based campaigning on digital rights in the European Union ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209836.

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Digital rights activism constitutes an exemplary case of how internet affordances can be mobilised to engender political change. The values and principles stemming from the hacker imaginaire, and free and open source software practices, underpin digital rights activism, which uses the internet as a tool, object and platform for the protection of rights in the digital realm. The analysis focuses on how digital rights activists use and adapt the political affordances of the internet to intervene in European Union policy-making. Two original case studies of internet-based campaigning at the European level (the “No Software Patents” and the “Telecoms package” campaigns) provide in-depth insight into the campaigning processes and their impact upon parliamentary politics. The cases highlight the complementarity of online and offline collective action, by examining processes of open collaboration, information disclosure and internet-assisted lobbying. The success of the “Telecoms package” campaign is then assessed, along with the perspective of the targets: members and staff of the European Parliament.

The belief in values of freedom, decentralisation, openness, creativity and progress inspires a particular type of activism, which promotes autonomy, participation and efficiency. The empirical evidence suggests that this set of principles can, at times, conflict with practices observed in the field. This has to do with the particular opportunity structure of the European Union and the characteristics of the movement. The EU favours functional integration of civil society actors who are expected to contribute technical and/or legal expertise. This configuration challenges internet-based protest networks that rely on highly independent and fluctuating engagement, and suffer from a lack of diversity and cohesion. The internet does not solve all obstacles to collective action. It provides, however, a networked infrastructure and tools for organising, coordinating and campaigning. Online and offline actions are not only supportive of each other. Internet-based campaigning can be successful once it reaches out beyond the internet, and penetrates the corridors of political institutions.

Doctorat en Information et communication
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Wiese, Adelle. « Artikel 9C van die inkomstebelastingwet met spesiale verwysing na aktiewe en passiewe inkomste ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50898.

