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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « International trade – Greece – 19th Century »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "International trade – Greece – 19th Century"

Atrashkevich, Alexandra. « How conflicts beteen Greece and Turkey in the 19th – early 20th centuries affected the formation of historical memory in both states ». Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva : istoriia i sovremennost, n^o 1 (2022) : 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080018177-1.

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Present-day relations between Greece and Turkey cannot be defined as neighborship. One of the main reasons for this is a negative influence of the historical memory of relations (HMR) on the two peoples’ mutual vision. Addressing the HMR from this angle can help to identify the degree of hostilities and assess the prospects for improving relations. Therefore, the authors tried to trace, by means of historical narrative, the eventual determinants of both HMRs in 1821–1923, i.e. during the period when the events most actualized by the HMRs of modern Greeks and Turks took place. In this century, the HMRs were formed under the pressure of conflict situations. Those were the liberation war of the Greeks in 1821–1829, the “30-day war” in 1897, the Balkan wars of 1912–1913, and the Greek-Turkish war of 1919–1922. Because of them, the HMRs and the nationalisms in Greece and Turkey acquired mutually accusatory orientation. As such, they in a way guaranteed irreconcilability between the states on the issues dividing them. Also, the Greek-Turkish relations as well as the growth of nationalisms, fell into the context of the great powers struggle for the Ottoman legacy. The current Turkish-Greek disputes concerning Cyprus and over the Aegean shelf are also influenced by other countries’ interests. Nationalisms in Greece and Turkey block reconciliation of the parties, while the interdependent hostility of the two HMRs guarantees the continuity of confrontational motivations in their political consciousness. What results, is a cyclical nature of the Greek-Turkish clashes, long-term tensions between the two countries and recurring outbreaks of conflicts between them.

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Vlahakis, George. « Oceanography, but not As A Profession : Its Status in Greece During the Late 19th and the Early 20th Centuries ». Earth Sciences History 17, n^o 1 (1 janvier 1998) : 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.17.1.g4202571n8k7n4t3.

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Although oceanography in Greece reached international standards only recently, it has its origins as an independent scientific practice in the late 19th century due to the work of Andreas Miaoulis, a brilliant officer of the Hellenic Navy who cooperated with the English admiral Arthur Mansel for the solution of the Euripus problem. During the early 20th century oceanographic studies took a more systematic character under the supervision of the Hellenic Thalassographic Committee and several reports and books were published before World War II, which interrupted the evolution of oceanography in Greece.

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Truong, Anh Thuan, et Thi Vinh Linh Nguyen. « Trade of the Portuguese Royal and Private Traders in India from the 16th to the 19th Century ». Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies 14, n^o 4 (2022) : 704–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2022.409.

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The 16th–19th centuries was the period that witnessed the ups and downs development of the trade of the Portuguese Crown and the Portuguese private traders in India. In fact, the maritime trade of the Portuguese Crown only developed significantly in the 16th century; from the 17th century, because of different reasons, it declined gradually. Finally, it had to depend on the British at the end of the 19th century. In contrast with the Portuguese Crown trade, although the commerce of the Portuguese private merchants had to face a lot of difficulties, it continued to expand its role and influence during the four centuries (16th–19th). This article summarizes the trade of Portuguese royal and Portuguese private commercial activities in India from the 16th to the 19th century. On that basis, the authors of this article analyze and point out the core characteristics which fully and comprehensively reflect the development of commercial activities of the Portuguese royal family and merchants in India during this period. To conduct this research, the authors rely on the research results of scholars around the world directly or indirectly related to this issue and use two main research methods of Historical Science, including the historical method and the logical method. In addition, the authors also use several other research methods such as analysis, synthesis, statistics, and comparison. The completion of this study will make a scholarly contribution by helping researchers to have a more comprehensive and in-depth view of Portugal’s commercial activities in Asia in general and India in particular from the 16th to the 19th century.

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Arsentyev, Nikolay M., et Anatoly V. Sludnyh. « EXHIBITION ACTIVITY OF RUSSIA’S OPTICAL COMPANIES IN THE 19TH CENTURY ». Ural Historical Journal 73, n^o 4 (2021) : 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2021-4(73)-155-163.

