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1
Bulovsky, Andrew. « Promises Unfulfilled : How Investment Arbitration Tribunals Mishandle Corruption Claims and Undermine International Development ». Michigan Law Review, no 118.1 (2019) : 117–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.36644/mlr.118.1.promises.
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In recent years, the investment-arbitration and anti-corruption regimes have been in tension. Investment tribunals have jurisdiction to arbitrate disputes between investors and host states under international treaties that provide substantive protections for private investments. But these tribunals will typically decline to exercise jurisdiction over a dispute if the host state asserts that corruption tainted the investment. When tribunals close their doors to ag-grieved investors, tribunals increase the risks for investors and thus raise the cost of international investment. At the same time, the decision to decline jurisdiction creates a perverse incentive for host states to turn a blind eye to corruption. Together, these distorted incentives hinder developmental goals and undermine the fight against corruption. To correct these problems, this Note proposes a framework to guide arbitral tribunals when faced with a corruption-tainted dispute. Specifically, this Note argues that when both parties participate in corruption, arbitral tribunals should invoke equitable estoppel to accept jurisdiction over the dispute. When considering the corruption claims, investment tribunals should use a contributory-fault approach that evaluates each party’s role in the corrupt act to determine the final award. This framework not only helps align the investment-arbitration and anticorruption regimes but also advances developmental objectives.
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Baker, Tom, et Simone Cooper. « New Zealand’s social investment experiment ». Critical Social Policy 38, no 2 (12 décembre 2017) : 428–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261018317745610.
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The notion of prioritising ‘productive’ social investments over ‘consumptive’ social spending has long been advocated but only sporadically applied. Since 2011, however, New Zealand governments have implemented an ambitious, multi-agency social investment agenda that promises to overhaul public social spending through analyses of citizen-derived data. This commentary focuses on the development and features of the social investment agenda. In doing so, it discusses the apparent primacy of fiscal outcomes over social outcomes, and the practices and politics of data-driven governance.
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Bostick, Tad. « Upfront Reservoir Monitoring Investment Promises Long-Term Rewards ». Journal of Petroleum Technology 67, no 01 (1 janvier 2015) : 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0115-0018-jpt.
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Harvie, David, et Robert Ogman. « The broken promises of the social investment market ». Environment and Planning A : Economy and Space 51, no 4 (25 janvier 2019) : 980–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x19827298.
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The United Kingdom is pioneering a new model for the delivery of public services, based around the device of a social investment market. At the heart of this social investment market is an innovative new financial instrument, the social impact bond (SIB). In this paper we argue that the SIB promises (partial) solutions to four aspects of the present multifaceted crisis: the crisis of social reproduction; the crisis of capital accumulation; the fiscal crisis of the state; and the crisis of political legitimacy. In this sense, we conceive the social investment market as a crisis management strategy. We draw on evidence from the world’s first SIB, the Peterborough SIB, launched in 2010, as well as from other SIBs, in order to assess the extent to which the social investment market delivers on its four promises. In doing so, we argue that the crisis of neoliberalism and the social investment market are not only in historical correspondence, but in a relation of causality to one another. In developing this argument, this paper contributes to contemporary theories of neoliberalism by investigating how concrete state developments and societal restructuring is being advanced around the idea of linking marketization with progressive social change. It also supports critical practitioners by offering a theoretical lens to identify the contradictions of this increasingly popular policy approach.
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Karamanian, Susan L. « The Role of International Human Rights Law in Re-Shaping Investor-State Arbitration ». International Journal of Legal Information 45, no 1 (mars 2017) : 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jli.2017.6.
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Over the past few decades, a new process has dominated how States treat foreign investment and the consequences to States for breaching international standards. The system's key feature, the means for settling a foreign investor's dispute with a State that hosts the investment, lacks traditional elements of State judicial systems. Instead, it is a creature of State consent as reflected in international investment agreements (IIAs). In IIAs, States promise to treat foreign investment and the investors in a certain, fundamentally fair, way. Many IIAs authorize foreign investors and States to select private arbitrators to resolve claims that host States breached their promises under the IIA. The arbitrators, in turn, are empowered to issue arbitral awards.
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Setiawan, Peter Jeremiah, et Hansel Ardison. « CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION ON LARGE-SCALE INVESTMENT SCAM IN INDONESIA ». Veritas et Justitia 7, no 1 (28 juin 2021) : 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.25123/vej.v7i1.3917.
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Mass scale investment fraud (Ponzi) schemes result in protracted suffering for the victims. In this article the author investigates this crime from a juridical normative, case, and conceptual approach. From the very start potential victims may fall to promises of lucrative and safe investment schemes. In the eyes of the more prudent, it would or should be obvious that the collaborative business offers as presented contains logical flaws, running against common sense and is at the outset illegal. Notwithstanding, victims seems to fall easily into this trap, lured by the promise of getting easy, quick, and huge investment returns. In the end, even when this fraudulent investment scheme unravels, the government of law enforcement seems to be unable to act decisively and offer a satisfactory solution. Slow and ineffective government response in the end exacerbate economic loss and victims suffering.
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Heaton, J. B. « The Siren Song of Litigation Funding ». Michigan Business & ; Entrepreneurial Law Review, no 9.1 (2020) : 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.36639/mbelr.9.1.siren.
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For an investor, litigation funding is too tempting to resist. Litigation funding promises that most elusive of investment returns: those uncorrelated with an investor’s other investment returns. Litigation funding also invests in a world that seems fraught with possible pricing inefficiencies. It seems plausible—even likely—that a team of smart lawyer-underwriters can identify high-value litigation investments to generate superior returns for litigation funding investors. But more than a decade of experience suggests the promise of litigation funding is a siren song. The promise draws investors into the water, but the payoffs may be meager and rare. While litigation funding has always been controversial with defendants and business trade associations, the real problem is that the investment class is a poor one. First, high-stakes civil litigation is far more complex and random than most investors understand. There are an overwhelming number of ways that litigants can lose and far fewer paths to significant victories. Second, few good cases—from an investment perspective—are likely to find their way to funders. Third, litigation funding is probably prone to optimism bias, causing litigation funders to overestimate the probability of victory in their cases. Finally, litigation funding is fungible with little value added by the funder, suggesting that competition will drive down any significant previously-existing profits. While litigation funding serves a valuable social purpose when it finances meritorious cases that otherwise would not be pursued, we can expect investor success in the field to be rare and likely limited to those funders with the most litigation savvy and the best luck. Nevertheless, investors are unlikely to give up on the space despite the large prospect of poor returns.
