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Articles de revues sur le sujet « Internet in public administration – United States »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 10 mars 2023

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1

Y. J., Park. "Asia`s Role in Internet Governance." Korean Journal of Policy Studies 24, no. 2 (2009): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps24208.

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Most stakeholders from Asia have not actively participated in the global Internet governance debate. This debate has been shaped by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers(ICANN) since 198 and the UN Internet Governance Forum (IGF) since 2006. Neither ICANN nor IGF are well received as global public policy negotiation platforms by stakeholders in Asia, but more and more stakeholders in Europe and the United States take both platforms seriously. Stakeholders in Internet governance come from the private sector and civil society as well as the public sector.

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ROSE, RICHARD. "The Internet and Governance in a Global Context." Journal of Public Policy 25, no. 1 (2005): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x05000267.

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The Internet is a global phenomenon, but the way in which national governments respond to it varies with the political, social and economic context of a country. However, much that is written about the Internet and governance concentrates on a few advanced industrial societies, and especially the United States. Yet the federal and fragmented system of governance in the United States creates obstacles to the use of the Internet, while smaller countries from Estonia to Singapore produce innovations in e-governance. Moreover, even though the United States has more Internet users than any other country today, the growth points in the use of the Internet in the next few years will occur in radically different places, ranging from Russia and Brazil to India and China.

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Montgomery, Kathryn, Jeff Chester, and Katharina Kopp. "Health Wearables: Ensuring Fairness, Preventing Discrimination, and Promoting Equity in an Emerging Internet-of-Things Environment." Journal of Information Policy 8, no. 1 (2018): 34–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jinfopoli.8.1.0034.

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Abstract Wearable fitness devices have the potential to address some of the most challenging public health problems in the United States. But they also raise serious privacy concerns. The data they collect can be combined with personal information from other sources, raising the specter of discriminatory profiling, manipulative marketing, and data breaches. Yet, these devices fall between the cracks of a weak health privacy and a consumer protection system in the United States. This article offers key principles and critical issues that must be considered in order to develop effective privacy, equity, and consumer protections for the emerging digital health marketplace.

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Sajjadi, Nicholas B., William Nowlin, Ross Nowlin, et al. "United States internet searches for “infertility” following COVID-19 vaccine misinformation." Journal of Osteopathic Medicine 121, no. 6 (2021): 583–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jom-2021-0059.

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Abstract Context On December 1, 2020, Drs. Wolfgang Wodarg and Michael Yeadon petitioned to withhold emergency use authorization of the BNT162b2 messenger ribonucleic acid vaccine for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) manufactured by BioNTech and Pfizer, raising concern for female infertility risks but acknowledging the lack of evidence. The European Medicines Agency and the US Food and Drug Administration ultimately issued emergency use authorizations, but misinformation claiming that COVID-19 vaccines cause female infertility began circulating on social media, potentially influencing public perception and medical decision making among pregnant patients or those seeking to become pregnant. Objectives To determine the potential influence misinformation may have had on public interest in infertility related topics, as analyzed through internet search statistics in the US. Methods The Google Trends tool was used to analyze results for the search terms “infertility,” “infertility AND vaccine,” and “infertility AND COVID vaccine” in the US from February 4, 2020 to February 3, 2021. We applied autoregressive integrated moving average models to forecast expected values, comparing them with actual observed values. Results At peak interest (100), the forecasted relative search volumes interest for the search terms “infertility,” “infertility AND vaccine,” and “infertility AND COVID vaccine” were 45.47 (95% CI, 33.27–57.66; p<0.001), 0.88 (95% CI, 2.87–4.63; p<0.001), and 0.29 (95% CI, −2.25–2.82; p<0.001). The actual relative search volumes at peak searching represented 119.9, 11,251, and 34,900% increases, respectively, when compared with forecasted values. Conclusions COVID-19 vaccine misinformation corresponded with increased internet searches for topics related to infertility in the US. Dispelling misinformation and informing patients about the risks and benefits of COVID-19 vaccination may prevent unnecessary vaccine hesitancy or refusal, contributing to successful vaccination efforts.

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Rolfe, Mark. "Rhetorical Traditions of Public Diplomacy and the Internet." Hague Journal of Diplomacy 9, no. 1 (2014): 76–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1871191x-12341266.

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Summary Many calls have been made since 2001 for a ‘new public diplomacy’ of the information age that utilizes the internet to reach public opinion. They have been especially forthcoming from the Obama administration, although they have been just as popular with the political classes in the United States and elsewhere. However, such recent calls form only the latest instalment of a rhetorical tradition of public diplomacy that stretches back to Woodrow Wilson and beyond to the 1790s. There is a thematic recurrence in the rhetoric of public diplomacy, as there is in the rhetoric of democracy, and for the same reason: representative democracy has always involved a complex tension between, on the one hand, the political class of politicians and diplomats and, on the other, public opinion, which needs to be appeased since it confers legitimacy on representatives. This results in a recurring pattern of language involving suspicions of the political class, declarations of a new era of diplomacy and claims to credibility. There are hence frequent bouts of anti-politics politics and anti-diplomacy politics, sometimes utilizing a discourse of technological optimism, which politicians and diplomats attempt to assuage with similar calls for new political dawns.

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Winseck, Dwayne. "The Geopolitical Economy of the Global Internet Infrastructure." Journal of Information Policy 7, no. 1 (2017): 228–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jinfopoli.7.1.0228.