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The relevance of the presented topic is due to the presence of analogies between the heyday of the exhibition movement in the 19th century and the rise of the movement of exhibitions, expositions, forums in the early 2000s. Many modern processes of marketing communication have a prehistory in the exhibition movement of the 19th century. The authors relied on the modernization theory. The exhibitions were considered not from a narrow economic point of view, but in a broader socio-cultural context. Their influence on the development of Russia’s optical industry is analyzed. The following research methods are applied: historical-genetic, comparative, narrative, sociohistorical. One of the most important factors in the development of Russia’s optical industry was the participation of optical workshops in Russian and international industrial, artistic and scientific exhibitions. Russian and international exhibitions became a platform for the exchange of information between the bourgeoisie, scientists, representatives of zemstvos and city selfgovernment, scientific and educational institutions. Exhibitions performed an educational function, increased the social activity of merchants, entrepreneurs, public structures, and ensured live communication between different strata of the population. Optical workshops became participants of industrial exhibitions from the very beginning of the exhibition movement. Participation in exhibitions stimulated inter-industry cooperation, trade in optical products, expanded the target audience, accelerated marketing communication. In a broad socio-cultural context, the exhibitions contributed to the development of trade, the spread of new technologies, and the enrichment of business practices of the bourgeoisie.

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Mulligan, Michael. « Piracy and Empire : The Campaign against Piracy, the Development of International Law and the British Imperial Mission ». Journal of the History of International Law 19, n^o 1 (16 février 2017) : 70–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718050-12340079.

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This article will examine the issue of piracy and how the prohibition of piracy developed in international law from the 19th century onwards. The campaigns against piracy in the 19th century influenced the development of international law into the 21st century with the prohibition on piracy achieving the status of peremptory norm ‘jus cogens’ under international law. The anti-piracy campaign of the British led to the signing of treaties which, although ostensibly designed to prohibit the trade, had the effect of consolidating British power and influence over the Gulf States and furthered imperial interests there. The campaign also further contributed to the notion of the ‘civilising mission’. The legacy of the campaigns reverberate in the contemporary debates about piracy, particularly in relation to the so-called pirates who operate off the west coast of Africa.

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Barus, Saparudin, Singgih Tri Sulistiyono, Yety Rochwulaningsih et Endang Susilowati. « Environmental Influences on Trade Activities in the 19th Century East Coast Sumatra ». E3S Web of Conferences 202 (2020) : 07048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020207048.

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This study examines the factors supported on the relationship between environmental or regional conditions affected the development of trading activities. To examine this problem, historical methods are used which include four stages, namely heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. Meanwhile, this study used a geostrategic and geopolitical approach. The result shows that the dynamic trade activity in the East Sumatra Region in the 19th century was inseparable from the strategic regional position which faces directly to the Malacca Strait which is the center of the largest maritime economic activity in the Southeast Asian region as well as connecting the 'world' from the east and west. Therefore, geopolitically, there were many forces fighting over the region including the Sumatra coastal area which importantly become the hinterland area for the international trading commodity, especially to Asia and Europe. It was evidenced by a large number of foreign investors developing tea plantations in the East Sumatra region which then stimulated the growth of ports in the coastal regions of East Sumatra with very dynamic trading activities.

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Ivanchenko, Oxana V. « Participation of Tanzanian tribes and tribal chiefs in the 19th century slave trade ». Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva : istoriia i sovremennost, n^o 5 (2021) : 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080016634-4.

