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1
Perone, Francesco. « Settlement of anti-dumping cases by price undertaking : the European Community and United States practice ». Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23963.
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The GATT Anti-Dumping Code provides that anti-dumping proceedings may be concluded without the imposition of duties if the exporters of the dumped product offer undertakings which the authorities of the importing country consider acceptable. Undertakings are, in essence, formal commitments by exporters under anti-dumping investigation to abstain from dumping or to ensure that their exports will not injure the domestic producers of the product concerned. In accordance with the GATT rules, he anti-dumping laws of the European Community and the United States contain provisions allowing the anti-dumping authorities to accept price undertakings. In practice, however, the use of undertakings in the two jurisdictions has been considerably different. This thesis analyzes and compares the law and practice of the European Community and the United States with regard to price undertakings.
2
Shen, Chyi. « Great power trade competition in East Asian markets / ». free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9988699.
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3
LEAL, ARCAS Rafael. « Theory and practice of EC external trade law and policy ». Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/13171.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Defence date: 11 March 2008Examining board: Prof. Bruno De Witte, European University Institute (Supervisor) ; Prof. Francesca Martines, Faculty of Economics, University of Pisa ; Prof. Petros C. Mavroidis, Columbia Law School, NY and University of Neuchâtel ; Prof. Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann, European University Institute
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
Both the European Community (EC) and its Member States agree that it is in their best interest to coordinate their action vis-à-vis the rest of the world in international trade agreements. Theory and Practice of EC External Trade Law and Policy looks at the intricacies of the institutional framework of EC trade law, and with special emphasis on services trade, examines the law and practice of EC external trade relations from a policy, economic, legal and an overarching European constitutional perspective. The objective of the author’s analysis is not only to find ways to nurture and preserve the unitary character of EC external trade relations in areas of shared competence between EU Member States and EU institutions, but also to understand the management of the EC’s external trade relations. The book begins with an analysis of the evolution of the EC common commercial policy, through which the author examines the checks and balances at the micro, meso and macro levels. The author then proceeds to analyse the problems faced by the EU in its external relations and the legal complexity of mixed agreements. This unique legal phenomenon is tackled from an intra-EC perspective as well as from an extra-EU perspective taking into account various implications for third parties. The major EU institutions are examined: the Commission as the negotiator of international trade agreements, the role of the EU Council and the European Parliament in concluding and ratifying of agreements and the European Court of Justice in relation to judicial enforcement. The EU’s decision-making process in the trade arena and its relation with national institutions are examined. The book concludes with an analysis of the EC’s contribution to the Doha Round in the area of services trade.
4
Gabrielsson-Kjäll, Frida, et Maria Ädel. « The Impact of the EU GSP Agreement on the Andean Countries' Trade Flows ». Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Economics, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-12342.
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The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the impact of the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) agreement on the export from the Andean Community (AC) to the European Union (EU) between the years 1995 to 2000. The GSP agreement enables developing countries to face lower- or no tariffs when exporting to developed countries. According to Ricardian theory, Heckscher-Ohlin theory, and New Trade theory decreased trade barriers tend to have a positive effect on trade. When analyzing the trade flow between these countries using the gravity model the outcome is found to be consistent with the theories i.e the results show that the GSP agreement implemented in 1995 has had a positive impact on trade.
5
Notaro, Nicola. « Judicial approaches to trade and environment : the EC and the WTO / ». London : Cameron May, 2003. http://lib.hku.hk/hkspc/wto/index.html.
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Müller, Ralf. « Europäische Entwicklungspolitik zwischen gemeinschaftlicher Handelspolitik, intergouvernementaler Außenpolitik und ökonomischer Effizienz / ». Frankfurt am Main [u. a.] : Lang, 2007. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/523584253.pdf.
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7
Horne, Cynthia Michalski. « Are NMEs our enemies ? : non-market economies and western trade policies / ». Thesis, Connect to this title online ; UW restricted, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10703.
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8
Marinova, Yona Georgieva. « Bifurcation of parallel trade in the European Community ». Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2008. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=25821.
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This thesis examines the regulation of parallel imports of trade marked goods in the European Community (EC), demonstrates its deficiencies and advocates its amendment by the Community legislator. The thesis identifies as a primary characteristic of the regulation the bifurcation of intra-EC and extra-EC parallel importation, that is to say, the fundamental divergence of the regimes of parallel imports coming from another EC Member State and imports coming from third countries. The split as to the rationale, justification and outcome of the two regimes is so substantial that it is viewed as the existence of ‘parallel regulations on parallel trade’ in the Community. The study establishes four different manifestations of this bifurcation, the most evident one concerning the fact that while internal imports are lawful under EC law, external ones could be repelled by the mark owner as trade mark infringement. It is submitted that this variable legal tolerance to parallel trade has been legitimised through the Community rule of limited, regional exhaustion of trade mark rights and the manner in which the European Court of Justice has interpreted its application. Against this background, the thesis raises three groups of legal arguments for reviewing the current Community exhaustion policy and implementing a rule of international trade mark exhaustion. They relate to trade mark law, competition law and certain proclamations of the importance of free unrestricted global trade, made by the Community on international level and in the EC context as well. Finally, the study complements the above legal arguments with socio-economic justifications in support of international exhaustion. The research suggests that the Community should consider the implementation of international trade mark exhaustion and carry out the necessary preparatory steps outlined by the study in this regard.
9
Marinova, Yona Georgieva. « Bufurcation [sic] of parallel trade in the European Community / ». Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources. Restricted access until May 22, 2014, 2008. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=25821.
