Thèses sur le sujet « Interns – economic aspects »

This thesis is made of two parts. Part I (Chapter 1 to 3) focuses on the ethical aspects of the current challenges in microfinance. Chapter 1 addresses the question of the place and importance of credit in development policies, through the debate on the right to credit. Chapter 2 and 3 then question the fairness of the interest rates charged by the microfinance institutions. Chapter 2 analyzes whether the fairness criteria depend on more basic principles of justice, such as Rawls’ principles described in A Theory of Justice (Rawsl, 1976). Chapter 3 then reviews some of the implicit and explicit definitions of fair interest rates and proposes an original methodology, with David Gauthiers’ contractuarian theory. It determines what a fair interest rate would be when lending to the poor.

Based on the results of the two first chapters, Part II (Chapter 4 to 6) focuses on the role of donors in microfinance. Chapters 4 and 5 use two original databases, of 67 and 100 MFIs respectively to study the impact of subsidies on the MFIs’ management, through their rating evaluation (Chapter 4) and MFIs’ performance and management decisions (Chapter 5). Chapter 4 will analyze the relationship between the quality of management, as rated by a specialized agency, and the amount of subsidies. Chapter 5 will study pricing policy, the clientele and the potential moral hazard of subsidized institutions. Concluding this analysis, Chapter 6 gives some guidelines on the use of donor subsidies, especially in their interaction with the new private commercial actors, such as investment funds.

Doctorat en sciences de gestion
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In an increasingly globalized world, firm internationalization has become a major strategy for companies to be competitive in the market. However, firms are facing turbulent times such as economic crisis. The recession effects are extensively studied in the economic field and it proves that these periods are inevitable. Nonetheless, there is a lack of studies in the management field, considering the economic crisis effects, and even more particularly, focusing on the multinational enterprises’ subsidiaries performance during recession times. This study intends to analyze and comprehend which are the relevant aspects for these subsidiaries to achieve a good performance and, therefore, they remain competitive during economic crisis in the market they operate. To investigate the effect, we analyze the case of Japanese subsidiaries located in the European market during pre-crisis and post-crisis, that started in the US and spread all over the world. It was used longitudinal data including the years between 2006 and 2013. A linear regression with panel data and fixed effects had been applied to generate the models used for the analysis. The results show how internal aspects related to accumulated experience, entry mode considering the same nationality of partners and the amount of expatriated staffs, as well as macroeconomic external aspects involving low inflation rate and population income indicators, impacted positively in the Japanese subsidiary performance during crisis periods. The performance is also higher when considering pre-crisis period.
Em um mundo cada vez mais globalizado, a internacionalização de empresas tem se tornando cada vez mais uma importante estratégia para ser competitivo no mercado. Entretanto, as empresas se deparam com períodos de turbulência, como as crises econômicas. Os efeitos de recessões são bastante estudados na área econômica e provam que estes períodos são inevitáveis. Porém, nota-se uma escassez de estudos na área de administração, que considerem o efeito da crise econômica e, mais ainda, no que tange ao desempenho de subsidiárias estrangeiras de empresas multinacionais durante este período recessivo. Este estudo tem o intuito de analisar e compreender quais os aspectos relevantes para que estas subsidiárias obtenham um bom desempenho e assim se mantenham competitivas durante as crises econômicas no mercado em que atuam. Para investigar este efeito, foi analisado o comportamento das subsidiárias estrangeiras de empresas japonesas localizadas no continente europeu nos períodos pré- e pós-crise econômica, que se iniciou nos Estados Unidos em 2008 e se estendeu para todo o mundo. Utilizou-se de dados longitudinais englobando o período de 2006 a 2013. Foi empregada a regressão múltipla com dados em painel com efeitos fixos para a geração dos modelos utilizados para análise. Os resultados mostram que aspectos internos relacionados ao acúmulo da experiência local, modo de entrada utilizando parceiros da mesma nacionalidade e a quantidade de expatriados, como também aspectos externos macroeconômicos como menor taxa de inflação e indicadores de renda da população, impactam positivamente no desempenho da subsidiária estrangeira durante o período da crise. Esta performance também se mostra superior nos anos que antecedem a crise econômica.

Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autor
Plantea que los objetivos del estudio fueron alcanzados y se efectúo la cuantificación de las relaciones entre las variables, su análisis estructural, y estimamos el predictor de la demanda turística correspondiente utilizando el método econométrico de los mínimos cuadrados ordinarios y el análisis de varianza para probar la hipótesis. Los resultados se obtienen, utilizando el análisis de regresión múltiple, y mostraron que el predictor hallado no es el mejor para nuestro planteamiento inicial, y que es mucho mejor utilizar el análisis de regresión simple, tomando una a una cada variable explicativa. Al efectuar esta alternativa de análisis los estimadores resultantes; turistas vs. ingresos y turistas vs. inversiones, dieron altos niveles de confiabilidad y significancia. Se concluye que el ingreso disponible de las familias y las inversiones turísticas explican el número de turistas residentes que componen la demanda turística; pero hay variables exógenas que deben investigarse a posteriori, como el precio del destino, el costo del transporte origen-destino, que ayudaran a explicar mejor la variación de la demanda turística por turismo interno.
Tesis

