Articles de revues : « International trade – Social aspects »

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Kerremans, Bart. « The Social Dimension of European Union Trade Policies ». European Foreign Affairs Review 14, Issue 5 (1 décembre 2009) : 629–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2009045.

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The European Union (EU) is widely considered as a formidable trade power. It represents about one fourth of worldwide trade flows and generally speaks with one voice in its common commercial policies. In addition, policy-makers and scholars often regard the Union as a distinctive, ‘normative power’ in the world. From this perspective, Europe tries to be at the forefront of promoting values such as human rights, democracy, sustainable development, and social justice, this with a clear preference for supporting international dialogue and cooperation in these areas, rather than for using trade sanctions. This special issue combines both aspects of the EU’s international role. More specifically, it concerns the social dimension of the EU’s trade policies. It raises the questions of how, why, and with what impact the EU has promoted social objectives through its common commercial policies. These three questions will be addressed in this introduction, followed by a brief summary of the way in which the different contributions of this special issue deal with them.

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Wu, Zhenjun. « Problems and Countermeasures of International Trade Financing of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in China ». Proceedings of Business and Economic Studies 4, n^o 4 (27 août 2021) : 172–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/pbes.v4i4.2408.

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Small and medium-sized enterprises are the foundation of China’s national economy, and they are important forces to promote economic and social development. They play an irreplaceable role in promoting scientific and technological progress, increasing social employment, expanding foreign trade, and other aspects in which they have become an important part of China’s socialist market economy. Based on the research background of international trade financing, this paper analyzes the problems existing in the international trade financing of small and medium-sized enterprises in China to put forward countermeasures and suggestions, hoping to help these small and medium-sized enterprises solve the financing problem so as to achieve a healthy development in the international trade market environment.

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Kos, Agnieszka, et Bogna Gudowska. « LEGAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ». International Journal of Legal Studies ( IJOLS ) 6, n^o 2 (31 décembre 2019) : 459–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7429.

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The article concerns one of the most popular phenomena in the business currently, which is corporate social responsibility (Corporate Social Responsibility, CSR). Its authors discuss the legal dimension of CSR and the attempts to define it in European documents and international standards. The analysis focuses on the SA 8000, ISO 26000 and AA 1000 standards. The article also discusses the economic dimension of CSR as a part of the company's strategy, especially in the face of growing trends related to sustainable economic development, growing consumer awareness and the need to address the socio-ethical issues of production or trade. It is also proposed to divide the economic aspects of CSR by their tangibility or intangibility. The impact of CSR on the financial results of enterprises is also discussed.

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Sidorov, V. N., et E. V. Sidorova. « UNITED NATIONS ACTION IN THE FIELD OF TRADE FACILITATION ». Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)), n^o 12 (14 mars 2021) : 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2020.76.12.095-110.

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Trade is defined as one of the key enabler of implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals Agenda 2030. Trade facilitation is important trend of trade in sustainable development, as expected will promote of growth acceleration and international trade and also will enhance economic, ecological and social aspects of sustainable development. In article is offered to consider the main activities of the United Nations in the trade facilitation. In the article it is offered to consider the main activities of the UN in the sphere simplification of procedures of trade The article considers the work of the United Nations in the of trade facilitation field, in particular the work of the United Nations, sustainable development, trade facilitation, International law, United Nations Commission on International Trade law, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, United Nations Industrial Development Organization, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Network of Experts for Paperless Trade in Asia and the Pacific.

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Loos, Gregory P. « Trade Policy and Public Goods ». NEW SOLUTIONS : A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 13, n^o 1 (mai 2003) : 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/2qum-5nv3-8du1-fr0q.

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The World Trade Organization (WTO) was formed in 1994 as the first multilateral trade organization with enforcement authority over national governments. A country's domestic standards cannot be more restrictive than international standards for trade. WTO seeks to “harmonize” individual domestic policies into uniform global standards and encompasses trade-related aspects of health, public safety, and environmental protection. These issues are transnational and pose enormous challenges to traditional governance structures. Most governments are not equipped to manage problems that transcend their borders. Moreover, international governance in social issues—with the possible exception of public health—is still in its infancy. Many groups are concerned that local public interests will be subjugated to global corporate interests. The article looks at the social ramifications of world trade policy and concludes that world trade must be balanced with sustainable environments and human health.

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Muchtar, Muchtar. « IMPACT OF FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS ON INDONESIA ECONOMIC PERFORMANCES ». Business and Entrepreneurial Review 15, n^o 1 (30 août 2017) : 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/ber.v15i1.2081.

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Indonesia participates in various free trade agreements with its main trading partners and it raises a research problem namely whether the participation would create benefits for Indonesia economic performances. Then, the research problem generates research questions that are what are the impacts of free trade agreements several aspects particularly for economic, social, and environment. Main objectives of this research will focus to assess the impacts of free trade agreements on: (i) economic aspects such as economic growth, export and import performances, balance of trade, terms of trade, investment, inflation, government expenditure and consumption, and sector output; (ii) social aspect such as labor market, wages, income gap between skilled and unskilled labor, social welfare; and (iii) environment aspect. Method of the research employs an economic model of computable general equilibrium on international trade, namely Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP Model 8 version). There are two policy simulations of tariff reduction namely; (i) Simulation I, tariff of agriculture products reduced by 65% and tariff of non-agriculture products reduced by 85%; (ii) Simulation II, tariff of agriculture products reduced by 80% and tariff of non-agriculture products reduced by 100% The research found that in general, impact of free trade agreement benefit for Indonesia economic performances, it indicated by economic variables that contribute positively to the economic performances are greater than economic variables that contribute negatively to the economic performances. The positive economic variables are economic growth, export performance, terms of trade, balance of trade, investment, government expenditure and consumption, wages, social welfare. While the negative economic variables are import performance, inflation, sector output, labor market, income gap of skilled and unskilled labors, emission proliferation.Research limitations related to the secondary data sources that depend on data published by international and national institutions as well as the data that already embodied in the GTAP Model. Policy implication to the government policy namely: (i) to undertake economic and trade reform to improve competitiveness; (ii) to undertake deeply comprehensive study before participation in the FTA; (iii) to give assistances for loser business particularly for small and medium enterprises; (iv) to socialize actively about the FTA to related business community.

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Beker, Emilija. « Economic aspects of globalization ». Privredna izgradnja 48, n^o 3-4 (2005) : 135–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/priz0504135b.

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Economic aspects of globalization are related to the increasing economic integration and interdependence on a global level through the processes of overall trade and financial liberalization and deregulation, minimization the role of the state, domination of market principles and mechanisms, and appearance of new actors on international economic scene. Ideological background of the new globalization wave is neoliberalism or market fundamentalism that is institutionalized in the form of trilateralism in international economic relations. Trilateralism includes concentrating the power of governing and regulation of international relations on three regional blocks in the world economy (SAD, Western Europe and Asia) and three international economic institutions (IMF, WTO and WB) that regulate specific area of international economic relations. Although globalization represents huge potential for creation of enormous economic prosperity these benefits aren't evenly distributed, so there exists an increasing gap between the wealthy and the poor that deepens the discontents of the globalization process. Considering that the only alternative is autarky and isolation of economy, globalization cannot be an option, but a reality that must be accepted, however, not at the cost of annulling national interests and sovereignty, degrading economic positions and initiating enormous social tensions.

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Spalevic, Zaklina, Zeljko Bjelajac et Dusko Dimitrijevic. « Arms trade as a global international problem ». Medjunarodni problemi 65, n^o 2 (2013) : 139–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp1302139s.