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Cross, Peter John. « Negotiating a comprehensive long-term relationship between South Africa and the European Union : from free trade to trade and development ». Thesis, Rhodes University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002978.
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On 10 May 1994 the European Union offeredSouth Africa a package of measures to ... send a strong political signal to the incoming govemment and to the South African population, thus proving its firm determination to support the transition towards democracy and its willingness to contribute to the reconstruction and economic development of South Africa after the elections. This package consisted of two parts: 1. A series of short term implementations to take place with immediate effect to help South Africa's development and transition, and 2. An offer to negotiate a comprehensive long-term relationship with South Africa should the new government so request. South Africa accepted the European Union's offer to negotiate a long-term relationship, and in response requested membership of the structure governing the Union's relations with the rest of the countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in the Caribbean and Pacific, namely the Lomé Convention. Due to various incompatibilities South Africa was not allowed to join this organisation. In its place the European Union offered to negotiate an agreement with South Africa that would lead to a Free Trade Area. This agreement was in keeping with the rules as laid down by the World Trade Organisation. It envisaged the lowering of tariffs and trade barriers between the Union and South Africa over a period not exceeding 12 years, allowing for asymmetry in terms of time constraints in implementation only. South Africa saw this type of agreement as inconsistent with the desire expressed by the European Union to support the countries development and the integration of the Southern African region. In its place South Africa proposed a new concept in trade agreement, this concept, known as the Trade and Development Agreement, embodied both trade liberalisation and support for development. This agreement would introduce a new paradigm of thought to govern trade between developed countries and developing countries within the World Trade Organisation's rules. This paper explores the events that unfolded in these negotiations. It attempts to discover whether, in the current global environment, it is possible, or beneficial, for the developed world to act in an altruistic manner towards another state in order to assist its development.
11
Marwaha, Manisha. « The European Community and South Asia : development, economic cooperation and trade policies with India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, 1973-1993 ». Thesis, Keele University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319028.
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Jones, Emily. « The weak vs. the strong : African, Caribbean and Pacific countries negotiating free trade agreements with the European Union ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:10e39b93-ab7c-4160-af54-de39959486ca.
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This thesis seeks to explain the outcomes of trade negotiations between the European Union (EU) and seventy-six of the world’s smallest developing countries in Africa, the Caribbean and Pacific (ACP). Puzzlingly, in spite of its vastly greater economic size, the EU was, for the main, unable to realise its objective of concluding six broad and deep free trade agreements with these countries. Deploying first historical institutional analysis then statistical modelling and finally by scrutinising a wealth of primary documents and transcripts of interviews with negotiators, the thesis reveals three factors that influenced outcomes. First, coercive pressure applied by the EU on countries dependent on EU for trade preferences and aid. Second, tactics within the negotiating process, with some ACP countries and regions manoeuvring more effectively than others. Third, differences in the underlying preferences of ACP governments, with most opposing major aspects of the EU’s proposals, but a minority embracing the EPA approach. Probing the underlying reasons, the thesis finds that, contrary to the prevailing literature, lobbying by domestic economic interest groups only provides part of the answer – the analytical and ideational processes within ACP government institutions also exerted an influence. The analysis shows that structural factors, particularly the depth of economic and political dependence on the larger state, establish the range of likely outcomes from a given negotiation. However the preferences of small states and the way in which they interact strategically with the larger state can definitively shape the final outcome. In particular, small states can exercise a degree of resistance and blocking power that is often underestimated. It also sheds light on the formation of trade preferences in small developing countries and shows that in addition to lobbying by external groups, information and ideas within government bureaucracies appear to play an important role.
13
Reid, Emily Sarah. « Reconciling economic and non economic interests in the legal regulation of international trade : lessons from the European Community ? » Thesis, University of Southampton, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289576.
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14
Li, Kwan-leung, et 李君樑. « The European currency crisis : a replay of strains on bretton woods system ». Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31954522.
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15
Marengo, Umberto. « The European Union in the international energy regime and relations with the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council, 1981-2013 ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709420.
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RAVALLI, Rebecca. « Externalities of production in GVCs : an EU consumer perspective ». Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/1814/73849.
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Defence date: 21 December 2021Examining Board: Professor Hans – W. Micklitz, European University Institute (Supervisor), Professor Martijn W. Hesselink, European University Institute, Professor Anna Beckers, Maastricht University, Professor Fernanda Nicola, Washington College of Law.
This doctoral dissertation examines the EU consumer perspective on externalities of production in global value chains (GVCs). Whether as part of the discourse on development or global economic governance, externalities of production are a long-standing issue that has been problematised not only by lawyers but also by economists, anthropologists, sociologists and social scientists at large. In the legal field, the analysis has struggled to contextualise consumer law and policy together with the peculiarities of GVCs as a distinct model of business organisation characterised by contractualisation of processes of production. The thesis argues that contractualisation of production establishes a relationship between consumers and processes of production, also in relation to externalities. Such a relation is not mirrored either by the voluntary self-regulation through which enterprises regulate externalities nor by EU consumer law. The present dissertation addresses this matter and argues that EU consumer law limits the involvement of consumers in the process of self-regulation that leading enterprises of GVCs undertake to prevent and/or remedy externalities of production and that results into a unilateral exercise of epistemic authority. The exercise of epistemic authority is favoured by a ‘communication paradigm’ framing EU consumer law, according to which consumer claims’ on sustainability and externalities of production depend on the content of the communication consumers receive prior or via the contract. This paradigm prevents consumers involvement, in all phases of the contractual relationship, in the definition of a legal episteme of sustainability in line with the core constitutional principles and values as enshrined in the EU Treaties and constitutional charters of member states. The final part of the thesis suggests that the limits deriving by the communication paradigm can be overcome by the CJEU that, by relying on the principle of effectiveness can integrate the communication paradigm with a consumer perspective on externalities of production in the post-contractual phase.