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Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 1998.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In the Fifth Interim Report of the Katz Commission recommendations were made on a number of fundamental tax issues, including the distinction between the source and residence principle. The Commission decided that the source principle should remain but that a distinction between "active" and "passive" income should be made. "Active" income should then be taxed on the source principle and "passive" income on the residence principle. With effect from 1 July 1997 exchange controls for South African residents were softened, which meant that South Africans could thereafter invest in foreign countries to a limited extent. To protect the South African tax base, sections 9C and 90 were incorporated in the Income Tax Act with effect from 1 July 1997. Section 9C regulates the taxation of investment income earned in foreign countries. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the taxation of foreign investment income in South Africa. For this purpose a critical analysis of section 9C was done within the context of the recommendations made by the Katz Commission in their Fifth Report. The focus of the study was aimed at the requirements for the exclusion of so-called active investment income according to section 9C(3)(a). In the analysis of section 9C it was necessary to determine where the terms used in the section were derived from. The terms which are not new in the South African tax context were analysed based on the opinions of tax specialists and national case law. The terms which are new in the South African tax context were mostly derived from international models of tax conventions and foreign tax codes. These were analysed according to the use thereof mainly in the Model Tax Convention on Income and on capital of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the Commentaries thereon. The critical analysis of section 9C also included the applicability of the section on other sections in the Income Tax Act, a brief commentary on section 90 and the relief provided to taxpayers where the section leads to double taxation. The ability of the South African Revenue Service to collect the tax, the effect of the tax on immigrants and the effect of the electronic future on the tax were also investigated. The conclusion arrived at in this study is that most of the terms in section 9C are based on internationally used terms and could be analysed according to international tax conventions and case law. The South African Revenue Service will have to provide guidelines for the uncertainties and provide measures to rectify the irregularities and inconsistencies found in the section. In the light of further examinations to be done by the South African Revenue Service, based on the recommendations of the Katz Commission in their Fifth Report, section 9C provides a set of internationally accepted principles as a solid base for future regulation.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Katz-kommissie het in die Vyfde Interim Verslag aanbevelings aangaande 'n aantal fundamentele belastingkwessies, insluitend die onderskeid tussen die bron- en verblyf-grondslag, gemaak. Die Kommissie het tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat die bron-grondslag behou moet word, maar dat daar 'n onderskeid tussen "aktiewe" en "passiewe" inkomste gemaak moet word. "Aktiewe" inkomste moet dan op die bron-grondslag belas word en "passiewe" inkomste op die verblyf-grondslag. Met ingang 1 Julie 1997 is die valutabeheermaatreels vir Suid-Afrikaanse inwoners verslap wat beteken het dat Suid-Afrikaners voortaan tot 'n beperkte mate in die buiteland beleggings kan maak. Om die Suid-Afrikaanse belastingbasis in die tussentyd te beskerm is artikels 9C en 9D met ingang 1 Julie 1997 tot die Wet gevoeg. Artikel 9C reguleer die belasting van beleggingsinkomste uit buitelandse bronne. Die hoofdoel van hierdie studie was om die belasting van beleggingsinkomste uit buitelandse bronne in Suid-Afrika te ondersoek. 'n Kritiese analise van artikel 9C is gedoen binne die konteks van die voorstelle gemaak deur die Katz-kommissie in die Vyfde Verslag. Die klem van die studie het op die vereistes vir die uitsluiting van sogenaamde aktiewe beleggingsinkomste in artikel 9C(3)(a) geval. Tydens die ontleding van artikel 9C was dit noodsaaklik om vas te stel waar die terme wat in die artikel gebruik is, ontstaan het. Die terme wat nie vir die eerste maal in die Suid-Afrikaanse belastingkonteks gebruik is nie, is ontleed na aanleiding van die menings van Suid-Afrikaanse belastingspesialiste en nasionale regspraak. Die nuwe terme kom meesal in internasionale modelle van belastingkonvensies en buitelandse belastingkodes voor. Die terme is hoofsaaklik ontleed na aanleiding van die gebruik daarvan in die Model Tax Convention on Income and on capital of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. Die kritiese ontleding van artikel 9C het die toepaslikheid van die artikel op ander afdelings in die lnkomstebelstingwet, 'n kortlikse verwysing na artikel 9D en die verligting beskikbaar aan belastingpligtiges ten opsigte van dubbele belasting, ingesluit. Die invorderbaarheid van die belasting, die effek van die belasting op immigrante en die effek van die elektroniese toekoms op die belasting is ook ondersoek. Die slotsom waartoe die skrywer in hierdie studie gekom het, is dat meeste van die begrippe in artikel 9C internasionaal verstaanbaar is en ontleed kon word, wat die Wet wereldwyd meer aanvaarbaar en verstaanbaar behoort te maak. Die Suid-Afrikaanse lnkomstediens sal egter riglyne ten opsigte van die onduidelike begrippe moet verskaf en die nodige ongelykhede en inkonsekwenthede in die Wet moet regstel. In die lig van verdere ondersoeke deur die Suid-Afrikaanse lnkomstediens, na aanleiding van die voorstelle deur die Katz-kommissie in die Vyfde Verslag, verskaf artikel 9C 'n stel internasionaal aanvaarde beginsels waarop toekomstige regulasies gebaseer sal kan word.

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Van, Wyk Ellane. « Belasting op buitelandse dividende in die Republiek van Suid-Afrika ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/19901.

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Thesis (MRek) -- Stellenbosch University, 2003.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The introduction of section 9E in the Income Tax Act, NO.58 of 1962 (hereafter "the Act") became effective on 23 February 2000. The main reasons for the introduction of this was, inter alia, to broaden the tax base and to phase in the residency basis of taxation. Consequently are the foreign dividend rules of section 9E interrelated to the foreign income rules of section 90, being the application of the residence basis of taxation. The main objective of this study is to investigate the taxation of foreign dividends in the Republic of South Africa. The introduction of section 9E saw new terminology introduced, which need analysis. This analysis is made possible by supplying the definitions from the Act, as well as making use of national and international case law. Further investigation is also done as to the relevance of section 9E to other sections in the Act, relevant anti-avoidance rules regarding foreign dividends, the effect of section 9E on investment income from tax havens, with specific reference to natural persons, the effect of taxation of foreign dividends on the migration- and investment decisions of non-residents, relief provided regarding double taxation and section 9E's effect on secondary taxation on companies. Lastly, the collection of taxation on foreign dividends is investigated.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die invoeging van artikel 9E in die Inkomstebelastingwet, No.58 van 1962 (hierna "die Wet") het van krag geword op 23 Februarie 2000. Die hoofredes vir die invoeging van die artikel in die Wet was onder andere om die belastingbasis te verbreed en om die verblyfbasis van belasting in te faseer. Juis as gevolg van laasgenoemde, word reels rakende buitelandse dividende in artikel 9E gekombineer met die buitelandse inkomste-reels van artikel9D. Die hoofdoel van hierdie studie is om belasting op buitelandse dividende in die Republiek van Suid Afrika te ondersoek. Met die invoeging van artikel 9E het daar 'n aantal nuwe terme te voorskyn gekom, wat hul ontleding noodsaak. Hierdie ontleding word moontlik gemaak deur bloot die definisies uit die Wet self weer te gee, asook deur die gebruik van nasionale en internasionale regspraak . Verdere ondersoek word ook gedoen na die toepaslikheid van artikel 9E op ander artikels in die Wet, relevante teenvermydingsbepalings met betrekking tot buitelandse dividende, die invloed van artikel 9E op beleggingsinkomste uit belastinghawens, met spesifieke verwysing na belegging deur natuurlike persone, die invloed van belasting op buitelandse dividende op die migrasieen beleggingsbesluite van nie-inwoners, verligting wat beskikbaar is ten opsigte van dubbelbelasting en die verband wat artikel 9E hou met sekondere belasting op maatskappye. Laastens word die invordering van belasting op buitelandse dividende ondersoek.

