Articles de revues : « Intumescen »

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Liu, Cong. « Flame Retardancy of Lanthanum Phosphinate in Combination with Intumescen Flame-Retardant in Polypropylene ». Advanced Materials Research 490-495 (mars 2012) : 3366–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.490-495.3366.

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The flame-retardant of Lanthanum phenylphosphinate(LaPi) was prepared and its combination with intumescent flame retardant (IFR) in polypropylene (PP) was analysed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI) and the UL-94 test. Compared with using IFR alone, using the combination of LaPi and IFR gained the better classification in the UL 94 test thanks to the combination of the different mechanisms. When 20 wt% loading of flame retardant of LaPi and IFR, a halogen-free V-0 PP material was achieved with a LOI of 31%.

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Yu, M. H., L. M. Pakish et J. W. Saunders. « Association of a nematode resistance bearing addition chromosome with a recurring leaf intumescence somaclonal variation in sugar beet ». Genome 34, n^o 3 (1 juin 1991) : 477–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g91-072.

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Intumescent leaf variants of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) were obtained through callus culture of a monosomic addition that carried resistance to Heterodera schachtii Schm. The frothy pockmarked appearance of the leaf surface was due to hyperplastic growth of the mesophyll and epidermal cells. The epidermis had many malformed stomata. Veins were underdeveloped, but protrusions beneath were pronounced. Intumescence occurred in 20.3% of the regenerated plants and it was heritable to F1 and later progeny. Leaf intumescence is a new phenotype for Beta. About 73.5% of regenerants contained the donor somatic chromosome number, the remainder were doubled or mixoploids, with no chromosome losses apparent. The 38-chromosome intumescent plant represents a dual somaclonal variation, chromosome doubling and leaf intumescence. Progeny of the 19- and 38-chromosome intumescent plants intercrossed or pollinated by diploids or tetraploids had 9, 18, 19, 27, 28, 29, 36, 37, 38, or 39 chromosomes. All intumescent plants were aneuploids with the monosome addition. There were linkages for leaf intumescence (Li), resistance to H. schachtii (Hs), and hypocotyl color (Rpro) on the addition chromosome. The efficacy of Hs remained intact through the in vitro culture and succeeding crosses. The Li-bearing plants manifested depressed growth and markedly reduced seed set. Leaf intumescence was thought to be the alternative expression of galling potential of Beta procumbens Chr. Sm. germ plasm.Key words: somaclonal variation, leaf intumescence, nematode resistance, monosomic addition, Beta vulgaris L.

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Martynov, A. V., O. V. Popova et V. V. Grekov. « Non-Standard Methods for Assessing the Quality of Intumescent Coatings ». Occupational Safety in Industry, n^o 6 (juin 2021) : 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2021-6-15-20.

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The main most frequently used structural materials are monolithic reinforced concrete, steel profiles and lightweight thin-walled building structures, which in case of fire at temperatures above 500 °C lose their mechanical properties, deform, and collapse. To protect the load-bearing structures from dangerous deformations for a certain time before the start of extinguishing a fire, various fire-retardant materials are used, among which thin-layer intumescent coatings occupy a special place. Serious problems with the quality of intumescent coatings are associated with the use by manufacturers of paint components (often counterfeit products of low quality) that do not correspond to those stated in the certificates. In these cases, the intumescent coating does not guarantee the formation of a high-quality protective layer of the coke foam in case of fire. Standard methods for assessing the quality of such coatings allow to assess appearance, thickness, and adhesion of the coating prior to coke foam formation. However, it is required to check directly on the object the additional non-standard parameters of the intumescent coatings: intumescence coefficient, appearance and strength of the coke foam. Ways are described related to the implementation of measuring the structural and mechanical properties of the coke foam: intumescence coefficient, penetration and shear-breakout strength. It is proposed to measure the strength characteristics of the coke foam by the penetrometry method on an original installation (analogue of a cone penetrometer). The proposed measurement method is simple, demonstrative and does not require expensive equipment. The dependence is revealed concerning the strength of the coke foam on its density, which is determined by the intumescence coefficient at all other things being equal. The higher the intumescence coefficient, the lower the density and strength of the coke foam. Therefore, high values of the intumescence coefficient do not guarantee the reliability of fire protection. It is recommended to set normatively limit values for the intumescence coefficient, which will differ for different compositions of the intumescent paints.

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Martynov, A. V., et O. V. Popova. « Methodology to Determine Expansion Rate, Strength, and Adhesion of Protective Coating Produced Based on Formed Coked Form ». Occupational Safety in Industry, n^o 9 (septembre 2024) : 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2024-9-66-73.

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Today, the production volumes of intumescent paints comprise a significant part of the entire fire-protection production. At the same time, both uncertified and low-quality products can be often offered within the segment. The main implicit factors of the violation of the intumescent coating quality are the thickness of the layer and the degree of dilution of ready-to-use paint immediately before use. These factors affect the quality of coked foam, i.e., its layer thickness and its density; however, these cannot be detected during the external examination of the paint layer, measuring its thickness and conditional adhesion in accordance with modern standards. The reliability of the results of intumescent coating fire-retardant properties evaluation can only be ensured considering the evaluation of additional parameters of coked foam (strength and homogeneity) applied to protected structures measured in conditions close to real fire conditions. A methodology of express analysis of intumescent coatings on steel structures has been considered; the analysis aims to determine the expansion rate, strength, and adhesion of protective coating produced based on formed coked foam. The methodology is based on the theoretical studies of the effects of intumescent paint parameters (layer thickness, degree of dilution) on coked foam parameters and contains non-standard methods of intumescent fire-protection parameters. The intumescent coating spot heating method at sampling sites has been developed; the efficiency of the penetromety method to determine the coked foam strength has been proved. These methods are simple and do not require using any expensive equipment. The methodology can be applied to evaluate the fire-retardant coating directly at a construction site by the following parameters: coked foam intumescence, homogeneity of its structure, ultimate strength in compression, and shear-breakout. It has been established that high values of the intumescence coefficient do not guarantee the reliability of fire protection. The higher the intumescence coefficient is, the lower the thickness and strength of the coked foam. Considering this interdependence of parameters, it is reasonable to establish, on a regulatory basis, the ultimate values of the coked foam intumescence coefficient.

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Вахітова, Л. М., В. П. Плаван, В. І. Шологон, К. В. Калафат, Н. А. Таран et В. І. Бессарабов. « ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ВОГНЕЗАХИСНОЇ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ІНТУМЕСЦЕНТНИХ ЕПОКСИДНИХ ПОКРИТТІВ СПОЛУКАМИ ІНТЕРКАЛЬОВАНОГО ГРАФІТУ ». Bulletin of the Kyiv National University of Technologies and Design. Technical Science Series 152, n^o 6 (1 octobre 2021) : 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.30857/1813-6796.2020.6.5.

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Investigation of the effect of nitrate oxide graphite on the parameters of char layer, obtained from the system of ammonium polyphosphate / melamine / pentaerythritol / epoxy resin under the influence of temperatures of 200–800 °С. Methodology. A fire retardant mixture was chosen as a model intumescent system ammonium polyphosphate / melamine / pentaerythritol. As a polymer component was used bisphenols A / F epoxy resin together with a polyamidoamine hardener. Nitrate oxide graphite was obtained by oxidation of natural scaly graphite with fuming nitrogen acid. The effect of impurities of nitrate oxide graphite was determined by thermogravimetry on the intumescence coefficient of intumescent compositions and the mass of the char residue intumescent compositions in temperature range of 200–800 °С. Findings. The influence of nitrate oxide graphite on the characteristics was studied of char layer of epoxy intumescent system ammonium polyphosphate / melamine / pentaerythritol / epoxy resin. The study of thermal oxidative degradation was carried out intumescent compositions in the temperature range 200–800 °С. It was shown that intercalated graphite compounds increase the thermal stability of the formed char layer at temperatures > 600 °С. Determined intumescence coefficients and thermogravimetric analysis of modified intumescent systems was performed nitrate oxide graphite with different degrees of intercalation, in the conditions of 200–800 °С. It was established that the optimal parameters of the char layer are in terms of volume intumescence coefficient and mass of the char residue are provided by graphites, which contain 15–25% of intercalant in its composition. But the results obtained allow us to determine nitrate oxide graphite as a promising modifier of epoxy intumescent systems to increase its fire protection efficiency. Originality. The influence of degree of intercalation of nitrate oxide graphite was studied on the characteristics of char layer of epoxy intumescent system for the first time. Practical value. The optimal content of intercalant in nitrate oxide graphite was established for the development of formulations of intumescent epoxy coatings with increased fire retardant properties.

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Ji, Yu, Qiang Yao, Weihong Cao et Yueying Zhao. « Base Promoted Intumescence of Phenols ». Polymers 12, n^o 2 (23 janvier 2020) : 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12020261.

