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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Intestinal Health and Immunity »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 8 novembre 2024

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Intestinal Health and Immunity"

Liu, Yanhong. « Nutritional intervention for the intestinal development and health of weaned pigs ». Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (juillet 2019) : 30–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.056.

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Abstract Weaning imposes simultaneous stress, resulting in reduced feed intake and growth rate and increased morbidity and mortality of weaned pigs. Weaning impairs the intestinal integrity, disturbs digestive and absorptive capacity, and increases the intestinal oxidative stress and susceptibility of diseases in piglets. The improvement of intestinal development and health is critically important for enhancing nutrient digestibility capacity and disease resistance of weaned pigs, therefore, increasing their survival rate at this most vulnerable stage and overall productive performance during later stages. A healthy gut may include but not limited several important features: a healthy proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells, an integrated gut barrier function, a preferable or balanced gut microbiota, and a well-developed intestinal mucosa immunity. Burgeoning evidence suggested nutritional intervention are one of promising measures to enhance intestinal health of weaned pigs, although the exact protective mechanisms may vary and are still not completely understood. Previous research indicated that functional amino acids, such as arginine, cysteine, glutamine, or glutamate, may enhance intestinal mucosa immunity (i.e. increased sIgA secretion), reduce oxidative damage, stimulate proliferation of enterocytes, and enhance gut barrier function (i.e. enhanced expression of tight junction protein) of weaned pigs. A number of feed additives are marketed to assist in boosting intestinal immunity and regulating gut microbiota, therefore, reducing the negative impacts of weaning and other environmental challenges on piglets. The promising results have been demonstrated in antimicrobial peptides, clays, direct-fed microbials, micro-minerals, milk components, oligosaccharides, organic acids, phytochemicals, and many other feed additives. This review summarizes our current understanding of nutritional intervention on intestinal health and development of weaned pigs and the importance of mechanistic studies focusing on this research area.

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Pakhomovskaya, N. L., et М. M. Venediktova. « Healthy intestinal colonization in children : strong immunity ». Medical Council, n^o 17 (22 octobre 2018) : 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2018-17-199-205.

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The article presents actual data on the composition and functions of the intestinal microbiota, and examines the mechanisms of the microbiota effect on the macroorganism’s health state. The necessity and possibility of correction of microbiota are shown by the analysis of the composition and evaluation of the functions of the intestinal microbiota, and the mechanisms of the symbiotic relationship «microflora macroorganism» and the causes leading to the development of intestinal dysbiosis. The main groups of preparations (probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics) used for correction of intestinal microbiocenosis are presented by taking into account the modern guidelines.

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Zhang, Ruitong, et Zhuo Lyu. « Effects of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Human Health Through Intestinal Microbiota ». Theoretical and Natural Science 4, n^o 1 (28 avril 2023) : 331–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/4/20220582.

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Unsaturated fatty acids act a necessary part in the intestinal health of the host microbiota environment and immune ability by being transformed by intestinal microorganisms. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are very important to the host body, also they influence many physiological activities of the body. The amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids synthesized by the human body cannot meet the daily needs of the human body, and it is necessary to obtain some essential fatty acids (EFA) from food. At the same time, some intestinal microorganisms can also synthesize and convert polyunsaturated fatty acids, which contribute to the regulation and control of host immunity. In addition, PUFAs are also beneficial to humans. They are critical in sustaining a healthy and stable gut microbiota environment and regulating and controlling host immunity. This paper summarized the conversion mechanism and effect of intestinal microbiota on polyunsaturated fatty acids, discussed whether polyunsaturated fatty acids can regulate human diseases and microbiota as health products, and determined the regulatory mechanism of polyunsaturated fatty acids.

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Bi, Kefan, Xujun Zhang, Wenbiao Chen et Hongyan Diao. « MicroRNAs Regulate Intestinal Immunity and Gut Microbiota for Gastrointestinal Health : A Comprehensive Review ». Genes 11, n^o 9 (12 septembre 2020) : 1075. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11091075.

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MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs regulating gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. The regulation of microRNA expression in the gut intestine is gradually recognized as one of the crucial contributors of intestinal homeostasis and overall health. Recent studies indicated that both the microRNAs endogenous in the gut intestine and exogenous from diets could play influential roles in modulating microbial colonization and intestinal immunity. In this review, we discuss the biological functions of microRNAs in regulating intestinal homeostasis by modulating intestinal immune responses and gut microbiota. We particularly focus on addressing the microRNA-dependent communication and interactions among microRNA, gut microbiota, and intestinal immune system. Besides, we also summarize the roles of diet-derived microRNAs in host-microbiome homeostasis and their benefits on intestinal health. A better understanding of the relationships among intestinal disorders, microRNAs, and other factors influencing intestinal health can facilitate the application of microRNA-based therapeutics for gastrointestinal diseases.

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Genova, Jansller, Antonio Melo, Paulo Rupolo, Silvana Carvalho, Leandro Costa et Paulo Carvalho. « A summary of feed additives, intestinal health and intestinal alkaline phosphatase in piglet nutrition ». Czech Journal of Animal Science 65, No. 8 (30 août 2020) : 281–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/70/2020-cjas.

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Weaning is considered the “critical window” in the piglet’s life because it is associated with several stress factors, such as loss of contact with the mother and original litter, solid diet, environmental and structural changes, and the establishment of a new hierarchy. During this abrupt period, several events such as reduced feed intake, high morbidity, susceptibility to enteric infections and post-weaning diarrhoea are observed. The nutritional landscape of the piglet gut is modified, which can compromise the maturity of the gastrointestinal system, the stable intestinal microbiome and the active immunity developed as an indicator of intestinal health. However, with increased awareness of feed safety issues and the development of drug-resistant bacteria, the interest in producing pigs without the use of antimicrobial growth promoters (AGP) is increasing, since long-term use and therapeutic doses of AGP can contribute to the reduction of bacterial diversity and increase of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Thus, the most widely researched alternatives include the use of feed additives, feeding strategies, nutraceuticals/functional foods and available handling that can reduce the risk of IBD beyond basic nutritional functions. Studies have reported intestinal alkaline phosphatase as a new nutritional therapy associated with intestinal health which may be a “key additive” in the AGP replacement. In this review article, the purpose is to show some current aspects of feed additive research, addressing a concept of the “intestinal health” from different points of view and properties of alkaline phosphatase.

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Vaarala, Outi. « Intestinal Immunity and Type 1 Diabetes ». Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 39, Supplement 3 (juin 2004) : S732—S733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005176-200406003-00008.

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Zhang, Lin, Hui Zhan, Wenye Xu, Shuai Yan et Siew C. Ng. « The role of gut mycobiome in health and diseases ». Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology 14 (janvier 2021) : 175628482110471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17562848211047130.