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The aim of this paper is to highlight the great social danger resulting from uncontrolled trade in arms and military equipment. A large number of terrorist attacks in the world show that uncontrolled arms trade is a growing problem for international security. In order to provide the same protection, the problem of uncontrolled arms and military equipment, which is the major international business, should be viewed from several aspects. To this end, after defining weapons, their production and trade, the authors have presented one of the ways the leading companies in the military-industrial complex provide themselves a market for sale of arms and military equipment, thus creating the conditions that contribute to expanding of their military companies. As the world?s largest exporters of arms and military equipment the United States, Russia and China give a short historical account of their arms trafficking. Then, considering the fact that the amount of weapons would unlikely diminish, the authors have pointed out that states should find a way to control the movement of weapons in the world preventing terrorist to take hold of them.

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Waleson, Joshua. « Corporate Social Responsibility in EU Comprehensive Free Trade Agreements : Towards Sustainable Trade and Investment ». Legal Issues of Economic Integration 42, Issue 2 (1 mai 2015) : 143–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2015009.

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This article explores how Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) could effectively be integrated into the trade and investment chapters of post-Lisbon comprehensive EU Free Trade Agreement (FTAs) and to which extent the various options could impose obligations on Multinational Enterprises (MNEs). It argues that promoting CSR in the trade aspects of a comprehensive FTA can, at most, indirectly impose obligations on MNEs due to the lack of vertical effect. Therefore, the likely evolution would be to include investor obligations that reflect CSR objectives in the investment chapters of comprehensive EU FTAs where there is vertical effect. By analysing the draft text of the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) within the context of international developments as regards incorporating non-trade objectives in regional and bilateral FTAs and IIAs, this article aims to illustrate the Commission's approach towards introducing CSR in future comprehensive EU FTAs.

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Bidabad, Bijan. « A convention for international trade (based on Islamic Sufi teachings) ». International Journal of Law and Management 57, n^o 5 (14 septembre 2015) : 522–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-06-2013-0025.

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Purpose – This paper aims to propose a procedure to remove international trade barriers globally. Trade is confronting various barriers in the present world, and this is due to the policies of governments to protect interests of their own citizens. Experience shows that trade barriers end up with incurring losses for both sides (traders) in practice, but a look at history of polemics on trade barriers removal in World Trade Organization (WTO) shows that countries are unable to overcome the obstacles they have created. Trade partners understand that removal of counter barriers is advantageous for both parties. In the meantime, being concerned of other party’s response impedes the benefits of free trade for all parties. Design/methodology/approach – This proposition is based upon Islamic Sufism teachings. The propounded principles and goals are in accordance with high understanding of social and economic subtleties of humankind’s life. The authors try to form and formalize Islamic Sufi teachings to establish a base for compiling new international convention that facilitates international trade in all aspects. Findings – To facilitate and promote international trade relations in short run, interested countries may accept a convention to remove all trade barriers among themselves all at once. Research limitations/implications – The proposed convention does not go against General Agreement on Tariff and Trade and WTO, but it is complementary to both. Practical implications – The proposed principles are actually shortcuts to what WTO may access in far futures. Social implications – Islamic Sufism teachings can lead us to solve current international problems. Originality/value – WTO has taken important steps to facilitate international trade. To reach the main goal of trade liberalization of WTO, a shortcut solution is proposed here.

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Micić, Radmila, Maja Staletović et Nenad Kojić. « Social responsibility in modern trade companies with reference to the walmart trade chain ». Oditor 8, n^o 1 (2022) : 37–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/oditor2201036m.

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In conditions of dynamic changes, companies try to preserve their position in various ways and thus ensure their survival on the market. One of the possibilities available to them is quality application of the concept of social responsibility. It can be said that in modern business conditions, trade has a very important role in functioning of any economy because, among other things, it can adequately bridge the discrepancy between greater supply of goods and lack of payment demand. However, regardless of that, one should not ignore the fact that today trade companies are also expected to monitor and adapt to socially responsible requirements. The aim of this paper is to point out the importance of social responsibility as well as certain aspects of socially responsible business in trade companies with reference to the largest retail chain in the world. Walmart, as the largest American company engaged in retail sale of goods in the domestic and international markets, has a very developed sense of society and the environment. Management of this company is aware of the fact that economic development can be achieved only if it goes hand in hand with development of the social community.

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Brava, Feim, et Ljubomir Kekenovski. « INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND PROTECTION POLICIES IN FRONT FREE TRADE ». KNOWLEDGE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL 31, n^o 5 (5 juin 2019) : 1455–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij31051455b.

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Trade was the main means of not only communication between people, but also the exchange of goods and goods between these people, all through the mechanisms known as the market. With the creation of large communities and later with the emergence of states, there was a need for exchange of products and services between states. At this moment, there was a need to create new mechanisms for trade to take the size of international exchanges. The creation of these new mechanisms made the international economy today to be considered as one of the main components of the world economy. International trade enables and encourages international labor sharing, while foreign trade development depends on the international division of labor. Separation of work and specialization in the production of certain products in the international aspect condition the countries' mutual economic interdependence and interdependence. For trade to reach the international dimension, it has been a gradual development over the centuries which led to an economic, social, political and cultural development reaching a high level in recent decades as a result of the process of industrialization, advanced transport, globalization and the birth of multinational corporations.

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Gehring, Markus, Sean Stephenson et Marie-Claire Cordonier Segger. « Sustainability Impact Assessments as Inputs and as Interpretative Aids in International Investment Law ». Journal of World Investment & ; Trade 18, n^o 1 (24 janvier 2017) : 163–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22119000-12340034.

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Sustainability impact assessments (SIAs) act as bridges between trade and investment agreements and social, environmental and human considerations. They are relevant as inputs into the treaty negotiation process and as interpretive aids in investment treaty arbitration. As inputs, SIAs attempt to measure the impact of environmental, social, economic and human rights aspects of trade and investment agreements prior to and during a treaty’s negotiation. SIAs have been performed on all major negotiations in the EU since 1999, and will continue to be performed under its investment competence. Case studies in this article demonstrate how SIAs may include climate change. Additionally, legal recommendations are offered which, if adopted by the Directorate General for Trade, should increase the effectiveness of SIAs. As interpretive aids, SIAs may be key references in treaty interpretation arguments in light of increased environment and development related investment disputes and focus on sustainable development policy space.

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Puga, Diego, et Daniel Trefler. « International Trade and Institutional Change : Medieval Venice’s Response to Globalization* ». Quarterly Journal of Economics 129, n^o 2 (7 mars 2014) : 753–821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qju006.

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Abstract International trade can have profound effects on domestic institutions. We examine this proposition in the context of medieval Venice circa 800–1600. Early on, the growth of long-distance trade enriched a broad group of merchants who used their newfound economic muscle to push for constraints on the executive, that is, for the end of a de facto hereditary Doge in 1032 and the establishment of a parliament in 1172. The merchants also pushed for remarkably modern innovations in contracting institutions that facilitated long-distance trade, for example, the colleganza. However, starting in 1297, a small group of particularly wealthy merchants blocked political and economic competition: they made parliamentary participation hereditary and erected barriers to participation in the most lucrative aspects of long-distance trade. Over the next two centuries this led to a fundamental societal shift away from political openness, economic competition, and social mobility and toward political closure, extreme inequality, and social stratification. We document this oligarchization using a unique database on the names of 8,178 parliamentarians and their families’ use of the colleganza in the periods immediately before and after 1297. We then link these families to 6,959 marriages during 1400–1599 to document the use of marriage alliances to monopolize the galley trade. Monopolization led to the rise of extreme inequality, with those who were powerful before 1297 emerging as the undisputed winners.