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Geiger, Susi, et Nicole Gross. « Does hype create irreversibilities ? Affective circulation and market investments in digital health ». Marketing Theory 17, no 4 (9 février 2017) : 435–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470593117692024.
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This article draws from two conceptual lenses – the sociology of expectations and market studies – to investigate the relationship between technology hype and market investments: which promises and expectations surround hype and how they come together to shape actors’ investments in an emerging market. We address this question through analysing a contemporary hype in a technology marketing context: digital healthcare. Our aim is to trace how market actors create, support and evaluate a market hype; how hype and market investments are related; and whether hype contributes to irreversibilities in shaping emerging market forms and categories. Our study indicates that hypes contribute tangibly to producing the market, not least by channelling financial, symbolic and material market investments. Furthermore, by highlighting how socio-economic, technological and policy promises become affectively loaded through circulation, we add a novel dimension to existing insights into the socio-cognitive construction of markets. We caution technology marketers, policymakers and investors against blindly following technology hype, especially when it encourages companies to engage in market investment that is unhinged from broader systems and societal, ethical or economic concerns.
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Solga, H. « Education, economic inequality and the promises of the social investment state ». Socio-Economic Review 12, no 2 (26 mars 2014) : 269–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwu014.
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Azzimonti, Marina, Pierre-Daniel Sarte et Jorge Soares. « Distortionary taxes and public investment when government promises are not enforceable ». Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 33, no 9 (septembre 2009) : 1662–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jedc.2009.03.003.
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Fostel, Ana, et John Geanakoplos. « Financial Innovation, Collateral, and Investment ». American Economic Journal : Macroeconomics 8, no 1 (1 janvier 2016) : 242–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.20130183.
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Financial innovations that change how promises are collateralized affect prices and investment, even in the absence of any change in fundamentals. In C-models, the ability to leverage an asset always generates overinvestment compared to Arrow-Debreu. Credit Default Swaps always leads to underinvestment with respect to Arrow-Debreu, and in some cases even robustly destroy competitive equilibrium. The need for collateral would seem to cause under-investment. Our analysis illustrates a countervailing force: goods that serve as collateral yield additional services and can therefore be over-valued and over-produced. In models without cash flow problems there is never marginal underinvestment on collateral. (JEL D52, D86, D92, E44, G01, G12, R31)
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Curtis, Quinn, Jill Fisch et Adriana Robertson. « Do ESG Funds Deliver on Their Promises ? » Michigan Law Review, no 120.3 (2021) : 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.36644/mlr.120.3.esg.
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Corporations have received growing criticism for contributing to climate change, perpetuating racial and gender inequality, and failing to address other pressing social issues. In response to these concerns, shareholders are increasingly focusing on environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG) criteria in selecting investments, and asset managers are responding by offering a growing number of ESG mutual funds. The flow of assets into ESG is one of the most dramatic trends in asset management. But are these funds giving investors what they promise? This question has attracted the attention of regulators, with the Department of Labor and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) both taking steps to rein in ESG funds. The change in administration has created an opportunity to rethink these steps, but the rapid growth and evolution of the market mean regulators are acting without a clear picture of ESG investing. We fill this gap by offering the most complete empirical overview of ESG mutual funds to date. Combining comprehensive data on mutual funds with proprietary data from the several of the most significant ESG ratings firms, we provide a unique picture of the current ESG environment with an eye to informing regulatory policy. We evaluate a number of criticisms of ESG funds made by academics and policymakers and find them lacking. We find that ESG funds offer their investors increased ESG exposure. They also vote their shares differently from non-ESG funds and are more supportive of ESG principles. Our analysis shows that they do so without increasing costs or reducing returns. We conclude that ESG funds generally offer investors a differentiated and competitive investment product that is consistent with their labeling. In short, we see no reason to single out ESG funds for special regulation.
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Farid, Muhammad, et Mochamad Atim Rudiantoyo Hidayat. « Sharia Pension Fund ». Muhasabatuna : Jurnal Akuntansi Syariah 1, no 1 (4 juin 2022) : 01–016. http://dx.doi.org/10.54471/muhasabatuna.v1i1.1698.
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Pension Fund is a legal entity that manages and runs a program that promises pension benefits. The increasing development of sharias transactions in the financial industry in Indonesia allows pension funds to be managed according to sharia. The purpose of this paper is to determine the basis of fiqh for the development and management of pension funds.
Pension Funds are generally regulated in Law no. 11 of 1992. The difference between conventional pension funds and Islamic pension funds is the investment management system carried out to avoid usury and interest-based conventional financial investments.
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Mikołajczyk, Olga. « Professional Investment Standards in the Private Equity Sector : Selected Aspects ». Journal of Management and Financial Sciences, no 30 (29 juillet 2019) : 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/jmfs.2017.30.4.
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Investments made by private equity funds must abide by the highest ethical standards as the framework within which their stakeholders operate is very much based on broadly understood trust. The paper discusses selected professional standards especially important for private equity transactions. It is based on the Professional Standards Handbook, a set of principles focusing on integrity and acting with fairness, keeping one’s promises, disclosing conflicts of interest, maintaining confidentiality, and promoting best practices for the benefit of sustainable investment and value creation. We also address the ESG issues which – besides financial aspects – exert substantial impact upon sustainable development of the private equity market. Ethical standards have gained in importance especially with the adoption of the AIFM Directive designed to regulate the operations of alternativeinvestment funds.
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Wendler, Carsten, et Andreas Kulick. « A Corrupt Way to Handle Corruption ? Thoughts on the Recent ICSID Case Law on Corruption ». Legal Issues of Economic Integration 37, Issue 1 (1 février 2010) : 61–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2010006.