O compartilhamento das informações no ambiente organizacional é um elemento relevante para a geração e a introdução de novos conhecimentos. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar os componentes da colaboração coletiva: mídia social, comunidade e propósito na gestão do Instituto Federal de Ensino Superior. Para atingir os objetivos do trabalho foi adotada, estrategicamente a triangulação de três tipos de pesquisa que se complementam em seus objetivos e técnicas: pesquisa bibliográfica, pesquisa documento e pesquisa qualitativa, por tratar-se de um estudo de caso. A pesquisa caracteriza-se como descritiva, de abordagem qualiquantitativa, com delineamento de estudo de caso. Na Análise Documental a caracterização do instituto e avaliação de desempenho institucional com a compilação das avaliações que geraram as notas de desempenho por fração funcional realizada em 2014. Quanto à percepção dos gestores em relação ao uso dos canais de comunicação foram encaminhados 96 questionários. Pesquisa concluída com o retorno de 80 questionários que equivale a 83,3% do total. A percepção dos gestores em relação ao uso dos canais de comunicação também foi discutida. Nos resultados e análise temática foram examinadas as trocas ocorridas no Office Communicator para o desenvolvimento da campanha colaborativa de qualidade de vida. A cada assunto trazido à mesa virtual de debates, mais pessoas eram conectadas e convidadas a entrar na discussão. A importância hoje não está mais no know how (Saber Fazer), mas, sim no know who (Quem Sabe). Assim este trabalho abordou as redes de colaboração internas sob a perspectiva do processamento humano da informação e do capital social, bem como dos suportes de comunicação online que ampliam sua utilização dentro das organizações.
The sharing of information in the organizational environment is a relevant element for generation and the introduction of new knowledge. The aim of this study was to identify the components of collective collaboration: social media, community and purpose in the management of the Federal Institute of higher education. To achieve the objectives of this work was adopted, strategically the triangulation of three types of research that are complementary in their objectives and techniques:bibliographical research, document research and qualitative research, as a case study. The research is characterized as descriptive, qualitative-quantitative approach, with case study design. In the documentary analysis the Institutes characterization and evaluation of institutional performance with the compilation of the evaluations that have generated the performance notes for functional fraction held in 2014. As for the perception of managers regarding the use of the channels of communication were sent 96 questionnaires. Research completed with the return of 80 questionnaires which equals 83,3%. The perception of managers regarding the use of the channels of communication was also discussed. The results and thematic analysis were examined the trading occurring in Office Communicator for the development of collaborative quality-of-life campaign. Every issue brought to the virtual table of debates, more people were connected and invited to join in the discussion. The importance today is no longer in the know-how (Knowledge), but in the know who (who knows). So this work addressed internal collaboration networks from the perspective of the human information processing and social capital, as well as online communication media that extend their use inside organizations.

This doctoral thesis analyzes the impact of the creation and implementation of transport infrastructures, specifically high-capacity road axes, on the territory and the welfare of the population with a marginal approach: several improvements are proposed over the usual methodologies. First, macroeconomic aspects are analyzed from the regionalization of input-output tables at the regional level and the application of shift-share methodologies and analysis of the productive and business base at a local level, to capture the changes produced by the implementation of a transport infrastructure. With the input-output table, the regional impacts are determined starting from the coefficients of location of the productive base with an iterative methodology. As a result, the distribution of the impacts of implementing an infrastructure between local, Catalan and outside Catalonia economies is obtained. This is the minimum impact, because it does not include factors related to distance or interproductive relationships at the local level, which are left as a future research. Shift-share analysis is difficult to apply in a generic mode and refers to particular cases. The variations in the business and productive base explain, to a large extent, how the effects of the implementation of an infrastructure are transferred to the local economy. However, given that economic benefits depend on the attitude of local economic agents, it is important that investments in infrastructures are associated with accompanying measures in the economic field. The second part of the thesis analyzes microeconomic aspects, including the monetary valuation of the environmental functions lost due to the change of land uses, instead of the expropriations (which are a transfer between the Administration and the owner of the land) within the cost-benefit analysis. Intangible valuation techniques allow monetizing these environmental functions, contributing to the cost-benefit analysis better reflecting the results on social welfare. Finally, privacy is valued in monetary terms, through discounts on tolls for high occupancy vehicles (3 or more occupants), which involve the use of a highly sensitive camera to detect occupants. These control mechanisms through video cameras or photographs are common within the concept of smart mobility, and are causing interesting debates about possible coercion of privacy. The thesis measures this privacy based on surveys, an innovative aspect that may be relevant in the future. The document closes with global conclusions and future research.
Aquesta tesi doctoral analitza l'impacte de la creació i posada en marxa de les infraestructures de transport, concretament eixos viaris de gran capacitat, sobre el territori i el benestar de la població, amb un enfocament marginal: es proposen diverses millores sobre les metodologies habituals. Primer s’analitzen aspectes macroeconòmics a partir de la regionalització de les taules input-output a nivell comarcal i l’aplicació de metodologies shift-share i d’anàlisi de la base productiva i empresarial a escala local, per copsar els canvis produïts per la posada en marxa d’una infraestructura de transport. En la taula input-output es determinen els impactes comarcals partint de coeficients de localització de la base productiva amb una metodologia iterativa. Així s’obté el repartiment dels impactes de posar en marxa una infraestructura entre l’economia local, la catalana i fora de Catalunya. Aquest és l’impacte mínim, doncs no inclou factors relacionats amb distància o amb les relacions interproductives en l’àmbit local, que es deixen com a recerca futura. L’anàlisi shift-share és difícil d’aplicar de forma genèrica i es fa a casos particulars. Les variacions en la base empresarial i productiva expliquen, en gran part, com es traslladen els efectes sobre l’economia local de la posada en marxa d’una infraestructura. Ara bé, atès que els beneficis econòmics depenen de l’actitud dels agents econòmics locals, és important que les inversions en infraestructures vagin associades a mesures d’acompanyament en l’àmbit econòmic. La segona part de la tesi analitza aspectes microeconòmics, incloent la valoració monetària de les funcions ambientals perdudes pel canvi d’usos del sòl, en lloc de les expropiacions (que no deixen de ser una transferència entre l’Administració i el propietari del sòl) dins l’anàlisi cost-benefici. Les tècniques de valoració d’intangibles permeten monetitzar aquestes funcions ambientals, contribuint a que l’anàlisi costbenefici reflecteixi millor els resultats sobre el benestar social. Finalment, es valora la privacitat en termes monetaris, a través dels descomptes en els peatges als vehicles d’alta ocupació (3 ó més ocupants), que impliquen l’ús d’una càmera d’alta sensibilitat per a detectar els ocupants. Aquests mecanismes de control a través de càmeres de vídeo o de fotografies, són habituals dins el concepte d’smart mobility, i estan provocant interessants debats sobre possible coartació de la privacitat. La tesi mesura aquesta privacitat en base a enquestes, un aspecte innovador i que pot ser rellevant en el futur. El document es tanca amb conclusions globals i recerca futura
Esta tesis doctoral analiza el impacto de la creación y puesta en marcha de las infraestructuras de transporte, concretamente ejes viarios de gran capacidad, sobre el territorio y el bienestar de la población, con un enfoque marginal: se proponen varias mejoras sobre las metodologías habituales. Primero se analizan aspectos macroeconómicos a partir de la regionalización de las tablas input-output a nivel comarcal y la aplicación de metodologías shift-share y de análisis de la base productiva y empresarial a escala local, para captar los cambios producidos por la puesta en marcha de una infraestructura de transporte. En la tabla input-output se determinan los impactos comarcales partiendo de coeficientes de localización de la base productiva con una metodología iterativa. Así se obtiene el reparto de los impactos de poner en marcha una infraestructura entre la economía local, la catalana y fuera de Cataluña. Este es el impacto mínimo, pues no incluye factores relacionados con distancia o con las relaciones interproductivas en el ámbito local, que se dejan como investigación futura. El análisis shift-share es difícil de aplicar de forma genérica y se refiere a casos particulares. Las variaciones en la base empresarial y productiva explican, en gran parte, como se trasladan los efectos sobre la economía local de la puesta en marcha de una infraestructura. Dado que los beneficios económicos dependen de la actitud de los agentes económicos locales, es importante que las inversiones en infraestructuras vayan asociadas a medidas de acompañamiento en el ámbito económico. La segunda parte de la tesis analiza aspectos microeconómicos, incluyendo la valoración monetaria de las funciones ambientales perdidas por el cambio de usos del suelo, en lugar de las expropiaciones (que no dejan de ser una transferencia entre la Administración y el propietario del suelo) dentro del análisis costebeneficio. Las técnicas de valoración de intangibles permiten monetizar estas funciones ambientales, contribuyendo a que el análisis coste-beneficio refleje mejor los resultados sobre el bienestar social. Finalmente, se valora la privacidad en términos monetarios, a través de los descuentos en los peajes a los vehículos de alta ocupación (3 o más ocupantes), que implican el uso de una cámara de alta sensibilidad para detectar los ocupantes. Estos mecanismos de control a través de cámaras de vídeo o de fotos, son habituales dentro del concepto de smart mobility, y están provocando interesantes debates sobre posible coartación de la privacidad. La tesis mide esta privacidad en base a encuestas, un aspecto innovador y que puede ser relevante en el futuro. El documento finaliza con conclusiones globales e investigaciones futuras.