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This article summarizes the results of three field studies conducted in Tanzania in 2018–2020 by A.A. Banshchikova, O.V. Ivanchenko and V.N. Bryndina. The research focused on Tanzanians’ memories about the 19th century Arab-Swahili slave trade and its possible impact on the contemporary interethnic relations in the country. More than 160 formal and informal interviews in English and Swahili were taken in Dar es Salaam, Bagamoyo, Kaole, Tanga, Pangani, Zanzibar and several other locations. The choice of informants was carried out maintaining representativeness of the sample by the education level, gender, age, confession, ethnicity. This article highlights the participation of Tanzanian chiefs in the slave trade. Respondents were asked whether tribal chiefs and tribes took part in this business; which tribes and chiefs were involved; what was their motivation; do these memories affect nowadays interethnic relations in Tanzania. It turned out that Tanzanians do not express negative attitude towards local tribes and chiefs involved in the slave trade; moreover, their involvement is often presented as enforced (due to the fear of Arabs, who possessed more modern weapons, or as a result of their dishonesty). Meanwhile, the engagement of Arabs in the slave trade is well known; there are some tensions in the relations between Afro- and Arab-Tanzanians, including those related to history. Talking about renowned persons involved in the slave trade, respondents often named chiefs famous for resisting German colonization. For them the story of resistance to colonial rule and gaining independence remains much more important than the memory of the slave trade.

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Ru, Sung Hee. « Mapping Transformation of Nineteenth-Century Chinese Cities within China’s Incorporation Process ». Comparative Sociology 18, n^o 5-6 (11 décembre 2019) : 822–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691330-12341509.

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Abstract During the 19th century, China’s socioeconomic geography experienced unprecedented spatial changes. Through these spatial transformations, which were caused by the penetration of western capitalism, Chinese cities morphed into epicenters of international trade between Western powers and China. By examining the major transformations having taken place in 19th century Chinese cities, the author investigates unexplained or neglected transformations in three areas: (1) the decline of interdependent inland cities connected by waterways; (2) the simultaneous rise of independent port cities under the influence of the capitalist world-economy; and (3) the forging of port city–hinterland relationships in connection with the capitalist world-economy. It helps to understand the role that port cities have played in the development of China’s historical capitalism.

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Serebrennikova, А. V., et А. V. Staroverov. « Socio-criminological and legal nature of trafficking in human beings (the slave trade, the slave trade) ». E-Journal of Dubna State University. A series "Science of man and society -, n^o 1 (février 2020) : 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.37005/2687-0231-2020-0-2-24-31.

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Human trafficking as a social phenomenon originated in the period of antiquity, the greatest spread reached in the early middle ages. Until the mid-19th century in many countries of the world, and in some countries until the mid-20th century, it was carried out quite legally. Modern trafficking in human beings, committed in the form of the purchase and sale of a person, his recruitment, transportation and concealment, is a criminal act, so it is carried out in disguise or completely hidden. Modern human trafficking dates back to ancient forms of the slave trade, which allows it to be defined as a modern form of slavery. Since the object of trafficking is currently a free person, it would be wrong to replace the terms trafficking in persons with slave trade, despite the fact that they are used as equivalent in international legal instruments.

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Schonhardt-Bailey, Cheryl. « Lessons in Lobbying for Free Trade in 19th-Century Britain : To Concentrate or Not ». American Political Science Review 85, n^o 1 (mars 1991) : 37–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1962877.

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I present a modified version of the public choice interest group model that integrates concentrated and deconcentrated interests with successful lobbying. It is argued that effective free trade lobbying required the political fusion of the economic interests representing two fundamental changes in nineteenth-century Britain's economy: (1) geographic concentration of the core export industry (cotton textiles) and (2) deconcentration of the broader export sector both geographically and in terms of industrial structure. Empirical evidence from both national and individual levels firmly supports the contention that the timing and political success of Britain's nineteenth-century free trade lobby required the combined forces of core export interests and the more diverse and geographically more evenly distributed interests of the export sector as a whole.

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Thèses sur le sujet "International trade – Greece – 19th Century"

Cheriau, Raphaël. « "L'Intervention d'Humanité" or the Humanitarian Right of Intervention in International Relations : Zanzibar, France and Britain in between Colonial Expansion and Struggle against the Slave Trade from the mid-19th Century to the early 1900s ». Thesis, Paris 4, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA040060.