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The intumescent process of sodium (substituted) phenolates has been studied. The generation of hydrogen radical via a homolytic cleavage of the Ar–H bond and the subsequent hydroarylation of phenolates to cyclohexadienes along with cyclization and elimination reactions of cyclohexadienes are critical steps in the base promoted intumescence of phenols. The substituents show great influence on the intumescence of phenolates. Phenolates substituted with a weak electron donating group enable intumescence while those with an electron withdrawing group or strong electron donating group suppresses intumescence. This distinction can be justified by both electronic and steric effects of substituents on the generation of hydrogen radical and the degree of hydroarylation.

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Cirstea, Nicoleta Florentina, Alina Badanoiu et Aurelian Cristian Boscornea. « Intumescent Silicate Coatings with the Addition of Alkali-Activated Materials ». Polymers 14, n^o 10 (10 mai 2022) : 1937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14101937.

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Fireproof inorganic coatings based on sodium silicate solution with intumescent additions were prepared and tested to assess their ability to limit the negative effect of a fire. The intumescent materials were obtained by the alkali activation of waste glass powder (obtained by the grinding of recycled soda-lime culet) and slag (waste resulting from the metallurgical industry). The replacement of talc (used as filler in paint formulation) with the intumescent materials obtained by the alkaline activation of waste glass powder (WGP), determined an increase in the intumescence coefficient (up to 65%) and decreased the activation temperature of this process. To evaluate these coatings’ abilities to prevent or delay the temperature increase in metal structures, the paints were applied on steel plates and tested in direct contact with the flame of a butane burner for 60 min. The coatings prevented the increase in the steel substrate temperature over one considered critical (500°C) for steel mechanical properties; the combination of two coatings, with different intumescence activation temperatures, correlated with the increase in the coating’s thickness, sensibly reduced the rate of temperature increase (up to 75%) in the steel substrate.

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Ustinov, Andrey, Olga Zybina, Anastasia Tomakhova et Sergey Pavlov. « The enhancement of operating properties of intumescent fire-protective compositions ». MATEC Web of Conferences 245 (2018) : 11008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824511008.

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The paper overviews the operational properties of charred layers which are forming as a result of thermolytical synthesis of intumescent coatings, and the ways of enhancing those properties using different additives mixed with initial intumescent composition. Methods including differential thermal analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, microscale calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate the modified intumescent compositions and the properties of charred layers formed from them. Results show that additives tend to change the microstructure of char which undergoes some transformations; it is proven by increase in volume and stability. Also it is shown that melamine-aldehyde resin was detected in the microstructure of char, and it is a step forward in forming a holistic conception of intumescents operating.

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Varlashkin, P. G., et M. J. D. Low. « Infrared Spectra of Intumescent Chars ». Applied Spectroscopy 40, n^o 3 (mars 1986) : 393–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702864509141.

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The utility of infrared Fourier transform photothermal beam deflection spectroscopy (PBDS) for the examination of intumescent systems was explored. Infrared spectra were recorded of a model system consisting of a mixture of pentaerythritol and (NH4)2HPO4, and of a film of a commercial fire-retardant paint painted on sheet metal, at various stages before, at, and after intumescence. Although the morphology of the materials changes greatly during the thermal decompositions, infrared spectra can be recorded which can provide useful information about the systems and intumescent chars.

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Bourbigot, S., M. Le Bras et R. Delobel. « Fire Degradation of an Intumescent Flame Retardant Polypropylene Using the Cone Calorimeter ». Journal of Fire Sciences 13, n^o 1 (janvier 1995) : 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073490419501300101.

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This work studies the fire degradation of an intumescent for mulation Polypropylene (PP)-Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP)/Pentaerythri tol (PER) using the cone calorimeter. An intumescence model is described which introduces the notion of degradation front. From the weight loss data recorded by the cone calorimeter and the results of the invariant kinetic pa rameters method (given in appendix) applied to the PP and to the PP-APP/PER system, the respective temperatures of the degradation fronts are measured. A stability zone is shown where the protection is effective. The intumescent coating degrades then by forming a carbonaceous residue which reduces the heat flux evolved.

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Lebedchenko, O. S., S. V. Puzach et V. I. Zykov. « The application efficiency of intumescent coatings for power cables of safety systems of nuclear power plants under fire conditions ». Pozharovzryvobezopasnost/Fire and Explosion Safety 30, n^o 4 (14 septembre 2021) : 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/0869-7493.2021.30.04.36-47.

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Introduction. The reliable operation of safety systems, that allows for the failure of no more than one safety system component, entails the safe shutdown and cool-down of an NPP reactor in the event of fire. However, the co-authors have not assessed the loss of performance by an insulating material, treated by intumescent compositions and used in the power cables of the above safety systems exposed to the simultaneous effect of various modes of fire and current loads.Goals and objectives. The purpose of the article is the theoretical assessment of the application efficiency of intumescent fire-retardant coatings in power cables used in the safety systems of nuclear power plants having water-cooled and water-moderated reactors under fire conditions. To achieve this goal, the temperature of the outer surface of the insulation and the intumescent fire-retardant coating was analyzed depending on the mode of fire. Theoretical foundations. A non-stationary one-dimensional heat transfer equation is solved to identify the temperature distribution inside the multilayered insulation and the fire-protection layer of a conductive core.Results and their discussion. The co-authors have identified dependences between the temperature of the outer surface of the insulation and the fire retarding composition of the three-core cable VVGng (A)-LS 3x2.5-0.66, on the one hand, and the temperature of the indoor gas environment for three standard modes of fire and one real fire mode. It is found that before the initiation of the process of destruction of the insulation material, the intumescence of the fire-retardant coating occurs only in case of a hydrocarbon fire. Under real fire conditions, the maximal insulation melting time before the initiation of intumescence of the fire-retardant coating at the minimal temperature of intumescence is 4.75 minutes, while the maximal time period from the initiation of destruction of the insulation material to the moment of the insulation melting is 6.0 minutes.Conclusions. An experimental or theoretical substantiation of parameters of intumescent fire retardants, performed using standard modes of fire, has proven the potential loss of operational properties by insulating materials of power cables, used in the safety systems of nuclear power plants, in case of a real fire. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a scientific rationale for the efficient use of fire retardants in the above cables with regard for the conditions of a real fire.

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Häßler, Mai, Dustin Häßler, Sascha Hothan et Simone Krüger. « Fire tests of steel tension rod systems with intumescent coating ». Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 11, n^o 1 (5 août 2019) : 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsfe-01-2019-0005.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the performance of intumescent coating on tension rod systems and their components. Steel tension rod systems consist of tension rods, fork end connectors and associated intersection or gusset plates. In case of fire, beside the tension rods themselves, the connection parts require appropriate fire protection. Intumescent fire protection coatings prevent a rapid heating of the steel and help secure the structural load-carrying capacity. Because the connection components of tension rod systems feature surface curvature and a complex geometry, high demand is placed on the intumescence and thermal protection performance of the coatings. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, experimental studies were carried out for steel tension rod systems with intumescent coating. The examined aspects include the foaming and cracking behaviour, the influence of different dry film thicknesses, the heating rate of the steel connecting parts in comparison to the tension rods, and the mounting orientation of the tension rods together with their fork end connectors. Findings The results show that a decrease in surface curvature and/or an increase in mass concentration of the steel components leads to a lower heating rate of the steel. Moreover, the performance of the intumescent coating on tension rod systems is influenced by the mounting orientation of the steel components. Originality/value The findings based on fire tests contribute to a better understanding of the intumescent coating performance on connection components of tension rod systems. This subject has not been extensively studied yet.

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Ustinov, A. A., O. A. Zybina et A. V. Andreev. « On the Impact Caused by Titanium Dioxide of Different Trademarks on the Properties of Intumescent Fire-Protective Coatings ». Materials Science Forum 945 (février 2019) : 212–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.945.212.

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The paper overviews the process of thermolysis of fire-retardants based on melamine, ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythtritol and containing titanium dioxide of different trademarks. The role of titanium dioxide as a component of fire-retardants is revised. Titanium dioxide was perceived only as white pigment, but this paper states that the properties of a charred layer forming from an intumescent coating depend on the properties of titanium dioxide's species, such as surface treatment and crystalline structure. This statement is proven by using thermal analysis of intumescents with different titanium dioxide's trademarks; it shows that rutile titanium dioxide helps forming a charred layer with the highest thermal stability thus fire retardant efficiency grows up. It means that the knowledge of processes which occur in intumescents based on primary products with different qualities helps to create fire-protective compositions which will perform more reliable in case of fire.