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The gut microbiome comprised of microbes from multiple kingdoms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Emerging evidence suggests that the intestinal fungi (the gut “mycobiome”) play an important role in host immunity and inflammation. Advances in next generation sequencing methods to study the fungi in fecal samples and mucosa tissues have expanded our understanding of gut fungi in intestinal homeostasis and systemic immunity in health and their contribution to different human diseases. In this review, the current status of gut mycobiome in health, early life, and different diseases including inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer, and metabolic diseases were summarized.

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Adolph, Timon E., Lisa Mayr, Felix Grabherr et Herbert Tilg. « Paneth Cells and their Antimicrobials in Intestinal Immunity ». Current Pharmaceutical Design 24, n^o 10 (28 mai 2018) : 1121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612824666180327161947.

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Since the initial description of granular-rich small-intestinal crypt-based epithelial cells in 1872, today referred to as Paneth cells, a plethora of recent studies underlined their function in intestinal homeostasis. Paneth cells are evolutionary conserved highly secretory cells that produce antimicrobials to control gut microbial communities. Moreover, Paneth cells emerged as stem cell regulators that translate environmental cues into intestinal epithelial responses. Paneth cell disturbances may instigate intestinal inflammation and provide susceptibility to infection. Altered Paneth cell functions have been associated with a variety of inflammatory disease models and were linked to human intestinal disease processes including inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn´s disease and ulcerative colitis. This review summarizes our current understanding of Paneth cells and their antimicrobials in health and disease.

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Chandrasekaran, Preethi, Sabine Weiskirchen et Ralf Weiskirchen. « Effects of Probiotics on Gut Microbiota : An Overview ». International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, n^o 11 (30 mai 2024) : 6022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25116022.

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The role of probiotics in regulating intestinal flora to enhance host immunity has recently received widespread attention. Altering the human gut microbiota may increase the predisposition to several disease phenotypes such as gut inflammation and metabolic disorders. The intestinal microbiota converts dietary nutrients into metabolites that serve as biologically active molecules in modulating regulatory functions in the host. Probiotics, which are active microorganisms, play a versatile role in restoring the composition of the gut microbiota, helping to improve host immunity and prevent intestinal disease phenotypes. This comprehensive review provides firsthand information on the gut microbiota and their influence on human health, the dietary effects of diet on the gut microbiota, and how probiotics alter the composition and function of the human gut microbiota, along with their corresponding effects on host immunity in building a healthy intestine. We also discuss the implications of probiotics in some of the most important human diseases. In summary, probiotics play a significant role in regulating the gut microbiota, boosting overall immunity, increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria, and helping ameliorate the symptoms of multiple diseases.

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Xia, Junliang, Yuling Cui, Yan Guo, Yuwen Liu, Baichuan Deng et Sufang Han. « The Function of Probiotics and Prebiotics on Canine Intestinal Health and Their Evaluation Criteria ». Microorganisms 12, n^o 6 (20 juin 2024) : 1248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12061248.

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Maintaining homeostasis within the intestinal microbiota is imperative for assessing the health status of hosts, and dysbiosis within the intestinal microbiota is closely associated with canine intestinal diseases. In recent decades, the modulation of canine intestinal health through probiotics and prebiotics has emerged as a prominent area of investigation. Evidence indicates that probiotics and prebiotics play pivotal roles in regulating intestinal health by modulating the intestinal microbiota, fortifying the epithelial barrier, and enhancing intestinal immunity. This review consolidates literature on using probiotics and prebiotics for regulating microbiota homeostasis in canines, thereby furnishing references for prospective studies and formulating evaluation criteria.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Intestinal Health and Immunity"

Pascoal, Leonardo Augusto Fonseca [UNESP]. « Fontes de fibra para leitões recém desmamados ». Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104920.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-10-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:45:23Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pascoal_laf_dr_jabo.pdf: 4325049 bytes, checksum: f0c924e1bbe52682097d3edf19366f63 (MD5)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos das inclusões de celulose purificada, casca de soja e polpa cítrica, como fontes de fibra nas dietas para leitões desmamados, foram realizados 4 ensaios. No ensaio I determinou-se as digestibilidades dos nutrientes e da energia das fontes de fibra e no II, as digestibilidades das dietas contendo esses ingredientes, utilizando-se o método de coleta total de fezes. No ensaio III avaliou-se o desempenho, o tempo de trânsito, a incidência de diarréia e a imunidade humoral e no IV, as características morfofisiológicas e microbiológicas do sistema digestório. As dietas experimentais utilizadas nos ensaios II, III e IV foram: DC - dieta controle — composta principalmente por milho, farelo de soja e fonte de lactose; CEL - dieta composta principalmente por milho, farelo de soja, fonte de lactose e 1,5% de celulose purificada; CS - dieta composta principalmente por milho, farelo de soja, fonte de lactose e 3% de casca de soja e PC - dieta composta principalmente por milho, farelo de soja, fonte de lactose e 9% de polpa cítrica. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, para controlar diferenças no peso inicial. Com base nos resultados do ensaio I, verifica-se que a polpa cítrica apresenta melhor valor nutricional, e que as fontes de fibra podem ser utilizadas com o objetivo de modular a microbiota intestinal. Nos ensaios II e III, observa-se que as inclusões de celulose purificada, casca de soja e polpa cítrica, como fontes de fibra nas dietas de leitões desmamados, nä° afetam a digestibilidade da maioria dos nutrientes e da energia, o desempenho e o tempo de trânsito das dietas no trato gastrintestinal. Entretanto, a utilização de celulose purificada promove efeito benéfico no controle da diarréia e melhora alguns parâmetros imunológicos. No ensaio IV, nota-se que a adição de fontes de fibras solúveis, como casca de soja e...
A total of 4 assays were conducted to evaluate the effect of purified cellulose, soybean hulls and citrus pulp as fiber sources in diets for weaned pigs. In assay 1 it was determined the nutrient and energy digestibilities for each source of fiber. At assay 2 it was determined the digestibilities of diets added by fibrous ingredients using total feces collection method. In assay 3 It was evaluated the performance, transit time, diarrhea incidence and humoral immunity and in assay 4 the morphophysiological and microbiological characteristics of digestive tract. The experimental diets used in the assays 2, 3 and 4 were: DC — control diet, based on corn, soybean meal and lactose source; CEL — diet based on corn, soybean meal, lactose source and 1,5% of purified cellulose; CS — diet based on corn, soybean meal, lactose source and 3% of soybean hulls; PC — diet based on corn, soybean meal, lactose source and 9% of citrus pulp. It was used a randomized block a design according to control the differences of body weight of piglets. The results of assay I citrus pulp has higher nutritional values and than those fiber sources can be used to modulate intestinal microbiota. According to results of assays II and III, purified cellulose, soybean hulls and citrus pulp as fiber sources in diets for weaned pigs do not affect nutrients and energy digestibility, performance and gastrointestinal transit time. The use of purified cellulose can reduce diarrhea incidence and promotes better results in some immunological parameters. According to assay IV, the result indicates that soluble fiber sources, as soybean hulls and citrus pulp, promote a modification on morphophysiology and microbiology of tract, suggesting an adaptation on digestive system of weaned pigs by the presence of the fiber in diets

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Pascoal, Leonardo Augusto Fonseca. « Fontes de fibra para leitões recém desmamados / ». Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104920.