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It is a well-established practice in international commercial arbitration that tribunals do not accept jurisdiction in disputes that involve corruption. While investment arbitration tribunals endorse such reasoning, the authors challenge the approach. Investment arbitration disputes differ from commercial arbitration disputes in that the Respondent, that is, the Host State, is vested with puissance publique and hence may pursue its interests unilaterally – in contrast to a private entity, it does not need a tribunal to get what it seeks. Moreover, the authors argue that declining jurisdiction is both detrimental from a policy perspective as well as subject to fl awed legal reasoning. Therefore, they seek to promote a balancing of the investors’ responsibilities vis-à-vis corruption with their rights on the merits stage. Only this approach promises both sound legal reasoning and a solution that pursues a policy jointly targeting corruption and conforming with the investment regime’s ultimate goal: to foster economic development by way of protecting investments. ‘There is no kind of dishonesty into which otherwise good people more easily and frequently fall, than that of defrauding the government.’ Benjamin Franklin
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Iacobucci, G. « Hunt promises more investment in general practice in return for seven day access ». BMJ 350, jun19 7 (19 juin 2015) : h3380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h3380.
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de Germiny, Lorraine, Nhu-Hoang Tran Thang et Duong Ba Trinh. « The EU-Vietnam Investment Protection Agreement Investor-State Dispute Settlement Mechanism in Perspective ». European Investment Law and Arbitration Review Online 4, no 1 (16 décembre 2019) : 124–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24689017_00401006.
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The EU-Vietnam Investment Protection Agreement (EVIPA) represented the culmination of three years of negotiations between the EU and Vietnam. Although it remainsto be ratified, it promises to have an impact on the international investment treaty landscape. The treaty contains innovations ranging from its definition of the substantive protections afforded to foreign investors to its definition of ‘investments’ and ‘investors’ that may qualify for those protections, as well as the procedural modalities for the treatment of possible disputes. Its most distinctive trait, however, is its establishment of a semi-permanent adjudicatory body akin to an investment court in replacement of the arbitration model envisaged by the vast majority of investment treaties over the past several decades. Rather than attempt to reform, the evipa drafters have done tabula rasa and opted for revolution instead. The EVIPA’S envisaged method to select, appoint, and remunerate the members of that body – both at the first instance level and at the appellate level – represents an abrupt and profound abandonment of the traditional arbitration model so frequently and presently used in international disputes around the world. The evipa may thus present an opportunity to test an alternative dispute resolution system and thus to aid in determining the most effective and appropriate method to resolve the international investor-State disputes of the future.
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Bazrafkan, Azernoosh, et Alexia Herwig. « Reinterpreting the Fair and Equitable Treatment Provision in International Investment Agreements as a New and More Legitimate Way to Manage Risks ». European Journal of Risk Regulation 7, no 2 (juin 2016) : 439–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00005869.
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International investment agreements (IIAs) emerged in the 1960's as an instrument to lower political risk for foreign investors and to facilitate political risk insurance when investing in developing countries with weak governance structures. Political risk is constituted by interferences to the investment by host states once the investor has entered the market and which would render the execution of the investment unduly burdensome, deprive the investor of the control or enjoyment of the investment or discriminate or treat the foreign investor arbitrarily. The legal provisions in IIAs include non–discrimination provisions, fair and equitable treatment, full protection and security, rights to compensation in case of expropriations, including indirect regulatory ones with the effect of depriving the investor of the control and benefits of the investment, provisions on free transfer of capital and, occasionally, non–precluded measures clauses as well as stabilization clauses in which the host state promises not to change the regulatory environment affecting the investment.
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Dewi, Yetty Komalasari, et Arie Afriansyah. « DISPUTE SETTLEMENT MECHANISM IN BILATERAL INVESTMENT TREATIES (BITS) ». Yuridika 34, no 1 (1 janvier 2019) : 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ydk.v34i1.11403.
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In various countries, BITs are not always the same, but most of them contain many commitments or promises to protect the investment and investors of a country ("investors") in the territory of another country ("host country").[1] This protection includes treatment that is fair, equal and not discriminatory in overseeing the implementation of investment agreements and other obligations related to investment. The important thing is, in most cases, this kind of protection is accompanied by a very strong international arbitration mechanism that allows investors to file a lawsuit directly against a host country that is suspected of violating the protection under international law. Capability of investors to "enforce" their rights directly on a country without an arbitration agreement is considered as one of the extraordinary achievements of BIT innovation.
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Schell, William. « American Investment in Tropical Mexico : Rubber Plantations, Fraud, and Dollar Diplomacy, 1897–1913 ». Business History Review 64, no 2 (1990) : 217–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3115582.
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The following article examines U.S. investment in Mexico at the turn of the century, focusing on the tropical plantation companies and their promises of enormous profits. Viewed in the light—or shadow—of Dollar Diplomacy, the usual interpretation of such events has been that American investors exported profits and undermined internal development while the U.S. government established political hegemony. This article calls both of these outcomes into question.
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Jacobs, James. « Community colleges and the workforce investment act : Promises and problems of the new vocationalism ». New Directions for Community Colleges 2001, no 115 (2001) : 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cc.34.
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Kubalkova, Petra G. « Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank ». China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies 01, no 04 (décembre 2015) : 667–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s237774001550027x.
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The Chinese-led Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) faces monumental challenges derived from institutional and financial accountability, as well as the ability to deliver on its promises of increased economic integration in the Asia-Pacific region. Nevertheless, China is resolute in cementing its economic position in the global market and expanding its regional influence. The main justification for instituting AIIB is to provide secured loans to underdeveloped Asia-Pacific countries ineligible to obtain funds through other global financial institutions. However, by lessening loan barriers, AIIB’s approach threatens to give rise to regional economic volatility — a vice adamantly despised under the Bretton Woods system. The pivotal element that defines AIIB’s outcome is a well-diversified cofounding member cohort insistent on implementing sound regulatory measures. AIIB needs a divergent membership that considers the socio-economic determinants of individual requestors, allowing for well-diversified and well-balanced opinions on operating principles. Without this element China might be subjugating its clients, the Asia-Pacific countries, to yet another form of manipulation that was shunned under the Bretton Woods system. Would this be another subtle attempt of Chinese influence for a stake in regional hegemony under a guise of alleviating the impoverished regions of Asia-Pacific? Transparency, emphasis on operating principles enacted with democratic accord and accountability should serve as guiding blocks of the well-diversified cofounding cohort. These measures would hold China to its vows of increased prosperity in the Asia-Pacific region, which it is attempting to deliver through AIIB. This paper examines the advantages of the AIIB as well as drawbacks that could place the Asia-Pacific countries into another “golden straitjacket” if these propositions are not taken into consideration.