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Hammer, Nikolaus. « International Framework Agreements : global industrial relations between rights and bargaining ». Transfer : European Review of Labour and Research 11, n^o 4 (novembre 2005) : 511–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890501100404.

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This paper examines the emergence and the main features of International Framework Agreements (IFAs). IFAs originated in the 1980s and proliferated after 2000. They aim to secure core labour rights across multinational corporations' global supply chains. Global Union Federations, as well as other global (World Company and Works Councils), regional (European Works Councils or European Industry Federations) and national trade union structures, are parties to IFAs. Based on various features of international trade union activity, such as World Company Councils, codes of conduct, the trade and labour rights campaign or international social dialogue, IFAs constitute an important and innovative tool of international industrial relations. An analysis of the substantive and procedural provisions of IFAs leads to an analytical distinction between ‘rights' agreements and ‘bargaining’ agreements. The article assesses the substantive and procedural aspects of the 38 IFAs concluded before June 2005. Finally, key issues such as the scope of agreements, trade union capacity, and global supply chains are discussed in the context of international labour's campaigning, organising and negotiation activities.

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Byasharova, A. R., et L. V. Achalova. « Uganda : socio-economic development, trade, international regional cooperation ». International Trade and Trade Policy 7, n^o 3 (14 octobre 2021) : 30–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2021-3-30-42.

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The article is devoted to an urgent topic-the study of the development of the Republic of Uganda in social and economic aspects. The purpose of the article is to analyze the main trends in the socio-economic development of the Republic of Uganda in the XXI century, focusing on foreign trade processes and their role in general economic and humanitarian processes. The analysis was carried out on the basis of statistical data from the international statistics of UNCTAD, as well as other primary sources, primarily data from the National Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development, the National Population Council of Uganda, etc. for 2000–2019, as well as earlier periods (since 1970) and 2020 – to ensure comparability. The author comes to the conclusion that in the socio-economic development of Uganda, along with obvious successes – steady GDP growth, the development of the leading segments of the economy, infrastructure, human capital – serious problems and imbalances remain, the solution of which, in the author's opinion, lies in the plane of international cooperation, and above all – in the scientific, technical and integration spheres. As a member of the integration association of the East African Community Uganda actively cooperates at the regional level in a number of areas (economic, infrastructural, educational), which increases the stability and stability of the country.

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Byasharova, A. R., et L. V. Achalova. « Uganda : socio-economic development, trade, international regional cooperation ». International Trade and Trade Policy 7, n^o 3 (14 octobre 2021) : 30–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2021-3-30-42.

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The article is devoted to an urgent topic-the study of the development of the Republic of Uganda in social and economic aspects. The purpose of the article is to analyze the main trends in the socio-economic development of the Republic of Uganda in the XXI century, focusing on foreign trade processes and their role in general economic and humanitarian processes. The analysis was carried out on the basis of statistical data from the international statistics of UNCTAD, as well as other primary sources, primarily data from the National Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development, the National Population Council of Uganda, etc. for 2000–2019, as well as earlier periods (since 1970) and 2020 – to ensure comparability. The author comes to the conclusion that in the socio-economic development of Uganda, along with obvious successes – steady GDP growth, the development of the leading segments of the economy, infrastructure, human capital – serious problems and imbalances remain, the solution of which, in the author's opinion, lies in the plane of international cooperation, and above all – in the scientific, technical and integration spheres. As a member of the integration association of the East African Community Uganda actively cooperates at the regional level in a number of areas (economic, infrastructural, educational), which increases the stability and stability of the country.

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MELIKH, Olena, Valerii NEMCHENKO et Andrii KHVOSTIKOV. « MODERN PARADIGM OF WORLD ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF SUBSTANTIATION OF METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND ECONOMIC ». Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics 6, n^o 1 (24 février 2021) : 210–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2415-8453-2021-1-25.

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The purpose of the article is to substantiate the methodology of research of international trade and economic relations on the basis of identification of tendencies of formation of a modern paradigm of development of world economy. The main trends in the formation and development of the modern paradigm of the world economy are considered, the implementation of which to the practical aspects of socio-economic processes has a significant impact on applied aspects of the interaction of national economies in trade and economic relations. There are among them: regionalization, deepening specialization between countries in the production of key products, growth of the services sector, strengthening the role of transnational corporations, increasing the importance of supranational regulatory institutions, increasing the impact of social and environmental determinants, exacer-bating social inequality, changing the structure of world leaders. The fundamental orientation of the process of international trade development and economic relations is revealed, which is manifested in the movement from economic contacts to interaction, and then to economic cooperation and international economic integration. The transition from the abstract to the concrete in the study of the formation of the modern configuration of trade and economic relations is carried out on the example of the European Union. The stages of development of trade and economic relations in Europe are distinguished: the stage of origin and development of large-scale foreign trade (first half of the XIII-XIX centuries); industrial revolution (second half of the XIX century - the beginning of the First World War 1914 p.); the period of world wars (1914–1945); modern stage (1950 - our time). It is proved that the development of trade and economic relations in the modern globalization space involves further convergence of market economy and regulatory influence by national and suprana-tional institutions, strengthening the competitive position of individual countries in the world market and further diversification of their development. The conclusion is made about the scope of the methodological content of the study of the trade and economic relations development, which includes their consideration through the prism of institutions, markets and direct interstate partnership. Keywords: research methodology, paradigm, world economy, international trade and economic relations, regionalization, regional economic associations.

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Manners, Ian. « The Social Dimension of EU Trade Policies : Reflections from a Normative Power Perspective ». European Foreign Affairs Review 14, Issue 5 (1 décembre 2009) : 785–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2009053.

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This article provides some brief reflections on the ideas raised in the special issue on the social dimension of EU trade policies from a normative power (NP) perspective. A NP perspective attempts to understand and judge the ideational aspects of the EU by studying the EU’s principles, actions and impact in world politics. The article first elaborates on the role of labour rights as human rights in the EU’s external action from a NP perspective. The article then uses the NP tripartite analytical framework to examine the principles, actions and impact of the social dimension in EU trade policies found in the contributions to this special issue. Next the article asks how the EU initiatives in this area could increase the legitimacy of the ‘trade and social linkage’ in international politics and economics from a NP perspective. Finally the article concludes by suggesting a more holistic approach to the promotion of the social dimension of globalization.

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Giacomin, Alessandra, et Sergio Almeida Pacca. « Environmental and socioeconomic assessment of textile products consumption in Brazil - relationships with international trade ». Revista Kawsaypacha : sociedad y medio ambiente, n^o 7 (16 mars 2021) : 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18800/kawsaypacha.202101.002.

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Textile products drive a significant portion of the world economy, providing jobs, and being present in every aspect of our lives in all countries around the world. However, in its production, issues related to environmental and social pressures emerge. Taking into consideration the growing concern related to environmental and social impacts, it is necessary to address the issue of emissions generated indirectly by the sectors that supply the textile industry. This work has carried out an environmental and socioeconomic assessment of the consumption of textile products in Brazil, considering the relationship with international trade. The methodology used was the Multi-Regional Input-Output (MRIO) analysis, and the database used was Exiobase 3, for the year 2011. It was possible to conclude that most of the indirect impacts related to the textile industry are domestically generated. In the category of climate change and primary energy consumption, the sector that stood out was natural gas, with 51% of CO2 emissions and 33% of energy consumption. The largest share of indirect jobs is generated in the commercial sector with 34%, and the largest number of indirect employees are male with medium skill level, which represents 33%, followed by workers from the vulnerable class (self-employed) with 27%. Based on this analysis, it was possible to identify the greatest limitations related to socio-environmental aspects and the possible solutions to be adopted for this sector.