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Resumo: Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos das inclusões de celulose purificada, casca de soja e polpa cítrica, como fontes de fibra nas dietas para leitões desmamados, foram realizados 4 ensaios. No ensaio I determinou-se as digestibilidades dos nutrientes e da energia das fontes de fibra e no II, as digestibilidades das dietas contendo esses ingredientes, utilizando-se o método de coleta total de fezes. No ensaio III avaliou-se o desempenho, o tempo de trânsito, a incidência de diarréia e a imunidade humoral e no IV, as características morfofisiológicas e microbiológicas do sistema digestório. As dietas experimentais utilizadas nos ensaios II, III e IV foram: DC - dieta controle - composta principalmente por milho, farelo de soja e fonte de lactose; CEL - dieta composta principalmente por milho, farelo de soja, fonte de lactose e 1,5% de celulose purificada; CS - dieta composta principalmente por milho, farelo de soja, fonte de lactose e 3% de casca de soja e PC - dieta composta principalmente por milho, farelo de soja, fonte de lactose e 9% de polpa cítrica. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, para controlar diferenças no peso inicial. Com base nos resultados do ensaio I, verifica-se que a polpa cítrica apresenta melhor valor nutricional, e que as fontes de fibra podem ser utilizadas com o objetivo de modular a microbiota intestinal. Nos ensaios II e III, observa-se que as inclusões de celulose purificada, casca de soja e polpa cítrica, como fontes de fibra nas dietas de leitões desmamados, nä° afetam a digestibilidade da maioria dos nutrientes e da energia, o desempenho e o tempo de trânsito das dietas no trato gastrintestinal. Entretanto, a utilização de celulose purificada promove efeito benéfico no controle da diarréia e melhora alguns parâmetros imunológicos. No ensaio IV, nota-se que a adição de fontes de fibras solúveis, como casca de soja e ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: A total of 4 assays were conducted to evaluate the effect of purified cellulose, soybean hulls and citrus pulp as fiber sources in diets for weaned pigs. In assay 1 it was determined the nutrient and energy digestibilities for each source of fiber. At assay 2 it was determined the digestibilities of diets added by fibrous ingredients using total feces collection method. In assay 3 It was evaluated the performance, transit time, diarrhea incidence and humoral immunity and in assay 4 the morphophysiological and microbiological characteristics of digestive tract. The experimental diets used in the assays 2, 3 and 4 were: DC - control diet, based on corn, soybean meal and lactose source; CEL - diet based on corn, soybean meal, lactose source and 1,5% of purified cellulose; CS - diet based on corn, soybean meal, lactose source and 3% of soybean hulls; PC - diet based on corn, soybean meal, lactose source and 9% of citrus pulp. It was used a randomized block a design according to control the differences of body weight of piglets. The results of assay I citrus pulp has higher nutritional values and than those fiber sources can be used to modulate intestinal microbiota. According to results of assays II and III, purified cellulose, soybean hulls and citrus pulp as fiber sources in diets for weaned pigs do not affect nutrients and energy digestibility, performance and gastrointestinal transit time. The use of purified cellulose can reduce diarrhea incidence and promotes better results in some immunological parameters. According to assay IV, the result indicates that soluble fiber sources, as soybean hulls and citrus pulp, promote a modification on morphophysiology and microbiology of tract, suggesting an adaptation on digestive system of weaned pigs by the presence of the fiber in diets
Orientador: Maria Cristina Thomaz
Coorientador: Jane Maria Bertocco Ezequiel
Banca: Jacinta Diva Ferrugem Gomes
Banca: Fábio Enrique Lemos Budiño
Banca: Nilva Kazue Sakomura
Banca: Otto Mack Junqueira
Doutor

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Lowe, Patrick P. « Inebriated Immunity : Alcohol Affects Innate Immune Signaling in the Gut-Liver-Brain Axis ». eScholarship@UMMS, 2018. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/987.

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Alcohol is a commonly consumed beverage, a drug of abuse and an important molecule affecting nearly every organ-system in the body. This project seeks to investigate the interplay between alcohol’s effects on critical organ-systems making up gut-liver-brain axis. Alcohol initially interacts with the gastrointestinal tract. Our research describes the alterations seen in intestinal microbiota following alcohol consumption in an acute-on-chronic model of alcoholic hepatitis and indicates that reducing intestinal bacteria using antibiotics protects from alcohol-induced intestinal cytokine expression, alcoholic liver disease and from inflammation in the brain. Alcohol-induced liver injury can occur due to direct hepatocyte metabolic dysregulation and from leakage of bacterial products from the intestine that initiates an immune response. Here, we will highlight the importance of this immune response, focusing on the role of infiltrating immune cells in human patients with alcoholic hepatitis and alcoholic cirrhosis. Using a small molecule inhibitor of CCR2/CCR5 chemokine receptor signaling in mice, we can protect the liver from damage and alcohol-induced inflammation. In the brain, we observe that chronic alcohol leads to the infiltration of macrophages in a region-specific manner. CCR2/CCR5 inhibition reduced macrophage infiltration, alcohol-induced inflammation and microglial changes. We also report that chronic alcohol shifts excitatory/inhibitory synapses in the hippocampus, possibly through complement-mediated remodeling. Finally, we show that anti-inflammasome inhibitors altered behavior by reducing alcohol consumption in female mice. Together, these data advance our understanding of the gut-liver-brain axis in alcoholism and suggest novel avenues of therapeutic intervention to inhibit organ pathology associated with alcohol consumption and reduce drinking.

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Al-Dahwi, Zaineb. « Impairment of protective immunity to intestinal helminthiases ». To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2007. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.

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Roach, Tamara I. A. « Immunity to Trichuris muris in the mouse ». Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1986. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12886/.