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Von Spakovsky, Michael R. « Stacking Up ». Mechanical Engineering 125, no 06 (1 juin 2003) : 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2003-jun-1.
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This article reviews that efficiency on a small scale and a means of curbing emissions make fuel cells an investment for the future. The Connecticut Clean Energy Fund put up the $1.25 million to purchase the fuel cell-power plant from a local company, Fuel Cell Energy Inc., in Danbury. The motive for funding fuel cells goes beyond boosting for local industry, though. As pressures mount on available resources and the environment, fuel cell systems can play a major role in the future of stationary and mobile power generation. Many adherents believe that fuel cell systems promise to provide benefits in a variety of applications. Systems based on PEM and direct methanol technology promise to make power more portable and convenient, and proton exchange membrane (PEM) technology also promises to provide a more efficient, cleaner technology for the automotive industry. PEM, phosphoric acid, molten carbonate, and solid oxide fuel cells are likely to be applied in cogeneration applications that use the exhaust heat.
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Demers, Robert. « La Cour suprême, la fiducie d'investissement et le prospectus ». Chronique de jurisprudence 19, no 2 (12 avril 2005) : 537–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/042251ar.
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The possibility of establishing investment trusts in the Province of Québec was examined recently by the Supreme Court in the Higher case. Investment trusts, in Québec, are possibly created as a species of contract but as civil law trusts, they cannot be admitted. This point is well settled by the case. The court also examines the recourse in damages under article 1065 C.C. for inexecution of promises contained in a prospectus: the provincial courts were well familiar with recourses in delict in such cases but contractual relief, although suggested, was not clearly admitted. The case now offers a definite answer to this uncertainty.
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Huang, Chiung-Yao, Yu-Cheng Lin et Chiung-Hui Chen. « Could the impaired intention of ethical investment be recovered ? » Journal of Management & ; Organization 22, no 5 (14 janvier 2016) : 736–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2015.61.
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AbstractThe environmental pollution caused by Advanced Semiconductor Engineering in October 2013 in Taiwan highlighted the fact that foreign investors tend to support the classical economic ideas of arbitrage and shareholder wealth maximization, which is in conflict with the fact that institutional investors in the current global capital market lean towards the stakeholder theory in ethical investments. Will local investors’ decision-making also be influenced by differences in the perceived ethics of negative environmental corporate social responsibility (ECSR)? Compared to the remedial measures implemented by British Petroleum for the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill, Advanced Semiconductor Engineering, another international corporation, decided to not respond to any news regarding the toxic wastewater incident. In contrast, Advanced Semiconductor Engineering only made clearer promises after extreme public pressure. This study investigated whether remedial measures for negative ECSR are an important factor influencing investors’ decisions. The purpose is to clarify the interactions among perceived moral intensity of negative ECSR, the implementation of remedial measures, and the intention of ethical investment. An experimental design was employed to test the hypotheses. The results indicated that perceived moral intensity has a significant negative impact on the intention of ethical investment. The implementation of remedial measures for negative ECSR affects investors’ intent to invest. Finally, positive ECSR remedial measures also serve as a key moderating variable in the relationship between perceived moral intensity and the intention of ethical investment. This study clarified whether the provision of remedial mechanisms can effectively recover or maintain investor investment intent when companies experience negative ECSR.
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Cumings, Bruce. « North Korea : The Sequel ». Current History 102, no 663 (1 avril 2003) : 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2003.102.663.147.
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The current crisis with North Korea “has the same solution as the original [in 1994]: get North Korea's nuclear program mothballed and its medium- and long-range missiles decommissioned by buying them out at a set price. That price is American recognition of North Korea, written promises not to target the North with nuclear weapons, and indirect compensation in the form of aid and investment.”
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Benson, Linh, et Ha Dai Sinh. « Global Economic Policy Response in Asean Welcomes Changes in Market Behavior Towards the New Normal ». Journal of Asian Multicultural Research for Economy and Management Study 2, no 2 (31 mars 2021) : 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.47616/jamrems.v2i2.109.
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This article addresses the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate, normally used to determine how quickly economic growth has contracted in a region, i.e. adverse growth. Thus, the Finance Ministers and the ASEAN Central Bank Governors have decided on a number of promises, including (1) that exceptional policy responses to resolve this pandemic would be washed away to restore economic activity. (2) to enhance the economic and financial monitoring efficiency of the area, and to promote readiness to act as an efficient financial safety net in the region and as an essential component of the global financial security net of the Chiang May Initiative Multilateralization (CMIM). (3) to facilitate greater intra-ASEAN exchange and investment by setting up eligible ASEAN banks (4) funding for local currency use programs for settlements, foreign investments and other operations between ASEAN countries, such as revenue and transfer transactions. (5) supports the advancement of partnership in the area of the funding of infrastructures, in the context of many recommendations to facilitate private investment growth, among other steps. (6) to promote initiatives to use digital financial services to enhance the financial inclusion of the area and to enhance cooperation on various cyber risk management material.
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Hoad, Darren. « The General Agreement on Trade in Services and the Impact of Trade Liberalisation on Tourism and Sustainability ». Tourism and Hospitality Research 4, no 3 (mars 2003) : 213–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146735840300400303.
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After years of protracted negotiation the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) was due to come into force at the end of 2002. This agreement, the first multilateral and legally enforceable liberalisation agreement covering trade in services, including tourism services, aims to eliminate obstacles and discriminatory barriers to service trade and increase markets for investment. The agreement, covering a range of sectors, promises to have a significant effect on tourism service provision and perhaps pose a significant challenge to the efforts to develop sustainable forms of tourism. The subject of considerable controversy, the GATS has been criticised by human rights, environmental and developing world activist groups, many of whom see it as nothing more than a front for corporate domination of global markets, accelerating environmental degradation and undermining local governance structures. Supporters, on the other hand, see the GATS potential in overcoming trade disputes and hold out the promise of regional development and employment through increased inward investment. This paper aims to outline the GATS, examine its legal principles and explain the enthusiasm of its supporters and the concerns of the critics. Furthermore, it considers the potential impact of the GATS on sustainability and on issues such as local community participation and tourism governance.