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Mukhina, Irina. « Regulating the Trade : International Peddling in Post-Soviet Russia ». Soviet and Post-Soviet Review 37, n^o 2 (2010) : 166–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633210x536889.

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AbstractThe economic, social, and political reforms of the former Soviet Union gave rise to a flourishing international peddling trade variously termed “shuttle trading,” “a suitcase trade,” or at times “trading tourism.” Small at first in the later 1980s, by the mid-1990s the shuttle trade expanded to include millions of people and came to constitute the backbone of Russian consumer trade. Initially the government was willing to “look the other way” or even support the shuttle trade as a way to provide for the collapsing consumer market in Russia. Yet the government drastically underestimated the vast number of people that the trade would attract and subsequently the scale and longevity of the trade. By 1993 and then progressively into the 1990s, the government aimed to bring this highly problematic aspect of the emerging market under its control, both by the means of regulating private businesses and creating a more business-conducive environment and by improving border control in order to make the borders “hard”. Thus this article analyzes the shuttle trade to demonstrate the ways in which decision makers, by accumulating raw data about the scale of the trade, border crossing, and the trade's social consequences, utilized these statistics in creating regulatory measures that simultaneously attempted to shape both the border control and customs regulations and the emerging free market space of the post-Soviet Russia.

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Kinney, Eleanor D. « Realization of the International Human Right to Health in an Economically Integrated North America ». Journal of Law, Medicine & ; Ethics 37, n^o 4 (2009) : 807–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2009.00452.x.

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During World War II, the Allies created the United Nations and its associated international institutions to stabilize the post-war world. The Allies envisioned a coordinated world in which human rights for all were respected, economic and social progress for all promoted, and global warfare prevented. This was a phenomenally fantastic vision that seemed unattainable in the wake of the most devastating global war in history.Today, the world is witnessing some of the fruits of these mid-20th century events and aspirations, especially since the collapse of Communism in 1989. Economic integration and free trade has become much more prevalent as exemplified by astounding developments such as the European Union. And there is a greater appreciation of human rights, including the international human right to health. This article examines the evolution of trade policy and the impact of free trade policies on the health care sectors of the three countries of North America and the realization of the human right to health in North America.

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Putranti, Ika Riswanti. « MULTILINGUALISM AND ASEAN SINGLE MARKET : IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE FACILITATIONS ». JURNAL ILMU SOSIAL 16, n^o 2 (18 juillet 2018) : 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jis.16.2.2017.112-134.

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The European Union is a successful common market role model through regional economic integration. The formation of common market by several countries within a country brings widespread implications not only in economic and legal aspects but also socially and culturally. There are four basic principles in the formation of a common European Union market of freedom of movement of goods, freedom of movement of services, freedom of movement of capital, freedom of movement of people. The application of the four principles within the framework of economic integration is strongly influenced by the social and cultural interactions taking place within the market structure. The part of culture is an essential element in doing economic interaction is the language. Multilingualism in the EU affects common market dynamics and policy patterns in trade facilitation.

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WILSON, GAIL. « Globalisation and older people : effects of markets and migration ». Ageing and Society 22, n^o 5 (septembre 2002) : 647–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x02008747.

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This paper discusses the material aspects of globalisation and the effects of the movements of trade, capital and people around the world on older men and women. While some older people have benefited, most notably where pensions and health care are well developed, the majority of older men and women are among the poor who have not. Free trade, economic restructuring, the globalisation of finance, and the surge in migration, have in most parts of the world tended to produce harmful consequences for older people. These developments have been overseen, and sometimes dictated, by inter-governmental organisations (IGOs) such as the International Monetary Foundation (IMF), the World Bank and the World Trade Organisation (WTO), while other IGOs with less power have been limited to anti-ageist exhortation. Globalisation transfers resources from the poor to the rich within and between countries. It therefore increases social problems while simultaneously diminishing the freedom and capacity of countries to make social policy. Nonetheless, the effects of globalisation, and particularly its financial dimensions, on a nation's capacity for making social policy can be exaggerated. Political will can combat international economic orthodoxy, but the evident cases are the exception rather than the rule.

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Peluso, Nancy Lee, Peter Vandergeest et Lesley Potter. « Social Aspects of Forestry in Southeast Asia : A Review of Postwar Trends in the Scholarly Literature ». Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 26, n^o 1 (mars 1995) : 196–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400010584.

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This paper examines the major trends since the 1950s in social science writing on forest management in Southeast Asia. Southeast Asia is simultaneously rich in and dependent on natural resources, both for local and national use or sale. Among renewable resources, forest products have played critical roles in the region's national, provincial, and local economies before, during, and after colonialism — for as long as two millennia. Their importance in international trade illustrates that Southeast Asia's forests linked the region to other parts of the world for quite some time, dispelling myths that parts of the region such as Borneo were “remote”, “primitive”, or “pristine”.

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ROBINS, JONATHAN E. « A Common Brotherhood for Their Mutual Benefit : Sir Charles Macara and Internationalism in the Cotton Industry, 1904–1914 ». Enterprise & ; Society 16, n^o 4 (21 septembre 2015) : 847–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eso.2015.29.

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Unlike their national counterparts, international trade associations are a little-studied aspect of the global economic system. Much of the literature on trade associations has focused on rent-seeking behavior, although theories of transaction costs and social capital have been gaining influence. This article uses the early history of the International Federation of Master Cotton Spinners’ and Manufacturers’ Associations (IFMCSMA), still operating today as the International Textile Manufacturers’ Federation, to test different explanations for the formation and persistence of international trade associations. The IFMCSMA case illustrates the challenges of rent-seeking on an international scale, and highlights the importance of social ties in building cooperation. Firms and individuals used the IFMCSMA to pursue reforms across the cotton textile industry and enjoyed some success in collective negotiations with other actors and organizations.

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Huang, Yiming. « The Link between International Trade and China’s Economic Cycle ». Finance and Market 5, n^o 4 (22 décembre 2020) : 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.18686/fm.v5i4.2781.

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In the new era of the 21st century, with the vigorous development of human society, economy, and science and technology, the relationship between countries gradually tends to communicate and coexist. At present, countries all over the world have more frequent exchanges in the fields of economy, culture, politics and education. Globalization has been a new development trend of the international society, and international trade has become a key content of global resources, science and technology and cultural exchanges. At present, in the international community, globalization is not only reflected in the global economy, but also in all aspects of the regional economy. The important feature and outstanding essence of the development of international trade is the common development and mutual complement of regional economy and global economy. With the rapid development of Internet technology, the interaction between countries has become more frequent and convenient, and the orderly development of international trade has sufficient hardware support. In the current social environment, it is of practical significance to analyze and explain the relationship between international economic trade and China’s economic cycle fluctuations. Experimental research results show that since my country implemented the strategic policy of reform and opening up, my country has always developed economic development channels based on the idea of cooperating with multiple parties. Although in the international trade environment, there are many risks, but our country is moving forward under the guidance of the ideological policy of cooperation with multiple parties. It can be said that the impact of international trade on domestic economic cycle fluctuations has both positive and negative effects. It is necessary to establish a development strategy that conforms to the development of my country’s economic cycle through the study of objective conditions and actual conditions.