This thesis examines the complex ways in which notions of the public interest and commercial imperatives intertwine in journalism practice. It does this through a study of the 2004 takeover and relaunch of the Sowetan newspaper, the highest circulation daily in South Africa throughout the 1990s and an institution of black public life. The ‘public interest’ and ‘the commercial’ are recurring ideas in journalism scholarship and practice, and the relaunch appeared to be a challenge to reconcile the Sowetan’s commercial challenges with its historical responsibility to a ‘nation-building’ public. However, the research shows that the public/commercial aspects of journalism were inextricably entangled with Sowetan’s organisational culture, which was the matrix through which its journalism practice was expressed. Conflict in the organisation over the changes was not simply a contest between commercial realities and the public interest, with journalists defending a responsibility to the public and managers pushing commercial solutions, but a conflict between the culture of Sowetan “insiders”, steeped in the legacy of the newspaper, and “outsiders”, employed by the new owners to effect change. Another conclusion of the research is that commercial “realities” – often conceptualised as counter to the public interest – are highly mutable. Basic conditions, such as a dependence on advertising, exist. However, media managers must choose from a range of strategies to be commercially viable, which requires risk-taking, innovation and, often, guesswork. In such situations, the ‘wall’ between media managers and senior editors is porous, as all executives must manage the relationship between business and editorial imperatives. Executives tend to overlook culture as a factor in changing organisations, but I argue that journalism could benefit from engaging with management theory and organisational psychology, which offer ways to understand the specific dynamics of the organisation. Finally, I argue that the case of the Sowetan throws into question the idea that there may be a broadly universal journalism culture. The attachment of Sowetan journalists to their particular values and practice suggests that forms of journalism evolve in certain contexts to diverge from the ‘professional’ Anglo-American modes. These ‘journalisms’ use similar terms – such as the ‘public interest’ – but operationalise them quite differently. The responsibility to the public is imagined in very different ways, but remains a significant attachment for journalists.