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Ansell, Nicola, Peggy Froerer, Roy Huijsmans, Claire Dungey, Arshima Dost et Piti. « Educating 'surplus population' : uses and abuses of aspiration in the rural peripheries of a globalising world ». Fennia - International Journal of Geography 198, no 1-2 (4 décembre 2020) : 17–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.11143/fennia.90756.
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Increasing school enrolment has been a focus of investment, even in remote rural areas whose populations are surplus to the requirements of the global economy. Drawing on ethnographic research conducted in primary schools and their neighbouring communities in rural areas of Lesotho, India and Laos, we explore how young people, their parents and teachers experience schooling in places where the prospects of incorporation into professional employment (or any well rewarded economic activity) are slim. We show how schooling uses aspiration, holding out a promise of a 'better future' remote from the lives of rural children. However, children’s attachment to such promises is tenuous, boosted yet troubled by the small minority who defy the odds and succeed. We question why education systems continue to promote occupational aspirations that are unattainable by most, and why donors and governments invest so heavily in increasing human capital that cannot be absorbed.
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Benegiamo, Maura. « A green economy failure ? Italian investors in Senegal between green grabbing and development promises ». SOCIOLOGIA URBANA E RURALE, no 129 (novembre 2022) : 30–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/sur2022-129002.
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The article draws on land and green grabbing debate to critically interrogates the failure of ?eight ?Italian investment in agrofuel production in Senegal. It focuses on the characteristics of the ??Italian investors who ?were drawn to agro-energy ?production and of the incentives struc-tures that ??motivated them. Once ?on site, multiple management problems and conflicts with the ?local population ?arose. The ?article argues that this is not solely attributable to a lack of respon-sibility, bad ?governance ?and ethics of ?individual firms: the green economy and its speculative arrangements must be ?considered.
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Trinh, Hai Yen, et The Hoang Nguyen. « Procedural Transparency in the Settlement of Treaty-Based Investment Disputes in EVIPA and CPTPP ». Vietnamese Journal of Legal Sciences 2, no 1 (1 septembre 2020) : 58–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vjls-2020-0010.
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AbstractImportant characteristics of commercial arbitration include privacy and confidentiality; nonetheless, in investor-state arbitration, most of the investment treaties or arbitral rules referred therein often seek to enhance transparency and public participation by introducing three new features to investment arbitration’s proceedings: public access to documents related to the arbitration, public access to hearings; and amicus curiae submission. Those provisions generally contain exceptions to maintain a balance between the public interest on the one hand, and the interest of the disputing parties on the other hand in the fair and efficient resolution of the dispute. The two treaties Viet Nam has recently concluded, the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) and the EU-Viet Nam Investment Protection Agreement (EVIPA), have stipulated the procedural transparency requirements, which are in line with a new trend of development in international investment law. Although Viet Nam currently maintains confidentiality with regard to investor-state arbitration, the fact that Viet Nam has made international commitments on transparency promises benefits such as increasing public interest protection, improving governance and ensuring the right to information.
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Al Hakim, Helmi Taufiq, Galih Suryo et Sofiyanti Indriasari. « PEMBUATAN SISTEM INFORMASI KOIN BOND DI PT SAGARA ASIA TECHNOLOGY MENGGUNAKAN SWIFT 4 ». Jurnal Sains Terapan 11, no 1 (18 septembre 2021) : 76–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jstsv.11.1.76-87.
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ABSTRACTPT Sagara Asia Technology or better known as Sagara Technology is a company engaged in technology consulting and digital products. Sagara Technology manufactures and provides premium software development, training and talent products. The work done at Sagara Technology focuses on developing website technology and mobile applications. Investment is an option for many groups of people to invest in a company because investment promises long-term benefits. Therefore, PT Lunaria Annua Teknologi decided to create a Bond Coin application to reach all groups of people who want to invest and can take advantage of investment returns according to their wishes.The methodology used during the creation of this application is Scrum. Scrum is used as a framework because this methodology is suitable for small teams, clear application specifications and Scrum allows iteration and incremental of a product requirement that will be found during product development. Bond coins make it easier for investors to conduct checks on Government Securities purchased, including transparency, security and efficiency in transactions.
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Pfeifer, Karen. « Gulf Arab Financial Flows and Investment, 2000-2010 : Promises, Process and Prospects in the MENA Region ». Review of Middle East Economics and Finance 8, no 2 (31 janvier 2012) : 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/1475-3693.1501.
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Effendi, Fabiola Dinda, et Tantina Haryati. « Pengaruh Faktor Fundamental Keuangan dan Makro Ekonomi Terhadap Harga Saham pada Perusahaan Badan Usaha Milik Negara (BUMN) yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) Periode 2016-2020 ». Kompak :Jurnal Ilmiah Komputerisasi Akuntansi 15, no 1 (24 juin 2022) : 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.51903/kompak.v15i1.601.
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Stock investment in the capital market promises two forms of profit, capital gains and dividends. In addition to high profits, stock investments also have a high risk of loss because stocks have a nature high return-high risk. One of the risks posed is the ups and downs of stock prices that occur at any time can cause losses such as capital loss. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of ROE, DER, and exchange rates on stock prices in BUMN listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the 2016-2020 period. The sampling technique is a purposive sampling technique. The sample obtained amounted to 13 companies. The results of the analysis using SmartPLS 3.0 shows that ROE has a positive and significant effect, DER has a negative and significant effect, while the exchange rate has no significant effect on stock prices.
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Vicente, Marta. « The European Union’s Proposal for the Modernization of the Energy Charter Treaty ». European Energy and Environmental Law Review 31, Issue 3 (1 avril 2022) : 124–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2022008.