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Quantitative and qualitative analyses of the serum antibody responses of NIH, C57BL/10, BALB/c, DBA/2 and CFLP mice infected with Trichuris muris have been made using ELISA and immunoprecipitation techniques. No correlation was found between specific serum antibody titres measured using T. muris E/S products and the time of onset of expulsion in the different mouse strains examined. However, there were some differences in the antigen recognition profiles of some sera as determined by immunoprecipitation analyses. In all the strains of mice examined significant increases in detectable specific serum antibody to the parasite E/S products occurred around day 15 to 20 postinfection and continued to rise, as measured up to at least day 40 and even up to day 65. Cortisone acetate treatment during larval development, in infected CFLP mice, in order to establish heavy adult worm burdens, did not reduce specific antibody titres to T. muris E/S products. In responding and tolerant DBA/2 mice there was no marked difference in either the kinetics of specific serum antibody production during primary and secondary infections, or in the antigen specificities of secondary infection sera. The "defect" in mechanism in the tolerant DBA/2 mice, which allows primary infections of T. muris to develop to patency, was shown to be permanent as secondary infections with the parasite could also establish in these animals. An investigation was made of the phenomenon of tolerance in the DBA/2 model- system and in the cortisone treated CBA mice. The capacity of MLNC from different groups of animals to produce IL-2 in vitro upon mitogen stimulation was investigated, on the basis that IL-2 deficit during antigen presentation may result in immune tolerance. Although no differences were found in the responding and tolerant DBA/2 cell-Vpopulations, there was an apparently synergistic interaction between cortisone administration and T. muris infection which dramatically reduced the IL-2 producing capacity of the MLNC. However, IL-2 cannot yet be ruled out as a factor in the inherent tolerance of a proportion of the DBA/2 population as IL-2 receptor expression by the 2 groups of cells assayed was not examined. Basic analyses of the antigens of T. muris were performed. The major protein of adult male homogenate (AMA) was also the major protein of the excretory/secretory (E/S) products and the surface antigen preparations. In addition several common E/S and surface antigens were shown to have proteolytic enzyme activities against gelatin and/or casein. The relationship between T. muris and Trichinella spiralis was examined in greater detail, and the m. wts. of the cross-reacting antigens were determined. Evidence suggested that the stichosomes of these worms may be the source of these antigens. Both Trichuris muris adults and Trichinella spiralis infective larvae each had common major E/S and surface antigens, indeed, both were shown to have surface proteases. These studies were extended to examine the possibility of cross-reactivity between Trichuris muris and T. trichiura; mouse infection sera and human infection sera respectively were able to cross-react with heterologous antigen preparations. The demonstration that anti-Trichinella spiralis 48 kD and 50/55 kD stichocyte antigen MoAbs also reacted with Trichuris trichiura adult homogenate in ELISA supports the suggestion that common stichocyte antigens may exist amongst the trichuroid nematodes Trichuris muris, Trichuris trichiura and Trichinella spiralis. Monoclonal antibodies were produced against the E/S products of Trichuris muris, which were characterized in terms of isotype and antigen specificities. Initial experiments indicated that one of the IgA MoAbs recognizing 34,22,20 and 18 kD E/S proteins may be effective in the passive transfer of immunity.

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Brady, Jessica. « Protection and stimulation of intestinal innate immunity using mannan oligosaccharides ». Taylor & ; Francis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/4774.

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Necrotic enteritis (NE) caused by Clostridium perfringens is a re-emerging disease of economic importance in areas of the world where antibiotic growth promoters have been banned. Various alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters are being tested including prebiotics known as mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) which have been shown to mitigate the effects of NE and potentially boost the immune system, though the mechanism is not completely understood. The objective of this study is to test the effectiveness of MOS on balance of microbial populations, gut morphology and immune system ability; specifically: C. perfringens genetic populations, villi architecture and TLR2 and TLR4 activity. This study focuses on organic broiler chickens fed MOS at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8g/kg feed and challenged with an inoculation of C. perfringens isolated from an outbreak on a local organic farm. Toxinotype and 16S phylogenetic analysis of C. perfringens were reviewed as well as feed efficiency, gut morphology and gene expression of Toll Like Receptors 2 and TLR4 using qRT-PCR. All field isolates were found to be Type A C. perfringens, as were most experimental isolates except for two isolates taken pre-innoculation, which were more likely attributed to contamination of the experiment room by cattle which were housed there previously. No association between pathogenecity and toxin genes cpb2 or netB could be established during this study. 16S analysis found all C. perfringens isolates to be highly related, though there seemed to be a change in populations post inoculation which did match the field isolate used for inoculation. Gut morphology readings including villi height, width and area, crypt depth and lymphocyte and goblet cell concentrations showed some significant effect though it was not in a common area of the intestine and was often due to the interaction between treatments and time. These results also failed to reproduce effects found by other authors. TLR2 and 4 were not found to be significantly different between treatments, though certain trends were noted. The lack of significant treatment effects as well as the low reproducibility of these outcomes leads to the conclusion that, though MOS may contribute to gut health and maturity based on these and conclusions found by other authors, its effect is hinging on other factors such as management and nutrition.

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Sallam, Jamal A. « Intestinal humoral immunity in man : IgA and anti-salmonella antibodies ». Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/20766.

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Studies of gut immunity must be carried out on intestinal fluid and jejunal biopsies. Recent work from Edinburgh has shown that the use of Whole Gut Lavage (WGL) technique is a non-invasive, direct and reliable method of obtaining intestinal fluids. My thesis describes the use of WGL technique in a variety of studies on gastro-intestinal mucosal immunity. The effect of the newly licensed oral live typhoid vaccine Ty21a on gut immunity was investigated in a group of 22 healthy British volunteers. Later on, the intestinal immune responses to naturally acquired Salmonella infection were investigated in a group of patients who had had the infection within the preceding 12 months. Results obtained in these studies were compared with results obtained from healthy individuals, patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and African children from Sierra Leone. I investigated further the effect of heavy smoking and non-smoking in healthy volunteers on gut immunity and the effect of administration of the live oral vaccine Ty21a on the intestinal mucosal immune responses of smokers and non-smokers. I also studied agglutinating antibodies in WGL fluids and sera. Patients with a variety of GI diseases and patients who had had Salmonella infection were tested against a panel of 11 Salmonella antigens using a modified Widal test in microtitration plates. In the course of the above studies, I found that there were patients who had very low or absent intestinal IgA but had normal levels of IgA in the serum. Therefore, I investigated further this phenomenon by counting plasma cells in the lamina propria of intestinal biopsies from patients with "intestinal IgA deficiency" and normal controls using image analysis.

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Srinivasan, N. « The role of inflammasomes in intestinal inflammation ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:04ad577c-a8dd-46eb-811a-79a3980ff806.