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Zhang, Lusong, et 張露松. « Regulation of foreign mergers and acquisitions involving listed companies in the People's Republic of China ». Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B37190507.

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Barnes, Andrew. « A financial planning model for retirement, taking into account the impact of pre-retirement funding income, age and taxation ». Thesis, Rhodes University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004532.

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Individuals are often not aware of the required level of contributions needed to fund a retirement savings plan. This problem is compounded by the fact that the assistance provided to these individuals by way of commercially-available retirement planning models does not take into account the effect of income tax on the level of required retirement savings contributions and recent changes in the tax legislation to the income tax payable by individuals has had a significant effect on these required levels. As a preamble to the research process, an exploratory questionnaire was administrated to a sample of individuals, which was designed to measure the level of awareness of these individuals of the contributions to a retirement savings plan needed to fund their postretirement financial needs, and of the impact of age, the level of income and income tax on their contributions. Responses to the questionnaire indicated a low level of awareness of retirement planning amongst these individuals. A retirement planning model was then designed to test the effect of earnings, age and changes in tax legislation on the level of an individual's required monthly contributions to a retirement savings plan. Independent variables of age and income were processed using the model. These same variables were then processed using the Old Mutual and Liberty Life retirement planning models and a comparison was made between the model developed in the research and these commercially developed models, to assess their usefulness and limitations. Based on the above comparison, it appeared that the Old Mutual and Liberty Life retirement models both included the effects of the individual marginal tax rates in their calculations. However, they appeared to be using marginal tax rates which were higher than those reflected in the 2006 individual income tax tables. In addition these models did not include the effect of income tax exemptions and deductions and they therefore provided more conservative estimates than the retirement planning model designed in the research. Recent tax adjustments have had the effect of greatly increasing the after-tax income of individuals and therefore it is important to include the effects of changes in tax legislation in determining the monthly contributions to a retirement savings plan.

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Van, Raepenbusch Sean. « La sécurité sociale des travailleurs migrants en droit européen ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213117.

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Ge, Jun Wei. « Implication of Merger and Acquisitions by foreign investors in national security in China ». Thesis, University of Macau, 2008. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1944049.

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Chen, Heng. « An investigation of the main factors that have an impact on the decision of a foreign business to enter South Africa ». Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1222.

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The new South Africa has an amazing economic growth that creates a significant opportunity for international companies to start their businesses in South Africa. For those companies which are interested in the South African market, it is very important for them to understand the factors that influence their entry-mode selection. The objective of this study is to determine the main factors that have an impact on the decision of a foreign business to enter South Africa. To achieve this objective, the researcher used an integrated study method, as follows: {u10007A} A systematic review of the popular entry-modes and the main factors influencing the entry-mode selection, sourced from the relevant literature. In addition, South African business was also introduced. {u10007A} Based on the factors related in the literature, an empirical survey was completed by those foreign companies who had already successfully entered into South Africa, in order to figure out the rank importance of these factors. With an integrated study of literature and empirical research, the rank importance of factors that have an impact on the foreign business entry-mode selection in South Africa is as follows: 1. Firm’s product 2. Control level of entry-mode 3. Ownership of entry 4. Resource commitment of entry-mode 5. Political factor 6. Firm’s objective 7. Technological factors 8. Economic factors 9. Firm’s experience in international marketing 10. Firm’s size 11. Dissemination risk of entry-mode 12. Socio-cultural factors 13. Flexibility of entry-mode Key terms: International market entry-mode South African business environment.