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Xiangchen, Zhang, et Wang Jinyong. « Capacity Constraint : A Fundamental Perspective for the Development Issue at WTO ». Journal of World Trade 53, Issue 1 (1 février 2019) : 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2019001.

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The development issue at WTO, which has generated heated academic and policy debates, is an integral part of the multilateral trade negotiations, with the special and differential treatment (S&DT) for developing countries being at the core. This article seeks to, by introducing certain theoretical analysis framework – such as the theory of ‘incomplete contract’ and ‘poverty as capability deprivation’ – into the multilateral trade negotiations, conclude that the fundamental aspect of the development issue at WTO is the capacity constraint of developing countries: the insufficient capacity limits the extent of their capability to negotiate internationally as well as to transform the negotiated outcomes into domestic economic development. Reviewing the capacity constraint and an array of economic and social indicators, it argues that China is still a developing country. Further, one of the important aspects for the multilateral trade negotiations on development lies in abridging the ‘rules deficit’, focusing on empowering and strengthening endogenous capabilities of developing countries. Meanwhile, the capacity constraint of developing countries stems from the past negotiations of multilateral trade rules and is reflected in the implementation of those rules, i.e., to transform multilateral trade rules into domestic laws and regulations, and further convert such capacity into a driving force and endogenous engine for domestic economic and social development. Thereafter, in the multilateral trade negotiations, developing countries may, on a voluntary basis, duly contribute according to their capacity to do so, which may be the way out for development negotiations at WTO.

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Zvarych, Iryna. « International trade of waste in the sector-spatial dimensions ». Herald of Ternopil National Economic University, n^o 3(97) (1 octobre 2020) : 123–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/visnyk2020.03.123.

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Introduction. Global circular trade involves countries that specialize in exporting goods in which they have a comparative advantage and import other goods from their trading partners. This process of international exchange requires the transportation of goods from the country of production to the country of consumption. Therefore, the expansion of international trade is likely to increase the use of transport. It is confirmed that the leading countries in the export-import of waste in various industries are at the same time components of circular core, around which circular value chains are formed. The aim is to do a systematic analysis of the spatial-component structure of trade in waste and scrap and to identify leading countries, development priorities in industries (pharmaceuticals, clinical, household, rubber waste, polymers, silk and cotton waste). Results. The paper analyzes the spatial-component structure of trade in waste and scrap and identifies the leading countries, development priorities in the industries (pharmacy, clinical, household, rubber waste, polymers, silk and cotton waste). The main problematic aspects are illegal waste trade and growing smuggling, which cause serious negative social consequences and actualize the inclusive component in substantiating the paradigm of the global inclusive circular economy. It has been investigated that waste reduction combined with prudent use of resources has the potential to address the gap due to natural resource scarcity and global growing population or consumption. It is substantiated that the formation of circular trade will contribute to: the definition of priority materials for trade and the required level of processing capacity; harmonization of material quality standards; promoting the demand for used goods and secondary raw materials; removing unnecessary regulatory barriers and avoiding environmentally harmful activities such as non-compliance, poorly regulated nature and informal recovery. Perspectives. Further research on international waste trade in the sectoral-spatial dimension will need to be continued in the context of the environmental and economic impacts of COVID-19, which diversifies and increases the amount of medical waste.

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Nowakowska -Grunt, Joanna, et Piotr Maśloch. « Globalization and New Trends in Management – Europe Union Security Aspects ». International Journal of Engineering & ; Technology 7, n^o 2.28 (16 mai 2018) : 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.28.12916.

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This article attempts to define what contemporary globalization is and present opportunities and threats this process generates. The purpose of this paper is also to show how dynamically the reality in Europe is changing and how new threats associated with economy, management and other processes. The globalization processes of the economies worldwide and the dynamic development of trade and international cooperation create new conditions and threats, under which countries and social-political-economic organizations (e.g. EU) must operate.Experience over the last years has shown, that even the strongest supporters of openness to other values and culture, which are new for Europe, have revised their views, surprised by the scale of illegal immigrations and others EU security aspects.

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Cambazoglu, Birgül, et Hacer Simay Karaalp. « Does foreign direct investment affect economic growth ? The case of Turkey ». International Journal of Social Economics 41, n^o 6 (3 juin 2014) : 434–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-02-2012-0173.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of inward foreign direct investment (FDI) and international trade on economic growth in Turkey for the post-liberalization period (1980-2010). Design/methodology/approach – The paper employs the vector auto-regression model with four variables: real GDP growth, real inward FDI, the real import volume index and the real export volume index. Findings – Empirical results suggest a relationship between economic growth, inward FDI and exports. Practical implications – The results derived in this paper shed light on the relationship between FDI and international trade on economic growth for Turkey, which has been applying an export-led growth strategy since 1980, and has been implementing many regulations to attract foreign capital. It is evident that although Turkey's efforts and the importance of this issue, new policies and stabilization regulations must be established for the Turkish economy. Originality/value – This study contributes to the literature in at least two aspects. First, a comparative analysis of Turkey's inward and outward FDI with respect to different country groups was analyzed. Second, apart from other studies, the effect of inward FDI and international trade on Turkey's economic growth was tested utilizing an econometric method from 1980 to 2010, which is a relatively long time period for Turkey.

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Aminuddin, M. Faishal. « Poskolonial dan Developmentalisme : Telaah Kritis ». Global Focus 2, n^o 1 (30 avril 2022) : 4–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jgf.2022.002.01.1.

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The relation between postcolonial theory and developmentalism does not run linearly, but there is a contradictory dialogue space. This article aims to explain the rejection of postcolonial theory to the paradigm and practice of developmentalism through an evaluation of debates in the philosophical realm. This article answers the debates in postcolonial studies, including the theorizing of political economy, development, and international politics. This rejection stems from the fact that developmentalism is considered a new form of colonization in the economic aspect, extending to social, political, and cultural aspects. The results show that the opposition of postcolonial theory to developmentalism can be explained through four discussions as the unit of analysis, which consists of the international trade system, capital distribution schemes, the role of global institutions, and the existence of the state and its people.

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Césari, María Susana, Johanna Maldovan Bonelli, Mariana Russak et Jörg Eggers. « Contributions of Trade Unionism to Sustainable Development : The Case of the IPLIDO-UTHGRA ». European Journal of Sustainable Development 8, n^o 5 (1 octobre 2019) : 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2019.v8n5p47.

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For several decades it has been internationally recognized the role of unions in promoting sustainable development goals, especially in its economic, social and cultural dimensions. While the commitment to free association, social dialogue and collective bargaining are some of the main aspects of their actions, trade union organizations also work in other key areas to achieve social justice, such as access to information, education, health and gender equity. The Institute for Equal Opportunities (IPLIDO) of the Union of Tourism, Hotel and Gastronomy Workers of the Argentine Republic (UTHGRA) is a paradigmatic case on this path. In order to ensure equal opportunities for all people (based on the equal participation of men and women in the labor, economic, political, cultural and family) the IPLIDO has carried out several actions aimed at: strengthen ties in the community; build networks among non-governmental organizations, trade unions and public institutions; promote gender equality; disseminate information and train in pressing issues such as addictions, grooming and gender violence; and participate in the design and implementation of laws and public policies, among others. This paper addresses the strategies and actions carried out by the IPLIDO since its creation -in 2006-, highlighting its interaction with the public sector, international and civil society organizations, in order to promote rights and values in the trade union sphere and the community in general.