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After the European Court of Justice seminal decision in Achmea, where consent to investor-State arbitration enshrined in intra-EU bilateral investment treaties was found to be incompatible with the autonomy of the European Union (EU) legal order, the European Commission has presented a draft proposal for the modernization of the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT). The proposal relies markedly on the new investment agreements concluded between the European Union and third states, mainly CETA and the agreements with Singapore and Vietnam. It puts forward some key amendments on substantive provisions, by creating regulatory space for sustainable development and transition to clean energy. As regards the fair and equitable standard, the proposal adds that the ‘the tribunal may take into account whether a Contracting party made a specific representation to an investor to induce a covered investment, that created a legitimate expectation, upon which the investor relied in to make or maintain the covered investment’. This article focuses on the concept of ‘specific representation’, by asking whether it (still) encompasses promises made by the legislator, in order to access the impact that said provision might have on previous ECT arbitration case law concerning renewable energy and climate change. sustainable development, Energy Charter Treaty, legitimate expectations, specific representation, autonomy, investment treaties, fair and equitable treatment, energy transition
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Mohr, Kevin D., Gabriela Alvarez Avila, Carlos Solé et Kasturi Das. « Remarks by Kevin D. Mohr ». Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting 114 (2020) : 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/amp.2021.3.
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The title of our panel promises to explore whether investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) is a barrier, a facilitator, or neither regarding the global fight against climate change. This is an issue of urgent concern because there is a growing consensus that the world economy needs to transition away from fossil fuels aggressively to avoid the worst case climate scenarios, which would require a massive flow of investment out of fossil fuel production and into the production of renewable energy sources (RES). Broadly speaking, state policymakers have two sets of tools at their disposal to encourage that transition: (1) tools to encourage investment in RES (carrots); and (2) tools to discourage investment and hasten divestment in hydrocarbon production (sticks). One way to frame the question is whether the ISDS system—designed as it is to protect foreign investment in a largely policy-neutral way—acts more as a facilitator of carrot-side policies, more as a barrier to stick-side policies, or neither? Put somewhat differently, does a strong ISDS system that would facilitate RES investment necessarily cause regulatory chill of stick-side policies aimed at divestment from fossil fuels, or is there a way to harmonize these seemingly divergent goals?
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Daykin, Christopher David. « Address by the President of the Institute of Actuaries : Turning Promises into Reality ». British Actuarial Journal 1, no 1 (1 avril 1995) : 5–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135732170000091x.
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ABSTRACTThe Presidential Address gives a broad overview of the development of the actuarial profession's role in its principle areas of activity. Actuaries play important roles in life insurance and pensions, but there are some major new challenges facing the profession in these areas. General insurance has been slow to develop, but is now likely to be the fastest growing part of the profession with a steadily expanding role. Finance and investment also offer major fields where actuaries could be more influential. With continuing growth expected in the number of qualified actuaries, it will also be important to move into wider fields. The new President challenges the profession to give proper priority to the public interest and to ensure that actuaries are worthy of the trust which is placed in them.
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Dholakia, Bakul H., Mukesh M. Patel, Jay Narayan Vyas, Sunil Parekh, Amal Dhruv et Ravindra H. Dholakia. « Union Budget 2005–06 : Promises and Prospects ». Vikalpa : The Journal for Decision Makers 30, no 1 (janvier 2005) : 85–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920050108.
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The Union Budgets are traditionally surrounded by hype, debate, and controversies. This year's Budget has been no different. Presented in the backdrop of favourable macro-economic conditions, a sound business environment, a booming capital market, and a relatively stable political scenario, it drew a lot of expectations from all quarters. This issue's Colloquium is a post-mortem of the Budget, 2005–06 by an eminent panel of analysts. While highlighting the broad tenets of the Budget, they put across their views on the positives and the negatives and discuss their implications. The objectives of the Budget have been implicitly stated as being the same as the National Common Minimum Programme which broadly advocates the maintenance of growth rate of 7–8 per cent, promotion of investment, generation of employment, introduction of fiscal reform, stimulation of growth in agriculture, manufacturing, and infrastructure, and alleviation of poverty. The following positives emerged from the discussion: An explicit focus on the development of rural areas to reduce the pressure of migration to the urban areas. A clear roadmap for evolving a strategy for agricultural diversification. Incentives provided for strengthening the agriculture marketing infrastructure with a focus on agricultural credit, insurance, and micro finance. Dereservation of SSIs of 108 items and giving them the choice to pay excise duty for the first Rs.100 lakh and claim CENVAT or else remain outside the chain to help in integrating them into the value chain of production. A package of financial sector reforms including the removal of limits of SLR and CRR and facilitating the FII trading in derivatives. Substantial reliefs in the corporate tax and personal income-tax which should promote savings. Taxation of zero coupon bonds at 10 per cent of long-term capital gains. The panelists identify the following problem areas in the Budget: Lack of transparency in the revenue implications of the tax proposals. Injecting fresh equity and providing fresh loans to PSUs as this would mean a reversal of the reforms. Difficulty in achieving effective fiscal consolidation. Fringe benefit tax on service, facility or amenity provided by an employer to his employee. Internal contradictions in the policies related to the housing industry, small scale sector, VAT, and disinvestment. Overall, the panelists consider it a positive Budget in the sense that it would at least not disrupt the buoyancy of the economy. However, considering the opportunities that the overall environment offered, a more aggressive approach would have lifted the Indian economy further to help it emerge as yet another Asian Tiger.
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Freebairn, John. « Economic Arguments for a New Consumption Tax ». Economic and Labour Relations Review 3, no 1 (juin 1992) : 14–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530469200300102.
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The revenue, efficiency, distributional and simplicity effects of using a GST to replace some existing indirect taxes and to reduce income taxation are assessed. Replacing the wholesale sales tax (WST), the general revenue raising portion of petroleum excise and payroll tax with a goods and services tax (GST) promises efficiency gains and negligible net redistribution. The principal case for using a GST to fund reductions in Australia's hybrid income tax system is to increase the productivity of saving and investment.
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Ross, Brian, Mario López-Alcalá et Arthur A. Small. « Modeling the Private Financial Returns from Green Building Investments ». Journal of Green Building 2, no 1 (1 février 2007) : 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.2.1.97.