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Abstract According to many observers, economic globalization and the liberalization of telecoms/internet policy have remade the world in the image of the United States. The dominant roles of Amazon, Apple, Facebook, and Google have also led to charges of US internet imperialism. This article, however, argues that while these internet giants dominate some of the most popular internet services, the ownership and control of core elements of the internet infrastructure—submarine cables, internet exchange points, autonomous system numbers, datacenters, and so on—are tilting increasingly toward the EU and BRICS (i.e., Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) countries and the rest of the world, complicating views of hegemonic US control of the internet and what Susan Strange calls the knowledge structure.

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Vaccari, Cristian. "“Technology Is a Commodity”: The Internet in the 2008 United States Presidential Election." Journal of Information Technology & Politics 7, no. 4 (2010): 318–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19331681003656664.

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Budnitsky, Stanislav, and Lianrui Jia. "Branding Internet sovereignty: Digital media and the Chinese–Russian cyberalliance." European Journal of Cultural Studies 21, no. 5 (2018): 594–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367549417751151.

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In the 2000s, China and Russia emerged as outspoken actors with global ambitions. To communicate their status aspirations, both countries introduced a range of nation-branding institutions and initiatives. Global Internet governance – the design and administration of Internet technology and related policymaking – is among the domains where China and Russia have asserted their national brands. The Chinese and Russian governments co-advance the brand narrative of ‘Internet sovereignty’ in opposition to perceived technological and governance hegemony of the United States. Given the power that private online intermediaries wield in the political economy of the Internet, national digital media champions, China’s Baidu and Russia’s Yandex, have been integral to their countries’ Internet branding efforts. The article examines how China and Russia have forged a public–private relationship with respective digital media champions in the context of building and branding an Internet sovereignty agenda.

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Francis, John Gregory, and Leslie Francis. "Freedom of Thought in the United States: The First Amendment, Marketplaces of Ideas, and the Internet." European Journal of Comparative Law and Governance 8, no. 2-3 (2021): 192–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134514-bja10019.

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Abstract Freedom of thought is not directly protected as a right in the United States. Instead, US First Amendment law protects a range of rights that may allow thoughts to be expressed. Freedom of speech has been granted especially robust protection. US courts have extended this protection to a wide range of commercial activities judged to have expressive content. In protecting these rights, US jurisprudence frequently relies on the image of the marketplace of ideas as furthering the search for truth. This commercial image, however, has increasingly detached expressive rights from the understanding of freedom of thought as a critical forum for individual autonomy. Indeed, the commercialisation of US free speech doctrine has drawn criticism for “weaponising” free speech to attack disfavoured economic and regulatory policies and thus potentially affecting freedom of thought adversely. The Internet complicates this picture. This paper argues that the Supreme Court’s expansion of the First Amendment for the benefit of commercial actors lies in the problematic tension with the justification for individual freedom of thought resting in personal self-direction and identity.

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Efanova, Elena. "Social Media in American Public Policy (On the Example of the Social Network Twitter)." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 3 (July 2020): 172–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2020.3.15.

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Introduction. In the age of digitalization of the public space of communication, social media acts as a new channel of interaction between power and society. On the one hand, electronic forms of public communication formulate a political course and influence the political behavior of the electorate, and on the other hand, replace mass communication by a network. Twitter’s technological capabilities, being an electronic form of public communication, are addressed by representatives of the political elite in the USA. Methods and materials. The work uses network and communicative approaches, methods of situational analysis. The author addresses statistics and Twitter accounts of American politicians. Analysis. As a result of the computerization and the global spread of the Internet, social media has become an integral part of modern politics. The social network Twitter acts as a new communicative practice in the system of public administration of the USA. For President D. Trump, Twitter is an effective source and platform for presenting his position on domestic and foreign policy issues. Results. Twitter, being an interactive Internet platform based on the principles of network communication, is part of Twitter diplomacy implemented in the United States. The politicization of Twitter in the United States is targeted and ensures the interaction of the highest authorities and the electorate. Twitters functionality is used in modern American politics to shape the image characteristics of individual politicians and the country as a whole.

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Serrano, Katrina J., Chan L. Thai, Alexandra J. Greenberg, Kelly D. Blake, Richard P. Moser, and Bradford W. Hesse. "Progress on Broadband Access to the Internet and Use of Mobile Devices in the United States." Public Health Reports 132, no. 1 (2016): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033354916679365.

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Healthy People 2020 (HP2020) aims to improve population health outcomes through several objectives, including health communication and health information technology. We used 7 administrations of the Health Information National Trends Survey to examine HP2020 goals toward access to the Internet through broadband and mobile devices (N = 34 080). We conducted descriptive analyses and obtained predicted marginals, also known as model-adjusted risks, to estimate the association between demographic characteristics and use of mobile devices. The HP2020 target (7.7% of the US population) for accessing the Internet through a cellular network was surpassed in 2014 (59.7%), but the HP2020 target (83.2%) for broadband access fell short (63.8%). Sex and age were associated with accessing the Internet through a cellular network throughout the years (Wald F test, P <.05). The increase in the percentage of people accessing the Internet through mobile devices presents an opportunity for technology-based health interventions that should be explored.

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Cramer, Benjamin W. "From Liability to Accountability: The Ethics of Citing Section 230 to Avoid the Obligations of Running a Social Media Platform." Journal of Information Policy 10, no. 1 (2020): 123–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jinfopoli.10.1.0123.

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Abstract In the United States, Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act provides immunity from liability for Internet operators who host information submitted by their users. This article will argue that Section 230 allows firms to avoid accountability for the malfeasance that their platforms have enabled. With a focus on the ethical differences between liability (a legal concept) and accountability (an ethical concept), the article will recommend ways to compel today's social media platforms to address their responsibilities toward the proliferating misbehavior that they have enabled.