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Dans la seconde moitié du dix-neuvième siècle, le Sultanat de Zanzibar a été au cœur des politiques abolitionnistes et coloniales aussi bien françaises que britanniques. En effet, l’île de Zanzibar ne fut pas seulement le plus grand marché aux esclaves de l’océan Indien mais aussi la porte d’entrée privilégiée des trafiquants d’esclaves, des abolitionnistes, et des partisans de la colonisation en Afrique Orientale. Cette thèse s’intéresse aux controverses, ayant opposé la France et la Grande-Bretagne dans les eaux territoriales de Zanzibar, sur le droit de visite des bateaux transportant des esclaves ainsi que sur le droit des boutres à battre pavillon français et à échapper ainsi aux contrôles de la Royal Navy. Cette recherche souligne combien ces questions furent importantes, non seulement pour les relations de la France, de la Grande-Bretagne et du Sultanat de Zanzibar, mais aussi pour le droit international et les relations internationales jusqu’à la veille de la Première Guerre mondiale. Ce travail montre que les opérations de lutte contre la traite qui ont eu lieu à Zanzibar ont inspiré de nombreux officiers de marine, des consuls, des diplomates, des juristes, et des hommes politiques, aussi bien français que britanniques, quant à la conception et à la mise en œuvre « d’interventions humanitaires ». Ainsi l’histoire des opérations de lutte contre la traite menées dans le sultanat de Zanzibar permet d’éclairer de manière originale l’histoire du concept d’intervention humanitaire ou « d’humanité » (« intervention in the score of humanity »). Cette recherche souligne combien la nature de ces interventions humanitaires a sans cesse oscillé entre de véritables idéaux abolitionnistes et des enjeux coloniaux pressants
In the second half of the nineteenth century the Zanzibar Sultanate became the focal point of French as well as British imperial and humanitarian policies. In fact, the island was not only the most important slave trade emporium of the Indian Ocean but it was also the great gateway to East Africa for slave traders, humanitarians, or imperialists alike. This thesis looks at the controversies which took place in Zanzibar waters between France and Britain over the right of searching vessels suspected of being engaged in the slave trade as well as the right of dhows to fly the French flag and escape the Royal Navy’s scrutiny. This research highlights how important these questions were, not only for the relations of France, Britain, and the Zanzibar Sultanate, but also for international law and international relations up until the eve of the First World War. This work demonstrates that the anti-slave trade operations which took place in Zanzibar inspired many navy officers, consuls, diplomats, Foreign Secretaries, and lawyers – whether British, French, or American – on the theory and the practice of “humanitarian interventions”. Indeed, the history of anti-slave trade operations implemented in the Zanzibar Sultanate sheds a new light on the history of the concept of humanitarian intervention, or “intervention in the score of humanity” – (“l’intervention d’humanité”) – as it was then called. This research underlines how these humanitarian interventions unceasingly swung between genuine humanitarian ideals and pressing imperial issues

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FRANGHIADIS, Alexis. « Peasant agriculture and export trade : currant viticulture in Southern Greece,1830-1893 ». Doctoral thesis, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5770.

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Defence date: 19 December 1990
First made available online on 11 April 2014.
The views of Greek historians on the conditions of existence and the strategy of peasant families tend to converge around a set of assumptions that may be depicted as following: - The peasantry held virtual control over large part of the land it cultivated. A great part of this land consisted of "National Estates" - that is, of land which before 1830 belonged to the Porte and to Ottoman subjects and after that date became property of the Greek state. Until 1871, any individual, as well as peasant families, might occupy and cultivate part of this land, by paying a relatively low rent, proportional to gross output, as a "right of usufruct" to the Treasury. Although the legal framework was unclear and liable to changes, regular occupants of this land might sell, rent, give as a dowry or even mortgage their rights on it. Thus, rights of occupancy on national land were de facto almost as strong as rights of property. -Ownership of large estates represented an exceptional and rather marginal situation; the wealthy and powerful strata of the population were mainly oriented towards commerce, money-lending, political and administrative careers, and showed a relative indifference towards the prospect of acquisition and exploitation of agricultural estate property. -The massive sale of "National Estates", organized according to the law of 1871, which gave priority to longstanding occupants, permitted a further consolidation of the peasants' position. It is commonly held that longstanding occupants became full proprietors of the land they traditionally cultivated. -Peasant farms, which represented the prevalent type of productive unit in Greek agriculture, were "target producers" oriented towards subsistence. This they sought through a varying combination of activities, including production of foodstuffs for home consumption, occasional wage-labour, and highly commercialized crops, such as currant viticulture, growing of cotton or tobacco. These latter were a supplementary opportunity for further differentiation of activities - differentiation which contributed to the security of household income - and a way to face monetary needs, aggravated by the usurious interest rates charged by money-lenders on their advances to the peasantry.