Suggérée à l'analyse de la jurisprudence rendue sur le thème de la flexibilité du contrat, la théorie générale de l'objectif économique du contrat a pour point de départ l'identification d'un premier objectif : l'exploitation commune de clientèle. Parce que le caractère commun de l'exploitation traduit l'existence d'objectifs identiques aux parties, cet objectif de nature économique s'inscrit, en effet, comme celui du contrat, support juridique de sa réalisation. Présent au sein de conventions diverses, il n'est, du reste, pas isolé. La mise en évidence d'autres types d'objectifs économiques construits sur ce même modèle permet ainsi une conceptualisation de la notion. La réalité de l'objectif économique du contrat laisse alors présager de sa possible réception par le Droit. Sa reconnaissance demeure toutefois subordonnée à sa disponibilité, d'une part et à son utilité, d'autre part. Distinct sans pour autant être autonome des conditions de validité que sont la cause et l'objet, l'objectif économique ne saurait davantage s'identifier à l'économie de la convention. Apte à siéger aux côtés de ces notions, l'objectif offre, en outre, de nouvelles perspectives. Indissociable de la notion d'intérêt commun économique, il en constitue le révélateur, justifiant ainsi que tous les contrats marqués par sa présence soient reconnus comme étant d'intérêt commun. Fondement d'une ouverture du domaine de l'intérêt commun, l'objectif permet encore d'étendre le bénéfice du droit à une indemnité compensatrice et de reconnaître l'existence implicite des obligations d'adaptation et de renégociation hors la sphère du mandat d'intérêt commun. La notion aurait donc sa place en Droit positif
The analysis of the case law relating to the flexibility in contract suggests the general theory of the economic goal of the contract. This theory comes from the identification of a first objective: the common exploitation of a clientele. Since the common nature of exploitation conveys the existence of identical objectives for the parties, this economic goal becomes the objective of the contract, legal mean of its fulfillment. This goal can be found in many agreements and is not isolated. The presentation of other types of economic goals built on the same pattern allows a conceptualization of the notion. The existence of the economic goal of the contract suggests its possible receipt by the Law. However its recognition is conditioned both by its transferability and utility. The economic goal must be distinguished from the validity conditions such as consideration and subject matter, although it is not independent from these conditions. This goal is also different from the economy of the convention. Besides these notions, the economic goal offers new perspectives. Profoundly linked to the notion of common economic interest, it appears as its revealing and justifies that each contract should be qualified as a common interest contract. The economic goal is the ground for the opening of the scope of common interest and enables to extend the benefit of a right to a pecuniary relief and to acknowledge the implicit existence of obligations to adapt and renegotiate, apart from the common interest mandate. This notion should thus find its place in positive law

No início deste milênio, houve forte estímulo à expansão do complexo sucroalcooleiro no Brasil, que levou ao ressurgimento de debates e análises acerca da construção de novas políticas de incentivo e de articulação dos agentes do complexo. O objetivo geral desta tese é identificar e caracterizar as principais estruturas de governança (modelos tradicional e novo) no complexo agroindustrial sucroalcooleiro goiano. Para isso, foi realizada uma revisão histórica do processo de criação de políticas desde o Instituto do Álcool e do Açúcar, que mostra a expansão, a reestruturação, até a desregulamentação nesse complexo com a consequente extinção desse órgão na década de 1990 e a emergência de novas institucionalidades de representação de interesses. O novo boom de crescimento do complexo nos anos 2000 revela uma reconfiguração da expansão da agroindústria canavieira nos estados de Minas Gerais, Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso e Paraná. A migração de agroindústrias sucroalcooleiras paulistas e nordestinas é explicada pela busca de maiores ganhos de escala com terra abundante, menores custos de produção e de transação e, sobretudo, a maior competitividade, o que irá alterar o padrão da produção agrícola nesses estados. Consequentemente, esse processo tornou o estado de Goiás o segundo maior produtor de cana-de-açúcar e de etanol nacional, impulsionado por políticas de incentivos fiscais e creditícios oriundos das agências de fomento estaduais e federais. Ademais, nessa perspectiva, são considerados também os aspectos institucionais, tecnológicos e, principalmente, as estruturas de governança que abrangem a forma de organização e de articulação dos agentes no setor. Desse modo, a metodologia de trabalho baseou-se na pesquisa qualiquantitativa. A primeira trata de dados secundários a partir da revisão histórica e de dados primários com a aplicação de questões semiestruturadas (entrevistas). A segunda utiliza dados secundários para a identificação de clusters espaciais na estatística espacial e também mostrar a relação de causalidade entre variáveis, considerando o modelo de painel dinâmico espacial na econometria espacial. Nossa análise permitiu concluir que, em Goiás, existem clusters espaciais que podem ser considerados territórios canavieiros, com padrões de associação espacial nos municípios produtores de cana-de-açúcar. Os clusters espaciais estão localizados nas áreas de alta produtividade, o que eleva a concorrência por terra com as culturas da soja e do milho existentes. Observa-se que os municípios canavieiros também são aqueles que têm apresentado bons indicadores socioeconômicos. As estruturas de governança são oriundas do processo de organização da produção. Elas podem ser resumidas em: integração vertical para trás (área própria e/ou arrendamento de terras) e integração das usinas e destilarias com os fornecedores de cana-de-açúcar. O estudo revela que tem prevalecido em Goiás o primeiro tipo de estrutura de governança. São os municípios de menor organização social e cooperativa. Já a integração com fornecedores de cana-de-açúcar tem sido observada nos municípios onde existem as associações de fornecedores (de caráter econômico), o que reduz as ações oportunistas, as assimetrias de informações e de poder das usinas e destilarias e torna o aporte neocorportivismo interessante para análise dessa realidade. Uma realidade que viu nascer o Consecana, um importante mecanismo de autogovernança no complexo sucroalcooleiro, à medida que dirime os conflitos existentes entre os agentes. Portanto, as instituições de representação de interesses no complexo sucroalcooleiro goiano têm influenciado a conformação de estruturas de governança no estado.
At the beginning of this millennium, there was a strong stimulus to the expansion of Brazilian sugar and ethanol sectors, which led to the resurgence of debate and analysis on the construction of new incentive policies and articulation of the agents of this complex. This thesis aims to identify and characterize the main governance structures (traditional and new models) in sugarcane agroindustry complex in Goiás. So, we carried out a historical revision on the process of establishing policies, since the Alcohol and Sugar Institute. We show the expansion and restructuring, even to deregulation in this complex with the consequent extinction of this organ in the nineties as well the emergence of new organs to represent interests. The new complex's growth boom in the 2000s reveals an expansion configuration in sugarcane agribusiness in the Brazilian states of Minas Gerais, Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso and Paraná. The migration of sugarcane agribusiness from São Paulo and the northeastern regions can be explained by the search of greater scale profits with abundant land, low costs of production and transaction and, above all, greater competitiveness which will modify the pattern of agricultural production in these state. Consequently, this process made the state of Goiás the second largest producer of Brazilian sugarcane and ethanol, improved by tax and credit incentive policies coming from the state and from federal funding agencies. Furthermore, we considered also the institutional, technological and main governance structures which covers the form to organize and articulate the agents in the complex. Therefore, the study methodology was based on qualitative and quantitative research. The quantitative search treats data obtained from the historical revision as well those got from the semistructured interviews. The qualitative search used secondary data to identify space clusters in space statistics as well to show the cause relation among variables, considering the dynamic panel model in space econometry. Our analysis allowed us to conclude that in Goiás there are space clusters that can be considered as sugarcane territories, with space association patterns in the sugarcane producing municipalities located in areas of high productivity which improves competition for land with existing soybean and corn crops. We observed that the sugarcane municipalities are also those who have shown good socioeconomic indicators. The governance structures come from the production organization process. One can summarize them as follows: vertical backward integration (own area and/or land lease) and integration between mills/distilleries and sugarcane suppliers. The study shows that the first governance structure has prevailed in Goias State. The municipalities are those who have the minor social and cooperative organization. In contrast, the integration with sugarcane suppliers has been observed in the cities where there are supplier association (with economical character) which reduces opportunistic actions, asymmetries of information and power in the mills and distilleries and makes corporatism an interesting contribution to analysis of this reality. This is a reality that saw the birth of Consecana, an important mechanism of self-governance in sugar and alcohol complex as to settle the conflicts between agents. Therefore, the institutions which represent the interests of the Goias’ sugar and alcohol complex have influenced the conformation of structures of the state governance.
Tese (Doutorado)