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Vigh, Henrik. « Life in the ant trails ». Focaal 2019, n^o 85 (1 décembre 2019) : 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fcl.2019.850102.

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This article looks ethnographically at the cocaine trade in and through Bissau, Guinea-Bissau. It clarifies some of the less obvious aspects of illegal cross-border trade and ties the minor flow of drugs, often trafficked by the desperate and disenfranchised, to larger global dynamics. While international media and commentators alike frequently depict transnational organized crime as a pathogen attacking the healthy global order, a closer look at the Bissau cocaine trade clarifies that the trade is neither external nor parasitical but integral to it. The trade’s grasp of Bissau is anchored in enduring critical circumstance, stretching from the social to the political, and displays several ironic feedback loops and interdependencies linking misfortune in time and space. The article thus shows how negative conditions may travel and circulate in a manner that ramifies vulnerability across economic and political borders.

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Morin, Jean-Frédéric, et Jenny Surbeck. « Mapping the New Frontier of International IP Law : Introducing a TRIPs-plus Dataset ». World Trade Review 19, n^o 1 (28 mars 2019) : 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745618000460.

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AbstractThis article introduces a new dataset on the intellectual property (IP) provisions included in preferential trade agreements (PTAs) and makes it available for research and policy communities alike. Several PTAs include IP commitments that go well beyond the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs). A sound knowledge of these TRIPs-plus commitments is essential in order to improve our understanding of what drives them and of their legal, social, and economic consequences. Yet, until now, these provisions have not been mapped in a comprehensive and systematic way. The T + PTA dataset fills this gap by documenting the existence of 90 types of IP provisions in 126 agreements signed between 1991 and 2016. We show that, even for like-minded countries, significant variations exist in their reliance on TRIPs-plus provisions, their degree of consistency across PTAs, and their preferences for some IP rights. We also find that strong TRIPs-Plus provisions are correlated with the depth of PTAs, the asymmetry between trade partners, and the strength of their domestic IP law. By making the T + PTA dataset available, we hope to create the opportunity for a new generation of research on TRIPs-plus agreements.

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HOFFMANN, ULRICH. « HOW TO TRANSFORM AGRICULTURE UNDER THE CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL WARMING : A REVIEW OF KEY DEVELOPMENT AND TRADE ISSUES ». Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy 04, n^o 03 (octobre 2013) : 1350013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793993313500130.

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The problems of climate change, hunger and poverty, economic, social and gender inequity, poor health and nutrition, and environmental sustainability are inter-related and need to be solved by leveraging agriculture's multi-functionality. Against this background, this paper analyzes various aspects of the fundamental transformation of agricultural production methods and systems required for dealing with the serious challenges that arise from global warming. It also discusses the trade-offs to be made in enhancing the mitigation and adaptation potential of agriculture as part and parcel of a pro-poor development approach in agriculture, which will also have to include a modification of international trade rules.

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Pellissery, Sony, et Ivar Lødemel. « Property and Social Citizenship : Social Policy beyond the North ». Social Policy and Society 19, n^o 2 (2 mars 2020) : 275–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746419000575.

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This article examines how the property rights in land have come to be a constitutive element of social citizenship. Reviewing the theoretical developments on the idea of social citizenship since Marshall’s seminal essay on Citizenship and Social Class (1950), this introductory article identifies four processes which bring property rights to the centre stage of social rights. First, recognition of entitlement beyond ownership opens up different social functions of property. Social citizenship as a tool is able to demand contextually appropriate rights from the bundle of rights that property is constituted of. Second, the idea of social citizenship is global today, and has transcended nation-state boundaries. How trade and communications impact property in land shapes the realisation of social rights. Three, active citizens contribute to the creation of public spaces in emerging urban residential areas. Citizens make social claims on such spaces through radical forms of insurgent citizenship. Four, planning as a tool, which organises property for the realisation of citizens’ social rights, is able to meet the competing objectives of human rights and speculative profiteering by real estate owners. These four aspects become essential to understand how social citizenship is unfolding, particularly in the Global South.

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Fauziah, Cut. « AT-TIJARAH (PERDAGANGAN) DALAM ALQURAN (Studi Komparatif Tafsir Jami‘ Li Ahkam Alquran dan Tafsir Al-Mishbah) ». Jurnal At-Tibyan : Jurnal Ilmu Alquran dan Tafsir 2, n^o 1 (17 octobre 2017) : 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32505/tibyan.v2i1.253.

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Trade always plays a vital role in the social and economic life of human beings of all tim, so that business interests will influence the behavior of all the individual, social, and any regional, national, and international. This studys is based on constituent concerns in view of the condition of trade problems both in the Islamic world in particular and the international community at large. The method used is the muqaran method to see the comparison between the opinion of al- Qurtubi and Quraish Shihab about tijarah (trade) in the Quran so as to see visible differences or similarities, especially in terms of both methodology and interpretation. Therefore, the author of this study is expected to be able to analyze the opinion of al-Qurtubi and that of M. Quraish Shihab about tijarah (trade) and how hung of related to the principle of tijarah (trade) so as to formulate how to trade in accordance with the commandments of God and His Messenger. The equation of the two interpreters that they equally say that the verses were revealed on issues discussed on tijarah (trade). In terms of methodology they interpret the verse interpretation paragraph in accordance with the Quran, but the explanations are the different al-Qurtubi also use the narrations of the earlier scholars, historians and israiliyat narrators, and so forth, while Quraish Shihab explain these verses by including the views of previous scholars both from the clergy, Sunni and Shiite ulama. Differences in interpretation between al-Qurtubi and Quraish Shihab verses above, al-Qurtubi said these verses describe tijarah (trade) over the fore with the legal aspects, it is seen as the interpretation that he did indeed use a style of interpretation fiqh , al-Qurtubi says that the origin of the fallacy is also known as the forgotten, forgot to get directions and to forget that which it is traded hints and error, so it is clear that al-Qurtubi put forward it directly to the trade laws of God that is with include guidance and misguidance. While the Quraish Shihab said that the trade should be established with a willingness between sellers and buyers, although compliance is nothing hidden in my heart, but the indicators and signs can be seen. Consent and granted or what is known in the customs of the handover are the forms that are used to demonstrate compliance.

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Medvid, Victoria. « The Main Phases of Ukraine’s Cooperation with International Donors in the Field of International Technical Assistance Projects Implementation (1992-2014) ». European Historical Studies, n^o 8 (2017) : 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2017.08.221-230.

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The article analyzes key aspects of Ukraine’s cooperation with International Donors in the period from 1992 to 2014. The article deals with the concept of “international technical assistance” and its involvement in Ukraine, the main directions of international cooperation. It provides the views of scholars on development assistance, its impact on the economy, the development of democracy etc. Special attention is paid to the characteristics of the main phases of International Technical Assistance projects’ implementation. The historiography and documents concerning the International Technical Assistance overview as the one of the ways of international cooperation of Ukraine (1992-2014) have been unfolded. The author identifies three main phases of international technical cooperation based on data from the Ministry of Economic Policy and Trade of Ukraine: 1) from1992 to 1996; 2) from 1996 to 2002; 3) from 2002 to 2014. The article describes the conceptual apparatus relating the involvement of the international aid, the concept of technical assistance and how it presents the Ukrainian international affairs. The data of the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of Ukraine, a number of registered projects from 1996 to 2014 have been presented and analyzed. The vectors of international cooperation in the field of the implementation of international technical assistance projects, their interdependence with social and political issues and the policy of the state have been determined. The author also analyzes the statistics of the registered International Technical Assistance projects during 1992-2014. The aspects of public policy related to development assistance have been analyzed. The historical preconditions of the “development assistance” concept have been explained, the basic scientific positions on the impact of the donor development assistance upon the recipient country have been given.