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Livres sur le sujet "International trade – Greece – 19th Century"

E, Sklavenitēs T., et Staikos K, dir. The printed Greek book, 15th-19th century : Acts of the international congress, Delphi, 16-20 May 2001. Athens : Kotinos, 2004.

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K, Staikos, et Sklavenitēs T. E, dir. The printed Greek book, 15th-19th century : Act of the international congress, Delphi, 16-20 May 2001 = To Entypo Hellēniko vivlio, 15os-19os aiōnas : praktika diethnous synedriou, Delphoi, 16-20 Maiou 2001. Athens : Kotinos, 2004.

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Hans, Pohl, dir. Competition and cooperation of enterprises on national and international markets (19th-20th century). Stuttgart : F. Steiner Verlag, 1997.

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Federico, Giovanni. Much ado about nothing ? : Italian trade policy in the late 19th century. Dublin : University College Dublin, Department of Economics, 1999.

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A, Denzel Markus, International Economic History Association, Universidad de San Andrés et Academia Nacional de la Historia (Argentina), dir. From commercial communication to commercial integration : Middle Ages to 19th century. Stuttgart : Franz Steiner, 2004.

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1952-, Magnusson Lars, dir. Free trade : 1793-1886. London : Routledge, 1996.

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The slave trade and the origins of international human rights law. Oxford : Oxford University Press, USA, 2011.

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Legarda, Benito J. After the galleons : Foreign trade, economic change & entrepreneurship in the nineteenth century Philippines. Madison : Center for Southeast Asian Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1999.

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After the galleons : Foreign trade, economic change & entrepreneurship in the nineteenth century Philippines. Quezon City : Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1999.

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A world connecting, 1870-1945. Cambridge, Mass : Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2012.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "International trade – Greece – 19th Century"

Erpelding, Michel. « Evidence Requirements before 19th Century Anti-Slave Trade Jurisdictions and Slavery as a Standard of Treatment ». Dans International Law and Litigation, 205–32. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845299051-205.

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Karataşer, Büşra. « Globalization in the Ottoman Empire ». Dans International Trade Policies in the Era of Globalization, 163–88. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9566-3.ch008.

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The purpose of this chapter is to examine how globalization has played a decisive role in the Ottoman Empire and how it created reform through international trade policies and institutions. The first part will examine the concept of globalization and the integration of the Ottoman Empire into the West, the fundamentals of the Ottomanmentality and the effects of globalization on the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century. The second part will examine how globalization played a decisive role in the Ottoman Empire, the 19th century Ottoman economy, Ottoman international trade, and Ottoman external loans. The third part examines the institutionalization and modernization of the Ottoman Empire, reforms in naval affairs during the reign of Abdul Hamid II, and the organization of the navy. The fourth part will examine the institutional relations in the Ottoman Empire after globalization. Institutions will be examined in terms of how they were restructured or how new ones were created to adapt to a new world order.

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Pagratis, Gerassimos D. « Sources for the Maritime History of Greece (Fifteenth to Seventeenth Century) ». Dans New Directions in Mediterranean Maritime History. Liverpool University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9780973007381.003.0008.

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This chapter assesses the relatively unexplored sources concerning Greek commercial shipping prior to the mid-eighteenth century, in attempt to bridge the gap in information and data concerning Greek seamen. In addition to examining state archives and port registries, sources compiled include notarial deeds and social histories of Greece. Documents and archives relating to Venetian and Ottoman trade with Greece have also been included, to provide data absent from Greek records. The chapter concludes by suggesting more research and more cross-referencing with international records is necessary to further study the maritime history of Greece.