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Komarova, M. A., I. A. Grishin, M. V. Shalabin et N. O. Melnikov. « Development of test methods for fire-retardant coatings of steel engineering structures during operation ». Bulletin of Science and Research Center of Construction 40, n^o 1 (25 mars 2024) : 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37538/2224-9494-2024-1(40)-21-34.

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Introduction. Prediction of the durability of flame-retardant coatings of steel engineering structures and preservation of their performance during operation remain important research directions. There is a lack of normative documents in the field of fire protection, regulating the process of testing of flame-retardant coatings during operation, as well as determination of their durability (service life).Aim. To develop test methods for determining the resistance of flame-retardant coatings of steel engineering structures exposed to climatic factors, preservation of their fireproof and anti-corrosion properties during operation.Materials and methods. Test specimens included 600 x 600 x 5 mm plates made of 08kp and 08ps sheet steel according to State Standard 16523-97 and State Standard 9045-93 with a flame-retardant agent applied on the front side.Results. Methods for testing thin-layer intumescent and structural flame-retardant coatings during operation are proposed. The methodology of accelerated climatic testing of specimens coated with thin-layer intumescent flame-retardant coatings (flame-retardant paints) corresponds to State Standard 9.401-2018. These coatings are inherently high-solid paint materials. A new methodology, sequence, and modes of testing are developed for structural flame-retardant coatings. The subsequent assessment of fireproof properties of coatings and their preservation is carried out by the methods of fire protection efficiency according to State Standard R 53295-99 and the methods of thermal analysis. These methods imply comparison of the characteristics of the initial flame-retardant coating and those obtained after sample aging. The preservation of fireproof properties by thin-layer intumescent and structural coatings is additionally evaluated by the intumescence coefficient and the change in thermal conductivity, respectively.Conclusions. Test methods for flame-retardant coatings of steel engineering structures during operation are developed. Threshold levels of changes in their properties are established. After accelerated climatic tests, fire protection efficiency should not decrease by no more than 20 %. For structural fire protection, an increase in thermal conductivity by no more than 5 % is permitted. For thin-layer coatings, the arithmetic mean value of the intumescence coefficient should not decrease by no more than 30 % of the initial value.Implications. The developed methods were used in the preparation of a draft national standard of the Russian Federation “Steel engineering structures with fireproof coatings. Test methods for anticorrosion properties and resistance to climatic factors during operation” to ensure regulatory fire safety requirements for these structures.

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Mohd Sabee, Mohd Meer Saddiq, Zarina Itam, Salmia Beddu, Nazirul Mubin Zahari, Nur Liyana Mohd Kamal, Daud Mohamad, Norzeity Amalin Zulkepli, Mohamad Danial Shafiq et Zuratul Ain Abdul Hamid. « Flame Retardant Coatings : Additives, Binders, and Fillers ». Polymers 14, n^o 14 (17 juillet 2022) : 2911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14142911.

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This review provides an intensive overview of flame retardant coating systems. The occurrence of flame due to thermal degradation of the polymer substrate as a result of overheating is one of the major concerns. Hence, coating is the best solution to this problem as it prevents the substrate from igniting the flame. In this review, the descriptions of several classifications of coating and their relation to thermal degradation and flammability were discussed. The details of flame retardants and flame retardant coatings in terms of principles, types, mechanisms, and properties were explained as well. This overview imparted the importance of intumescent flame retardant coatings in preventing the spread of flame via the formation of a multicellular charred layer. Thus, the intended intumescence can reduce the risk of flame from inherently flammable materials used to maintain a high standard of living.

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Eremina, Tatiana, et Dmitry Korolchenko. « Fire Protection of Building Constructions with the Use of Fire-Retardant Intumescent Compositions ». Buildings 10, n^o 10 (15 octobre 2020) : 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings10100185.

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The influence of basic components of intumescent paint on fire protection properties is studied. The resulting changes in properties are assessed by the intumescence coefficient and thermal analysis data. Influence of the binder polymer composition on fire protection properties under the same conditions was evaluated, quantitatively using the example of fire-retardant water-dispersion paint; the best result was obtained in the formulation based on vinyl acetate copolymers. The brands of ammonium polyphosphate (PFA) from different manufacturers were investigated under the same conditions. The results of the thermal analysis and testing of the physicochemical properties of the samples on various PFAs are presented, with conclusions about their influence on the fire-retardant properties of the paint. The results of the thermal analysis of the influence of orthophosphoric acid, as a modifying additive, on the fire-retardant properties of the paint are presented.

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Kang, Sungwook, Sengkwan Choi et Joung Yoon Choi. « Coupled thermo-physical behaviour of an inorganic intumescent system in cone calorimeter testing ». Journal of Fire Sciences 35, n^o 3 (19 avril 2017) : 207–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904117701765.

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This article examines the thermo-physical behaviour of an inorganic-based intumescent coating, tested with bench-scale cone calorimetry, in order to promote the understanding of its intumescence and to contribute to the optimisation of its thermal insulation performance. In the test, the specimen underwent the following phenomena simultaneously: (1) thermo-kinetic endothermic water vaporisation; (2) formation of micro-scale pores in its internal volume; (3) expansion of its volume; (4) variations in thermal boundaries. These simultaneous phenomena cause several changes in internal–external conditions given to the test sample: (1) loss of mass (water molecules); (2) reduction of effective thermal conductivity owing to its porous structure; (3) increase in length of the conductive heat transfer path across its expanding volume; (4) irradiance intensification and additional heat transfer generation on its moving boundaries, exposed to the heat source and surroundings. This interacting thermo-physical behaviour impedes the heat transfer to the underlying substrate. It is therefore comprehensively explained by finite element analysis, associated with the experimental data obtained from a thermogravimetric analyser, differential scanning calorimetry, electric furnace and cone calorimeter tests. The numerical predictions agreed with the physical measurements with consistent accuracy, in terms of both histories of substrate temperature and coating-thickness expansion. This combined numerical–experimental approach enables clear interpretation on the process of intumescence, the impediment mechanism of heat transfer and the critical factors of the material’s behaviour.

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Chen, Sin-Nan, Pei-Kai Li, Tar-Hwa Hsieh, Ko-Shan Ho et Yu-Meng Hong. « Enhancements on Flame Resistance by Inorganic Silicate-Based Intumescent Coating Materials ». Materials 14, n^o 21 (3 novembre 2021) : 6628. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14216628.

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Flame-retardant coatings have drawn much attention in recent years. In this study, an inorganic sodium silicate-based intumescent flame-resistance coating with an excellent flameproof properties is developed by mainly utilizing sodium silicate as the ceramizable binder, via hydrolysis and self-condensation reaction. Fly ash, metakaoline, and wollastonite behave as supplement cementing materials. Major formulation encompasses the combination of the ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol as the flame-retardant additives, and aluminum hydroxide or expandable graphite as the intumescence-improving filler agents. Expandable graphite was found to play an important role in the eventual performance of flame-resistance testing. The results showed that solid interaction forces can be formed between metakaoline and sodium silicate, resulting in a similar material to geopolymer with excellent physical properties. After high-temperature flame testing, a densely complex protective layer of carbon-char created on top of the robust silicon dioxide networks offers notable flame resistance. An optimal ratio in this inorganic intumescent coating contains sodium silicate—metakaoline (weight ratio = 9:1)—ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol, aluminum hydroxide (3, 3, 10 wt.%)—expandable graphite (1 wt.%), which can create 4.7 times higher expansion ratio compared with neat sodium silicate matrix. The results of flame testing demonstrate only 387.1 °C and 506.3 °C on the back surface of steel substrate after one and three hours flaming (>1000 °C) on the other surface, respectively, which could meet the requirements according to the level of fire rating.

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Luangtriratana, Piyanuch, Baljinder K. Kandola, Sophie Duquesne et Serge Bourbigot. « Quantification of Thermal Barrier Efficiency of Intumescent Coatings on Glass Fibre-Reinforced Epoxy Composites ». Coatings 8, n^o 10 (29 septembre 2018) : 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings8100347.

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In this work, the thermal barrier efficiency of three commercial intumescent coatings of varying thicknesses on glass fibre-reinforced epoxy (GRE) composites has been studied using cone calorimetric parameters and temperature profiles through the thicknesses, obtained by inserting thermocouples in the sample during the experiment. The methodologies developed to measure char expansion of the three coatings during the cone experiment as well under slow heating conditions using an advanced rheometric expansion system have been discussed. While the expansion ratios in the two experiments were different, the trends were similar. Thermal conductivities of the chars as a function of time were measured, which could be related to the intumescence steps of respective coatings. The accurate measurements of these parameters are important in predicting the surface requirements of an ideal coating that can enable a given composite structure to survive a defined thermal threat for a specified period of time.