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Amougou, Jules, and James S. Larson. "Comparing Implementation of Internet Diffusion in the United States and France: Policies, Beliefs, and Institutions." Review of Policy Research 25, no. 6 (2008): 563–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-1338.2008.00362.x.

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Herman, Bill D. "Dissolving Innovation in Meltwater: Copyright and Online Search." Journal of Information Policy 5, no. 1 (2015): 204–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jinfopoli.5.2015.204.

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Abstract Internet search engines serve an ever-more-pressing need. They rely heavily on leeway under copyright law; in the United States, that primarily means fair use. A 2013 decision, Associated Press v. Meltwater, advances an unsupported, highly limiting interpretation of fair use as it applies to search. Of particular concern, the court artificially constrains which services meet the legally favorable standard of having a transformative purpose. The ruling also provides too much protection for highly factual works. This article offers a detailed critique of the court's analysis and a discussion of the ruling's broader context and significance for news producers and search firms.

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Alkazemi, Mariam F., and Stephanie K. Van Stee. "Electronic direct-to-consumer advertising of pharmaceuticals: an assessment of textual and visual content of websites." Health Education Research 35, no. 2 (2020): 134–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/her/cyaa004.

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Abstract Considering the important role of the Internet in health information seeking by consumers, it is critical to examine the health information that is available to them through the Internet. This study contributes to existing knowledge by employing a content analysis to examine visual and textual information on prescription medication websites. A stratified random sample was selected from a list of the 100 most-prescribed medications in the United States. Findings point to under-utilization of audiovisual components on the homepage of prescription medication websites as well as a lack of racial diversity in people pictured. Medications for chronic conditions were more likely to have homepages with a positive emotional tone than those for acute conditions. Further, more depictions of women on homepages predicted a greater number of prescriptions filled. This study includes implications for health education and healthcare professionals, patients and the Food and Drug Administration.

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Firchow, Pamina. "A Cuban Spring? The Use of the Internet as a Tool of Democracy Promotion by United States Agency for International Development in Cuba." Information Technology for Development 19, no. 4 (2013): 347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2013.793119.

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Lho, Kyongsoo. "Prospects for East Asian Security: A Korean Perspective." Korean Journal of Policy Studies 15, no. 2 (2001): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps15201.

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East Asia has been at peace for more than a quarter century. For nearly every East Asian country save the most laggard, this long peace, to borrow John Lewis Gaddis words, has brought about unprecedented economic development and internal growth. The economic slump brought about the financial crisis of 1978-79 notwithstanding, East Asia continues to move forward and grow, becoming more interconnected, ever more interdependent, and increasingly more transparent. In the age of instant telecommunication and the internet, the process of integration and interdependence is likely to accelerate not slow. Arguably, after nearly a century of bloody conflict, destruction, and lost opportunities, East Asian states have finally come to appreciate the benefits of cooperation over conflict. It would, of course, be premature to assert that the dangers of renewed conflict in the region have declined to genuinely tolerable levels. North Koreas capacity to make trouble, the potential volatility of the China-Taiwan relationship, territorial disputes in the South China Sea, are among the more obvious areas of concern. Tension in between the United States and China over the introduction of Theater Missile Defense (TMD) is the latest issue of contention clouding the regional security horizon. But in spite of these problems, East Asia is a fairly stable place at this juncture. There are no immediate political or military challenges that threaten to undermine the regions fundamental strategic stability. Nor is there any permanent basis for hostility amongst the major players in East Asia. The dangerous fires of militant nationalism that inflamed the region in the first half of the past century, and the antipathetic ideologies that fueled the Cold War for most of the second half, have now receded into history. In spite of East Asias apparent strategic stability, however, the major regional actors appear to be as preoccupied about their security as ever. What accounts for this paradox? Are security prospects for the region timely darkening as we enter this century? Or does the professed unease instead reflect exaggerated or unfounded fears and suspicions? What ought to be done in order to maintain strategic equilibrium, promote cooperative behavior on the part of potential rivals, and extend peace in the region?

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Kurnia, Tititri Ari, and Rama Kertamukti. "Analisis Framing Pemberitaan Isu Rasisme Kematian George Floyd di CNNIndonesia.com Periode 28 Mei–29 Juni 2020." Calathu: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi 4, no. 2 (2023): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37715/calathu.v4i2.3217.

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The mass media helps the community with one of its information demands. Information can be accessed by the public through mass communication channels like print, electronic, and online media. People from different nations can access information at a location that is hard to go to fast and easily using online media. similar to one of the circumstances of George Floyd's passing on May 25, 2020 in Minneapolis, United States. George Floyd is a very hot issue in a variety of internet media, including social media, because of how quickly and easily one may access online media. The purpose of this study is to ascertain how the online news source CNN Indonesia.com presents the story about the racism controversy surrounding the American death of George Floyd (28 May-29 June 2020). The theory of Media Reality Construction and Reporting is applied in this study. Purposive sampling was employed in this study along with Robert N. Entman's framing model analytical methodology. First, the study finding indicates that racism is still pervasive in America. Second, the Trump administration has not done the best job of maximizing support for eradicating racism in the United States. Third, racism still exists in Hollywood, the country's main film business. Keywords: online media, the construct of media, framing, racism, Entman

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Rogers, Richard. "Internet Research: The Question of Method—A Keynote Address from the YouTube and the 2008 Election Cycle in the United States Conference." Journal of Information Technology & Politics 7, no. 2-3 (2010): 241–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19331681003753438.

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Beaumont, Jared, Theresa A. Cassidy, Natasha Oyedele, Sven Guenther, and Travis C. Mickle. "Characterizing Abuse Progression of Immediate-Release Hydrocodone Combination Products." Journal of Drug Issues 48, no. 3 (2018): 312–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022042618756691.