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We analyze the financial returns to a green building renovation project for a small commercial office building in the urban Midwest. Compared with a comparable conventional renovation, the LEED renovation required additional building costs of approximately $7.41 per square foot. This additional up-front investment, or “green premium,” promises to generate an estimated $1.38 per square foot in annual savings, mostly from reduced energy expenditures. Viewed strictly in financial terms as an investment opportunity, the LEED renovation offered an expected Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of approximately 12%. A sensitivity analysis suggests that this estimate is relatively robust across a range of alternative model assumptions. The findings suggest that LEED renovations could be very attractive to organizations with relatively low capital costs, such as government agencies, but might prove marginal or unattractive to smaller private firms with high costs of capital.
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Dicken, P. « The Changing Geography of Japanese Foreign Direct Investment in Manufacturing Industry : A Global Perspective ». Environment and Planning A : Economy and Space 20, no 5 (mai 1988) : 633–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a200633.
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The aim in this paper is to set Japanese foreign direct investment (FDI) in Europe (including the United Kingdom) into its broader global perspective. The geographical form of Japanese FDI is the outcome of a complex interaction between economic and political forces, both internal to Japan itself and also in its external trading environment. The dominant foci of Japanese FDI are North America, and East and South East Asia. Initially, Japanese manufacturing investment was heavily concentrated in neighbouring countries of Asia but the emphasis has shifted more recently to North America. However, the organisational structure of Japanese investment tends to be substantially different in these two world regions. In East and South East Asia, in particular, a complex intrafirm division of labour has developed, whereas in North America (and in Europe) the Japanese plants tend to be directly market-oriented and established primarily in response to trading frictions. The recent massive revaluation of the yen promises to generate further substantial changes in the global geography of Japanese FDI.
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Li, Ke, Yunfan Liu, Jiayao Wang et Yuqiao Zhu. « Influence of Financial Fraud Scandal on Listed Companies ». Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 2 (6 novembre 2022) : 38–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hbem.v2i.2339.
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The revelation of financial fraud scandals will hugely impact the stock prices of listed companies. Taking the financial fraud case of Luckin Coffee in 2020 as an example, it can be shown that after the listed companies lose their investment credit, the impact on the company's development is enormous.After the fraud case of RMB 2.2 billion, Luckin Coffee's stock market continued to delist and fell into the powder sheet market. The company was in a dilemma, its development was stagnant, and it faced changes in management, equity owners, and many other aspects. Broken promises for listed companies, investment market, investors to reduce the investment confidence, management and the equity in the company all changes, the flaws of the company's financial regulation, is a great test to sound development of listed companies，Listed companies need more standardized supervision and more effective information disclosure to maintain their healthy development. This article enriches the academic literature on financial fraud and let investors know more about the impact of financial fraud on companies.
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RUSTAM, MARTHA HASANAH. « PERSEPSI MAHASISWA FEIS UIN SUSKA RIAU TERHADAP INVESTASI BODONG ». ACADEMIA : Jurnal Inovasi Riset Akademik 2, no 2 (28 juin 2022) : 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.51878/academia.v2i2.1274.
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The rise of the Bodong Investment case caused many victims among the public and violated the applicable laws and regulations and the rules of the Financial Services Authority. Therefore, the authors make the object of this research, namely students because they are part of the academic community and are part of the community, to see how students' perceptions of the Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences (FEIS) UIN Suska Riau towards Bodong Investments. This research was conducted qualitatively by distributing questionnaires in the form of google forms addressed to FEIS students by random sampling. From the results of the study, it was found that the perception and knowledge of FEIS UIN Suska Riau students towards Bodong Investments was still minimal, it was evidenced from the results of the questionnaire that 49.7% of students accepted if they received a Stock Investment Offer that Promises Unreasonable Profits. Therefore, it is necessary to provide education and socialization to students, namely the role of the Indonesia Stock Exchange Investment Gallery located at the Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences UIN Suska Riau to provide public education related to investment and it is necessary to include a deeper understanding of investment material presented in the material. lectures at FEIS UIN Suska Riau. ABSTRAKMarak terjadinya kasus Investasi Bodong banyak menimbulkan korban dikalangan masyarakat serta menyalahi Peraturan Perundang-Undangan yang berlaku beserta Aturan dari Otoritas Jasa Keuangan. Oleh karena itu penulis menjadikan objek dalam penelitian ini yaitu mahasiswa karena merupakan bagian dari civitas akademika dan merupakan bagian dari masyarakat, untuk melihat bagaimana Persepsi Mahasiswa Fakultas Ekonomi dan Ilmu Sosial (FEIS) UIN Suska Riau terhadap Investasi Bodong. Penelitian ini dilakukan secara kualitatif dengan menyebarkan kuisioner berupa google form yang ditujukan kepada mahasiswa FEIS yang dilakukan secara random sampling. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan hasil bahwa persepsi dan pengetahuan pada Mahasiswa FEIS UIN Suska Riau terhadap Investasi Bodong adalah masih minim hal itu dibuktikan dari hasil kuisioner bahwa 49.7% mahasiswa menerima jika mendapat Penawaran Investasi Saham yang Menjanjikan Keuntungan yang Tidak Wajar. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan edukasi dan sosialisasi kepada mahasiswa yaitu dengan Peran dari Galeri Investasi Bursa Efek Indonesia yang berada di Fakultas Ekonomi dan Ilmu Sosial UIN Suska Riau untuk memberikan edukasi publik terkait investasi serta perlu dimasukkannya pemahaman materi tentang investasi yang lebih mendalam yang disajikan dalam materi perkuliahan di FEIS UIN Suska Riau.
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Patil, Vikram, et Ranjan Ghosh. « Rehabilitation Myths ? How Transaction Costs Reduce Farmer Welfare After Land Acquisition ». Journal of South Asian Development 12, no 1 (avril 2017) : 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973174117695984.