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Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in the intracellular pattern recognition receptor gene NLRP3 are associated with susceptibility to Crohn’s disease, a form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Following cell damage or infection, NLRP3 triggers the formation of inflammasomes, a multimolecular protein complex containing NLRP3, ASC and caspase-1, which mediate secretion of IL-1β and IL-18. NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages has been implicated in protection against several pathogens, but whether NLRP3 activation in tissue cells contributes to protective immunity against bacterial pathogens is unknown. We show that upon infection with the attaching/effacing (A/E) intestinal pathogen Citrobacter rodentium, Nlrp3-/- and Asc-/- mice displayed higher bacterial colonization, more weight loss and exacerbated intestinal inflammation. We further show that Nlrp3 inflammasome activation in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) acts rapidly after infection to limit bacterial replication and penetration, and inhibits the development of inflammatory pathology in the gut. We also show that epithelial Nlrp3-mediated protection is independent of the classical inflammasome cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. Thus an Nlrp3-Asc circuit in IECs regulates early defense against a mucosal pathogen and limits inflammation in the intestine. Nlrp3 inflammasome activation has also been implicated in protection in acute models of experimental colitis, but its role in chronic models of colitis is unknown. We found that Asc signaling is necessary for the development of innate chronic intestinal inflammation driven by Helicobacter hepaticus. Thus while deficient inflammasome signaling in tissue cells increases susceptibility towards enteric pathogens, excessive inflammasome activation can drive chronic intestinal inflammation.

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Graham, Suzanne. « Intestinal immunity and pathology in animal models of type 1 diabetes ». Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.402005.

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Bains, Manpreet. « Genetic Disruption of VIP Signaling Alters Intestinal Microbial Structure and Immunity ». Diss., North Dakota State University, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28788.

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Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) regulates clock gene expression in the brain that synchronizes diurnal feeding behaviors in mammals. In the gastrointestinal (GI) tissues, VIP influences host nutrient absorption from ingested food, and regulates host metabolic functions. VIP signaling ensures efficient nutrient absorption by influencing ghrelin and leptin expression to balance caloric intake. Importantly, obese humans have elevated plasma VIP levels, supporting its association with fat mass accumulation. In contrast, VIP deficiency leads to weight loss and reduced adiposity, while disrupting epithelial cell nutrient absorption, tight junctions and mucus secretion. Moreover, VIP regulates host glucose metabolism as VIP knockout mice are pre-diabetic with elevated blood glucose and insulin levels. In addition to metabolism, VIP is anti-inflammatory and when knocked out results in exacerbated inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathology. The GI track is also home to ?40 trillion bacteria, called the gut microbiota, which unlock additional calories from fiber for the host. Microbiota dysbiosis is caused by dysfunction in biological systems downstream from VIP signaling, including dysregulated expression of host clock genes, metabolic hormones, immune-relevant mediators and metabolic and inflammatory disease states, like obesity and IBD. It is not known, however, whether the VIP signaling axis contributes to the maintenance of the gut microbiota structure and diversity. We hypothesized that VIP deficiency will cause gut dysbiosis, lower bacterial diversity and reduce its energy extraction potential. To this end, we isolated fecal samples from VIP knockout mice (VIP-/-) and employed 16S rRNA sequencing. VIP deficiency (VIP-/- and VIP-/+) resulted in marked gut microbial compositional changes and reduced bacterial diversity compared to male and female VIP+/+ littermates (n=48). Increased abundance of Bacteroides, Parabacteroides and Helicobacter genera (gram-negative, GN), with reductions of Lachnospiraceae NK4A136, Oscillibacter and Ruminiclostridium genera (gram-positive, GP), were the driving force for the observed increase in the GN/GP ratio. A predicted algorithm program, called PICRUSt, showed changes in microbial metabolism consistent with elevated lipopolysaccharide metabolism and reduced intake of fiber in VIP-/- mice. These data support that VIP regulates intestinal homeostasis by maintaining microbiota balance, diversity and energy harvesting potential, while upholding an anti-inflammatory tone by limiting lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis.

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Livres sur le sujet "Intestinal Health and Immunity"

1933-, Simopoulos Artemis P., Corring Tristan et Rérat Alain 1926-, dir. Intestinal flora, immunity, nutrition, and health. Basel : Karger, 1993.

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Shinya, Hiromi. The microbe factor : Your innate immunity and the coming health revolution. San Francisco : Millichap Books, 2010.

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Shinya, Hiromi. The microbe factor : Your innate immunity and the coming health revolution. San Francisco : Millichap Books, 2010.

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Shinya, Hiromi. The microbe factor using your body's enzymes & microbes to protect your health. San Francisco : Millichap Books, 2010.

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Niewold, Theo, dir. Intestinal health. The Netherlands : Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-792-9.

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Jensen, Bernard. Soil & immunity. [Escondido, CA (Rte 1, Box 52, Escondido 92025)] : B. Jensen, 1988.

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Alvarez-Pellitero, P. Mucosal intestinal immunity and response to parasite infections in ectothermic vertebrates. New York : Nova Science Publishers, 2011.

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Australian Symposium on Intestinal Flora and Human Health (1st 1996 Melbourne, Sydney, Australia). Intestinal flora and human health : Proceedings. [Clayton, Vic.] : Asia Pacific Clinical Nutrition Society, 1996.

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Bertram, Wiedenmann, et New York Academy of Sciences., dir. Intestinal plasticity in health and disease. New York, N.Y : New York Academy of Sciences, 1998.

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Baintner, Ka roly. Intestinal absorption of macromolecules and immune transmission from mother to young. Boca Raton : CRC Press, 1986.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Intestinal Health and Immunity"

Lillehoj, H. S., S. I. Jang, S. H. Lee et E. P. Lillehoj. « Chapter 4 : Avian coccidiosis as a prototype intestinal disease — host protective immunity and novel disease control strategies ». Dans Intestinal health, 71–116. The Netherlands : Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-792-9_4.

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Tannock, G. W. « The Intestinal Microflora ». Dans Gut Flora, Nutrition, Immunity and Health, 1–23. Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470774595.ch1.

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Chaia, A. Perez, et G. Oliver. « Intestinal Microflora and Metabolic Activity ». Dans Gut Flora, Nutrition, Immunity and Health, 77–98. Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470774595.ch4.

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Bortoluzzi, Cristiano, Fernanda Lima de Souza Castro et Michael Kogut. « Butyrate and Intestinal Homeostasis : Effects on the Intestinal Microbiota and Epithelial Hypoxia ». Dans Gut Microbiota, Immunity, and Health in Production Animals, 57–68. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90303-9_4.

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Rostagno, Marcos H. « Managing Intestinal Health in Farm Animals : A Critical View ». Dans Gut Microbiota, Immunity, and Health in Production Animals, 1–12. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90303-9_1.

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Rodrigues, Denise R. « Role of Early Life Intestinal Microbiota in Modulating Immunity in Broiler Chickens ». Dans Gut Microbiota, Immunity, and Health in Production Animals, 225–42. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90303-9_11.

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Macfarlane, S., et G. T. Macfarlane. « Food and the Large Intestine ». Dans Gut Flora, Nutrition, Immunity and Health, 24–61. Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470774595.ch2.