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This study examined patterns of hydrocodone combination product (HCP) abuse and their potential role in abuse progression of prescription opioids and other drugs. An Internet survey was administered to 472 adult opioid users in the United States who used HCPs nonmedically. Alternate routes (33%) and concomitant drug use (45%) were indicated more frequently during respondent’s most recent HCP nonmedical use compared with their initial use (20% and 24%, respectively). Those initiating HCP nonmedical use during adolescence used alternate routes (e.g., chewing, snorting) throughout their lifetime more frequently (69.5%) compared with those older when initiating HCP nonmedical use (51.0%). A different abuse pattern was observed from first to most recent HCP use, starting with oral administration of intact tablets followed by use of alternate routes and concomitant use of illicit drugs, sometimes use of heroin. These data may inform future public health interventions, including the potential development of abuse-deterrent immediate-release opioids.

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Kass-Hout, Taha A., Zhiheng Xu, Matthew Mohebbi, et al. "OpenFDA: an innovative platform providing access to a wealth of FDA’s publicly available data." Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 23, no. 3 (2015): 596–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocv153.

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Objective The objective of openFDA is to facilitate access and use of big important Food and Drug Administration public datasets by developers, researchers, and the public through harmonization of data across disparate FDA datasets provided via application programming interfaces (APIs). Materials and Methods Using cutting-edge technologies deployed on FDA’s new public cloud computing infrastructure, openFDA provides open data for easier, faster (over 300 requests per second per process), and better access to FDA datasets; open source code and documentation shared on GitHub for open community contributions of examples, apps and ideas; and infrastructure that can be adopted for other public health big data challenges. Results Since its launch on June 2, 2014, openFDA has developed four APIs for drug and device adverse events, recall information for all FDA-regulated products, and drug labeling. There have been more than 20 million API calls (more than half from outside the United States), 6000 registered users, 20,000 connected Internet Protocol addresses, and dozens of new software (mobile or web) apps developed. A case study demonstrates a use of openFDA data to understand an apparent association of a drug with an adverse event. Conclusion With easier and faster access to these datasets, consumers worldwide can learn more about FDA-regulated products.

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Vasiliev, Aleksey Mikhailovich, and Natalia Aleksandrovna Zherlitsina. "Internet Revolution or Just Fitna: Towards the Tenth Anniversary of the Arab Spring." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 21, no. 3 (2021): 529–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2021-21-3-529-542.

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The article is dedicated to the analysis of the tenth anniversary of the revolutionary events in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), called the Arab Spring. The relevance of the study of the consequences of political transformations in Arab countries is due to the incompleteness of the modernization processes in such areas as public administration, justice and human rights, which gave rise to the discontent of the active part of society, which had initiated the protests. The idea of the research was to compare the causes of popular uprisings, the methods of political struggle, the main actors and the results of the Arab Spring for most of the countries affected by this process. Particular attention has been paid to the growing popularity of Islamist political forces, which have given their answers and pseudo-answers to acute societal issues. With the help of comparative and typological analysis, the peculiarities of different models of political development in the Middle East and North African countries have been studied. Over the past decade, world science has accumulated a significant layer of research on the Arab Spring phenomenon. The authors have taken into account a wide range of opinions of scholars from Europe, the United States, Turkey, Israel, and the Arab states. Aiming to assess the political transformation of the MENA region over the past 10 years, this study analyzes changes in the position of external actors such as Russia and the USA. The authors conclude that the influence of the US as a whole in the region has decreased, while the influence of Russia, Turkey, Iran, and Saudi Arabia has increased. Israel has managed to strengthen its own security by establishing normal relations with a number of Arab states in the region. The popular unrest that erupted again in Iraq, Lebanon, Sudan, Algeria, and Tunisia in 2018-2021 was objectively caused by the same conditions that had given rise to the Arab Spring and with the same uncertain results so far.

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Law, Elaine, and Sharon L. Youmans. "Combating Counterfeit Medications." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 24, no. 1 (2010): 114–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190010380745.

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The production and distribution of counterfeit medications has become a significant global public health issue and though not as rampant in the United States as in other parts of the world, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has seen a 10-fold increase in the number of cases investigated. The purpose of this study was to examine California pharmacist knowledge of counterfeit medications, impact of technology and barriers to pharmacist involvement, and potential roles pharmacists can undertake. Our results showed that 59.3% of respondents believe counterfeit drugs pose a problem to the profession, but most had little to no experience with counterfeit medications. For potential sources, 44.5% believe patient use of Internet pharmacies, 39.4% indicated professional counterfeiters, and 16.1% indicated importation. Pharmacist agreed lack of knowledge (46.8%) and resources (82.5%) were barriers to detecting the presence of counterfeits. Half of respondents were award of the CA board of pharmacy’s (BOP) future use of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology, but 43% did not believe RFID would be effective. Most pharmacists indicated lack of knowledge regarding new technologies but seemed willing to learn.

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Latimer, Christopher P. "Utilizing the Internet as a Campaign Tool: The Relationship Between Incumbency, Political Party Affiliation, Election Outcomes, and the Quality of Campaign Web sites in the United States." Journal of Information Technology & Politics 4, no. 3 (2008): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19331680801915074.

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Квітка, С. А., and О. Г. Мазур. "Internet access through mobile devices: world experience and perspectives of development in Ukraine." Public administration aspects 7, no. 9-10 (2019): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/151944.