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Wattanatanom, Warunee, Sireerat Churuchinda et Pranut Potiyaraj. « Intumescent flame retardant finishing of polyester fabrics via the layer-by-layer assembly technique ». International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 29, n^o 1 (6 mars 2017) : 96–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-07-2015-0079.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the potential use of the layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly as an intumescent flame retardant for polyester, cotton and their blended fabrics. Design/methodology/approach In this study, polyester (PET), cotton and their blends were applied with the flame retardant coating via the LbL assembly technique. The flame retardancy, melt dripping, thermal properties and morphology of coated polyester fabrics were then examined. Findings The scanning electron micrograph of uncoated and coated fabrics revealed that the LbL assembly coating on the fabric surface was successful. The assessment of the flame retardancy and thermal properties of the coated fabrics showed that the after-flame time and melt dripping during the vertical burning test decreased. The char residue at temperatures ranging from 450 to 800°C during thermogravimetric analysis was enhanced as compared with the uncoated fabric. Furthermore, the morphology of the char residual of coated fabrics was rougher and bulkier than the uncoated fabrics, suggesting the typical behavior of intumescence. Social implications The LbL technique generally uses much fewer chemicals, thus making this flame retardant finishing much more environmentally friendly. It is also expected that these fabrics will show better touch characteristics. These fabrics may be tested for their comfort compared to that of conventional coating to enable their use on an industrial scale. Originality/value This work demonstrated the ability to apply an effective intumescent coating on polyester, cotton and blend fabric. In order to maintain fabric handle property, the Lbl coating technique is also employed.

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Nicoara, Adrian Ionut, et Alina Ioana Badanoiu. « Influence of Alkali Activator Type on the Hydrolytic Stability and Intumescence of Inorganic Polymers Based on Waste Glass ». Materials 15, n^o 1 (25 décembre 2021) : 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15010147.

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The main objective of this study is the synthesis and characterization of low cost alkali-activated inorganic polymers based on waste glass (G-AAIPs) using a mixture of NaOH and Ca(OH)2 as alkali activators, in order to improve their hydrolytic stability. This paper also presents detailed information about the influence of composition determined by X Ray Diffraction (XRD), microstructure determined by Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM) and processing parameters on the main properties of G-AAIP pastes. The main factors analyzed were the glass fineness and the composition of the alkaline activators. The influence on intumescent behavior was also studied by heat treating of specimens at 600 °C and 800 °C. The use of Ca(OH)2 in the composition of the alkaline activator determines the increase of the hydrolytic stability (evaluated by underwater evolution index) of the G-AAIP materials compared to those obtained by NaOH activation. In this case, along with sodium silicate hydrates, calcium silicates hydrates (C-S-H), with good stability in a humid environment, were also formed in the hardened pastes. The highest intumescence and an improvement of hydrolytic stability (evaluated by underwater evolution index and mass loss) was achieved for the waste glass powder activated with a solution containing 70% NaOH and 30% Ca(OH)2. The increase of the waste glass fineness and initial curing temperature of G-AAIPs have a positive effect on the intumescence of resulted materials but have a reduced influence on their mechanical properties and hydrolytic stability.

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Таран, Н. А., К. В. Калафат, Л. І. Вахітова et В. П. Плаван. « ОПТИМІЗАЦІЯ ЕКСПЛУАТАЦІЙНИХ ВЛАСТИВОСТЕЙ ВОГНЕЗАХИСНОГО ПОЛІМЕРНОГО ІНТУМЕСЦЕНТНОГО ПОКРИТТЯ ». Bulletin of the Kyiv National University of Technologies and Design. Technical Science Series 138, n^o 5 (3 février 2020) : 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.30857/1813-6796.2019.5.9.

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Study of the effect of intumescent complex compounds on the basis of aminoderivatives of 2,4,8,10-tetraoxа-3,9-diphosphaspiro[5,5] undecane on the flame retardant properties and water resistance of the ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer in the flame retardant polymer compositions. The structure of intumescent compounds has been confirmed by the methods of elemental analysis and IR spectroscopy, the flame retardant properties of the intumescent systems have been investigated using the method of thermogravimetric analysis. Methods of synthesis of intumescent compounds based on 2,4,8,10-tetraoxа-3,9-diphosphaspiro[5,5]undecane and urea, melamine, dicyandiamidе and mixtures there of have been developed. The synthesized compounds have been shown to enhance the flame retardant properties of the ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, exhibit an intumescent effect and participate in the construction of a char thermal insulation layer. It has been shown that the water resistance of fire retardant systems with the participation of intumescent complex compounds is much higher than the systems of ammonium polyphosphate / melamine / pentaerythritol composition. The expansion coefficient of intumescent systems containing of intumescent compounds to decrease by 10 - 20% after hydrothermal effects, while, as the expansion coefficient of the traditional intumescent system in the same conditions is reduced by 40%. According to the results of accelerated hydrothermal tests, the stability of polymeric intumescent coatings with the participation of intumescent complex compounds to the action of moisture under conditions of temperature difference was determined. The obtained results indicate the prospect of using the investigated intumescent compounds for the creation of new technologies of intumescent coatings for wood with a long operation life.

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Camino, G., G. Martinasso, L. Costa et R. Gobetto. « Thermal degradation of pentaerythritol diphosphate, model compound for fire retardant intumescent systems : Part II—Intumescence step ». Polymer Degradation and Stability 28, n^o 1 (janvier 1990) : 17–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-3910(90)90049-d.

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Depeng, Li, Li Chixiang, Jiang Xiulei, Liu Tao et Zhao Ling. « Synergistic effects of intumescent flame retardant and nano-CaCO3 on foamability and flame-retardant property of polypropylene composites foams ». Journal of Cellular Plastics 54, n^o 3 (12 juillet 2017) : 615–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021955x17720157.

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Synergistic effects of intumescent flame retardant and nano-CaCO3 on foamability and flame retardant property of polypropylene composites and their foams were carefully investigated. The differential scanning calorimetry results showed that the intumescent flame retardant played a plasticizing effect on the polypropylene/intumescent flame-retardant composites and accelerated the crystallization rate. The rheological properties and supercritical CO2-assisted molding foaming behaviors of the polypropylene/intumescent flame retardant/nano-CaCO3 composites showed that the nano-CaCO3 could enhance their foamability. Scanning electron microscopy pictures and mechanical properties of the polypropylene/intumescent flame-retardant composites foams indicated that the agglomeration of intumescent flame retardant would reduce the cell uniformity and even cause the cell collapse. Furthermore, the stress concentration, caused by the agglomeration, could reduce the mechanical properties of the PP composites foams. The synergistic effect of the nano-CaCO3 could improve the cell uniformity and reduce the stress concentration so that the mechanical properties of the polypropylene/intumescent flame retardant /nano-CaCO3 composites foams were improved. Moreover, the polypropylene/intumescent flame retardant/nano-CaCO3 composites foams had the higher limit oxygen index values than the polypropylene/intumescent flame-retardant foams. TGA results also showed that the nano-CaCO3 could improve the thermal stability of the polypropylene composites foams by forming compact carbon layer. The experimental results indicated that the foamability of the polypropylene composites and the flame-retardant property of their foams could be improved by the synergistic effects of intumescent flame retardant and nano-CaCO3.

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Melder, Egor V., Sergey V. Puzach et Andrey B. Sivenkov. « Toxicity of thermolysis products and smoke-generating ability of fire-proof intumescent coatings for steel structures ». Fire and Emergencies : prevention, elimination 3 (2023) : 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.25257/fe.2023.3.15-24.

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PURPOSE. The work considers intumescent fire-proof coatings for steel building structures of various component compositions, as well as the fire-proof action mechanism of intumescent systems. Taking into account the results of previous researches and our own experience in the development of fire-proof materials for steel structures, chemically balanced formulations of intumescent coatings have been formed. Based on the study of smoke-generating ability and thermolysis products toxicity of intumescent fire-proof coatings, the possibility of their participation in changing the general toxicological situation when exposed to high temperatures (fire), as well as in the formation of smoke is noted. The main objective of the work is to study the dynamics of thermolysis toxic products release during thermal decomposition of intumescent coatings, their smoke-generating ability, as well as to establish the possibility of reducing density of the released thermolysis products and the smoke generation coefficient when using combinations of intumescent coatings. METHODS. As part of the work an express assessment of the fire-proof effectiveness of various intumescent coatings has been carried out using an experimental radiant heating installation, as well as dynamics of thermolysis products release under thermal influence on steel samples with fire protection. In addition, to study the smoke-generating ability of intumescent fire-proof systems, a method of experimental determining the smoke generation coefficient of solids and materials has been used. FINDINGS. According to the express assessment results of fire-proof efficiency the time to reach the critical temperature of steel samples with the studied intumescent coatings is at least 30 minutes. It has been found that when using an original type of fire protection(a combination of intumescent coatings), it is possible to reduce the density of the released gaseous thermolysis products, as well as the value of smoke generation coefficient. RESEARCH APPLICATION FIELD. The results of the study can be used to predict the dynamics of hazardous factors development during a fire in a building or a structure, taking into account the contribution of the developed intumescent fire-proof coatings to the general toxicological situation. CONCLUSIONS. As part of the work an original type of fire protection for steel structures, including combinations of intumescent fire-proof coatings, has been proposed. A synergistic effect has been discovered as a result of intumescent systems combination use in comparison with the results obtained for the corresponding individual compositions that are part of these combined coatings layer by layer. The effect of filtration in reducing thermolysis toxic products yield and smoke generation of fire protection, which is based on the filtering effect of the outer intumescent layer of the combined system, has been established.