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Docquir, Pierre-François. « La liberté d'expression dans le réseau mondial de communication : propositions pour une théorie générale du droit d'accès à l'espace public privatisé ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210368.

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Fischer, Felix Friedrich. « The regulation of Section 17 (2a) of the German Energy Economy Act against the background of current developments of the German and European offshore wind industry ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5750.

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Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: With the introduction of Section 17 of the EnWG (German Energy Economy Act), the legislator created a new situation for the complex relationships in the German offshore wind industry. The transmission system operators are now obliged not only to provide the connection for offshore wind farms, but also to reimburse the developers of such plants for the costs they incurred in the course of planning the cable connection between the wind farm and the onshore grid. Forecasts had predicted that by 2007 numerous offshore wind farms would be operational. But no development company in the entire sector had moved beyond the planning phase. However, the rapid development of the offshore wind industry is important in order to achieve the German goal to generate 20% of all energy from renewable energy sources by 2020 and thus contribute to the prevention of grave climate changes. It is also important for the domestic labour market and the initiation of further exports of energy technologies. Early domestic growth will eventually payoff as offshore wind energy is implemented by more countries, which will then rely on the experience of German companies. Under these circumstances, Section 17 (2a) S.3 of the EnWG induces a positive impulse for offshore development. Under the financial constraints that dampened the expectations of developers of offshore wind farms, the suggested reimbursement will offer welcome relief. However a broad interpretation of Section 17 (2a) S.3 of the EnWG must be applied in order to reach the goal of actually enhancing offshore development, as is the legislator's intent. Such a broad interpretation of the reimbursement claim will lead to rapid implementation of the new law, as this will be in the interest of the developers and transmission system operators. The developers will have a large interest in beginning with the actual construction of the wind farm, and the transmission system operators will need to proceed with the planning of the cable connection. Even though improvements remain necessary the introduction of Section 17 (2a) S.3 EnWG can be considered a success.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Met die inwerkingstelling van afdeling 17 van die EnGW (Duitse Energie Ekonomie Wet), het die regering 'n nuwe situasie geskep vir die komplekse verhouding in die Duitse see-gebonde wind-energie industrie. Die transmissie stelsel operateurs word nou verplig om nie net die verbinding met die wind-plaas te verskaf nie, maar moet ook die ontwikkelaar van die aanleg vergoed vir enige kostes wat hulle aangegaan het met die beplanning van die verbinding tussen die windplaas en die elektrisiteits-netwerk. Vooruitskattings het voorspel dat verskeie see-gebonde windplase operasioneel sou wees teen 2007. Geen ontwikkelingsmaatskappy het egter al tot dusver verder as die beplanningstadium gevorder nie. Desnieteenstaande, die spoedige ontwikkeling van die see-gebonde wind industrie is onontbeerlik in die Duitse mikpunt om 20% van energiebehoeftes op te wek vanuit hernubare bronne teen 2020 en om dus klimaatsverandering teen te werk. Dit is ook belangrik vir werkskepping in Duitsland en vir die uitvoer van energie tegnologie. Spoedige groei in die industrie sal uiteindelik dividende lewer soos seegebonde wind-energie deur ander lande ontwikkel word en gevolglik op Duitse ervaring moet staatmaak. Onder hierdie omstandighede het afdeling 17 (2a) 5.3 van die EnGW 'n positiewe effek op seegebonde ontwikkeling. As gevolg van die dempende effek wat finansiele beperkinge het op die verwagtinge van ontwikkelaars sal die terugbetalings welkome verligting bied. Dit is egter nodig om 'n bree interpretasie van afdeling 17 (2a) 5.3 van die EnGW te gebruik om die mikpunt van werklike bevordering van seegebonde ontwikkeling te bewerkstellig soos die wetgewer beoog. So 'n bree interpretasie sal lei tot spoedige implimentasie van die nuwe wet omdat dit in die belang van ontwikkelaars en transmissie-netwerk eienaars sal wees. Die ontwikkelaars sal baat daarby om spoedig met ontwikkeling te begin, terwyl die netwerk operateurs vordering sal moet maak met die beplanning van die kabel-verbinding. Ten spyte daarvan dat verdere verbeteringe nodig is kan die inwerkingstelling van afdeling 17 (2a) 5.3 van die EnGW as 'n sukses gereken word.