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The issue of the expanding access to the high-speed Internet through 4G wireless mobile network has been studied in the article. The purpose of the research was to determine the vectors for the development of Internet access through mobile devices in the world and the stage of implementation of these technologies in Ukraine by the case of Dnipropetrovsk region.The methodological basis of the study was the comparative analysis and the Foresight methodology. Documents of international organizations, open source data on the use of 3G / 4G technology by mobile network providers in the territory of Dnipropetrovsk region, expert surveys of specialists of governing bodies in the united territorial communities have been used as information sources. Speeds of mobile Internet networks in countries around the world have been reviewed by authors, paying attention to the current availability of 4G network coverage using mobile devices with the required operating frequency ranges and high requirements to network speeds. The result of the paper became the determination of relations between the spread of 3G / 4G mobile network and development of the e-governance in the studied territories. In particular, this includes the level of development and functioning of local governments’ web portals, ensuring the access of population to the public information and electronic public services. A comparative analysis of the open statistic data on Internet access through mobile devices in the EU and Ukraine has been made. The basic stages of mobile 3G, 4G and 5G generations networks implementation in Ukraine have been described. The available possibilities for mobile devices made for use on 4G networks have been presented.The research of the state of 3G / 4G network coverage in territories of 60 united territorial communities of Dnepropetrovsk region has been carried out and the data on aggregated integrated coverage indicators of 3G / 4G network have been systematized. It has been proven that the use of 3G / 4G technology creates opportunities for the digital inequality’s overcoming and further development of the e-governance in Ukraine. A number of concrete directions of optimization of public administration bodies’ activity in this sphere have been suggested.

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Pulkowski, Dirk. "Coalition Procurement for the Reconstruction of Iraq in the Crosshairs of WTO Law: The Obligations of the United States under the WTO Government Procurement Agreement." German Law Journal 5, no. 3 (2004): 257–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200012426.

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Investigating the legality? Ha ha ha! That cracks me up. There is no international law that would prohibit this action by the Defense Department, nor is there any international court that France may appeal to. I of course think that this is the correct decision. Those countries who did not help win the war – who did not pay the price in blood – have no claim to the postwar profits. – Mike, Why I'm Right, Internet ForumDuring the Reagan administration, I helped negotiate … the “GATT Government Procurement Code”, later incorporated into the World Trade Organization's legal framework. The U.S. was the primary force behind this legal agreement. It was not motivated by altruism, but out of a belief that all signatory governments … and their respective tax payers would benefit from basing practices on economic factors rather than national favoritism. - Gene Tuttle, in responseInfrastructure in Iraq lies in tatters. Unscrupulous exploitation by Saddam Hussein's dictatorial regime, burdensome economic sanctions and massive destruction during the U.S.-led military operation ‘Iraqi Freedom’ have turned Iraq into one of the world's most destitute countries. On the UN Human Poverty Index for 2003, Iraq ranks seventy-first out of ninety-six developing nations. The reconstruction of basic infrastructure is but one first step towards development and economic growth. Rebuilding Iraq's infrastructure, however, involves substantial economic interests. After all, the cake to be distributed for rebuilding Iraq is expected to exceed $100 billion. Some companies see on the horizon one of the most rewarding business opportunities “undertaken in over 50 years” At the same time, there is a growing suspicion that political or even personal biases of the United States' administration have a bigger role to play than economic reason when it comes to sharing the cake. In December 2003, Deputy Secretary of Defense, Paul Wolfowitz, announced that some of America's trading partners, among them Canada, France, Germany and Russia, would be altogether excluded from competition for major reconstruction projects in Iraq. Public opinion in Europe was quick to brand the United States an international law-breaker. Can one State simply reserve to itself the final word on the Iraqi reconstruction money?

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Silva, Eric O., and Matthew B. Flynn. "The Ideational Stigmatization of Immigration Detainees, Their Advocates, Captors, and Their Apologists in the Commentary Section of U.S. Newspapers." Genealogy 4, no. 4 (2020): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy4040102.

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Although the United States has long been criticized for its treatment of migrants, the family separations that resulted from the Trump administration’s “Zero Tolerance” policy drew particularly intense approbation and much media coverage in June 2018. One way to understand the conflict over this policy is to view it as a stigma contest where the status of a number of identities (migrant, immigration advocate, captor, policy apologist) are subject to a liminal stigma. Recent scholarship has documented how internet commenters disparage certain identities as they defend others. Through a qualitative content analysis of 172 opinion articles published in U.S. newspapers between 2009 and 2020, this article examines the ways that ideational stigmatization of immigrant detainees, captors, and nativists has and has not varied by time and arena of the public sphere. We find that many of the condemnations and denials found online are also prominent in editorials and op-eds. (e.g., detention as cruel, detainees as noncriminals, captors as racist, detainees as nonvictims,). The commentary section of U.S. newspapers, however, tended to defend the detainees and condemn their captors and nativist citizens. These findings provide a fuller record of how immigration detention and family separation were constructed during the Trump administration and a deeper understanding for the fervor of U.S. nativists.

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Abdullah, Ishpa Shapiah, Li Ling Chaw, David Koh, et al. "Over-the-Counter Medicine Attitudes and Knowledge among University and College Students in Brunei Darussalam: Findings from the First National Survey." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 5 (2022): 2658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052658.

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Over-the-counter (OTC) medicine is defined as safe and effective for the general public to use, without seeking therapy from a health professional. As primary social media and internet users, university and college students are more likely to be exposed to unverified sources of health information. This study aims to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour of students at institutions of higher learning in Brunei with regard to the safe use of OTC medicines. A cross-sectional study was performed using a self-administered online questionnaire, adapted from the literature with additional information from the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on the educational resources in understanding OTC medicine for consumers. The questionnaire consisted of 4 sections: demographic information, knowledge of OTC medicines, attitudes, and practice. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. A total of 335 students returned a completed questionnaire. The students had a mean knowledge score of 7.1 out of 9, with more than half (53.4%) having good knowledge (knowledge score > 7), and only a small percentage (5.7%) with poor knowledge. Almost all of the students (99.7%) had a positive attitude toward OTC medicine use. Few of the students practiced improper habits in terms of OTC medicine use, such as not reading the instructions or taking more than the recommended dose. Awareness of proper OTC medicine use among students in institutions of higher learning is necessary to prevent the rise of inappropriate user practices.