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Kubala, Agata. « From Greece to Wrocław : Eduard Schaubert’s Collection of Antiquities ». Dans Collecting Antiquities from the Middle Ages to the End of the Nineteenth Century : Proceedings of the International Conference Held on March 25-26, 2021 at the Wrocław University Institute of Art History, 217–36. Ksiegarnia Akademicka Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/9788381385862.10.

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Among the collections of artefacts owned by German collectors and transferred to Polish museums after the Second World War, the set of objects created by Wrocław-based architect and antiquities collector Eduard Schaubert (1804– 1860) clearly stands out. The collection was created over the period of twenty years that he spent in Greece and was brought to Wrocław by Schaubert in 1850. After his death, in 1861, the objects, along with a collection of drawings and handwritten accounts documenting them, were partly sold and partly donated by his heirs to the Royal Museum of Art and Antiquity at the University of Wrocław (then the University of Breslau). The collection, which at the time it was handed over to the Wrocław museum numbered more than 300 objects, fits into the collecting culture of the era in which it was created, and Schaubert himself is a representative of the international community of philhellenic collectors dominating the landscape of European collecting in the first half of the 19th century. The vast majority of objects that were once in Schaubert’s collection have not survived to this day due to the Second World War and the post-war turmoil. These preserved are scattered in two museums today. The preliminary reading of the published inventory lists of the antiquities’ collection owned by Schaubert, prepared by August Rossbach who recorded the original state of the collected set, and a brief analysis of the preserved objects reveal the collection’s heterogeneity. Diversity was probably part of the original idea, from the moment Schaubert started his collection. It is also significant that the artefacts included in the collection were usually mass produced in series and either purchased or discovered privately, that is, acquired without precise archeological data. These are the main features that distinguish a typical philhellenic collection of antiquities, that is, a collection created from the philhellenes’ need to contact the ancient original as “touching the past” and to preserve the material remains of the glorified “cradle of art and knowledge” – ancient Greece.

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Ulunyan, Artyom A. « Balkans between the Byzantine, Ottoman, and Russian Empires in the historical memory and current foreign policy practices of several countries in the region ». Dans Russia — Turkey — Greece : Dialogue opportunities in the Balkans, 12–34. Nestor-Istoriia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/4469-2030-3.02.

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The imperial legacy of the Byzantine, Ottoman, and Russian Empires in the national historical memory in Balkan societies and its actualization in the context of formulation, or reformulation both in socio-political and academic discourses, and as an “action guideline” to the ruling circles of the Balkan countries in the foreign policy sphere, is one of the factors of domestic political life and international Realpolitik in the early 21st century. Simplified unambiguity and “linearity” in the perception of this heritage sets the stage for reference to it in the form of an argument that can explain the historical fate of the Balkan nations at the time of making of a “united Europe”, where its so-called “old”, i. e. Western, part was traditionally viewed as classical Europe throughout the 19th and entire 20th centuries, whilst the Balkans were considered as the outskirts and an area of constant turbulence threatening Europe proper.

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Toura, Varvara, et Konstantinos Nikolantonakis. « Presentation of the first probability textbook in the newly established Greek State ». Dans “DIG WHERE YOU STAND” 6. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on the History of Mathematics Education, 87–99. WTM-Verlag Münster, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37626/ga9783959871686.0.07.

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The purpose of this paper is to present, describe and analyse the first book on probabilities in Greece, Elements of Probability Calculus and Theory of Errors, written by Periclis Rediadis as a process of dissemination of mathematical ideas from the “centre” (Europe) to the “periphery” (Greece). This article discusses the evolution of Probabilities in Modern Greek Education and investigates the author’s influences from probability books originating in France, Belgium and Germany. The first Greek textbooks mentioning Probability Theory are briefly presented (we focus mainly on the first three references to Probability, which were found in textbooks edited in 1888, 1893/1901 and 1908), and these findings are linked to external influences and internal peculiarities of the newly formed country. The article concludes with a general description of the oldest probability textbook published in the modern Greek state (1911) and it analyses of some indicative points in the last two chapters of the book, linking of each chapter’s content to previous manuals, Greek or foreign ones. The paper reflects the fact that the Calculus of Probabilities in Modern Greek Education arises not from pure mathematics but from teaching initiatives of technical education: Artillery, Topography and Experimental Physics compose the initial recruitment of the Probabilities at the turn of the 19th century. Furthermore, the first book was addressed to “the applied mathematical practitioners, officers, engineers, physicists, mathematicians, bankers, etc” as mentioned by the author on the cover page. Keywords: history, education, modern Greek state, probability textbook