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Chico, B., A. López-Delgado, M. A. Lobo, D. De la Fuente, J. G. Castaño, F. A. López et M. Morcillo. « Degradación atmosférica de un recubrimiento de pintura intumescente ». Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio 43, n^o 2 (30 avril 2004) : 216–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/cyv.2004.v43.i2.506.

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VAKHITOVA, LIUBOV, KONSTANTIN KALAFAT, NADIYA TARAN et VOLODYMYR BESSARABOV. « ПОРІВНЯННЯ АМІНІВ ЯК ГАЗОУТВОРЮВАЧІВ ВОГНЕЗАХИСНИХ КОМПОЗИЦІЙ ІНТУМЕСЦЕНТНОГО ТИПУ ». Technologies and Engineering, n^o 4 (4 janvier 2022) : 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.30857/2786-5371.2021.4.7.

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Purpose. Study of influence of blowing agents amines structure on the construction processes of thermal insulating char layer of intumescent system ammonium polyphosphate/pentaerythritol/amine and fire protection efficiency of this system at high temperatures. Methodology. A fire retardant mixture of ammonium polyphosphate/pentaerythritol/amine was chosen as a model intumescent system. Dispersion of vinyl acetate copolymer with vinyl ether of versatic acid was used as a polymeric component. A step-by-step study of the characteristics of the char layer of the intumescent composition was applied in the study, consisting in the analysis of the characteristics of the char formed after keeping the intumescent composition samples at a certain temperature between 100 and 800 °C, char residue mass (m, %), structure and density of the formed char layer. The method of infrared spectroscopy was used for identification of products of thermolysis of intumescent systems. Determination of fire protection efficiency of intumescent coatings was carried out in a mini-oven under standard fire conditions. Findings. The influence of the structure of amines blowing agents on the formation of char layer of intumescent system ammonium polyphosphate/pentaerythritol/amine was studied. Physico-chemical parameters of char layer formed during high temperature swelling of intumescent system components with varying amine: urea, melamine, dicyandiamide, guanidine, thiocarbamide, formylthiosemicarbazide, thiosemicarbazide, phenylethylcarbamide have been determined. In the temperature range 200–400 oC for systems with linear amines (urea, thiocarbamide, thiosemicarbazide), there is a rapid formation of insulating layer with intense outgassing (high intumescent coefficients K) and the same rapid its destruction with significant losses of char residue mass (Δm). The presence of melamine, dicyandiamide and guanidine in intumescent system provides constancy of intumescent coefficient at minimal mass loss. Chemical transformations of intumescent systems were studied by the method of infrared spectroscopy when the investigated amines were varied. It was found that linear diamines do not form stable spatially branched phosphamide compounds with phosphates as the basis of a thermostable heat-insulating frame. At the same time in IR spectra of char residue systems with melamine, dicyandiamide and guanidine the absorption bands of P-N-C bonds (1070–1050 cm-1) and P-N (980–950 cm-1) up to 600–700 oC are observed. Fire tests proved that melamine, dicyandiamide and guanidine are blowing agents providing maximum protection of metal against fire and can be used for composition of fire retardants for steel constructions.Originality. It has been proved that amines in intumescent polyphosphate system perform at least two functions: blowing agents by means of thermal destruction to incombustible gases and nucleophilic compound that takes part in char layer formation by aminolysis of electrophilic substrates.Practical value. The optimum amine blowing agents for developing formulations of intumescent coatings with enhanced flame retardant properties have been established.

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Li, Yang, Cheng-Fei Cao, Zuan-Yu Chen, Shuai-Chi Liu, Joonho Bae et Long-Cheng Tang. « Waterborne Intumescent Fire-Retardant Polymer Composite Coatings : A Review ». Polymers 16, n^o 16 (20 août 2024) : 2353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16162353.

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Intumescent fire-retardant coatings, which feature thinner layers and good decorative effects while significantly reducing heat transfer and air dispersion capabilities, are highly attractive for fire safety applications due to their effective prevention of material combustion and protection of materials. Particularly, the worldwide demand for improved environmental protection requirements has given rise to the production of waterborne intumescent fire-retardant polymer composite coatings, which are comparable to or provide more advantages than solvent-based intumescent fire-retardant polymer composite coatings in terms of low cost, reduced odor, and minimal environmental and health hazards. However, there is still a lack of a comprehensive and in-depth overview of waterborne intumescent fire-retardant polymer composite coatings. This review aims to systematically and comprehensively discuss the composition, the flame retardant and heat insulation mechanisms, and the practical applications of waterborne intumescent fire-retardant polymer composite coatings. Finally, some key challenges associated with waterborne intumescent fire-retardant polymer composite coatings are highlighted, following which future perspectives and opportunities are proposed.

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Le Bras, Michel, Serge Bourbigot, Yannick Le Tallec et Jacky Laureyns. « Synergy in intumescence—application to β-cyclodextrin carbonisation agent in intumescent additives for fire retardant polyethylene formulations ». Polymer Degradation and Stability 56, n^o 1 (avril 1997) : 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0141-3910(96)00190-5.

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Duquesne, S., S. Magnet, C. Jama et R. Delobel. « Thermoplastic resins for thin film intumescent coatings – towards a better understanding of their effect on intumescence efficiency ». Polymer Degradation and Stability 88, n^o 1 (avril 2005) : 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.01.026.

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MARTYNOV, A., V. GREKOV et O. POPOVA. « MEASURING TOOL KIT FOR EXPRESS ANALYSIS OF INTUMESCENT FIRE PROTECTION AT A CONSTRUCTION FACILITY ». Fire and Emergencies : prevention, elimination 3 (2021) : 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.25257/fe.2021.3.61-68.

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Purpose. Existing methods for checking the quality of intumescent coatings do not allow determining the implicit properties of these coatings, for example, the properties of foamed coke (FC), which is formed from a layer of intumescent paint during a fire. The authors analyze the issues of developing a measuring tool kit to evaluate intumescent coatings outside the laboratory, thus minimizing the possibility of using inappropriate quality paints and excluding violations of the work technology. Methods. The work uses theoretical research and experimental methods for measuring physical and mechanical parameters. Findings. The results of studies of the FC structural and mechanical properties obtained from the most popular intumescent paints Defender M Solvent are given. A scheme for a comprehensive assessment of intumescent coating properties is developed. To assess the FC quality a set of measuring tools is proposed, including equipment of our own design. Research application field. The results obtained are the basis for the development of an express analysis methodology for intumescent coatings quality directly at the construction site to ensure fire safety of these facilities. Conclusions. The proposed measuring tool kit makes it possible to assess the quality of the foamed coke by the following parameters: layer thickness, intumescent coefficient, compressive strength, shear-detachment strength. This set of parameters is sufficient for assessing the working properties of a fire proof coating and allows revealing hidden defects of the intumescent paint directly at the place of its application.

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Almeras, X., M. Le Bras, S. Bourbigot, P. Hornsby, G. Marosi, P. Anna et F. Poutch. « Intumescent PP Blends ». Polymers and Polymer Composites 11, n^o 8 (novembre 2003) : 691–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110301100808.

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One way to improve the fire performance of polymers is by the development of intumescent systems. The addition of ammonium polyphosphate/polyamide-6 is known to provide flame retardancy in many polymers via an intumescent process. The development of appropriate formulations is limited by their mechanical properties. This study shows that polypropylene based intumescent blends are efficient fire retardant systems and that acceptable mechanical properties can be obtained. It is also shown that adding talc improves the mechanical properties of intumescent polypropylene formulations without decreasing their fire retardancy.

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Vasilchenko, Alexey, Yuriy Otrosh, Nikolay Adamenko, Evgeny Doronin et Andrey Kovalov. « Feature of fire resistance calculation of steel structures with intumescent coating ». MATEC Web of Conferences 230 (2018) : 02036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823002036.