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This thesis consists of three essays, one being on economic development and the two others on economic growth. The first essay is an investigation into how access to electricity by households affects time allocation of children and teenagers from rural Brazil in what regards the choice to attend school or to engage in the labor market. To establish a causal relationship between the availability of electricity and time allocation, we use the criteria of priority works from Luz Para Todos program as a source of exogenous variation in access to electricity of households located in rural Brazil. We apply Regression Discontinuity Design and Difference in Difference estimator with endogenous variables. The results from the latter methodology indicate that the presence of electricity increases the likelihood that children and adolescents are enrolled in school and are not delayed relative to the grade they should be attending at their age. Also, the probability of a child being literate and not being working increases with the presence of electricity. One of the possible channels that could explain these results is the increased participation of mothers in the labor market. However, one cannot discard the hypothesis that the observed results are justified by the increased access to electricity by the schools, making them better and more attractive to students and by the receipt of Bolsa Familia program which is conditional on school attendence by children and teenagers. The second study aims to contribute to the literature on institutions and economic growth through the investigation of how the 1959 socialist revolution in Cuba have affected the trajectory of per capita income in that country. To do so, we apply the synthetic control method to obtain the counterfactual path of income per capita in the absence of such revolution. The results show that the trajectory of the annual GDP per capita of Cuba between 1959 to 1980 was lower than it would have been if the socialist regime had not been implemented. This result is robust to different placebo tests deployed and also to the use of different series of GDP per capita. Alternative hypotheses that could explain the lower path of GDP per capita are discussed based on the existing literature and data. The discussion suggests that institutional change was indeed the cause of the observed negative effect on the Cuban economy during the period of analysis. Finally, the third article investigates the economic cost of a natural disaster in Brazil. The paper looks at the excessive rains that happened in the state of Santa Catarina in November and December 2008. This study contributes with some new evidence to the iv recent literature on natural disasters. To our knowledge, there are no studies in Brazil that empirically measure the impact that a natural disaster has entailed on an affected region. This study is structured in two parts. The first uses synthetic control to measure the impact of rainfall on the industrial production of Santa Catarina. For that, we propose a small accommodation method for treating the effects of possible flooding rains in other states. In the second part, we use the method of difference in difference to measure the impact of the rains on the GDP per capita of the cities. The results show that for a period of two years after the end of 2008, the impact of the rains caused a lower monthly industrial production of 2.0% in Santa Catarina. For municipalities, the estimated effect of the disaster on GDP per capita was around -7.0% in 2008 and -5.0% in 2009. There was not significant effect in 2010.
Esta tese é composta por três ensaios, um na linha de desenvolvimento econômico e dois na linha de crescimento. O primeiro deles trata de uma investigação sobre o papel do acesso à energia elétrica a nível domiciliar na alocação do tempo das crianças e adolescentes do Brasil rural entre frequentar a escola e participar do mercado de trabalho. Para o estabelecimento da relação causal entre energia elétrica e a alocação de tempo se utilizam os critérios de prioridade de obras do programa Luz Para Todos como fonte de variação exógena no acesso à energia elétrica dos domicílios localizados na zona rural do Brasil. Aplicam-se os métodos de Regressão Descontínua e Diferenças em Diferenças com Variáveis Instrumentais. Os resultados obtidos da segunda metodologia apontam que a presença de energia elétrica aumenta a probabilidade das crianças e adolescentes estarem matriculadas na escola, não estarem atrasadas em relação à série que deveriam estar dada sua idade, serem alfabetizadas e não estarem trabalhando. Entre os possíveis canais capazes de explicar estes resultados está a maior participação das mães no mercado de trabalho. Entretanto, não se pode descartar a hipótese de que os resultados observados sejam justificados pelo aumento do aceso à energia elétrica a nível escolar, o que pode tornar as escolas melhores e mais atrativas, ou consequência do aumento do recebimento do programa Bolsa Família que exige frequência escolar das crianças e adolescentes. Já o segundo ensaio objetiva colaborar à literatura de instituições e crescimento econômico através da investigação do impacto da mudança institucional ocorrida em Cuba após a revolução socialista de 1959 sobre a trajetória da renda per capita do país. Para tanto, aplica-se o método de controle sintético para a obtenção do contrafactual da trajetória da renda per capita na ausência da revolução. Os resultados apontam que a trajetória do PIB per capita anual de Cuba entre 1959 a 1980 foi inferior ao que teria sido caso não tivesse sido implantado o regime socialista. Este resultado é robusto aos diferentes testes de placebo implantados e ao uso de distintas séries do PIB per capita de Cuba. Hipóteses alternativas à mudança institucional, mas também capazes de explicar a trajetória inferior do PIB per capita, são discutidas com base na literatura e na descrição de dados. A discussão sugere que foi de fato a mudança institucional a causa do efeito negativo observado sobre a economia cubana durante o período de análise. Por fim, o terceiro estudo investiga o custo econômico de um desastre natural ocorrido no Brasil em 2008, a saber, o excesso de chuvas em Santa Catarina entre os meses de novembro e dezembro daquele ano. Este artigo colabora com mais uma evidência para a recente literatura de desastres naturais. No Brasil não há nenhum trabalho, sob nosso conhecimento, medindo empiricamente o impacto que um desastre natural tenha acarretado a uma região atingida. Este estudo está estruturado em duas partes. Na primeira se utiliza o controle sintético para medir o impacto das chuvas na produção industrial de Santa Catarina. Propõe-se uma pequena acomodação do método para tratar o possível transbordamento dos efeitos das chuvas nos demais estados. Já na segunda parte, utiliza-se o método de diferenças em diferenças para medir o impacto das chuvas no PIB per capita das cidades mais atingidas. Os resultados apontam que para um período de dois anos após o final de 2008, o desastre causou uma produção industrial mensal 2.0% menor do que seria caso as chuvas não tivessem ocorrido. Por municípios, o efeito estimado do desastre sobre o PIB per capita se situou ao redor de -7,0% em 2008 e -5,0% em 2009. Em 2010 não há evidências de efeito.