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Kerwin, Donald, and Daniela Alulema. "The CRISIS Survey: The Catholic Church's Work with Immigrants in a Period of Crisis." Journal on Migration and Human Security 9, no. 4 (2021): 271–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23315024211035726.

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Over the last five years, the Center for Migration Studies of New York (CMS) has conducted four surveys of Catholic immigrant-serving institutions, programs, and ministries in the United States. These surveys identify the multi-faceted needs of immigrants and refugees, and examine the successes and challenges of Catholic institutions in responding to them. CMS administered its most recent survey, the Catholic Refugee and Immigrant Service Integration Survey (the “CRISIS Survey”) from December 14, 2020 through February 5, 2021. This survey explored the work of Catholic institutions during the Trump administration and the COVID-19 pandemic. The CRISIS Survey documents the reach, diversity, and productivity of Catholic institutions that worked with immigrants and refugees during a pandemic that particularly devastated their communities and an administration whose policies and rhetoric made their work far more difficult. At a time of rampant “Catholic decline” narratives, the survey also documents the reach, vitality, and relevance of Catholic immigrant-serving institutions. It identifies the obstacles encountered by immigrants in accessing Catholic programs and ministries — both organizational (funding, staffing, and siting) and exogenous (federal policies, the pandemic, and community opposition). It underscores the threat posed by US immigration policies to immigrants and to the work of Catholic institutions. Survey respondents reported that they offered new services during this period, such as: Financial assistance for families, particularly those at risk of losing housing or utilities. COVID-19 testing, education, contact tracing, and quarantine services. Mental health services. Grief support and assistance with funeral expenses. Delivery of food and sanitation supplies for infected and other homebound persons. Voter registration and Census promotion activities. Virtually all respondents provided services remotely during the pandemic. Many reported on difficulties faced by immigrants in accessing their services, due to poor internet connections, limited computer access, and lack of communications technology and training. Respondents identified several factors that negatively affected immigrants’ access to their services pre-pandemic. As in previous CMS surveys, these factors included lack of immigration status, negative community attitudes toward immigrants, fear of apprehension (particularly after traffic stops) and deportation, public transportation deficiencies, stigma over receipt of mental health services, and identification requirements to access public benefits. Respondents also reported on obstacles in working with immigrants during the pandemic. These included the pandemic itself, limited funding, demand that outpaced resources, government restrictions on relief and benefit eligibility, and (particularly for students) living arrangements, work, and family caretaking responsibilities. Respondents overwhelmingly believed that immigration enforcement, tied to fear of deportation, very negatively or somewhat negatively affected participation in their services and programs. In Catholic terms, they reported that nativist immigration policies, rhetoric, and media sources interfered with their practice of discipleship. One respondent stated, “Fear of ICE and round-ups, locally in our state and nationally, along with negative immigration rhetoric from the out-going president have made our clients very fearful to access services they rightly qualify for.” A healthcare provider reported that immigrants were “avoiding or delaying seeking treatment for COVID-19 for fear of apprehension and/or deportation.” Many said that enforcement partnerships between Immigration and Customs Enforcement and states and localities made immigrants fearful of reporting crimes or accessing government facilities. One said that potential sponsors feared coming forward to reunify with children. Respondents also cited as problems delays in family reunification, barriers to asylum-seekers entering the United States, decreased refugee admissions, and the Trump administration's rule on the public charge ground of inadmissibility. The report recommends that Catholic institutions take stock of the creative new programs, skills and capacities that they have developed during the pandemic and build on them. It also recommends that scholars and researchers prioritize independent, person-centered research that critically analyzes the work of Catholic immigrant-serving institutions. Such research would ask whether these institutions, in the words of Pope Francis, are putting “the person at the center, in his or her many aspects” and honoring the “fundamental equality” of every person. It would draw on the perspectives of immigrants served by Catholic institutions to examine the degree to which these institutions advance the rights, participation, and wellbeing of immigrants and their families in US society. Finally, it would analyze how Catholic institutions work with each other — within Arch/dioceses, regionally, nationally, and across these realms — in response to the cross-cutting needs of immigrants. The report recommends that Catholic institutions develop programmatic plans to ensure that immigrants can return to or can continue to access their programs and ministries as the pandemic subsides. These plans will need to combine communication strategies, financial support, and services such as transportation and childcare. In addition, Catholic institutions should make it a high priority to ensure that immigrants can access the infrastructure, platforms, and training that will allow them to access virtual services. They should also develop strategies to engage Catholics who do not understand, who ignore, or who work at cross-purposes to Catholic teaching and policy positions in this area. Finally, they should redouble their work with the administration and Congress to reform US immigration laws, and with states and localities to promote welcoming and inclusive communities.

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Black, Joshua C., Zachary R. Margolin, Richard A. Olson, and Richard C. Dart. "Online Conversation Monitoring to Understand the Opioid Epidemic: Epidemiological Surveillance Study." JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 6, no. 2 (2020): e17073. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/17073.