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The problem of estimation of fire resistance of steel frame structures with intumescent coatings is considered. It implies that both physical properties of a covering (its thickness and structure) and mechanical properties of a metal structure change critically at heating. All above changes should be considered to maintain the standard values of fire resistance of a construction at calculation. Usually, known technical characteristics of fire resistance of intumescent coverings are used for estimation of fire resistance of steel structures with intumescent coverings. Importance of taking into account the influence of strength loss time at heating of a steel structure on calculation of fire resistance limit of system “intumescent fireproof coating steel structure” is shown in the article. On an example of calculation of heating time to the critical temperature of steel columns and beams protected by intumescent coating, it is shown that own heating time of steel structures before they lose strength makes 10 to 16 % from a settlement limit of fire resistance. This fact should be considered at the forecast of fire resistance of steel frame structures with intumescent coatings.

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Andryushkin, А. Yu, A. A. Kirshina et E. N. Kadochnikova. « The evaluation of the fire-retardant efficiency of intumescent coatings of steel structures exposed to high-temperature gas flows ». Pozharovzryvobezopasnost/Fire and Explosion Safety 30, n^o 4 (14 septembre 2021) : 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/0869-7493.2021.30.04.14-26.

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Introduction. High-temperature gas flows often occur in case of a fire at oil and gas facilities; gas flows out of holes, cracks, ruptures in depressurized items of equipment and pipelines. The fire-retardant efficiency of intumescent coatings of steel structures, exposed to high-temperature gas flows, plummets. Hence, the task of developing a methodology for the adequate assessment of their fire-retardant efficiency is relevant.Goals and objectives. The purpose of the study was to develop a methodology for evaluating the fire-retardant efficiency of intumescent coatings for steel structures exposed to high-temperature gas flows and experimentally evaluate the fire-retardant efficiency of various intumescent coatings. The following research-focused tasks were solved: the evaluation of the velocity of high-temperature gas flows leaving depressurized items that normally operate under pressure; the analysis of the methodology designated for identifying the fire-retardant efficiency of intumescent coatings of steel structures in a calm (sedentary) gaseous medium; the development of a method for evaluating the fire-retardant efficiency of intumescent coatings of steel structures exposed to high-temperature gas flows; the experimental evaluation of the fire-retardant efficiency of various intumescent coatings in a high-temperature gas flow.Methods. The velocity of high-temperature gas flows, leaving depressurized items that normally operate under pressure, has been calculated. The co-authors have analyzed the established methodology used to identify the fire-retardant efficiency of intumescent coatings of steel structures in a steady (sedentary) environment, where gas temperature in a furnace is the only factor taken into account. The co-authors propose a method for evaluating the fire-retardant efficiency of intumescent coatings of steel structures exposed to high-temperature gas flows, which takes into account gas flow temperature and velocity. To evaluate the fire-retardant efficiency of an intumescent coating exposed to a high-temperature gas flow, a coefficient of relative fire resistance is introduced. An experimental evaluation of various intumescent coatings is carried out. It shows a substantial fire- retardant efficiency decrease in a high-temperature gas flow that fosters the hydrocarbon temperature regime.Results and discussion. Mutual aerodynamic and thermal effects of a gas flow substantially reduce the fire- retardant efficiency of intumescent coatings of steel structures, and this is proven by the results of experiments conducted according to the proposed method. The method for evaluating the fire-retardant effectiveness of intumescent coatings of steel structures takes into account the temperature and velocity of a gas flow that affects the sample.Conclusions. It is relevant and necessary to evaluate the fire-retardant efficiency of intumescent coatings of steel structures at oil and gas facilities, operating under pressure, since a substantial decrease in their fire-retardant efficiency is observed in high-temperature gas flows.

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Cayla, Aurélie, François Rault, Stéphane Giraud, Fabien Salaün, Rodolphe Sonnier et Loïc Dumazert. « Influence of Ammonium Polyphosphate/Lignin Ratio on Thermal and Fire Behavior of Biobased Thermoplastic : The Case of Polyamide 11 ». Materials 12, n^o 7 (8 avril 2019) : 1146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12071146.

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Flame retardancy of polymers is a recurring obligation for many applications. The development trend of biobased materials is no exception to this rule, and solutions of flame retardants from agro-resources give an advantage. Lignin is produced as a waste by-product from some industries, and can be used in the intumescent formation development as a source of carbon combined with an acid source. In this study, the flame retardancy of polyamide 11 (PA) is carried out by extrusion with a kraft lignin (KL) and ammonium polyphosphate (AP). The study of the optimal ratio between the KL and the AP makes it possible to optimize the fire properties as well as to reduce the cost and facilitates the implementation of the blend by a melting process. The properties of thermal decomposition and the fire reaction have been studied by thermogravimetric analyzes, pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC) and vertical flame spread tests (UL94). KL permits a charring effect delaying thermal degradation and decreases by 66% the peak of heat release rate in comparison with raw PA. The fire reaction of the ternary blends is improved even if KL-AP association does not have a synergy effect. The 25/75 and 33/67 KL/AP ratios in PA give an intumescence behavior under flame exposure.

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Wang, Feiyue, Jiahao Liao, Long Yan et Mengtao Cai. « Facile Construction of Polypyrrole Microencapsulated Melamine-Coated Ammonium Polyphosphate to Simultaneously Reduce Flammability and Smoke Release of Epoxy Resin ». Polymers 14, n^o 12 (12 juin 2022) : 2375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14122375.

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A unique mono-component intumescent flame retardant, named PPy-MAPP, of which melamine-coated ammonium polyphosphate (MAPP) was microencapsulated by polypyrrole (PPy), was synthesized and carefully characterized. The obtained PPy-MAPP was applied to epoxy resin (EP) for obtaining flame-retarded EP composites. The results show that PPy-MAPP imparts better flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties to EP compared to the same addition of MAPP. The EP composite with 15 wt% PPy-MAPP easily passes the UL94 V-0 rating and achieves an LOI value of 42.4%, accompanied by a 61.9% reduction in total heat release (THR) and a 73.9% reduction in total smoke production (TSP) when compared with pure EP. The char residue analysis shows that PPy-MAPP can promote a generation of more phosphorus-rich structures in the condensed phase that improve the integrity and intumescence of char against fire. The mechanical test indicates that PPy-MAPP has a less negative effect on the tensile strength and elastic modulus of epoxy resin due to the good compatibility between PPy-MAPP and the EP matrix, as supported by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses. In this paper, these attractive features of PPy-MAPP provide a new strategy to prepare satisfactory flame retardant and super flame retarding EP composites.

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Kang, Jiyuan, Fumiaki Takahashi et James S. T’ien. « In situ thermal-conductivity measurements and morphological characterization of intumescent coatings for fire protection ». Journal of Fire Sciences 36, n^o 5 (16 août 2018) : 419–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904118794955.

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Thermal insulating performance and char-layer properties have been studied for water-based intumescent coatings for structural steel fire protection using a new laboratory-scale mass-loss cone apparatus. A specimen (100 × 100 mm mild steel plate; the initial coating thickness: 0.3–2.0 mm) is placed horizontally and exposed to a constant incident radiant heat flux (25, 50, or 75 kW/m2). The apparent thermal conductivity of the expanding char layer is determined in situ based on real-time measurements of the temperature distribution in the char layer and the heat flux transmitted through the char layer. Three-dimensional morphological observations of the expanded char layer are made using a computed tomographic–based analytical method. The vertical variation of the porosity of the expanded char layer is measured. The measured heat-blocking efficiency is correlated strongly with the incident heat flux, which increases the expanded char-layer thickness, and porosity for sufficiently large initial coating thicknesses (>0.76 mm). For a thin coating (0.30 mm), violent off-gassing disrupts the intumescing processes to form a consistent char layer after abrupt exposure to higher incident heat fluxes, thus resulting in lower heat-blocking efficiency. Therefore, the product application thickness must exceed a proper threshold value to ensure an adequate thermal insulation performance.

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Li, GQ, Jun Han et Yong C. Wang. « Constant effective thermal conductivity of intumescent coatings : Analysis of experimental results ». Journal of Fire Sciences 35, n^o 2 (1 février 2017) : 132–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904117693857.

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This article presents the results of an investigation to obtain the constant effective thermal conductivities of intumescent coatings under the influence of different intumescent coating factors (type of intumescent coating, coating thickness, steel section factor, fire condition), based on the analysis of an extensive collection of fire test data. The constant effective thermal conductivity is not a fundamental property of the intumescent coating, but is a desired quantity for simplified practical fire resistance design. It is defined as the temperature-averaged value of the temperature-dependent effective thermal conductivity within the temperature range of interest for fire resistance design of steel structures. The results indicate that for each of the intumescent coating types examined, a consistent constant effective thermal conductivity exists. The constant effective thermal conductivity tends to increase with decreasing steel section factor and to decrease with increasing coating thickness. For intumescent coating–protected steel I-sections, incorporating the shadow effect gives more consistent values of constant thermal conductivity compared to those without accounting for the effect. The same constant effective thermal conductivity obtained from the ISO fire tests may be used for different fire conditions as long as the steel temperature is higher than 400 °C. The results of this research make it possible to develop a simple method to calculate temperatures of intumescent coating–protected steel sections under different fire conditions.