Chargés d’œuvrer au bien-être des citoyens ainsi qu’à la prospérité économique et financière du pays, les pouvoirs publics s’immiscent au sein du marché afin de corriger, réguler, orienter les activités économiques et résoudre les problèmes qu’elles engendrent sur le plan social. Fondée et légitimée par l’intérêt général - au sens rousseauiste du concept -, cette action économique des pouvoirs publics s’avère cependant inadaptée aux besoins particuliers et aux attentes concrètes que formule la société civile. Un travail de conciliation entre les intérêts particuliers de la population (personnes morales et physiques) et l’intérêt général s’avère donc nécessaire afin d’améliorer l’adéquation, l’efficacité et l’efficience de l’interventionnisme public. A travers l’étude des politiques publiques en faveur des petites et moyennes entreprises, la présente thèse tend dès lors à démontrer qu’une telle conciliation est possible, en faisant du besoin ou problème de la société civile, le véritable facteur de l’action publique, et de son assouvissement ou sa résolution son unique objectif. Fort d’une action économique pragmatique et circonstancielle, les pouvoirs publics pourront alors remplir pleinement la fonction qui leur est dévolue tout en œuvrant en faveur de l’intérêt général
In charge of the citizen’s well-beign, as well as the economic and financial prosperity of the country, the public authorities interfere in the market to correct, regulate and guide the economic activities and resolve problems that they cause on a social scale.Based and legitimised by general interest – as Rousseau developped it – the economic actions of the public authorities are, however, unsuited to the citizens’ needs and to the civil society’s concretes expectations. Therefore it is necessary to reconcile each individual interests (private individual and corporations) and general interest, to improve the adequacy and the efficiency of the interventionism of the public authorities. Through the study of the public policies for small and medium enterprises, this doctoral dissertation tends to show that such a conciliation is possible, by making the society’s need or problem the real source of the public policy, and its satisfaction and solving its only purpose. With a pragmatical and circumstantial economic action, the authorities would be able to fulfill their fonction while working in favour of the general interest

L’intérêt public imprime aux ports une organisation juridique et institutionnelle spéciale. Les installations portuaires doivent fonctionner sans désemparer et aucun usager ne doit en être privé au-delà des restrictions nécessaires à la satisfaction de tous. À ce titre, elles sont traditionnellement soumises au régime de la domanialité publique et les activités qui s’y déroulent à celui du service public. Les deux régimes étant, par leur essence même, exorbitants, leur application simultanée génère une surprotection préjudiciable à la compétitivité des ports.L’objet de cette étude est de démontrer l’inadaptation de la domanialité publique portuaire, tant du point de vue de sa cohérence générale, que de du point de vue de son impact sur le développement des sites portuaires. L’adoption du CGPPP et les réformes postérieures n’ont pas permis de résoudre le problème de l’hypertrophie du domaine public portuaire, pas plus qu’elles n’ont consacré un régime domanial véritablement adapté.L’émergence du régime des conventions de terminal constitue une évolution majeure, mais insuffisante. S’il favorise un certain partage des risques entre autorités portuaires et opérateurs privés, il n’a, malheureusement, pas résolu le problème de la précarité des occupations domaniales. L’insécurité juridique demeure ; ce qui n’encourage pas l’investissement privé.Face aux contraintes du droit de la concurrence et à la généralisation de la libre circulation des biens et des personnes au sein de l’UE, les modalités de gestion des installations portuaires doivent s’adapter aux enjeux modernes de l’économie de marché
Public interest gives harbours a specific legal and institutional framework. Harbour facilities must work continuously and stay available to every user, according to the limitations required to satisfy everybody. As such, they are traditionally subject to the state ownership system and their related activities are subject to the public service one. Both systems are exorbitant by nature. Applying them simultaneously triggers off an overprotection detrimental to harbours competitivity.This study aims at showing the harbour state ownership system is unsuitable, both in terms of overall consistency and its impact on the harbour site growth. Adoption of the general code ruling the public ownership and posterior reforms did not allow to resolve the harbour state ownership hypertrophy issue, nor did they establish an ownership system truly appropriate.Appearing harbour terminals contracts constitute a major but still insufficient evolution. If they do allow to share risks between harbour authorities and private operators to some extent, unfortunately they did not resolve the ownership activities precarity issue. Legal insecurity remains, which does not stimulate private investment.Against competition law obligations and the free movement of goods and people spreading within the EU, harbour facilities management terms need to adapt to today’s market economy challenges