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Mujal-Leon, Eusebio. « The West German Social Democratic Party and The Politics of Internationalism in Central America ». Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 29, n^o 4 (1987) : 89–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/165819.

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One of the Most Notable Aspects of the Crisis in Central America has been the opportunity it has offered a number of actors, both within and without the region, to become involved in an area long considered a traditional reserve and zone of influence of the United States. Over the last decade, no European Socialist or Social Democratic party has been more important or influential with respect to Central American issues than the West German Social Democratic Party (SPD or Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands). Despite being in the opposition since 1982, the West German Social Democrats have retained their prominence on international issues—particularly on Central American ones—for a number of reasons, such as: (1) having a solid electoral base (37% of the votes in the 1987 Bundestag elections); (2) having leaders who are internationally prominent; (3) having a well-organized foreign policy apparatus at their disposal (the well-financed Friedrich Ebert Stiftung foundation); (4) having connections to a similarly endowed trade union movement, organized around the Deutsche Gewerkschaftsbund(DGB); as well as (5) having persisted in their efforts to coordinate joint initiatives with other Socialist and Social Democratic parties, both within the European Economic Community (EEC) and through the Socialist International (SI).

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Grega, Libor. « Agricultural trade liberalization and positive externalities ». Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 53, n^o 3 (2005) : 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200553030035.

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Changes in the perception of economic growth within the context of sustainable development lead to the broadly defined concept of further development of all industries, while agriculture plays qualitatively new role in this concept. Agriculture is not any more viewed only as an industry ensuring nutrition of population, but also its non-production benefit has growing importance. There is growing importance of the concept of multifunctionality of agriculture both in the Czech Republic and in the whole European Union, where agriculture historically played an important role in landscape formation and determined the development of social structures, while these aspects have growing importance for formulating of agricultural policies. Multifunctionality reflects the fact, that agriculture produces many food and non-food commodities, while some of them have the character of externalities and public goods.One of important conditions of efficient conception of agricultural policy is the answer on the question, what is the impact of growing trade liberalization on social welfare, respectively welfare of producers and consumers, if there are positive agricultural externalities. The analysis brings comparison in welfare development when externalities are internalized and when they are not. There are important consequences for social welfare, if state does not evaluate extra-production benefit of agriculture in a proper way.For the distribution analysis of benefits and costs of agricultural trade liberalization in presence of positive externalities connected with agricultural production, e.g. the analysis of impacts on consumers, producers and social welfare, is used traditional international trade model.Under the present tendency to liberalization of world agricultural markets there should be an effort of policy makers to internalise agricultural externalities. If there are agricultural industries, which are net exporters and at the same time produce positive agricultural externalities, trade liberalization brings additional increase of social welfare, connected with increased production of given agricultural commodity and at the same time increased production of positive agricultural externality. Growth of social welfare will be higher if positive agricultural externality will be internalised.For agricultural industries with positive externalities which are net importers, the change of social welfare brought by trade liberalization is not obvious. It depends on concrete character of cost and demand curves. However in any case, the social welfare will be higher with internalised externality that without internalization.

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Sohn, Kiyoun. « Analysis of the Digital Trade Agreements among Several APEC Member Countries ». APEC Studies Association of Korea 14, n^o 2 (30 décembre 2022) : 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.52595/jas.14.2.1.

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We analyze a variety of digital trade agreements with a view to exploring a useful guidance to clarify and improve the agreements. After examining the key features of the agreements, we compare them in two aspects, market access and policy cooperation. While the market access issues include the cross-border transfer of information by electronic means, the location of computing facilities, no imposition of customs duties on electronic transmissions and the express shipments, the policy cooperation issues do cooperation on standard and conformity assessment for digital trade, FinTech cooperation, and competition policy cooperation. Next, after evaluating the digital trade agreements, we find the need for reasonable definitions of critical terms such as digital trade and digital service. Also we suggest how to clarify and improve the scope of digital product and their relationship with the relevant WTO agreements, primarily GATS. Finally, we conclude with future issues such as the role of APEC, the interconnection between digital trade and trade in services, Korea’s strategies for future digital trade agreements, and the multilateral negotiations on digital trade at several international organizations such as WTO and OECD.

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Islam, Rafiqul, et Khorsed Zaman. « Deadly migrant trafficking trade by sea and restrictive service trade by the WTO ». Journal of International Trade Law and Policy 14, n^o 2 (15 juin 2015) : 86–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jitlp-08-2015-0022.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine one of the most pressing global challenges, the ongoing migrant trafficking across sea, from international trade law and policy perspective. It identifies global poverty as one of the underlying causes of such trafficking. It argues that restrictive trade in labour-intensive services of the World Trade Organization (WTO) contributes to and sustains poverty in many migrant producing countries. Chronic unemployment in poor countries with surplus manual workforce renders these workers bewildered to survive in a jobless and incomeless home markets. Non-liberalization of movements of natural persons under General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) Mode 4 prevents legal cross-border delivery of labours. Restrictive trade in agriculture has but aggravated their marginalized plight. It is this poverty trap that pushes workers, lured by smugglers, to take risky migration routes for better life in countries with labour shortages. Design/methodology/approach – The paper adopts a blend approach of theoretical and applied aspects of international trade law and policy, which is interpreted and applied to a fact situation of contemporary challenge of migrant trafficking by sea. Findings – This paper establishes a nexus between restrictive Mode 4 trade and its implications for poverty-induced migration trafficking trade. It suggests a palatable trade law and policy-based reform response for the WTO to ameliorate poverty and migration trafficking trade concurrently through the creation of legal channels for the cross-border delivery of labours by liberalizing Mode 4 trade in a manner beneficial for developed countries as well. Originality/value – Its value lies in its contribution to maximize multi-lateral trade liberalization for the benefit of all countries, social inclusion and economic emancipation of the disadvantaged, which would minimize global poverty.

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IHNATENKO, Т., V. PARKHOMENKO et А. TARASENKO. « Ukraine in the Contemporary Integration Processes : Preconditions and Problems ». Scientific Bulletin of the National Academy of Statistics, Accounting and Audit, n^o 4 (20 février 2020) : 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31767/nasoa.4.2019.08.

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Given that the economic and social recovery of Ukraine is largerly conditional on its integration in the international economic system and effective involvement in the international division of labor, the article’s objective is to analyze preconditions and problems specific to the Ukraine’s integration in the global economic area. Intergration-specific aspects and problems in operation of the transport infrastructure and mining industry of Ukraine, strong and weak sides of Ukraine on the global energy market, the potentials of Ukraine in the agrarian sector are highlighted. It is emphasized that a priority mechanism for increasing the share of Ukraine’s trade on the European agrarian market is Free Trade Zone with EU, but a factor constraining growth in the agricultural exports of Ukraine to EU is failure of the most part of domestic producers to comply with technical, sanitary etc. terms for exporters to EU. The analysis covers statistical data on foreign trade of Ukraine in goods and services in 2016–2018, the commodity structure of Ukraine’s foreign trade in 2018, key indicators of the international trade of Ukraine in 2016–2018. It, above all, shows the negative balance of the Ukrainian foreign trade, which tendency is upward. The tradability index for the Ukrainian economy fell in this period from 81.0% до 79.9%, giving evidence of the decreasing participation of Ukraine in the international division of labor. The essential factors underlying the negative balance of foreign trade in goods are highlighted; measures to reduce the negative balance of foreign trade are proposed. The data showing the progress in Ukraine’s implementation of Association Agreement with EU are summed up. It is concluded that in spite of a series of steps towards the openness of Ukraine for the global market, the processes involved in the formation of the national foreign economic relations mechanism have been contradictory and ineffective. It calls for optimization of regulatory forms for foreign economic relations and implementation of a mechanism complying with the current terms of international economic relations.