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Lehmann, Hélène. « Le médicament à base de plantes en Europe : statut, enregistrement, contrôles ». Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00936734.

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La phytothérapie consiste en l'utilisation thérapeutique de plantes ou de médicaments à base de plantes, sous forme de spécialités pharmaceutiques, de préparations (magistrales ou officinales) ou de produits officinaux divisés. On entend par médicament à base de plantes (MABP) " tout médicament dont les substances actives sont exclusivement une ou plusieurs substances végétales ou préparations à base de plantes ou une association d'une ou de plusieurs substances végétales ou préparations à base de plantes ". Il s'agit donc de médicaments à part entière qui sont ainsi soumis aux mêmes exigences de qualité que celles requises pour tout autre médicament. La directive 2004/24/CE, permet toutefois quelques assouplissements autorisant à fournir des données toxicologiques et cliniques purement bibliographiques, lorsque les conditions requises pour pouvoir bénéficier d'un tel "enregistrement de l'usage traditionnel" sont remplies. Quant aux médicaments dont l'usage médical est "bien établi", ils peuvent également faire l'objet d'une dispense d'essais cliniques, mais les données toxicologiques les concernant doivent néanmoins être fournies. Cette législation européenne vise à garantir au patient la qualité, la sécurité et l'efficacité des remèdes qu'il consomme, à permettre le libre choix thérapeutique, la libre circulation des médicaments au sein de l'Union Européenne ainsi que la préservation des ressources naturelles végétales et le respect de la propriété intellectuelle et pourrait inspirer d'autres pays du monde qui ne disposent pas à ce jour des outils législatifs nécessaires à la réglementation de leurs remèdes traditionnels, en particulier les pays africains.

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Simen, Martial. « Le patriotisme économique à l'épreuve du droit de l'Union européenne ». Thesis, La Rochelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LAROD006/document.

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Le patriotisme économique relève davantage du discours politique que d’un concept juridique. Il fait référence aux comportements des citoyens, des entreprises et des États. Celui des États peut en substance être défini comme la défense par ces derniers de leurs entreprises stratégiques. Ainsi précisée, cette notion se traduit en pratique par l’institution de dispositifs nationaux de contrôle des investissements étrangers, par la stabilisation de l’actionnariat des entreprises stratégiques au travers des prises de participations des fonds stratégiques d’investissement, ou encore, par l’octroi de droits exclusifs ou spéciaux. De tels comportements peuvent contrarier les principes de la libre circulation - capitaux, établissement - et de la libre concurrence. Ces principes souffrent cependant de tempéraments qui laissent une certaine marge de manœuvre aux États, laquelle est cependant étroite. Cette étroitesse conduit ces derniers à être sans cesse inventifs pour défendre leurs entreprises. Le droit des sociétés offre de ce point de vue des outils pertinents pouvant servir ce dessein. Mais, la protection des entreprises stratégiques en dehors des exceptions ou dérogations prévues par le traité, qui traduit la persistance des replis nationaux, n’est pas sans relever les limites de l’opposition systématique aux patriotismes économiques nationaux. De plus, une telle faculté risque de fragiliser l’achèvement du marché intérieur. Pour ces raisons, il importe pour les autorités de l’Union européenne, d’engager une dynamique permettant de mieux prendre en compte les préoccupations patriotiques des États. Agrégée à un concept cohérent, à savoir le patriotisme économique européen, une telle démarche consisterait à instaurer une politique d’investissement commune qui sache conjuguer ouverture aux capitaux étrangers et préservation des secteurs stratégiques. Mais, l’efficacité d’une telle politique est relative. C’est pourquoi, on doit lui adjoindre un cadre autonome de contrôle des investissements en provenance des pays tiers
Economic patriotism is more a political speech than a legal concept. It refers to behaviors of citizens, companies and governments. Concerning States, this concept can essentially be defined as defense of strategic companies. In practice, this notion is reflected by the institution of national systems of foreign investments control, by stabilizing the shareholding of companies through strategic investment funds, or by granting exclusive or special rights. These behaviors can antagonize the European Union law. However, this law allows exceptions that offer opportunities to States. But the flexibility of States is close. This narrowness leds them to be constantly inventive to defend their strategic companies. Business law allows such an approach. But the protection of strategic companies without the exceptions or derogations permitted by the treaty, which reflects the persistence of domestic markets partitioning, is not without showing the limits of systematic opposition to national economic patriotisms. In addition, such a power may weaken the completion of the internal market. For these reasons, it is important for the authorities of the European Union, to initiate a dynamic that can permit to take better account of the States patriotic concerns. Aggregate to a coherent concept, namely the european economic patriotism, such an approach will permit to establish a common investment policy that can combine openness to foreign investments and preservation of strategic sectors. But, the effectiveness of such a policy is relative. That’s why, it’s crucial to add to it an autonomous control framework for investments coming from non-member countries

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Bortoluzzi, Chiara. « La sécurité des médicaments. Législation pharmaceutique européenne et indemnisation des risques médicamenteux ». Thesis, Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020025.