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Background Between 2016 and 2017, the national mortality rate involving opioids continued its escalation; opioid deaths rose from 42,249 to 47,600, bringing the public health crisis to a new height. Considering that 69% of adults in the United States use online social media sites, a resource that builds a more complete understanding of prescription drug misuse and abuse could supplement traditional surveillance instruments. The Food and Drug Administration has identified 5 key risks and consequences of opioid drugs—misuse, abuse, addiction, overdose, and death. Identifying posts that discuss these key risks could lead to novel information that is not typically captured by traditional surveillance systems. Objective The goal of this study was to describe the trends of online posts (frequency over time) involving abuse, misuse, addiction, overdose, and death in the United States and to describe the types of websites that host these discussions. Internet posts that mentioned fentanyl, hydrocodone, oxycodone, or oxymorphone were examined. Methods Posts that did not refer to personal experiences were removed, after which 3.1 million posts remained. A stratified sample of 61,000 was selected. Unstructured data were classified into 5 key risks by manually coding for key outcomes of misuse, abuse, addiction, overdose, and death. Sampling probabilities of the coded posts were used to estimate the total post volume for each key risk. Results Addiction and misuse were the two most commonly discussed key risks for hydrocodone, oxycodone, and oxymorphone. For fentanyl, overdose and death were the most discussed key risks. Fentanyl had the highest estimated number of misuse-, overdose-, and death-related mentions (41,808, 42,659, and 94,169, respectively). Oxycodone had the highest estimated number of abuse- and addiction-related mentions (3548 and 12,679, respectively). The estimated volume of online posts for fentanyl increased by more than 10-fold in late 2017 and 2018. The odds of discussing fentanyl overdose (odds ratios [OR] 4.32, 95% CI 2.43-7.66) and death (OR 5.05, 95% CI 3.10-8.21) were higher for social media, while the odds of discussing fentanyl abuse (OR 0.10, 95% CI 0.04-0.22) and addiction (OR 0.24, 95% CI 0.15-0.38) were higher for blogs and forums. Conclusions Of the 5 FDA-defined key risks, fentanyl overdose and death has dominated discussion in recent years, while discussion of oxycodone, hydrocodone, and oxymorphone has decreased. As drug-related deaths continue to increase, an understanding of the motivations, circumstances, and consequences of drug abuse would assist in developing policy responses. Furthermore, content was notably different based on media origin, and studies that exclusively use either social media sites (such as Twitter) or blogs and forums could miss important content. This study sets out sustainable, ongoing methodology for surveilling internet postings regarding these drugs.

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Duncan, Jennifer. "Public Papers of the Presidents2001146Public Papers of the Presidents. Office of the Federal Register, National Archives & Records Administration; United States Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 2000, updated annually. Internet URL: http://www.gpo.gov/nara/pubpaps/srchpaps.htmlhttp://www.gpo.gov/nara/pubpaps/srchpaps.html Gratis." Reference Reviews 15, no. 3 (2001): 17–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rr.2001.15.3.17.146.

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Heinrichs, Harald, and Norman Laws. "Sustainable Public Administration." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (2021): 6382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116382.

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Bayes, Jane. "Women in public administration in the United States." Journal of Women, Politics & Policy 11, no. 4 (1991): 85–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1554477x.1991.9970625.

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RAADSCHELDERS, JOS C. N. "THE STUDY OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN THE UNITED STATES." Public Administration 89, no. 1 (2011): 140–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9299.2011.01906.x.

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Fattah, Moataz. "Professional Ethics and Public Administration in the United States." International Journal of Public Administration 34, no. 1-2 (2011): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2010.524088.

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Rohr, John A. "The United States Public Service Academy." Administration & Society 40, no. 6 (2008): 659–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095399708324895.

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Jos C. N, Raadschelders. "Trends in the American Study of Public Administration: What Could They Mean for Korean Public Administration?" Korean Journal of Policy Studies 23, no. 2 (2009): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps23201.

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The study of public administration in the United States is torn between a desire to be scientific and universal without acknowledging the uniqueness of political-administrative systems around the world on the one hand and a need to provide understanding and adequate descriptions of reality on the other hand. In this article features of American society and government are described and related to trends in the study of public administration in the United States. It is clear that the universal challenges of contemporary government can only be met when addressed in the national context. The American and Korean study of public administration have much to learn from each other.

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Kirk T, Cobb. "Climate change - a review of the mass balance of biogenic and fossil carbon." Archives of Biotechnology and Biomedicine 6, no. 1 (2022): 014–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/journal.abb.1001033.

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Trying to understand the causes of climate change can be confusing. On the one hand, methane (CH4) emissions from cattle, and methane emissions from food wastes in landfills, are said to contribute to greenhouse gases (GHGs) that drive climate change. People are working on feed additives for dairy cows to reduce their methane emissions. But, at the same time, cattle manure and food wastes can be fed into anaerobic digesters to convert these organic wastes to biogas; the resulting “renewable methane” or “renewable natural gas” (RNG), can be used in place of fossil natural gas and avoid extra GHG emissions and stop global warming. Can we have it both ways? Burning gasoline in our cars and trucks generates carbon dioxide (CO2), which is said to contribute to climate change. But more than 8 billion people on planet Earth, breathe in oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide every minute of the day. And so do all the other animals who live on this planet, breathe in oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide. Is our breathing also contributing to climate change, just as the emissions from our automobile tailpipes? It is time to step back from all the hype, evaluate the various sources of CO2 and CH4 being generated and review the “mass balance” of these gases in our atmosphere. Some of these are part of the natural biogenic carbon cycle and some are simply adding to the overall mass balance. What is driving climate change - excess GHGs from the biogenic carbon cycle, excess emissions from other sources, or both? Let’s take a fresh look at the available data. (Of course, water vapor also plays a part in the climate change story, as a “positive feedback” effect. As non-condensable GHGs rise in concentration and slightly warm the planet, slightly warming oceans add a bit more water vapor to the story and push the warming up a bit more). During the past few decades, a great deal of pertinent data has been carefully observed and recorded, by world-class scientists and engineers. This data is available in the public domain and is now easily available on the internet. These data sources come from reputable organizations, such as NASA (National Atmospheric and Space Administration), NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), USGS (United States Geological Survey) and international organizations such as the “Global Carbon Project” and “Our-World-in-Data”. How much of the growing concentration of CO2 (and CH4) in our atmosphere can be attributed to out-of-control emissions of biogenic carbon? How much of the CO2 rise can be attributed to fossil fuel emissions: 10%, 50%, 90%, or more? The available data appear to show that the emissions from burning fossil fuels, more than account for all of the rise of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere during the past 60 years, or longer. In comparison, the biogenic carbon cycle data seem to be very consistent, year after year, decade after decade and have little or no impact on climate change. But, let’s have a closer look at the available data, and let the data speak for itself.