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Córdova González, Claudia Angélica, et Mónica Guadalupe Chávez Elorza. « Review of the International Patent System : From the Venice Statute to Free Trade Agreements ». Mexican Law Review 13, n^o 1 (2 juillet 2020) : 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/iij.24485306e.2020.1.14810.

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The current international patent system emerged within certain economic, political and social conditions in specific territories and periods. It has its historical roots in the Statute of Venice (1474), the Statute of Monopolies (1624), the United States Patent Law (1790), the French Patent Law (1791) and the Paris Convention (1883). Over time, these laws shaped a new model, which currently prevails. To strengthen the analysis of this article, the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (1994), as well as free trade twentieth century agreements are integrated into the discussion. It is worth noting that each amendment stressed the economic relevance of the patent and its use to benefit certain economic elites through the creation of monopolies. Consequently, the debate on the purposes and nature of the international patent system has also been constant from its emergence to the present. This article provides basic elements for reflection about the origin, purposes and scope of national patent models implemented in Latin America within the global trend of scientific-technological innovation for development.

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Eltantawy, Reham A. « The role of supply management resilience in attaining ambidexterity : a dynamic capabilities approach ». Journal of Business & ; Industrial Marketing 31, n^o 1 (1 février 2016) : 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-05-2014-0091.

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Purpose – This study aims to explore the necessary role of supply management (SM) resilience capabilities in making effective trade-offs to attain an ambidextrous state, i.e. the state of attaining exploitation and exploration with dexterity, or achieving high levels of both. Sustainability requires effective trade-offs among economic, environmental and social outcomes while maintaining the longevity of the buying firm. Existing literature highlights the difficulty of making effective trade-offs due to likely tensions between divergent demands, i.e. tensions between exploitative and explorative performance goals. Design/methodology/approach – This conceptual study extends insights from the dynamic capabilities approach to explore the nature of SM resilience and its role in attaining ambidexterity. Findings – This study proposes SM resilience as a multifaceted dynamic capability that is determined by two contrasting aspects of stability (engineering and ecological resilience) that aid the buyer’s firm to ambidextrously adapt and transform in turbulent environments. Practical implications – The study highlights the competencies and resilience capabilities that managers need to develop and maintain in pursuing an effective balance of exploitation and exploration in SM. Originality/value – The proposed framework extends existing SM sustainability frameworks by examining the nature and dimensionality of resilience and linking it to ambidexterity. The proposed framework provides a platform for the integration of theoretical aspects from various research streams; socio-ecological literature, dynamic capabilities and organizational ambidexterity.

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Kerner, Andrew, Jane Sumner et Brian Richter. « Offshore production's effect on Americans’ attitudes toward trade ». Business and Politics 22, n^o 3 (3 mars 2020) : 539–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bap.2019.36.

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AbstractAmerican discontent with offshore production features heavily in trade policy debates. But Americans more typically encounter offshore production in apolitical contexts as consumers. We argue that these ostensibly apolitical encounters with offshore production are, in fact, freighted with political consequences. This paper asks: When and for whom does consumer-based exposure to offshore production reduce support for free trade? This is an important in its own right, but also sheds light on the contexts in which more overtly political references to offshore production are likely to find the most fertile ground. We answer these questions using a survey experiment that embeds an offshoring “prime” into an advertisement for pet furniture, varying the location of production across different treatment groups. We find that our experimental exposure to offshore production depressed enthusiasm for free trade, but only when production occurred in China, and mainly among white men living near trade-related job loss. That heterogeneity resonates with work on the economic and social aspects of the decline in American manufacturing employment.

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Ramankulov, К. S. « The Problem of Freedom of Association : A Comparative Legal Study of Provisions of Laws on Trade Unions of the States of the Eurasian Economic Union, Taking into Account International Labor Standards ». Actual Problems of Russian Law 16, n^o 2 (26 février 2021) : 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2021.123.2.165-174.

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The paper investigates the norms of laws on trade unions of the states of the Eurasian Economic Union, with respect to international labor standards, in the context of the problems of freedom of association in a comparative legal aspect. In this regard, trade union monopolies (Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan) are challenging the provision of the independence of trade unions in a number of countries of the Eurasian Economic Union. The paper concludes that there is a significant inconsistency, in particular, Art. 11-15 of the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 211-V "On Trade Unions" and Art. 7-12 of a new Law (draft) of the Kyrgyz Republic "On Trade Unions" to the principles of Art. 2 and 11 of the ILO Convention No. 87. The paper examines the trends associated with the expansion of some trade union rights in terms of their relationship with civil rights and freedoms and international labor standards. On this basis, it is concluded that in international legal acts, trade union rights are considered as a complex legal institution containing norms related to civil and political rights, to economic, social and cultural rights.

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Starostina, Alla, Natalia Kochkina et Carlo Adami. « Economic intelligence index and trade flow analysis ». JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES 15, n^o 2 (juin 2022) : 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2022/15-2/1.

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The aim of the research is to explore the natural predisposition of the world’s nations to implement an effective and efficient Economic Intelligence strategy, through the calculation of an index that measures the country’s position in the network of international relations. Economic Intelligence is a new discipline introduced by scholars in order to support the national governments through new information bases designed to succeed in the complex economic environment following the development of globalization. Given that a central role in the international economic relations’ network provides a privileged position for acquiring information useful for supporting the logical aspects of strategic planning, a country with such a role has a natural predisposition to develop a successful Economic Intelligence strategy. Thus, the subject of the research focuses on analysing that predisposition by measuring the significance of the position occupied by a country in the global trade network. For that purpose, the methodology of the Social Network Analysis is used. The assumption is that by calculating the Economic Intelligence Index, that is a weighted average of the main centrality indexes related to each country within the global trade network, it is possible to measure a national entity’s inclination to developing a sound Economic Intelligence strategy. The basic conclusion of the article highlights that, notwithstanding the fact that a prominent role in the global trade network is occupied by the major countries in terms of commercial importing value, other countries characterized by a significant Economic Intelligence Index could be in a position to develop a successful Economic Intelligence strategy.

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Lopert, Ruth, et Sara Rosenbaum. « What is Fair ? Choice, Fairness, and Transparency in Access to Prescription Medicines in the United States and Australia ». Journal of Law, Medicine & ; Ethics 35, n^o 4 (2007) : 643–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2007.00187.x.

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The role of government in assuring population access to affordable and appropriate health care represents a central question for any nation. Of particular concern is access to prescription drug coverage, not only because of the vital role played by drugs in modern medicine, but also because of their high costs. This article examines the sharply contrasting prescription drug coverage and payment policies found in Australia and the U.S. – strong political allies and international trading partners – and describes how key U.S. interests have sought, through an aggressive trade agenda, to expand markets for U.S. goods and services, even when market expansions clash with other nations’ contrasting emphasis on social equity and fairness. Indeed, the nation’s bilateral free trade negotiations have brought the contours of this policy schism into sharp relief.

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