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Un niveau élevé de protection de la santé humaine est assuré dans la définition et la mise en oeuvre de toutes les politiques et actions de l’Union européenne. L’une des politiques les plus importantes, conformément aux enjeux de santé et au développement économique, est celle des médicaments. Leur sécurité est garantie par un cadre juridique donné par une législation pharmaceutique d’envergure présidant à l’octroi de l’autorisation de mise sur le marché et au suivi post-autorisation. Ce cadre juridique est supporté par un dispositif institutionnel d’exception, caractérisé par une interaction étroite entre l’Agence européenne des médicaments, la Commission européenne et les autorités nationales compétentes. Il a récemment été réformé à travers la nouvelle législation de pharmacovigilance. Le concept de sécurité sanitaire est ainsi devenu le principe directeur de la gestion du risque pharmaceutique. Toutefois, lorsque le risque inhérent à tout produit pharmaceutique se manifeste, le dommage médicamenteux se produit ainsi que la demande de réparation. Face à la nécessité d’indemniser les victimes de tels accidents, les réponses nationales des systèmes juridiques français et italien, par les biais de la responsabilité civile de droit commun et de la responsabilité du fait des produits défectueux issue de la directive 85/374/CEE, se révèlent inefficaces, car peu respectueuses de la spécificité du médicament. Ce constat conduit à plaider en faveur d’une dissociation entre responsabilité et indemnisation, en garantissant cette dernière à travers la création d’un fonds d’indemnisation général pour les dommages médicamenteux à participation mixte public-privé. Cette solution garantit une socialisation des risques justifiée par le caractère social du risque thérapeutique. Cela constitue le contrepoids aux dangers inhérents aux innovations de la science, tout en faisant profiter les malades des bénéfices thérapeutiques de demain. En prônant une approche holistique de la politique du médicament, la proposition de ce fonds constitue un instrument d’une politique de santé publique qui ne voit dans l’indemnisation des risques médicamenteux qu’un complément et un prolongement de la garantie de sécurité à la base de la législation pharmaceutique européenne
The definition and implementation of the European Union’s policies and activities guarantee a very high level of human health protection. One of its most important policies, in accordance with the relative health and economic development issues, is that on medicinal products. Drug safety is guaranteed by a legal framework, constructed on the pharmaceutical legislation laying down rules and procedures for obtaining marketing authorisation and for post authorisation monitoring. This legal framework is supported by a special institutional system,which in particular ensures close interaction between the European Medicines Agency, the European Commission and the national competent authorities. This legal framework has recently been revised as a result of the new pharmacovigilance legislation. As such, health safety has become a key directive in managing pharmaceutical risk. Yet, whenever a risk relating directly to a particular pharmaceutical product becomes apparent, medical damages and compensation claims arise. The response of the national French and Italian legal systems to the application for compensation of the victims of such accidents, by way of the ordinary rules of civil liability and the liability for defective products as defined in Council Directive85/374/EEC, has proven ineffective: they fail to take into account the specific nature ofpharmaceutical products. Based on this observation, there is a sound case for separating liability from compensation: the latter can be guaranteed by setting up a general compensationfund for medical damages, with both public and private sector participation. This solutionwould guarantee a socialisation of risks that is justified by the social nature of therapeutic risk. It would provide a counterbalance to the dangers inherent in scientific innovation, whilst simultaneously allowing patients to benefit from future therapeutic developments. By advocating a holistic approach to drug policy, this proposed compensation fund would act as apublic health policy instrument, in the context of which compensation for medical risks would only be considered an addition to, and extension of, the security guarantee that constitutes the cornerstone of the European pharmaceutical legislation

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CLARKE, Tasneem. « Investor responsibilities under international human rights standards : what potential in investment law ? » Doctoral thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/13584.