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Dotan, Iris, et Lloyd Mayer. « Intestinal Immunity ». Dans Microbial Pathogenesis and the Intestinal Epithelial Cell, 43–59. Washington, DC, USA : ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555817848.ch3.

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Cunliffe, R. N., et Y. R. Mahida. « Intestinal mucosal innate immunity ». Dans Immunological Aspects of Gastroenterology, 1–33. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0790-0_1.

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Forrest, B. D. « Intestinal immunity to Vibrio cholerae ». Dans Cholera and the Ecology of Vibrio cholerae, 95–124. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1515-2_4.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Intestinal Health and Immunity"

« Study on the Intestinal Microorganisms and Its Immunity ». Dans 2018 7th International Conference on Medical Engineering and Biotechnology. Clausius Scientific Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23977/medeb.2018.07017.

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« Study on Intestinal Symbiotic Microorganisms and Its Immunity ». Dans 2018 7th International Conference on Medical Engineering and Biotechnology. Clausius Scientific Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23977/medeb.2018.07035.

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Yi, Ruokun, et Xin Zhao. « Probiotics, Prebiotics and Children's Intestinal Health ». Dans 7th International Conference on Education, Management, Information and Mechanical Engineering (EMIM 2017). Paris, France : Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/emim-17.2017.64.

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Naumov, Sergey A., Sergey M. Vovk, Igor A. Khlusov, Galina V. Philippova, Alexey V. Volovodenko, Alexey V. Naumov, Viktor E. Goldberg et Elena V. Borodulina. « Effect of endogenic phototherapy on intestinal microflora and immunity of a man ». Dans BiOS 2001 The International Symposium on Biomedical Optics, sous la direction de R. Rox Anderson, Kenneth E. Bartels, Lawrence S. Bass, C. Gaelyn Garrett, Kenton W. Gregory, Abraham Katzir, Nikiforos Kollias et al. SPIE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.427808.

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Li, Lianhuang, Jianxin Chen, Deyong Kang, Changyin Feng, Shuangmu Zhuo, Yongjian Zhou et Zhenlin Zhan. « Multiphoton imaging of gastric intestinal metaplasia ». Dans Optics in Health Care and Biomedical Optics VIII, sous la direction de Qingming Luo, Xingde Li, Yuguo Tang et Ying Gu. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2500391.

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Zou, Bin, Vasileios Lampos, Russell Gorton et Ingemar J. Cox. « On Infectious Intestinal Disease Surveillance using Social Media Content ». Dans DH '16 : Digital Health 2016. New York, NY, USA : ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2896338.2896372.

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Zambrano, J. M., S. A. Cadena, G. Martinez, A. M. Guellar et D. M. Tabima. « Biomaterials based on small intestinal submucosa (SIS) for esophagus regeneration ». Dans 2013 Pan American Health Care Exchanges (PAHCE). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pahce.2013.6568232.

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Ionescu, Mihaela, Oana Astrid Vatamanu, Simona Apostol, Mirela Frandes, Gheorghe-Ioan Mihalas, Marius Eugen Ciurea et Cristin Constantin Vere. « Comparative study of contour detection methods for intestinal sessile polyps ». Dans 2013 E-Health and Bioengineering Conference (EHB). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ehb.2013.6707405.

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Ralser, A., A. Dietl, S. Jarosch, V. Engelsberger, K. P. Janssen, M. Middelhoff, D. Haller et al. « Helicobacter pylori promotes colorectal carcinogenesis by deregulating intestinal immunity and inducing a mucus-degrading microbiota signature ». Dans Viszeralmedizin 2023 77. Jahrestagung der DGVS mit Sektion Endoskopie Herbsttagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Allgemein- und Viszeralchirurgie mit den Arbeitsgemeinschaften der DGAV und Jahrestagung der CACP. Georg Thieme Verlag, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-1771722.

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Lin, Jiahe, et Huanqian Wang. « Application of intestinal microecological preparations in the health of the elderly ». Dans International Conference on Modern Medicine and Global Health (ICMMGH 2023), sous la direction de Sheiladevi Sukumaran. SPIE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2692641.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Intestinal Health and Immunity"

Cáceres, Agustin. Haiti : Neglected Infectious Diseases infographic. Inter-American Development Bank, août 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006211.

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In Haiti, the IDB and its partners integrate health, water and sanitation to fight intestinal parasites and other Neglected Infectious Diseases. This Infographic promotes the IDB's activities in Haiti and provides general information related to these diseases.

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Wong, E. A., et Z. Uni. Modulating intestinal cellular maturation and differentiation in broilers by in ovo feeding. Israel : United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2018.8134161.bard.

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Mortality in a broiler flock will typically range from 4-5% of the population over the course of 6- 7 weeks in the U.S. and 7-8% of the population in Israel. Suboptimal intestinal maturation and functionality are one of the major factors that contribute to early age mortality and hinder flock body weight uniformity. The development of absorptive and secretory functions is orchestrated by differentiation of cells that arise from stem cells. Supplying compounds by in ovo feeding (IOF) during late embryogenesis provides nutrients that may change the dynamics of stem cell differentiation. We hypothesize that the introduction of specific nutrients or probiotics to the late embryonic chick via IOF will result in an acceleration of the maturation of the small intestine as measured by villus/crypt morphology and the number and distribution of absorptive and secretory cells. A chick that can absorb nutrients more efficiently by increasing the number of cells expressing nutrient transporters and resist enteric pathogens by increasing the number of cells expressing mucin and host defense peptides will be healthier at hatch. This chick may have less need for antibiotics and may show reduced early mortality. The objectives of this proposal are to: 1) develop a model for the development of putative stem cells and absorptive/secretory cells in the small intestine of the late embryonic and early post hatch broiler. 2) determine the ability of IOF of nutrients to modulate the population of differentiated cells in the intestine. 3) determine the ability of IOF of probiotics to modulate the population of differentiated cells in the intestine. 4) reduce early mortality and increase body weight uniformity by IOF of selected nutrients or probiotics. This proposal combines the IOF expertise of Zehava Uni (Hebrew University) with the RNAscope in situ hybridization technique of Eric Wong (Virginia Tech). Previous studies using quantitative PCR to examine expression of genes in the intestine were unable to identify specific cells expressing these genes. RNAscope allows the ability to identify putative stem, absorptive and secretory cells in the small intestine. Thus, we will be able to investigate the effect of IOF on the presence of intestinal absorptive and secretory cells at the cellular level. Understanding the mechanisms for intestinal development and function are key to maintaining peak growth and health of chickens and thus would be of great economic benefit to the poultry industry.

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van Krimpen, M. M., P. Bikker et J. van Harn. Effect of partially replacement of soybean meal by processed animal proteins on performance results, intestinal health, litter quality, footpad lesions and bone quality of male broilers. Wageningen : Wageningen Livestock Research, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/496899.