Face à l’instabilité des cours agricoles et à ses conséquences notamment pour les pays en développement, la première partie de cette thèse est consacrée à la présentation des déterminants des cours des matières premières alimentaires, incluant les évolutions récentes en matière d’offre, en tenant compte des conséquences du réchauffement climatique, et de demande, considérant notamment les biocarburants. Il est également question de présenter la financiarisation en cours des économies, et les doutes qui planent sur le rôle que peuvent avoir la spéculation sur les marchés à terme ou encore la mise en œuvre des politiques monétaires, sur les cours au comptant observés sur les marchés physiques des produits agricoles. Suite aux réflexions et éléments de littérature avancés, la seconde partie procède de deux études empiriques. La première est axée sur l’impact de la spéculation sur les marchés financiers à terme sur le cours des sous-jacents (agricoles), alors que la seconde questionne le rôle des marchés monétaires, abordé à travers la capacité du banquier central à stabiliser les taux d’intérêt à court terme. Sur cette base, des conclusions mais également des pistes de recherche sont établies, du fait du prolongement en cours du processus de financiarisation des économies
Faced with instability of agricultural commodities’ prices and its consequences especially for developing countries, the first part of this thesis is devoted to the presentation of food commodities’ prices, including recent developments with respect to the offering, taking into account the consequences of global warming and demand, as well as the importance of biofuels. It is also question to present the financialization of economies, and the doubts that take over the role of speculation on the futures markets or the implementation of monetary policies, on the spot prices observed on physical agricultural commodities markets. Following the advanced literature reflections and elements, the second part proceeds of two empirical studies, the first one focused on the impact of speculation about the financial futures markets on the underlying asset’s price (agricultural), while the second one examines the role of money markets through the capacities of the central banker to stabilize short-term interest rates. On this basis, conclusions but also future research are established due to the continuation of the economies financialization process

Face à l’instabilité des cours agricoles et à ses conséquences notamment pour les pays en développement, la première partie de cette thèse est consacrée à la présentation des déterminants des cours des matières premières alimentaires, incluant les évolutions récentes en matière d’offre, en tenant compte des conséquences du réchauffement climatique, et de demande, considérant notamment les biocarburants. Il est également question de présenter la financiarisation en cours des économies, et les doutes qui planent sur le rôle que peuvent avoir la spéculation sur les marchés à terme ou encore la mise en œuvre des politiques monétaires, sur les cours au comptant observés sur les marchés physiques des produits agricoles. Suite aux réflexions et éléments de littérature avancés, la seconde partie procède de deux études empiriques. La première est axée sur l’impact de la spéculation sur les marchés financiers à terme sur le cours des sous-jacents (agricoles), alors que la seconde questionne le rôle des marchés monétaires, abordé à travers la capacité du banquier central à stabiliser les taux d’intérêt à court terme. Sur cette base, des conclusions mais également des pistes de recherche sont établies, du fait du prolongement en cours du processus de financiarisation des économies
Faced with instability of agricultural commodities’ prices and its consequences especially for developing countries, the first part of this thesis is devoted to the presentation of food commodities’ prices, including recent developments with respect to the offering, taking into account the consequences of global warming and demand, as well as the importance of biofuels. It is also question to present the financialization of economies, and the doubts that take over the role of speculation on the futures markets or the implementation of monetary policies, on the spot prices observed on physical agricultural commodities markets. Following the advanced literature reflections and elements, the second part proceeds of two empirical studies, the first one focused on the impact of speculation about the financial futures markets on the underlying asset’s price (agricultural), while the second one examines the role of money markets through the capacities of the central banker to stabilize short-term interest rates. On this basis, conclusions but also future research are established due to the continuation of the economies financialization process

The Role of Market Speculation in Rising Oil Prices: the large oil price fluctuations occurred from 2003 to 2008 has raised many questions about their causes. Many empirical studies have attempted to understand how oil price fluctuations are driven by changes in both market fundamentals and speculative pressures. In this regard, some problems arise such as: the use of unreliable data like the global level of inventories or the specification of a vast number of arbitrary restrictions for the models. In this study I try to isolate, coherently with the view of Knittel and Pindyck(2016) and inspired by Kilian's works, the speculative effect on the short-term spot price fluctuations determined by structural forward-looking behavioral shocks produced in the futures market. Exploiting a dataset used in Kilian and Murphy (2012), CFTC data (period 1999M1-2008M6) and taking advantage of the standard theory of storage we will be able to verify, with a Blanchard-Quah structural approach, that the impact of these shocks is remarkable but not the prevalent one in magnitude. Instead, it would seem that speculative inventory holdings may have played a much more important role.
The study named "European Energy Security: the Substitutability of European Crude Oil Imports from Russia" is meant to be a contribution to the current debate on the diversification possibilities in EU for reducing the dependency on Russian crude oil and ensuring the energy security of the European Union (EU). We focus on the aggregate demand for crude oil in EU with the aim of investigating the degree of substitutability of crude oil imports from the Former Soviet Union countries (FSU) and crude oil imports from four alternative regions (America, Middle East, Europe, Africa). Following Fuss (1977) and Serletis (2010) we employ an econometric model of intra-fuel substitution, using a nonlinear seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) estimator, to assess the aforementioned degree of substitutability in terms of Morishima elasticities of substitution. We use the most recent dataset, published by the European Commission, consisting of a collection of imported volumes and CIF prices of crude oil by country of origin. The results indicate that the crude oil provided by former Soviet Union (FSU) countries is strongly substitutable with those imported from African and Middle Eastern countries whilst it is not substitutable with those imported from European and American countries.
Predictability Information Criterion for Selecting Stochastic Pricing Models: pricing models of derivative instruments usually fail to provide reliable results when risks rise and financial crises occur. More advanced stochastic pricing models try to improve the fitting results adding risk factors and/or parameters to the models, incurring the risk of overfitted results. Drawing on these observations, it is proposed a generalization of the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) suitable to evaluate forecasting power of alternative stochastic pricing models for any fixed arbitrary forecasting time-horizon. The Predictability Information Criterion (PIC) differs from the classical criteria for evaluating statistical models as it assumes that the random variable to study can (or cannot) be partially predictable, which makes it particularly suitable for studying stochastic pricing models coherently with the semimartingale definition of the price process. On the basis of this assumption the criterion measures and compares the uncertainty of the predictions of two different alternative models when prices are (or are not) predictable. We conclude with a focus on the crude oil market by comparing GBM and OU stochastic processes that are commonly used for modeling West Texas Intermediate (WTI) oil spot price returns in derivative pricing models.