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MARCACCI, Antonio. « Protecting investors in financial times : the design and functioning of the legal protection of retail investors ». Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/28043.

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Defence date: 3 July 2013
Examining Board: Professor Hans-Wolfgang Micklitz, European University Institute (EUI Supervisor); Professor Giorgio Monti, European University Institute; Professor Mads Andenæs, Universiteteti Oslo; Professor Jan Wouters, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven.
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
This thesis studies and analyzes the current paradigm governing the legal protection of retail investors in the United States and the European Union, by framing both of the legal systems within the transnational financial regulatory arena. In order to do so, the thesis carries out an evolutionary analysis of the European and American statutes dealing with financial markets regulation and gives an account, also grounded on the previous professional experience of the author, concerning the relationship between a retail investor and an investment services provider. It, then, examines whether and how far the US and EU legal systems either are affected by or affect transnational financial regulation, namely those (soft-law) rules adopted by the International Organization of Securities Commissions IOSCO, in particular as regards the protection of retail investors. Subsequently, the thesis describes the Organization’s governance structure, the decision-making process, the content of its financial rules and how far these are implemented into national domestic legislation. The third and last part of the thesis gives an analysis of the different legal tools provided by the European and American systems for public and collective private enforcement mechanisms, with the purpose to check whether a set of tools is preferred over the other (private VS public), and how far retail investors have the chance to concretely protect their rights. At the end, an assessment will be provided regarding the workability of the current paradigm from the point of view of retail investors.

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KUBE, Vivian. « The EU's human rights obligations towards the wider world and the international investment regime : making the promise enforceable ». Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/51325.

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Defence date: 07 February 2018
Examining Board: Professor Marise Cremona, European University Institute (Supervisor); Professor Joanne Scott, European University Institute; Professor Olivier De Schutter, University of Louvain; Professor Markus Krajewski, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg
This thesis uses the case of the international investment regime to demonstrate how the human rights framework that governs EU external relations can be operationalized in the realm of international economic law making. The first part of the thesis outlines the legal foundations for the EU to become a shaper of the international investment regime. These legal foundations are firstly found in the unique human rights framework consisting of human rights as a general principle and objective, the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights and international human rights law and secondly in the international investment competence of the EU. The second part of the thesis demonstrates the inaccessibility of the current international investment regime for human rights interests and shows that recent EU reforms fail to address the major inequalities of rights protection inherent in the investment regime. This regulatory tilt is however difficult to uphold in light of the normative framework established by the first part. The third part analyses two mechanisms, which were developed in the trade context: Ex-ante human rights impact assessments for EU trade and investment agreements and civil society monitoring bodies of EU trade and sustainable development chapters. In examining these mechanisms, this part explores the question of whether they could work towards mitigating the inequalities of rights protection. The potential of these mechanisms lies in their capacities to ensure a comprehensive assessment of policy impacts as well as to empower traditionally marginalized rights-holders to participate in the making, implementation and contestation of the international investment regime. These two methods – comprehensive assessment of policy impacts and empowerment of rights-holders – are embedded in other EU structural principles and the international human rights discourse and would, so this part argues, enable the EU to discharge its human rights obligations. To seize this potential, substantial reforms and a shift of conceptions are however still necessary. This part also analyses what parameters need to be changed in order to utilize these mechanisms for building sustainable institutions that enable marginalized local communities to inject their interests into the design and implementation of international investment regulations. Next to providing concrete proposals, this thesis therefore also demonstrates in a generalizable manner how the broad constitutional human rights mandate can gain precise shape and be broken down into clear benchmarks to which EU international economic law making can be held accountable to.
Chapter 1 'Human rights as a framework for foreign policies' draws upon an earlier version published as an article 'Human rights law in international investment arbitration' (2016) in the journal 'Asian Journal of WTO and International Health Law and Policy'
Chapter 3 'The European Union's external human rights commitment : what is the legal value of Article 21 TEU?' draws upon an earlier version published as EUI LAW WP 2016/10

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DIMOPOULOS, Angelos. « Regulation of foreign investment in EU external relations law ». Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/14518.

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Defence Date: 25 June 2010
Examining Board: Professor Marise Cremona, European University Institute; Professor Ernst Ulrich Petersmann, European University Institute; Professor Eileen Denza, University College London; Professor Markus Krajewski, University of Potsdam
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses

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Thèses sur le sujet « Investments – Law and legislation – Europe »

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