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Wang, Yaolan, Yujie Li et Mingjun Huang. The effectiveness of Mobile Health Interventions on Postoperative Intestinal Symptoms, Self-Care Ability, and Quality of Life in Patients with Colorectal Cancer : A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, septembre 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2024.9.0104.

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Aier, Chubanaro, Pazhuni Pfote et Jeyaparvathi Somasundaram. ECONOMIC AND NUTRITIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PHILOSAMIA RICINI RAISED ON CASTOR LEAVES FORTIFIED WITH PROBIOTICS - REVIEW. World Wide Journals, février 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36106/ijar/9019083.

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The gut microbiota affects silkworm growth and development and is particularly associated with food absorption, nutrient use, and disease immunity. The behaviour and evolution of insects are inuenced by interactions with their microbiome. In cases of nutritional deciency or other health conditions, certain microbes can be given as dietary supplements to promote insect reproduction, food conversion, and growth as well as health parasitic infection. An overview of insect-microbiota interactions is provided, as well as information on the function of probiotics, their typical application in the rearing of insects for food and feed, and their interactions with the host microbiota. The improvement of the silkworm's growth and development is greatly aided by nutrition

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Soroker, V., et N. C. Rueppell. acterization of the architecture of hygienic behavior of honeybees to enable breeding for improved honeybee health. Israel : United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2021.8134169.bard.

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High honeybee colony losses in the last decade have raised the scientific efforts to determine and mitigate the causes of declining honeybee health. Although honeybees are exposed to a variety of stressors, infestation by the ectoparasitic mite (Varroa destructor) and the viruses it vectors are considered to be the most significant biological problem of A. mellifera worldwide. Management of viral diseases is problematic and mainly focuses on control of Varroa. Current Varroa control suffers from the evolution mite resistance, negative effects on bees and bee products, and other inefficiencies and impracticalities. This situation necessitates the development of an integrated strategy for Varroa pest management. Breeding honeybee stocks that are resistant to mites is an essential part of any sustainable long-term control of Varroa. We have focused our study on the behavioral trait of worker hygienic behavior that has been described as a social colony defense mechanism against Varroa and some other brood diseases. The main original objectives of our proposal were: 1) Characterize the phenotypic architecture of the hygienic behavior and its cost (age and intensity of uncapping, removal, recapping, higher sensitivity of workers, stronger signaling by the brood, as well as the age of first foraging, longevity, and individual immunity of workers, and colony level of Varroa and viruses); 2) Determine patterns of inheritance of the key aspects of hygienic behavior by phenotyping of multiple crosses over several generations and reciprocal crosses; 3) Identify a robust core marker set for hygienic behavior by comparative transcriptomic analyses and QTL mapping of the hygienic trait; 4) Verify the core marker set in study of the general honeybee population to associate marker genotypes with hygienic performance; 5) Test the colony-level outcomes of introgressing hygienic-selection lines under field conditions into locally adapted populations. During the course of the project, we conducted a number of field experiments in our research apiaries and with beekeepers at different sites in Israel.

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Zheng, Ruo-xiang, Xun Li, Jing Li, Zhen-wei Liu, Feng Jiang, Nicola Robinson et Jian-ping Liu. Does Chinese herbal remedy Tangcao tablet work for the treatment of HIV/AIDS：a systematic review of controlled clinical trials. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, juin 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.6.0042.

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Review question / Objective: This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Tangcao tablet (Tangcao) for treating people with HIV/AIDS. Condition being studied: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a chronic infectious disease characterized by severe immunodeficiency caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The infection attacks specifically the white blood cells, CD4+T (CD4) cells, weakening the immunity of individuals against infections such as tuberculosis. Without treatment, patients with AIDS may survive up to 2 years. Pneumocystis pneumonia and infections of the central nervous system are two of the most common causes of death in people with AIDS. AIDS still remains a significant global public health problem, with an estimated 37.7 million people infected with HIV at the end of 2020.

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Hrynick, Tabitha, Godefroid Muzalia et Myfanwy James. Key Considerations : Risk Communication and Community Engagement for Mpox Vaccination in Eastern DRC. Institute of Development Studies, juillet 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2024.024.

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This brief presents social and political considerations for the design and implementation of vaccination-related risk communication and community engagement (RCCE) strategies for mpox in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). A nationwide outbreak of mpox (clade I) was declared in late 2022 and now affects 23 of its 26 provinces. Notably, the outbreak is characterised by widespread human-to-human transmission unlike previous outbreaks primarily involving animal-human contact. While mpox hotspots are emerging around the country, this brief focuses on eastern DRC where complex political history and ongoing armed conflict – on top of poor infrastructure and rural isolation of many communities – present significant challenges. These challenges demand carefully designed and tailored strategies. Furthermore, a mutated, more virulent mpox strain has also emerged in the eastern province of South Kivu. Although little remains known about transmission dynamics in the outbreak overall, sexual transmission of the new strain is of concern, putting stigmatised populations such as sex workers and others at risk. Overall, however, children are the most affected population, with transmission driven by close physical contact. Along with pregnant women and people with compromised immunity (e.g., people with HIV/AIDS), children are also at higher risk of complications and death. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends targeted vaccination approaches in the context of mpox outbreaks, including as postexposure prophylaxis for these populations. The DRC Ministry of Public Health has announced intentions to vaccinate both children and adults with the LC16 and MVA-BN mpox vaccines, respectively, under a temporary emergency use authorisation as these vaccines are not yet approved in the country. Efforts are now mobilising to design vaccine and related RCCE interventions. This brief draws on a SSHAP roundtable discussion on mpox in the DRC (May 2024), consultation with social science experts and health and humanitarian actors active in or knowledgeable about the region and outbreak, and academic and grey literature.

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Schwartz, Bertha, Vaclav Vetvicka, Ofer Danai et Yitzhak Hadar. Increasing the value of mushrooms as functional foods : induction of alpha and beta glucan content via novel cultivation methods. United States Department of Agriculture, janvier 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600033.bard.