17
Corbett, Johannes Kruger. « The EU-SA free trade agreement : implications for selected agricultural products ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51976.
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Thesis (MBA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: As the Trade Development and Co-operation Agreement (TDCA) creates competitive challenges and opportunities, labour and capital will seek the highest returns, dri ving out less efficient performances while bolstering more efficient enterprises and industries. This dynamic process of adjustments will continue throughout the implementation of this agreement. The South African government sees the agreement with the European Union as a step towards restructuring the country's economy and making it part of the rapidly changing world economy. This policy view of the South African government will result in those sectors of the economy that are not internationally competitive, receiving no support from government. Consequently these sectors will decrease in time. Of the three agricultural profiles studied, fresh fruit (deciduous fruit) will benefit the most from the TDCA. The most obvious effect the agreement will have on the sector is the saving on customs duties payable on exports to the EU. An estimate on 1997 trade figures revealed that in the short term the deciduous fruit industry will save approximately RI00 million. Over the implementation period of 10 years, the industry will save about Rl billion. After that, savings amounting to approximately R125 million per annum should be possible. The canned fruit sector is an export-driven industry that exports about 90 per cent of its products, 50 per cent of which is exported to the EU. The export tariffs to the EU are very high. As non-EU member, South Africa is the biggest provider of canned fruit to the EU. Some analyses revealed that the total savings in tariffs for the first year of implementation will be R25 million. The industry stands to save approximately R100 million over the implementation period. At the EU's request, South Africa agreed to negotiate a separate Wine and Spirits Agreement. The EU believes that South Africa's continued use of certain "geographical indications" or terms is in breach of Article 23 of the Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) agreement. The quotas granted by the EU on wine and sparkling wine cover 79 per cent of South African exports to the EU. South Africa granted the EU a 0.26 million litre quota for sparkling wine and a 1 million-litre quota for bottled wine. SA will phase out the use of the terms "port", "sherry", "grappa", ouzo", "korn" , "jagertee" and "pacharan" over agreed time periods. The issue will be taken to the WTO for a ruling in this regard. The EU has agreed to grant SA a duty-free tariff quota for wine but has suspended the tariff quota until the Wine and Spirits agreement has been signed. The EU will also provide financial assistance of 15 million ECU to help restructure the SA wine and spirits sector. The South African agricultural industry should take note of the constantly changing international marketing environment. The Free Trade Agreement (FTA) signed with the European Union opens up new markets and enhances existing ones that must be exploited. It is imperative that every role player should evaluate the level of competitiveness of his or her enterprise. Thus the message is very clear: Agricultural production with an international trading view is the only sustainable road to follow.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Soos die Handel, Ontwikkelings en Samewerkingsooreenkoms kompeterende geleenthede en uitdagings skep, sal arbeid en kapitaal verskuif na die hoogste opbrengste beskikbaar. In hierdie proses sal daar wegbeweeg word van onvoldoende prestasies en sal effektiewe ondememings en industriee floreer. Hierdie dinarniese proses van herstruktuering sal voortduur regdeur die implementeringsperiode van hierdie handelsooreenkoms. Die Suid Afrikaanse regering beskou die ooreenkoms met die Europese Unie as 'n belangrike stap in die proses om die land se ekonomie te herstrukltureer en so deel te maak van die vinnig veranderende wereld ekonomie. Hierdie regerings beleid sal daartoe lei dat sektore wat nie intemasionaal mededingend is nie, geen ondersteuning vanaf die regering sal ontvang nie. Met tyd sal hierdie sektore verdwyn. Van die drie landbousektore wat bestudeer is, sal vars vrugte (sagte vrugte) die meeste voordeel trek uit die ooreenkoms. Die besparing van aksynsbelasting op die uitvoere na die Europese Unie is die mees kenmerkendste voordeel vir die sektor. 'n Beraming gebaseer op 1997 handels syfers toon 'n jaarlikse besparing van plus minus R100 miljoen. Deur die hele implementeringsperiode, sal die besparing plus minus Rl biljoen beloop. Na afloop van die implementeringsperiode, sal jaarlikse besparing van plus minus R125 miljoen moontlik wees. Die inmaak vrugte sektor is 'n uitvoer gedrewe industrie wat gemiddeld 90 persent van hul prod uk uitvoer. Van hierdie uitvoere is 50 persent bestem vir die Europese Unie. Die uitvoertariewe na die Europese Unie is baie hoog. As nie-lidland, is Suid Afrika die grootste verskaffer van geblikte vrugte aan die Europese Unie. Beramings voorsien dat die sektor 'n totale besparing vir die eerste jaar van implemetering van plus minus R25 miljoen kan beloop. Die industrie kan soveel as R100 rniljoen oor die implementeringsperiode bespaar. Op die Europese Unie se versoek, het Suid Afrika ingestem om 'n afsonderlike Wyn en Spiritualie ooreenkoms te onderhandel. Die Europese Unie beweer dat Suid Afrika se gebruik van sekere "geografiese aanduidings" of terme, In verbreking is van Artikel 23 van die Handelsverwante Aspekte van die Intellektuele Eiendomsregte Ooreenkoms. Wyn en vonkelwyn kwotas wat deur die Europese Unie aan Suid Afrika toegestaan is, beloop 79 persent van die uitvoere na die Europese Unie. Suid Afrika het die Europese Unie In kwota van 0.26 miljoen liter vir vonkelwyn en 1 miljoen kwota vir gebottelde wyn toegestaan. Voorts sal Suid Afrika die terme "port", "sherry", "grappa", "ouzo", "kom" , "jagertee" and "pacharan" met die ooreengekome peri odes uitfaseer. Die aspek sal egter na die WHO geneem word vir In finale beslissing. Die Europese Unie het ooreengekom om aan Suid Afrika In tarief vrye kwota vir wyn toe te staan, maar het dit opgehef tot tyd en wyl die Wyn en Spiritualie ooreenkoms onderteken is. Die Europese Unie sal ook finansiele ondersteuning van 15 miljoen ECU skenk om die Suid Afrikaanse Wyn en Spiritualiee industrie te help hestruktureer. Suid Afrikaanse Landbou sal notisie moet neem van die konstante verandering in die intemasionale bemarkingsomgewing. Die Vrye Handelsooreenkoms wat geteken is met die Europese Unie, open nuwe markte en sal bestaande markte bevorder. Hierdie geleenthede moet benut word. Dit is baie belangrik dat elke rolspeler sy vlak van kompeterende vermoe moet evalueer, om so sy eie siening oor die ooreenkoms te kan uitspreek. Hieruit is die boodskap dus baie duidelik: Landbou produksie met In intemasionale handels uitkyk, is die enigste volhoubare pad om te volg.