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Jefferson, Philip N. « 2. History ». Dans Poverty : A Very Short Introduction, 20–32. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198716471.003.0002.

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Poverty is an ancient problem. In the pre-modern period, poverty was synonymous with hunger, but the kind of poverty we recognize today arose with the emergence of the market economy. ‘History’ considers the range of factors acting within and across societies that had negative effects on vulnerable people in different historical periods: the agricultural societies before the 16th century; societal and governmental responses to poverty during the 16th and 17th centuries; the effects of colonialism in the 18th and 19th centuries; globalization, industrialization, and the expansion of international trade in the late 19th and early 20th centuries; and the precursors to modern anti-poverty programs after the Great Depression of the 1930s.

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Bradford, James Tharin. « Colonial and Global Engagements ». Dans Poppies, Politics, and Power, 16–43. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501738333.003.0002.

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This chapter explores how Afghan drugs expanded into British India during the later half of the 19th century. By analyzing two Afghan rulers, Abdur Rahman Khan and Amanullah Khan, this chapter demonstrates that Afghans established a system which encouraged the smuggling of opium and hashish out of Afghanistan and into British India, but put harsh penalties on the use and trade within the country. It also explains why this was significant given the broader landscape of events; Afghan drugs were increasingly smuggled into South Asia while British India moved toward restricting the production and trade of drugs. Ultimately, this chapter details how Afghan drugs entered markets in South Asia and beyond, but as a result, Afghanistan was also drawn into international dialogues over the illicit drug trade and drug control.

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Darwin, John. « John Andrew Gallagher 1919–1980 ». Dans Proceedings of the British Academy, Volume 150 Biographical Memoirs of Fellows, VI. British Academy, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197264232.003.0003.

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John Andrew Gallagher, in collaboration with Ronald Robinson, published ‘The Imperialism of Free Trade’, a manifesto of startling originality on the pattern of British expansion in the 19th century, and the way that it ought to be studied. It is perhaps the most widely read essay on modern imperialism, whose phrases and concepts have been bandied about, not just by historians, but by sociologists, political scientists, and students of international relations, for the last forty years. Gallagher and Robinson also wrote Africa and the Victorians (1961), a large-scale assault on the conventional history of the African Scramble and of European imperialism more generally.

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Evers, John. « Gegenmacht! ? Arbeiter*innenbewegungen 1867–1914 ». Dans Niederösterreich im 19. Jahrhundert, Band 1 : Herrschaft und Wirtschaft. Eine Regionalgeschichte sozialer Macht, 419–50. NÖ Institut für Landeskunde, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52035/noil.2021.19jh01.19.

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Counterpower!? Workers’ Movements 1867–1914. This chapter outlines the efforts of workers in Lower Austria in the 19th century to represent their interests through collective mobilization and organization. From the 1880s onwards, this resistance was expressed – also from a global perspective – in a massive wave of industrial action, the formation of supra-regional and inter-professional trade unions and the rise of politically independent workers’ parties as important players. The focus of this contribution is in line with these international developments, which also had an impact on Lower Austria. The development of workers’ movements from 1890 to 1913 and their impact on the different fields of (counter)power in Lower Austria is examined in detail.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "International trade – Greece – 19th Century"

Hartatik, Hartatik, Eko Herwanto et Bambang S. W. Atmojo. « The Industry and Iron Trade on Barito Watershed in 17th-19th Century AD ». Dans 9th Asbam International Conference (Archeology, History, & Culture In The Nature of Malay) (ASBAM 2021). Paris, France : Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220408.007.