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In this article, we show how transaction costs lead to farmer marginalization as displaced farmers embark on the process of acquiring new land. Existing studies have focused on the links between monetary compensation and landowners’ investment decisions, but before new land is acquired. However, the post-displacement scenario and the investment decisions of land owners to restore income have not been carefully examined. We use a transaction cost framework to suggest that local specificities related to land characteristics, uncertainties in search for alternatives and information constraints may impose high non-monetary costs on displaced farmers and force them to settle for inferior new land. The article concludes with a preliminary assessment of whether the newly enacted land acquisition framework, the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (RFCTLARR) Act 2013, promises to minimize these ex-post transaction costs that farmers face.
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Fitzgerald, Oonagh. « Remarks by Oonagh Fitzgerald ». Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting 111 (2017) : 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/amp.2017.103.
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Thanks very much, Mark. It's a pleasure to be here. Good morning, everybody, and thanks for joining us for what promises to be a very interesting session on “International Law and the Trump Administration: Trade and Investment.” It's a real pleasure for the Center for International Governance Innovation to sponsor this panel. We are a nonpartisan, independent think tank focused on global issues of governance, law, politics, security, and economics, so I'm particularly pleased to see this exciting panel where we have not only lawyers but economists and all kinds of different expertise to discuss this important topic.
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Hafner-Burton, Emilie M., Zachary C. Steinert-Threlkeld et David G. Victor. « Predictability Versus Flexibility ». World Politics 68, no 3 (23 mai 2016) : 413–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004388711600006x.
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There is heated debate over the wisdom and effect of secrecy in international negotiations. This debate has become central to the process of foreign investment arbitration because parties to disputes nearly always can choose to hide arbitral outcomes from public view. Working with a new database of disputes at the world's largest investor-state arbitral institution, the World Bank's International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, the authors examine the incentives of firms and governments to keep the details of their disputes secret. The authors argue that secrecy in the context of investment arbitration works like a flexibility-enhancing device, similar to the way escape clauses function in the context of international trade. To attract and preserve investment, governments make contractual and treaty-based promises to submit to binding arbitration in the event of a dispute. They may prefer secrecy in cases when they are under strong political pressure to adopt policies that violate international legal norms designed to protect investor interests. Investors favor secrecy when managing politically sensitive disputes over assets they will continue to own and manage in host countries long after the particular dispute has passed. Although governments prefer secrecy to help facilitate politically difficult bargaining, secrecy diminishes one of the central purposes of arbitration: to allow governments to signal publicly their general commitment to investor-friendly policies. Understanding the incentives for keeping the details of dispute resolution secret may help future scholars explain more accurately the observed patterns of wins and losses from investor-state arbitration as well as patterns of investment.
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Wisor, Ronald L. « Community Care, Competition and Coercion : A Legal Perspective on Privatized Mental Health Care ». American Journal of Law & ; Medicine 19, no 1-2 (1993) : 145–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0098858800006699.
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Even as the Clinton administration considers an increased federal commitment to mental health care, delivery of such care remains fixed at the state level. In Massachusetts, state officials are privatizing mental health care on an unprecedented scale, an experiment that promises to provide better care at lower cost. This Note explores whether privatization can achieve that lofty goal, given a legal system that has made individual patient autonomy its preeminent value. The author concludes that wide-scale privatization and modern notions of self-determination can only coexist with a significant investment in the support services that are critical to the community tenure of former state hospital patients.
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Sun, Xin Ming, et Jia Ji Zhang. « Manufacturing Research on the Ability of Finance Statement Information in Predicting Abnormal Return of Investing Chinese Manufacturing Companies ». Advanced Materials Research 1056 (octobre 2014) : 114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1056.114.
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In 1934, Grahamd and Dodd gave a precise formulation between investor and speculator , as follow: “ a investment operation is one which ,upon thorough analysis promises safety of principle and an adequate return. Operations, not meeting these requirements are speculative”. Since then, a lot of scholars have employed financial information in predicting abnormal returns successfully, among them, Ou and Penman (1989) Through conducting financial statement information in some models, to predicting abnormal returns in Chinese stock market, we examine whether its usefulness in Chinese Manufacturing Companies and found that it was impossible to predict stock performance in the Chinese market which was proved useful in other stock market.
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Daoui, Cheikh, et Mohamed Barka. « دراسة تحليلية لواقع الاستثمـــار الأجنبــي في الجــزائـــر وآفاق تطوره للقترة 2005-2011 ». Dirassat Journal Economic Issue 4, no 2 (1 mai 2013) : 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.34118/djei.v4i2.579.
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This study identifies the insufficiency of FDI recorded in Algeria to achieve the ambitions of an economy open to investment. The indicators of attractiveness of foreign investment are below expectations of an economy still full of opportunities and exemptions. Thus the observed volume of FDI is not even up to the threshold of the advantages offered by the Algerian economy. One wonders about the decision to invest is not limited to the policies alone of the advantages and exemptions that the foreigner obtains in Algeria, but essentially to the favorable business climate.
Algeria promises to be a country conducive to attractiveness for investment because of its resources and strategic advantages which are infused by its location in North Africa and the diversity of its natural and tourist resources. Like the immense infrastructural achievements which have been expected so far, the fact remains that the inadequacy of economic policies, the management of its structures and the absence of a clear will to go further have failed to set in motion. a favorable, efficient and favorable climate for investment. Our observation still confirms the current state of a country which is still struggling to raise the challenge that awaits it and which remains enclaved to the attractiveness of foreign capital and even their know-how because of the bureaucracy and corruption which gives a vague and uncertain vision to the foreign investor.
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Rehman, Scheherazade S., et Pompeo Della Posta. « The Impact of Brexit on EU27 on Trade, Investments and Financial Services ». Global Economy Journal 18, no 1 (mars 2018) : 20170097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gej-2017-0097.
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On June 23, 2016, the UK decided to leave the European Union (EU), commonly known as “Brexit”. The UK has two years to conclude their new arrangement with the EU27 after evoking Article 50 Treaty of Lisbon officially, which it did on March 27, 2017. While there is a range of possible trade agreements most are unlikely as they would either imply repudiating firm EU legal principles or strong promises that the current UK government is committed to maintain. The article discusses these options. Moreover, the article focuses on the trade and investment flows between the UK and EU27 and discusses the possible short-term implications of Brexit with a specific attention to the most impacted sector, that of financial services.