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VAKHITOVA, LIUBOV, KONSTANTIN KALAFAT, NADIYA TARAN et VOLODYMYR BESSARABOV. « ПОРІВНЯННЯ ПОЛІОЛІВ ЯК КАРБОНІЗУЮЧИХ АГЕНТІВ ВОГНЕЗАХИСНИХ КОМПОЗИЦІЙ ІНТУМЕСЦЕНТНОГО ТИПУ ». Technologies and Engineering, n^o 6 (10 janvier 2022) : 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30857/2786-5371.2021.6.3.

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Purpose. To study the influence of the carbonizing agent structure on the formation of thermal insulating char layer of intumescent system acid donor/polyol and on the fire protection efficiency of the system at high temperatures. Methodology. A fire retardant mixture of an acid donor (phosphates ammonium, urea, melamine)/ polyol was chosen as a model intumescent system. Dispersion of vinyl acetate copolymer with ethylene was used as a polymeric component. The study applied the characteristics of the char layer of the intumescent composition at a certain temperature. The volumetric intumescent coefficient (K, cm3/g), mass of char residue (m, %), structure and density of the char layer are proposed as the main estimated parameters of flame retardant effect. IR spectroscopy was used to identify products of thermolysis of intumescent systems. Determination of fire protection efficiency of intumescent coatings was carried out in a mini-oven under standard fire conditions. Findings. The influence of polyol structure on the formation of thermal insulating char layer of intumescent acid donor/polyol system and the prediction of fire protection efficiency of this system under high temperature conditions has been investigated. It has been shown that under conditions of thermal shock the fire protection efficiency is more dependent on the nucleophilic reactivity of the polyol towards the unsaturated phosphorus atom of the acid donor than on its thermal stability. It has been found that pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, starch, dextrin, xylitol and sorbitol are the most effective carbonizing agents, regardless of the structure of the acid donor. It has been proved by infrared spectroscopy that at high temperatures as a result of the decomposition of pentaerythritol one of the reaction products is the aldehydes interacting with pentaerythritol with the formation of oligomeric compounds with a simple ether bond C-O-C. At the same time, pentaerythritol can be considered as a universal source of carbon framework for intumescent flame retardants regardless of the phosphate structure used. Originality. It has been shown that an important factor to increase the fire protection efficiency of intumescent systems is the use of polyols with an increased nucleophilicity in the esterification between polyol and phosphoric acid.Practical value. The optimal polyols as carbonizing agents for formulation of intumescent coatings with enhanced fire protection properties have been determined.

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Puzach, S. V., O. S. Lebedchenko, V. I. Zykov et T. I. Chistyakov. « Operability evaluation of electrical wires and cables subjected to simultaneous fire and current loadings ». Pozharovzryvobezopasnost/Fire and Explosion Safety 31, n^o 6 (2 février 2023) : 56–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/0869-7493.2022.31.06.56-67.

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Introduction. Intumescent coatings are used as a means of protection from heat flows, and their mission is to preserve the operability of wires and cables under fire conditions coupled with simultaneous current loading. However, the effect of insulation destruction on the operability of cables has not been studied for the case of a real fire regime.Goals and objectives. The purpose of the article is to evaluate the experimental operability of electrical wires and cables subjected to simultaneous effects of fire and current loadings.To achieve this purpose, an experimental testing unit was applied to conduct the experimental testing of wires and cables manufactured by various producers. At the same time, the temperature effect of the heated environment on electrical parameters of wires and cables, such as resistivity, inductance and capacitance, was evaluated.Theoretical background. In real fire conditions, dependence of indoor temperature, affecting the heating of cable insulation, differs essentially from the same dependencies in cases of various standard fire conditions. Therefore, the insulation destruction process may occur before the coating intumescence starts.Results and discussion. An experimental testing unit has been developed. This unit allows for the gradual cable heating with a pre-set temperature measurement interval and cable electrical characteristics. Dependencies of resistivity, inductance and capacitance of standard electrical cables on the temperature of the air surrounding the cable are obtained. It’s been discovered that the gradual heating of an electrical conductor or cable eventually leads to a short circuit between its conductive cores and further electric current transmission in electrical wires and cables. It is shown that phases and amplitudes of an input electrical signal can drastically change before the short circuit.Сonclusions. The simultaneous effect of fire and current loadings on standard electrical wires and cables causes a short circuit in the temperature range, in which no intumescence of flame retardant coatings is initiated on the insulation surface. Therefore, these coatings can ineffectively maintain the operability of electrical wires and cables.

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Çırpıcı, Burak Kaan, Süleyman Nazif Orhan et Türkay Kotan. « Numerical modelling of heat transfer through protected composite structural members ». Challenge Journal of Structural Mechanics 5, n^o 3 (11 septembre 2019) : 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.20528/cjsmec.2019.03.003.

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Among many various types of passive fire protection materials (i.e. plaster boards, sprayed materials and intumescent coatings) thin film intumescent coatings have become the preferable option owing to their good advantages such as flexibility, good appearance (aesthetics), light weight to the structure and fast application. Despite their popularity, there is also a lack of good understanding of fire behaviour. In general, experimental methods are used to push this knowledge with labour and high-energy consumption and extremely expensive processes. With the development of computer technology, numerical models to predict the heat transfer phenomena of intumescent coatings have been developed with time. In this work, the numerical model has been established to predict the heat transfer performance including material properties such as thermal conductivity and dry film thickness of intumescent coating. The developed numerical model has been divided into different layers to understand the sensitivity of steel temperature to the number of layers of intumescent coating and mesh sizes. The temperature-dependent thermal conductivity of intumescent coatings can be calculated based on inverse solution of the equation for calculating temperatures in protected steel according to the Eurocodes (EN 1993-1-2 and EN 1994-1-2). However, as the temperature distribution in the intumescent coatings is highly non-uniform, that Eurocode equation does not give accurate coating thermal conductivity-temperature relationship for use in numerical heat transfer modelling when the coating is divided into a number of layers, each having its characteristic thermal conductivity values. The comparison study of steel temperature under Standard (ISO 834) and Fast fire conditions against Eurocode analytical solution has also been made by assuming both constant thermal conductivity and variable thermal conductivity. The obtained results show close agreement with the Eurocode solution choosing a minimum certain mesh, number of layer and best-fitted thermal conductivity of the intumescent coating.

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Дмитрієв, Сергій, et Яков Гриценко. « Femtosecond laser LenSx–assisted phacoemulsification of mature intumescent cataract ». Oftalmologicheskii Zhurnal, n^o 5 (1 novembre 2023) : 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31288/oftalmolzh202351115.

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Background: Phacoemulsification (phaco) of mature intumescent cataract is one of the most difficult to perform anterior eye surgeries. In mature intumescent cataract phaco, the most difficult phase is performing a continuous capsulorhexis which should be as round as possible. The incidence of an anterior capsular tear during capsulorhexis has been reported to range from 0.8 to 5.0% and increases with an increase in cataract density. This is because in dense intumescent cataracts, capsulorhexis tends to extend to the periphery due to high intracapsular pressure. Femtosecond laser–assisted phaco of mature intumescent cataract enables a safe laser-assisted capsulotomy with a substantially reduced risk of intraoperative complications. Because this approach is as yet not widely used in ophthalmology, we aimed to share our experience in the use of femtosecond laser in phacoemulsification of mature and intumescent cataracts. Purpose: To assess the efficacy of femtosecond laser–assisted treatment of mature intumescent cataract. Methods: Sixty-five patients (68 eyes) with mature intumescent senile cataract underwent femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery (FLACS) with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation and were involved in this study. Results: In 55 eyes (80.8%), laser capsulotomy of the desired diameter (5.0 mm) was performed completely. In 8 eyes (11.7%), capsular bridges (capsular tissue remnants at the site of laser-assisted cut of the anterior capsule) were seen. In addition, after the laser phase of surgery, 3 eyes (4.4%) showed an irregularly shaped anterior capsular disc due to the failure of the laser to cut through the capsule in several regions. In all study eyes, the IOL was well centered in the bag. Conclusion: In eyes with mature intumescent cataract, it is reasonable to use the femtosecond laser for a safe and accurate anterior capsulorhexis to avoid the severe intraoperative complications (those associated with posterior capsular rapture and vitreous prolapse) that can be seen during manual capsulorhexis.