18
Li, Lei. « Community interest in the European antidumping law ». Thesis, University of Macau, 2006. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1637074.
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19
Ifestos, Panayiotis J. « Some aspects of external relations and foreign policy of the European Community : European political cooperation and defense / security issues ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213536.
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20
Aina, Tosin Philip. « A critical overview of the impact of economic partnership agreement with European Union on trade and economic development in the West African Region ». Thesis, UWC, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3216.
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Petronzio, Edward. « Talking trade over wine assessing the role of trade associations, bureacratic agencies and legislative bodies in the United States-European Union and Canada-European Union wine trade disputes / ». Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1192736566.
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Sievers, Monika. « Liberalization of foreign direct investment : Europe 1992 and the U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement ». Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/42049.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The recent developments in the European Community evoked by
the Single European Act and commonly referred to as the creation
of "Fortress Europe" by the end of 1992 have been attracted
considerable attention with respect to economic and political
integration in the international arena. Similarly, the
conclusion of the U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement aiming at a
loose form of economic integration received significant
recognition.
These two agreements cover not only liberalization of trade
in goods and services but moreover, include foreign direct
investment. This is of particular significance since little
progress has been made in its regulation on an international
level in comparison to the regulation of trade in goods. Due to
the fact that direct investment is primarily exercised by large
multinational enterprises it has a larger political impact on the
host countries than trade in goods and services. Foreign
ownership of local industry creates the concern of economic
dependence and of a loss of sovereign powers among host
governments. Consequently, governments introduce laws and
regulations aiming at the restriction of direct investment of
foreign investors.
However, as foreign investment augments economic growth, it
is of common benefit to both investors and host countries to
provide an investment climate which balances the conflict of
interest between the need of legal certainty and flexibility for
foreign investors arid the safeguard of economic independence and
political freedom of host country governments to introduce and
maintain measures deemed necessary for the benefit of their
national economies.
This thesis will demonstrate the most effective regime to
solve this conflict through comparison of the Free Trade
Agreement with the Treaty of Rome as amended by the Single
European Act. These agreements have been chosen since they
involve two of the triad world economic powers and thus,
represent industrialized nations with the highest degree of
foreign direct investment aiming at the liberalization of direct
investment in their "enlarged" markets.
The thesis is divided into three parts. The first and
second parts will discuss the degree of liberalization of foreign
investment within the Common Market including the progress made
under the Single European Act of 1986 and within the free trade
area established by the U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement in 1989.
The analysis will centre around the issues of free establishment
of companies, the National Treatment Principle, capital movement,
and mergers and acquisitions. The third part consists of the
comparative analysis and will provide the final conclusions.
The conclusions will show that the two agreements share few
similarities but they are characterized by their divergent
approach to direct investment liberalization. It is submitted
that the more comprehensive form of liberalization is reached in the Common Market due to its broad restraint on sovereign powers
of its Member States and coherently implemented elimination of
restrictions on foreign investment. In contrast, the Free Trade
Agreement only imposes selected obligations on the parties to
liberalize direct investment. It will become clear that the Free
Trade Agreement stands for a settlement of the most vexing
investment issues between the parties rather than a commitment to
virtually liberalize investment between the U.S. and Canada.
In view of this result, recommendations are made to further
liberalize investment under the Free Trade Agreement. These have
to be seen, however, in the light of numerous economic and
political divergencies between the Common Market and the U.S.-
Canadian free trade area.Law, Peter A. Allard School of
Graduate
23
Zhang, Hong. « The study of EU's anti-dumping decision against China steel industry ». Thesis, University of Macau, 2018. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3953525.