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Manoharan, Aroon P., Wendel Mirbel, and Tony J. Carrizales. "Global comparative public administration." Teaching Public Administration 36, no. 1 (2017): 34–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0144739417708835.

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Within the past two decades, globalization has led to increased literature on comparative public administration (CPA) research, and it has enhanced analyses of administrative systems in various societies. Our paper examines CPA education among Master of Public Administration and Master of Public Policy programs in the United States. The findings highlight select topics of interest from these courses, as well as emphasizing an immediate need for programs to internationalize their curricula, in order to prepare the next generation of public administrators and policy analysts.

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Jong Kon, Lee. "Regulation Growth and Bureaucratic Politics in the United States." Korean Journal of Policy Studies 30, no. 2 (2015): 47–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps30203.

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Diverse public administration and governance studies have argued that leviathan governments are no longer capable of efficient administration and that new governing structures should be substituted for traditional government regulations. Nevertheless, a large regulatory structure remains intact in the United States. This paper explores why traditional government regulation has persisted even in the era of new governance. Several regression tests indicate that bureaucratic attempts to secure the survival of agencies rather than administrative effectiveness determine the extent of regulation.

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Wathen, Maria, and Scott Allard. "LOCAL NONPROFIT WELFARE PROVISION: THE UNITED STATES AND RUSSIA." Public Administration Issues, no. 5 (2014): 7–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1999-5431-2014-0-5-7-28.

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Seidman, Harold. "Public Enterprise versus Privatization in the United States." International Review of Administrative Sciences 56, no. 1 (1990): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002085239005600103.

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Bierie, David M., and Kristen M. Budd. "Banishing justice: Extradition limits in the United States." Criminology & Public Policy 20, no. 4 (2021): 595–619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12561.

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Klemanski, John S. "Post-Graduate Public Administration Education: Comparisons of the United Kingdom and the United States." Teaching Public Administration 11, no. 1 (1991): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014473949101100101.

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B. Guy, Peters. "Governance Responses to the Economic Crisis in the United States." Korean Journal of Policy Studies 25, no. 1 (2010): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps25106.

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Park, Hyunsoo. "Institutional Vulnerability and Power System Disturbances in the United States." International Review of Public Administration 17, no. 2 (2012): 63–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/12294659.2012.10805228.

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Heckler, Nuri, and John C. Ronquillo. "Racist Fake News in United States’ History: Lessons for Public Administration." Public Integrity 21, no. 5 (2019): 477–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2019.1626696.

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Ahn, Suntai. "Comparative Political Finance Among the Five Democratic States: The United States, Great Britain, Australia, Japan, and South Korea." Korean Journal of Policy Studies 16, no. 2 (2002): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps16203.

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This study of comparative political fiancé deals primarily with how campaign money is regulated in five democratic states which include the United States, Great Britain, Australia, Japan, and South Korea. One central theme that can be detected in all the countries examined is that there is an universal trend towards consideration of the public funding of the electionerring process, with the United States leading the pack with a successful implementation of the public financing of its presidential elections since 1976. Japan and Korea are considered relatively newcomers in joining the ranks emerging democracies but both countries are certainly making valiant attempts at reforming their systems of campaign finances to ensure more transparency and accountability.

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Kimuck, Park, T. Edward, and Jr Jennings. "The Issue-Attention Cycle and Public Policy in the United States." Korean Journal of Policy Studies 30, no. 3 (2015): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps30301.

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Four decades ago, Anthony Downs offered a compelling picture of the public policy issue-attention cycle. This paper offers a systematic test of how well 50 social issues in the United States fit the model over an extended period of time. A total of 29 issues that fit Downs???s model are analyzed in order to test Downs???s theory that an increase in public interest in an issue increases the government???s efforts to address the issue. The results were quite mixed. For 11 issues, there was a positive relationship between the level of media attention and the number of bills passed. This provides partial support for Downs???s theory. Downs postulated that state intervention occurs when there is a high level of public concern. On the other hand, the results also reveal that a large number of policies were implemented when the level of media attention was not at its peak, resulting in either no relationship between attention and legislation or a negative relationship.

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Wish, Naomi. "Computers and Public Administration." News for Teachers of Political Science 49 (1986): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0197901900003457.

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The United States is increasingly becoming an information society. Over half of the labor force is now engaged in work requiring some level of information processing. Computers are the “engines” powering this information society and consequently, their diffusion is considerable and growing (Kraemer and Northrop, 1984:2).University professors, especially those who teach the social sciences, recognize that an understanding of computerized society is not enough. Students should be prepared to use these “engines of the information age.“For those of us who teach public administration, especially on the graduate level, the task of preparing our students for the computerized world is even of greater urgency and somewhat different in nature. Professors of public administration are not only preparing students for a computerized future, but more importantly, a computerized present.

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