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Sivasamy, Palanichamy, Bashyam Geetha, Chinnaswamy Thangavel Vijayakumar et Johannes Karl Fink. « Structural Basis for Intumescence—Part II : Synthesis and Characterization of Intumescent Polymers Containing Spirophosphorus Moiety in the Backbone ». Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering 46, n^o 9 (3 septembre 2007) : 919–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03602550701280398.

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Sivasamy, Palanichamy, Bashyam Geetha, Chinnaswamy Thangavel Vijayakumar et Johannes Karl Fink. « Structural Basis for Intumescence – Part III – Thermal Degradation Study of Intumescent Polymers Containing Spirophosphorus Moiety in the Backbone ». Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering 49, n^o 3 (29 janvier 2010) : 316–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03602550903285526.

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Hussain, Atif, Véronic Landry, Pierre Blanchet, Doan-Trang Hoang et Christian Dagenais. « Fire Performance of Intumescent Waterborne Coatings with Encapsulated APP for Wood Constructions ». Coatings 11, n^o 11 (20 octobre 2021) : 1272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11111272.

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In this work, intumescent coatings were prepared for protection of wood from fire. The fire-retardant chemical ammonium polyphosphate (APP) is known to have poor resistance to water and high humidity as it is hygroscopic in nature. To improve the water resistance, durability and fire resistance of the intumescent coating, APP was modified using a hybrid organic-inorganic polysiloxane encapsulation shell prepared by the sol–gel method. The physical and chemical properties of the intumescent mix containing microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (EAPP) particles were characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), water absorption, dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The EAPP mix showed 50% reduction in water absorption, 75% reduction in water vapor sorption and increased thermal stability when compared to the APP mix. The intumescent coatings were applied on wood samples, and their fire performance was evaluated using a cone calorimeter test. The intumescent coatings containing EAPP mix showed better fire retarding properties with longer time to ignition, lower heat release rate and shorter heat release peak when compared to the coating without EAPP mix. The prepared intumescent coating shows higher resistance to water and moisture, and it has great potential to be used in bio-based construction industry for enhancing the fire resistance of wood.

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Bhoite, Sangram P., Jonghyuck Kim, Wan Jo, Pravin H. Bhoite, Sawanta S. Mali, Kyu-Hwan Park et Chang-Kook Hong. « Expanded Polystyrene Beads Coated with Intumescent Flame Retardant Material to Achieve Fire Safety Standards ». Polymers 13, n^o 16 (10 août 2021) : 2662. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13162662.

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The compatibility and coating ratio between flame retardant materials and expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam is a major impediment to achieving satisfactory flame retardant performance. In this study, we prepared a water-based intumescent flame retardant system and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI)-coated expandable polystyrene microspheres by a simple coating approach. We investigated the compatibility, coating ratio, and fire performance of EPS- and MDI-coated EPS foam using a water-based intumescent flame retardant system. The microscopic study revealed that the water-based intumescent flame retardant materials were successfully incorporated with and without MDI-coated EPS microspheres. The cone calorimeter tests (CCTs) of the MDI-coated EPS containing water-based intumescent flame retardant materials exhibited better flame retardant performance with a lower total heat release (THR) 7.3 MJ/m2, peak heat release rate (PHRR) 57.6 kW/m2, fire growth rate (FIGRA) 2027.067 W/m2.s, and total smoke production (TSP) 0.133 m2. Our results demonstrated that the MDI-coated EPS containing water-based intumescent flame retardant materials achieved flame retarding properties as per fire safety standards.

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Zhang, Jianping, Michael Delichatsios, Maurice McKee, Sebastian Ukleja et Claudio Pagella. « Experimental study of burning behaviors of intumescent coatings and nanoparticles applied on flaxboard ». Journal of Fire Sciences 29, n^o 6 (20 juillet 2011) : 519–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904111410934.

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This article presents an experimental investigation of ignition and burning behaviors of intumescent coatings and nanoparticles applied on flaxboard using the cone calorimeter, single burning item (SBI) and reduced scale (one-third) ISO room. The effects of intumescent coatings and nanoparticles on time to ignition (TTI), mass loss rate (MLR), heat release rate (HRR), production of toxic gases (carbon monoxide and smoke) were investigated. The performance of intumescent coatings in under-ventilated condition was examined by performing tests in the one-third ISO room with reduced opening sizes. Results in the cone calorimeter and SBI indicated that (1) there is a substantial increase of TTI and decrease of MLR/HRR by intumescent coatings and (2) the addition of nanoparticles results in a further increase of TTI as well as a decrease of MLR/HRR owing to increased stability of the char. Tests in the one-third ISO room showed that although the intumescent coatings reduce the HRR the reduction is much less substantial than that in the cone calorimeter or SBI.

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Gillani, Qandeel Fatima, Faiz Ahmad, Mohamed Ibrahim Abdul Mutalib et Ezza Syahera. « Thermal Degradation and Char Morphology of HNTs Reinforced Epoxy Based Intumescent Fire Retardant Coatings ». Key Engineering Materials 701 (juillet 2016) : 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.701.83.

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This study investigates the effectiveness of halloysite nanotube as filler on improvement in thermal performance of epoxy based intumescent fire retardant coating. Several intumescent fire retardant formulations were developed with and without halloysite nanotube. The thermal performance and char morphology of Intumescent fire retardant formulations was studied. Bunsen burner (ASTM E-119) test revealed that incorporation of HNTs (1.5 wt. %) improved flame retardancy by reducing the temperature of steel substrate up to 99 °C when exposed to fire for 1 hour. This study also revealed the physical and chemical mechanisms of action of HNTs in the intumescent systems. Results showed that halloysite improved the growth of the intumescent shield and give better quality of char. HNT formed aluminosilicate network for the phosphocarbonaceous structure by chemical contacts with ammonium polyphosphate. These new chemical species enhanced thermal stabilization of the char at high temperature and offered good structural properties on micro and macro scale. This increased the mechanical strength of the shielding layer during burning and also enhanced the residual weight percentage after thermal degradation as shown in thermal gravimetrical curves.

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Golovina, E. V., A. V. Kalach, O. V. Bezzaponnaya, A. S. Krutolapov et S. V. Sharapov. « Improving the safety of oil and gas facilities by improving flame retardants ». Pozharovzryvobezopasnost/Fire and Explosion Safety 31, n^o 3 (24 juillet 2022) : 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/0869-7493.2022.31.03.24-33.

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Introduction. One of the ways to reduce the fire hazard at industrial facilities is the application of intumescent coatings. It is known that intumescent compositions are multicomponent composite materials, whose effectiveness is due to complex chemical transformations of the components of the studied flame retardant exposed to high temperatures. In this regard, the problem of studying the physicochemical processes and thermophysical characteristics of flame retardant thermal expansion materials is in demand and relevant.The purpose of this article is to analyze the thermophysical properties of water- and acrylic compound-based intumescent flame retardants to improve the safety of oil and gas facilities.To accomplish this purpose, the following objectives were attained:studying acrylic dispersion-based intumescent flame retardant materials using methods of thermal analysis;analyzing aqueous dispersion-based intumescent flame retardant materials using methods of thermal analysis;making a comparative analysis of the thermo-oxidative degradation of the studied flame retardant materials.Methods. During the study, thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and quadrupole mass spectrometry were chosen as the main methods.Results. As a result of the studies performed using methods of synchronous thermal analysis of water- and acrylic compound-based intumescent flame retardants, the similarity of ongoing physicochemical processes was identified, including the presence of four main stages of mass loss and a high exothermic effect. This high thermal effect has proven high flammability of the studied flame retardant materials.Conclusions. Following the analysis, the authors have concluded that intumescent flame retardants, containing acrylic vinyl acetate emulsion and aqueous dispersion, begin to lose their performance characteristics, necessary for a flame retardant material, when the temperature reaches approximately ~600 °C.

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Markert, F., I. González, C. De La Parra Rogero et E. Serra Hosta. « Protection of pre-treated wood and construction materials using intumescent coatings ». Journal of Physics : Conference Series 2654, n^o 1 (1 décembre 2023) : 012084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2654/1/012084.

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Abstract Intumescent paints’ behaviour is investigated for protecting wood pre-treated with phosphate or a silicate-based flame retardant. Additionally, the ageing effects of intumescent paint under several conditions are investigated. The cone calorimeter is applied, measuring the reaction to heat responses and the char development. Pre-treatment showed an improved fire performance of samples with intumescent coatings. The effects depend on the moisture contents and the homogeneity of the pre-treatments. Also, the experiments showed differences in fire resistance depending on the ageing method. UV exposure ageing retained the heat-insulating properties, while samples immersed in acid suffered a drastic reduction of their fire resistance. The latter ageing test increased the char’s pore size resulting in a reduced expansion factor and reduced thermal insulation performance of the intumescent coating.

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