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Gordon, H. William (Harold William). « Trade Negotiations in Agriculture : A Comparative Study of the U.S. and the EC ». Thesis, University of North Texas, 1994. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc935682/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This study applies Destler's institutional counterweights to Putnam's two-level analysis, substituting Liberal Institutionalism and Realism for internationalism and isolationism, in a comparative case study of the roles played by the U.S. and the EC in multilateral trade negotiations in agriculture under the aegis of the General Agreement for Tariffs and Trade during the first half of the Uruguay Round. Using game theory as an analytical tool in the process, this present study demonstrates that a clear pattern emerges in which stages of cooperation and deadlock can be easily anticipated in games of Chicken and Prisoners' Dilemma in accordance with various but predictable levels of institutional influence.
25
Badinger, Harald, et Fritz Breuss. « Do small countries of a trade bloc gain more of its enlargement ? An empirical test of the Casella effect for the case of the European Community ». Forschungsinstitut für Europafragen, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2002. http://epub.wu.ac.at/1732/1/document.pdf.
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Casella (1996) derives theoretically the result that the gains from enlarging a trade bloc fall disproportionately on its small member states. Testing this hypothesis for the Member States of the European Community and its enlargements since 1973, we find mixed results, indicating that such a small country bonus may well exists, but that it is partly neutralized or dominated by economic forces that tend to favour large countries.Series: EI Working Papers / Europainstitut
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Gobin, Corinne. « Consultation et concertation sociales à l'échelle de la Communauté économique européenne : étude des positions et stratégies de la Confédération européenne des syndicats, 1958-1991 ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212339.
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Vida, Irena. « Impacts of the EC 1992 single market on international marketing activities of American interior furnishing textile manufacturers ». Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42226.
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The US textile industry has traditionally been import-impacted rather than export-oriented. Recent data reveal a significant growth in US textile and apparel exports, indicating that US manufacturers are aware of the importance of expanding internationally. Europe represents the second most important export destination for American textiles.
The purpose of this research was to examine the export involvement and marketing characteristics of eight US interior furnishing textile (IFT) manufacturers who market to the EC, and to determine their perceptions of how the creation of the EC 1992 Single Market would affect their future marketing strategies and market potential. The case study method, i.e., personal interviews, was used to investigate the expectations of IFT exporters regarding the EC 1992 market potential, and investigated whether they plan to adapt their export marketing strategies to the changing regulatory and business environment in the EC 1992 Single Market.
The informants were drawn from the US IFT companies participating at the Heimtextil 1993 trade show in Frankfurt, Germany. Multiple sources of evidence were used for compilation of final case study reports.
Cross-case comparisons revealed that IFT manufacturers exported up to 20 percent of their total sales in 1992, and half of the respondents considered the EC as their primary export market. The firms were direct exporters, catered to wholesalers and distributors, and utilized a focus market niche strategy. Styling and price competitiveness were most commonly mentioned as firms’ competitive advantages. The EC market was viewed merely as an extension of the domestic market. An EC-wide pricing strategy was utilized, and the profit structure in the EC tended to be higher than in the US. Marketing functions in the EC were performed by agents/distributors. Trade shows and product samples were commonly utilized as promotional tools. The executives of the companies under investigation were sensitive to the changing EC external environment and optimistic about the future market potential in the EC 1992 Single market. Major adjustments of their marketing strategies in the new Europe were related to entry modes, distribution and products.Master of Science
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Macheru, Maryanne Wambui. « East African community-European Union economic partnership agreement, to be or not to be ? Will conomic partnership agreement undermine or accelerate trade development within the East African community ». Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_4327_1363780584.
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Bribosia, Emmanuelle. « La protection des droits fondamentaux dans l'ordre juridique communautaire : le poids respectif des logiques fonctionnelle et autonome dans le cadre normatif et jurisprudentiel ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211769.
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Previdelli, Maria de Fatima Silva do Carmo. « A Comunidade Econômica Européia e a economia portuguesa, 1986-2005 ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-01112011-134913/.
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Este trabalho busca estudar a trajetória da economia portuguesa ao longo dos vinte anos de participação no Bloco Econômico Europeu, acompanhando as mudanças em sua estrutura e as consequências que o processo trouxe para o país como um todo. Desde o pedido de adesão de Portugal à Comunidade Econômica Europeia em 1977, até à assinatura do tratado em 1985, decorreram oito anos de negociações, assinaturas de acordos e declarações onde o país lentamente se adequou às exigências para que pudesse ser integrado ao bloco. A situação econômica do país se alterou significativamente nos vinte anos em que integra a Comunidade Europeia. Adicionalmente, a adesão à unificação da moeda, com a adoção do euro em 1994, implicou na aceitação de uma autoridade monetária única, retirando do Estado uma importante ferramenta de controle macroeconômico que passa a ser utilizada de modo supranacional.This work aims to present a study on the history of the Portuguese economy over the twenty years of her participation in the European economic block, following the changes in its structure and the consequences that the process has brought to the country as a whole. Since the request of Portugal to join the European Economic Community in 1977 until the signing of the treaty in 1985, eight years of negotiations, agreements and declarations passed by, in which the country slowly adapted itself to the demands that could be integrated into the block. The country\'s economic situation has changed significantly in twenty years as it was incorporated to the European Community. Additionally, adherence to a unified currency, with the adoption of the euro in 1994, implied an acceptance of a single monetary authority, depriving the state of an important tool of macroeconomic management which is now used in a supranational level.
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Belebema, Michael Nguatem. « The incorporation of competition policy in the New Economic Partnership Agreement and its impact on regional integration in the Central African sub-region (CEMAC) ». Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_9186_1307086015.