Modern economic theory of self-interest alleges that in their economic relations people always behave in a way that maximises their utility. The idea whether human beings were solely self-interested has a long history as it can be seen from the writings of Greek philosophers and the Church fathers. Among Greek philosophers there were those who argued that human beings were naturally self-interested (Aristotle) and those who maintained that human beings were communal by nature (Plato, Stoics and the Pythagoreans). The later position was adopted by the Church fathers as they condemned self-interest as the sin of avarice and greed. The justification of self-interest in human and political activities was part and parcel of the economic and political early modernists, as it can be seen in the works of Mandeville, Hobbes, Hume and Adam Smith. In the writings of these thinkers, the flourishing of wealth depended on individual freedom to pursue their self-interests. In this regard, selfinterest became the sole source of motivation in the behaviour of homo economicus. A persistent motif in late modern economic discourse on self-interest is based on the idea that people think and act on the basis of that which is to their self-interest. It is mainly for this reason that late modern economic thinkers maintain that society would prosper when people are left alone to pursue their self-interests. Late modern economic theory of utility maximisation alleges that individuals act only after calculating costs and benefits. The argument of this thesis, based on the commonalities between African humanism and process philosophical anthropology, is that self-interest is antithetical to communal life as advocated in the ethic of Ubuntu. One who acts solely on the basis of maximising his or her utility would inevitably deprive others of a humane existence. A holistic metaphysical outlook based on the relatedness and interrelatedness of everything that exists as we find it in African humanism and process philosophical anthropology implies that the individual exists in internal relations with everything else. We should go beyond selfinterest by giving primacy to a holistic ethic.
Systematic Theology & Theological Ethics
D. Div. (Theological Ethics)

This thesis, titled “Normative Media Theory and the Rethinking of the Role of the Kenyan Media in a Changing Social Economic Context,” is a theoretical study that discusses the role of normative media theory in shaping and guiding debate on the role of the media and attendant policy making processes in a changing Kenyan social economic context. This is done against the background of acknowledgment of the general state of flux that characterizes normative media theory in a postmodern, globalized and new media landscape. The study thus extensively describes the Kenyan media landscape, with a view to demonstrating how it has and is continuing to be transformed by a variety of developments in the social economic set up of the Kenyan society. In order to provide a theoretical basis for explaining these developments, the study then indulges in an extensive theoretical discussion that presents a synthesis of current arguments in the area of normative media theory. This discussion fundamentally brings to the fore the challenges which characterizes normative media theory in a changing social economic context and therefore the inability of traditional normative theory to account for new developments in the media and society in general. In an attempt to integrate normative media theory and practice, the study then discusses (against the backdrop of theory) the views and opinions of key role players in the Kenyan media landscape, in regard to how they perceive the role of the media. Particular attention is given, inter alia, to matters such as media ownership, media accountability processes, changing media and communication technologies, a changing constitutional landscape, the role of the government in the Kenyan media landscape, the place of African moral philosophy in explaining the role of the media in Kenya, and the growth of local language radio. Finally, on the bases of theory, experiences from other parts of the world and the views of key role players in the Kenyan media landscape, the study presents several normative guidelines on how normative theory and media policy making in Kenya could meet each other, taking into account the changes occasioned by globalization and the new media landscape. These proposals are essentially made to enrich general debate on the role of the media in Kenya, as well as attendant media policy making efforts.
Communication
D.Litt. et Phil. (Communication)

Parental involvement (PI) in three socio-economic disparate primary schools in Ile-Ife in Nigeria was investigated in the study. The study explored the effect of socio-economic status on PI using three schools representing the Lower socioeconomic status (LSES), Middle socio-economic status (MSES) and Higher socioeconomic status (HSES). The study reported how parents of three different income groups practice and perceive PI and how teachers perceive PI at the schools and what their expectations are regarding PI. The data used for empirical investigation was drawn from 15 parents and 15 teachers at each of the three schools. The parents were selected using convenience sampling and were individually interviewed while teachers are selected by purposeful random sampling and data was collected using focus group interviews and survey questionnaires. Results shows that parents’ available time, interest, level of education, social capital, parent-teacher contact and socio-economic status (SES) affected PI of which time, SES and interest were the most important factors affecting PI. PI is evidenced in all SES groups as joint cooperation between parents and teachers in support of children’s scholastic pursuit. The study suggests that, contrary to conventional opinion, parents of LSES generally have high educational goals for their children and evidence noteworthy PI practices. PI should be strengthened by building on existing positive endeavors and addressing areas of PI which are lagging behind. Strategies to strengthen these endeavors are recommended in conclusion of the study.
Educational Leadership and Management
M. Ed. (Education Management)