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Wouters, I., et R. Wibaut. « Iron and Steel Construction Workshops in 19th and early 20th century Belgium : Retrieving their Oeuvre via Trade Catalogues ». Dans 12th International Conference on Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions. CIMNE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23967/sahc.2021.142.

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Noor, Yusliani. « The Mobility of Bakumpai Ethnics Along Barito River in the Perspective of Trade and Spread of Islam (From 15th To 19th Century) ». Dans 1st International Conference on Social Sciences Education - "Multicultural Transformation in Education, Social Sciences and Wetland Environment" (ICSSE 2017). Paris, France : Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icsse-17.2018.78.

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Carr, Matthew A. « The Impact of Steam Innovations on Ship Design : An Abbreviated History of Marine Engineering ». Dans ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-43767.

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The adaptation of steam engines for marine propulsion caused a dramatic shift in naval and commericial ship design during the 19th Century. The transition from sail to steam hastened the demise of several classes of ships and altered shippings routes from the trade winds to great circle routing. The conduct of naval warfare was always influenced by the limits of available propulsion technology. Throughout maritime history, innovative naval commanders sought ways to overrun, outmaneuver, and outlast their opponents. Coincident developments in armaments and armor, facilitated by this “new” propulsion technology, rendered the world’s sailing navies largely obsolete within a relatively brief period of the 19th Century. This presentation highlights the major technological advances in steam propulsion from the early combination of low-speed single-acting reciprocating engines driving paddle wheels through high-speed turbines and reduction gears driving multiple-blade variable-pitch propellers; and, boilers heated by hand-fed wood and coal through nuclear fission.

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Zhou, Yi, Kayvan Pazouki et Rose Norman. « The Modelling and Optimal Control of a Hybrid Propulsion System for an Ice-Capable Ship ». Dans ASME 2019 38th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2019-95142.

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Abstract Due to the effect of global warming, navigation on the Northern Sea Route (NSR) has become a more economical and reliable choice for international cargo transportation. In some ways, global warming has increased the opportunity of shipping activities in the Arctic region and hence the need for ice-capable vessels. NSR shipping provides benefits for international trade, but challenges still exist. Although conventional direct drive propulsion system connected to 2 stroke marine engine is normally considered the most efficient approach for long-range transport, for icebreaking operation which requires prime movers to work at partial load, conventional mechanical propulsion systems generally have poor fuel efficiency and high emissions. Moreover, the harmful gases produced by ships trading in NSR have a significant impact on the Arctic climate. Moreover, a traditional mechanical drive icebreaker with a diesel engine is required to operate at high torque, low rpm during icebreaking operation. Thus conventional diesel engine that isn’t optimised to operate at this point would be inefficient and would produce black carbon due to incomplete combustion, which has the potential to cause ice, snow, and cloud albedo out of proportion with normal pattern, thus lead to serious impacts on the Arctic environment and eco-system. Arctic ship propulsion systems have been developing since the 19th century, with modifications such as the use of diesel electric propulsion systems and nuclear power propulsion systems which can ideally meet the requirements of ice breaking operation (low speed and high torque), however, drawbacks still exist in these systems, such as poor fuel efficiency at low speeds for diesel electric propulsion and for nuclear power, there are limitations such as high initial cost, management of nuclear waste and the fact that the required deep knowledge of nuclear technology is mastered by few countries. Hybrid propulsion is a new technology for ice-capable ships, which can address the partial loading efficiency problem in diesel-electric propulsion by charging and discharging a battery energy storage unit which can allow the ship to work in zero-emission mode in some sensitive areas. In this paper, detailed modelling, primary control strategies (voltage and frequency stability) and efficiency analysis of system components such as the motor, generator, battery and conversion devices etc. are and implemented in software, and then the whole power system is simulated with a secondary control strategy (load power sharing and battery aging concern) in both ice and open water load conditions. The results from the diesel electric system and hybrid system total fuel consumption within a target journey are compared to investigate the advantage of the hybrid system, which show up to a 40% fuel consumption reduction for hybrid propulsion arrangement. A tertiary control strategy for energy management is analysed and implemented in the system to further reduce system fuel consumption.

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