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The Central African Monetary and Economic Community, known by its French acronym CEMAC (Communauté
Economique et Moné
taire de l&rsquo
Afrique Centrale), is one of the oldest regional economic blocs in the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) group of states. Its membership comprises of Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad, the Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon. It has a population of over 32 million inhabitants in a three million (3 million) square kilometre expanse of land. The changes in the world economy, and especially between the ACP countries, on the one hand, and the European Economic Community-EEC (hereinafter referred to as European Union (EU)), on the other hand, did not leave the CEMAC region unaffected. CEMAC region, like any other regional economic blocs in Africa was faced with the need to readjust in the face of a New International Economic Order (NIEO). The region which had benefited from preferential access to the EU market including financial assistance through the European Development Fund (EDF) had to comply with the rules laid down in the World Trade Organisation (WTO). This eventually led to a shift in the EU trade policy, in order to ensure that its trade preferences to developing countries were compatible to the rules and obligations of the WTO.
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SCHMIDT-EISENLOHR, Tim. « Trade finance, bank mail-outs and profit taxation in an interconnected world ». Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/14188.
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Defense date: 24 May 2010Examining Board: Prof. Giancarlo Corsetti, EUI, Supervisor; Prof. Andrew Bernard, Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth; Prof. Russell Cooper, EUI; Prof. Jonathan Eaton, New York University
Countries are increasingly linked internationally. The three models developed in this thesis shed light on how firms and governments respond to the increasing interconnectedness of the world economy, analyzing profit taxation, trade finance and government intervention in the event of a contagious banking crisis. They can help understand in how far integration is beneficial or harmful and what optimal policies might be. My first paper, which is joint work with Sebastian Krautheim, is based on the finding that larger firms are more likely to use tax haven operations to exploit international tax differences. We study a tax game between a large country and a tax haven modeling heterogeneous monopolistic firms, which can shift profits abroad. We show that a higher degree of firm heterogeneity increases the degree of tax competition, i.e. it decreases the equilibrium tax rate of the large country, leads to higher out flows of its tax base and thus decreases its equilibrium tax revenue. Similar effects hold for a higher substitutability across varieties. My second paper takes a first step towards building a theory of trade finance. Cross border transactions are conducted using different payment contracts, the usage of which varies across countries and over time. I build a model that can explain this observation and study its implications for international trade. In the model exporters switch between payment contracts optimally, trading of differences in enforcement and efficiency between financial markets in different countries. I find that the ability of firms to switch contracts is key to understand how trade flows respond to variations in financial conditions. Numerical experiments with a two-country version of the model suggest that limiting the choice between payment contracts reduces traded quantities by up to 60 percent. The third paper, which is joint work with Friederike Niepmann, analyzes ex-post intervention by governments in response to international banking crises under different cooperation regimes. Financial institutions are increasingly linked internationally and engaged in cross-border operations. As a result, financial crises and potential bail-outs by governments have important international implications. Extending Allen and Gale (2000) we provide a model of international contagion allowing for bank bail-outs financed by distortionary taxes. We single out inefficiencies due to spillovers, free-riding and limited burden-sharing. When countries are of equal size, an increase in cross-border deposit holdings improves, in general, the non-cooperative outcome. For efficient crisis management, ex-ante fiscal burden sharing is essential as ex-post contracts between governments do not achieve the same global welfare.
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CARATELLI, Irene. « The Political impact of the EU's international trade : EU trade power, policy and influence ». Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/13296.
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Defence date: 18 January 2010Examining Board: Marise Cremona (EUI, Law Department); Christopher Hill (University of Cambridge); Erik Jones (Johns Hopkins, Bologna); Pascal Vennesson (EUI/RSCAS, Supervisor)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
The aim of the PhD Thesis is to ascertain whether the EU is able to exert a political influence through its international trade agreements. Since the Union has always been considered as an economic giant and a political dwarf at the global level, the objective is to evaluate whether the EU external trade may be considered as a useful tool to address the gap between its economic and political relevance. If the EU is effectively able to wiled a political influence through trade also beyond the neighbourhood area, where it uses the membership card chip, the EU might have a greater global role. The conceptual analysis of the Thesis is based on the distinction between the EU trade Power (i.e. Resources, Institutions and Values), EU trade Policy activity and its final Influence in order to disentangle the 'levers' from the 'leverage' exercised by the EU through its external trade policy. The potential for political influence of the EU ultimately relies on the ability to change the norms, beliefs, rules and regulations in EU partner countries, during and after the trade negotiations. The empirical side of the research focuses on two bilateral agreements: the EU-Mexico Partnership Agreement (2000), and the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between the EU and South Korea (2009). Despite the strong differences between the case studies (in terms of their geographic location, production and export patterns, timing of the negotiations, etc.), Mexico and South Korea share four basic similarities: i) neither is an EU neighbouring country (i.e. the EU cannot use the membership card); ii) both are strongly dependant and receive their primary influence in economic, political and security terms from the United States; iii) both have strongly endorsed neoliberal and free market principles; and finally iv) each of them might be a potential gateway for the EU in its macro-region. Furthermore, Mexico and South Korea share also a more specific strategic value for the EU in three main respects. First, in both cases the rationale for EU to conclude the agreements was the same: economic and defensive vis-à-vis US previous trade agreements (the NAFTA and the US-South-Korea FTA). Second, the basic objectives of the EU in both countries tend to correspond to a great extent: the achievement of the commercial parity treatment of EU for its exporters vis-à-vis US’ exporters. Third, the overall political influence of the EU in the countries might thus be not only limited, but also fairly comparable. The theoretical structure and the empirical work highlight interesting indications. First, in terms of Power, neither the EU trade power, nor the conclusion of trade agreements is sufficient for the EU to exert, by default, a political influence in the countries considered. Second, in terms of Policy, during Peter Mandelson’s tenure as EC Trade Commissioner, the Union downsized the normative and political ambition of its external trade action in respect to the past, focusing on the achievement of commercial-parity objectives vis-à-vis other major global actors (i.e. a defensive trade strategy in relation to that of the US). Finally, in terms of Influence, both cases indicate that the EU has still a limited capacity to exert a political influence via its trade policy in nonneighbouring countries. Four main reasons help to explain this: 1) Internal institutional constraints within the EU; 2) The bilateral level of trade negotiation; 3) The weakness of EU’s Common Foreign and Security Policy and of its Common Security and Defence Policy; 4) The defensive rather than proactive global projection of the EU. The Thesis concludes that although the EU foreign economic policy can be a means to address the capability-expectations gap that affects the EU as an international actor, there is still ample scope to improve the EU political influence through trade in countries beyond the neighbourhood area in economic, political and/or normative terms.