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During the granting period, we performed the following projects: Firstly, we differentially measured glucan content in several pleurotus mushroom strains. Mushroom polysaccharides are edible polymers that have numerous reported biological functions; the most common effects are attributed to β-glucans. In recent years, it became apparent that the less abundant α-glucans also possess potent effects in various health conditions. In our first study, we explored several Pleurotus species for their total, β and α-glucan content. Pleurotuseryngii was found to have the highest total glucan concentrations and the highest α-glucans proportion. We also found that the stalks (stipe) of the fruit body contained higher glucan content then the caps (pileus). Since mushrooms respond markedly to changes in environmental and growth conditions, we developed cultivation methods aiming to increase the levels of α and β-glucans. Using olive mill solid waste (OMSW) from three-phase olive mills in the cultivation substrate. We were able to enrich the levels mainly of α-glucans. Maximal total glucan concentrations were enhanced up to twice when the growth substrate contained 80% of OMSW compared to no OMSW. Taking together this study demonstrate that Pleurotuseryngii can serve as a potential rich source of glucans for nutritional and medicinal applications and that glucan content in mushroom fruiting bodies can be further enriched by applying OMSW into the cultivation substrate. We then compared the immune-modulating activity of glucans extracted from P. ostreatus and P. eryngii on phagocytosis of peripheral blood neutrophils, and superoxide release from HL-60 cells. The results suggest that the anti-inflammatory properties of these glucans are partially mediated through modulation of neutrophileffector functions (P. eryngiiwas more effective). Additionally, both glucans dose-dependently competed for the anti-Dectin-1 and anti-CR3 antibody binding. We then tested the putative anti-inflammatory effects of the extracted glucans in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) using the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)–induced model in mice. The clinical symptoms of IBD were efficiently relieved by the treatment with two different doses of the glucan from both fungi. Glucan fractions, from either P. ostreatus or P. eryngii, markedly prevented TNF-α mediated inflammation in the DSS–induced inflamed intestine. These results suggest that there are variations in glucan preparations from different fungi in their anti-inflammatory ability. In our next study, we tested the effect of glucans on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of TNF-α. We demonstrated that glucan extracts are more effective than mill mushroom preparations. Additionally, the effectiveness of stalk-derived glucans were slightly more pronounced than of caps. Cap and stalk glucans from mill or isolated glucan competed dose-dependently with anti-Dectin-and anti-CR-3 antibodies, indicating that they contain β-glucans recognized by these receptors. Using the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-inflammatory bowel disease mice model, intestinal inflammatory response to the mill preparations was measured and compared to extracted glucan fractions from caps and stalks. We found that mill and glucan extracts were very effective in downregulatingIFN-γ and MIP-2 levels and that stalk-derived preparations were more effective than from caps. The tested glucans were equally effective in regulating the number of CD14/CD16 monocytes and upregulating the levels of fecal-released IgA to almost normal levels. In conclusion, the most effective glucans in ameliorating some IBD-inflammatory associated symptoms induced by DSS treatment in mice were glucan extracts prepared from the stalk of P. eryngii. These spatial distinctions may be helpful in selecting more effective specific anti-inflammatory mushrooms-derived glucans. We additionally tested the effect of glucans on lipopolysaccharide-induced production of TNF-α, which demonstrated stalk-derived glucans were more effective than of caps-derived glucans. Isolated glucans competed with anti-Dectin-1 and anti-CR3 antibodies, indicating that they contain β-glucans recognized by these receptors. In conclusion, the most effective glucans in ameliorating IBD-associated symptoms induced by DSS treatment in mice were glucan extracts prepared from the stalk of P. eryngii grown at higher concentrations of OMSW. We conclude that these stress-induced growing conditions may be helpful in selecting more effective glucans derived from edible mushrooms. Based on the findings that we could enhance glucan content in Pleurotuseryngii following cultivation of the mushrooms on a substrate containing different concentrations of olive mill solid waste (OMSW) and that these changes are directly related to the content of OMSW in the growing substrate we tested the extracted glucans in several models. Using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)–inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) mice model, we measured the colonic inflammatory response to the different glucan preparations. We found that the histology damaging score (HDS) resulting from DSS treatment reach a value of 11.8 ± 2.3 were efficiently downregulated by treatment with the fungal extracted glucans, glucans extracted from stalks cultivated at 20% OMSWdownregulated to a HDS value of 6.4 ± 0.5 and at 80% OMSW showed the strongest effects (5.5 ± 0.6). Similar downregulatory effects were obtained for expression of various intestinal cytokines. All tested glucans were equally effective in regulating the number of CD14/CD16 monocytes from 18.2 ± 2.7 % for DSS to 6.4 ± 2.0 for DSS +glucans extracted from stalks cultivated at 50% OMSW. We finally tested glucans extracted from Pleurotuseryngii grown on a substrate containing increasing concentrations of olive mill solid waste (OMSW) contain greater glucan concentrations as a function of OMSW content. Treatment of rat Intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) transiently transfected with Nf-κB fused to luciferase demonstrated that glucans extracted from P. eryngii stalks grown on 80% OMSWdownregulatedTNF-α activation. Glucans from mushrooms grown on 80% OMSW exerted the most significant reducing activity of nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treated J774A.1 murine macrophages. The isolated glucans were tested in vivo using the Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS) induced colitis in C57Bl/6 mice and found to reduce the histology damaging score resulting from DSS treatment. Expression of various intestinal cytokines were efficiently downregulated by treatment with the fungal extracted glucans. We conclude that the stress-induced growing conditions exerted by OMSW induces production of more effective anti-inflammatory glucans in P. eryngii stalks.

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Vallerani, Sara, Elizabeth Storer et Costanza Torre. Key Considerations : Equitable Engagement to Promote COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake among Undocumented Urban Migrants. SSHAP, mai 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2022.013.

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This brief sets out key considerations linked to the promotion of COVID-19 vaccine uptake among undocumented migrants residing in Rome, Italy. We focus on strategies to equitably distribute COVID-19 vaccines. Evidence from Italy is applicable to other contexts where vaccine administration is tied to “vaccine passports” or “immunity passes”. Undocumented migrants have been considered as some of the “hardest to reach” groups to engage in COVID-19 vaccination outreach. This brief uses the term undocumented migrant or migrant for brevity, but we refer to people living without formal Italian citizenship, refugee status or right to remain in Italy. This brief explores the everyday context of undocumented migrants lives, and how experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic have exacerbated difficult conditions. It links emerging vulnerabilities to perceptions of vaccines, and we suggest that migrants orientate themselves towards the vaccines within frameworks which prioritise economic survival. In many cases, migrants have accepted a COVID-19 vaccine to access paid employment, yet this has often generated mistrust in the state and healthcare system. Accordingly, this brief considers how vaccines can be distributed equitably to boost trust and inclusion in the post-pandemic world. This brief draws primarily on the ethnographic evidence collected through interviews and observations with undocumented migrants in Rome, along with civil society representatives and health workers between December 2021 and January 2022. This brief was developed for SSHAP by Sara Vallerani (Rome Tre University), Elizabeth Storer (LSE) and Costanza Torre (LSE). It was reviewed by Santiago Ripoll (IDS, University of Sussex), with further reviews by Paolo Ruspini (Roma Tre University) and Eloisa Franchi (Université Paris Saclay, Pavia University). The research was funded through the British Academy COVID-19 Recovery: G7 Fund (COVG7210058). Research was based at the Firoz Lalji Institute for Africa, London School of Economics. The brief is the responsibility of SSHAP.

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