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MEAD, Philip. « The European Community as an International Actor : Does the Community possess an international personality and responsibility separate from its Member States ? » Doctoral thesis, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/26188.
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BAQUERO, CRUZ Julio. « The economic constitutional law of the European Community : between competition and free movement ». Doctoral thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/4554.
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Defence date: 5 March 2001Examining board: Prof. Giuliano Amato, Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri; European University Institute (supervisor) ; Prof. Gráinne de Búrca, European University Institute ; Prof. Koen Lenaerts, Judge, Court of First Instance of the European Communities; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven ; Prof. Jean-Victor Louis, European University Institute; Université libre de Bruxelles (supervisor) ; Dr. Peter Oliver, Legal Adviser, European Commission
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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MARIN, DURAN Gracia. « Development-based differentiation in the European community's external trade policy : selected issues under community and international trade law ». Doctoral thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/13161.
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Defence date: 15 February 2008Examining Board : Prof. Bruno de Witte, (European University Institute, Supervisor); Prof. Marise Cremona, (European University Institute); Prof. Joe McMahon, (University College Dublin); Prof. Peter Van den Bossche, (Universiteit Maastricht)
Awarded the Jacqueline Suter Prize in 2009 for the Best EUI Doctoral Thesis in European Law.
No abstract available
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POIARES, PESSOA MADURO Luis Miguel. « We the Court : the European Court of Justice, the European economic constitution and article 30 of the EC treaty ». Doctoral thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/4753.
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BEAUCHESNE, Benedicte. « La protection juridique des entreprises en droit communautaire de la concurrence ». Doctoral thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/4558.
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Defence date: 27 May 1992Examining board: Prof. Marie-Chantal Boutard-Labarde (Université de Paris X-Nanterre) ; Prof. Fausto Capelli (Université de Parme) ; Prof. Peter Müller-Graff (Université de Trier) ; Prof. Jürgen Schwarze (Supervisor - EUI) ; Prof. Jean Vergès (Université de Paris I)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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Akhvlediani, Tinatin. « International Trade and Economic Growth in the EU. The Role of ICT in Central and Eastern European Countries ». Doctoral thesis, 2019. https://depotuw.ceon.pl/handle/item/3447.
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Niniejsza praca doktorska bada wpływ postępu technicznego oraz rozwoju technologii informacyjno-komunikacyjnych (ICT) na handel i wzrost gospodarczy w Unii Europejskiej (UE), ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem Krajów Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej(CEEC). Praca rozszerza szereg teoretycznych i empirycznych modeli na poziomie makro- i mikroekonomicznym, w celu uzyskania kompleksowego obraz wpływu ICT na kraje CEEC.
Na poziomie makro CEEC badane są w odniesieniu do wiodących krajów UE. W rozdziale pierwszym, analizowane są determinanty eksportu w sektorach wysokich technologii za pomocą równania grawitacji o rozszerzonego o miary luki technologicznej przybliżanej za pomocą wydatków na działalność badawczo-rozwojową oraz wymiany wewnątrz-sektorowej. W rozdziale czwartym, badany jest wpływ gospodarki opartej na wiedzy i usług w zakresie kapitału ICT na produktywność siły roboczej i całkowitą produktywność czynników (TFP) w oparciu o rozszerzoną dekompozycję Solowa (1956). W rozdziale piątym, badana jest rola kapitału ludzkiego i ICT w postępie technologicznym, rozpowszechnianiu technologii oraz konwergencji krajów Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej względem granicy technologicznej. W tym celu wykorzystywany jest zmodyfikowany model teoretyczny Nelsona i Phelpsa (1966) dostosowany do badań empirycznych przez Benhabiba i Spiegla (2005).
Na poziomie mikro badany jest bezpośredni oraz pośredni wpływ ICT na działalność eksportową firm. W rozdziale drugim, wykorzystywany jest model zaproponowany przez Jørgensena i Schrodera (2008) wzbogacony o zmienne ICT w celu zbadania, czy ICT zwiększają ekstensywne i intensywne krańce eksportu poprzez obniżenie stałych i krańcowych kosztów eksportu. W rozdziale trzecim badane jest czy ICT generują pośredni wpływ na eksport poprzez zwiększenie wydajności pracy. W celu wychwycenia pośrednich efektów ICT, używana jest rozszerzona funkcja produkcji Cobb-Douglasa (1928) uwzględniająca miary ICT.
Badania empiryczne przeprowadzone w nawiązaniu do standardowej analizy handlu podkreślają znaczenie działalności badawczo-rozwojowej oraz akumulacji kapitału fizycznego i ludzkiego dla poprawy wyników eksportowych krajów CEEC w sektorach wysokich technologii. Z kolei badania empiryczne nawiązujące do najnowszego nurtu w obrębie nowej teorii handlu podkreślającego rolę niejednorodności firm pokazują, że ICT znacząco zmniejsza stałe koszty eksportu, a tym samym zwiększa prawdopodobieństwo eksportu firm. Jednak wpływ ICT na intensywne krańce eksportu okazuje się być pośredni i działać poprzez kanał wzrostu wydajności pracy. Ponadto, rozprawa pokazuje, że podobnie jak w analizie przeprowadzonej na poziomie mikro, zidentyfikowanie efektów ICT na poziomie makro nie jest proste. W szczególności, wyniki przeprowadzonych badań empirycznych pokazują, że usługi kapitału ICT mogą przyczynić się do wydajności pracy bezpośrednio, a także pośrednio, poprzez zwiększenie TFP. Ostatecznie, praca doktorska podkreśla kluczową rolę kapitału ludzkiego oraz ICT w postępie technologicznym i dyfuzji wiedzy w całej UE. Uzyskane wyniki estymacji w tym obszarze wskazują, że kapitał ludzki może być wiążącym ograniczeniem dla konwergencji CEEC względem granicy technologicznej.This dissertation examines effects of technical change and Information Communications Technology (ICT) on trade and growth in the European Union (EU), with a particular focus on the Central and Eastern European Countries (CEEC). Namely, I augment several theoretical and empirical frameworks to bring new insights from macro as well as micro-level analysis. On the macro-level, I examine CEEC in relation to the core EU countries in several directions. Firstly, I study determinants of exports in high technology sectors by augmenting the standard gravity equation with measures of technology gap using R&D spending and intra-industry trade. Secondly, I elaborate the contribution of knowledge economy and ICT capital services in labour and total factor productivity (TFP) based on extended Solow (1956) growth equation. And thirdly, I examine the role of human capital and ICT in technological progress, technology diffusion and convergence across the EU. To do so, I follow Benhabib and Spiegel (2005) and I augment the original model of Nelson and Phelps (1966) with ICT effects. On the micro-level, I study direct as well as indirect effects of ICT on export activities of firms. Firstly, I augment the model proposed by Jørgensen and Schröder (2008) with ICT variables to test whether ICT increases extensive and intensive margins of exports by lowering fixed and marginal costs of exports. And secondly, I test whether ICT generates indirect effects on exports via enhancing labour productivity. To tackle these hidden effects of ICT, I augment the Cobb-Douglas (1928) production function with ICT contribution. Empirical findings from the standard trade analysis outline the importance of R&D, physical and human capital accumulation in improving export performances of CEEC in high-technology sectors. The analysis based on the “New New Trade Theory” finds that ICT significantly decreases fixed costs of exports and therefore increases the probability of exporting. However, ICT effects on intensive margins of exports turn out to be hidden in labour productivity. Furthermore, the dissertation reveals that as in the micro-level analysis, it is neither straightforward to outline ICT effects at the macro-level. In particular, empirical results demonstrate that ICT capital services may contribute to labour productivity directly as well as indirectly via boosting TFP. Finally, the PhD thesis outlines the crucial role of human capital and ICT in technological progress and technology diffusion across the EU. Estimations in this area indicate that human capital could be a binding constraint for convergence of CEEC with the technology frontier. Overall, the added value of the dissertation is threefold. Firstly, by extending different empirical frameworks, it pioneers in designing channels of direct as well as indirect impact of ICT on exports, productivity, innovation and imitation. Secondly, it brings new empirical insights on the effects of ICT and technical change from macro as well as micro-level analysis. And thirdly, it focuses on CEEC, which are not studied systematically from these perspectives. As a result, the PhD thesis brings empirical findings leading to a number of policy recommendations. The latter could help policymakers to design policies to accelerate digital convergence across the EU and ensure that enterprises from CEEC remain competitive in the Digital Single Market (DSM).
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« Invloed van die Europese Gemeenskap op die buitelandse handel van Suid-Afrika ». Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13214.
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DUPRÉ, Bruno. « Merger policy in the EEC : legal and economic analysis in the light of the American experience ». Doctoral thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/4614.
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Defence date: 1 June 1992Supervisor: Prof. Christian Joerges ; Co-supervisor: Prof. Barry Hawk
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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VONK, Olivier. « Dual nationality in the European Union : a study on changing norms in public and private international law and in the municipal laws of four EU member state ». Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/15386.
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Defence date: 19 November 2010Examining Board: Rainer Baubock (EUI); Gerard-René De Groot (Universiteit Maastricht); Marie-Ange Moreau (Supervisor, EUI); Bruno Nascimbene (Università degli Studi di Milano)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
The main objective of this study is to examine the phenomenon of dual nationality in the European Union (EU), particularly against the background of the status of European citizenship - a status that is linked to the nationality of each EU Member State (Article 20(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union provides that ‘citizenship of the Union shall be additional to and not replace national citizenship’). The study consists of two parts. The first part (Chapters 1 and 2) sets out the approach towards (dual) nationality in Private International Law and EU Law, in particular by analyzing the case law of the European Court of Justice (ECJ). The second part (Chapters 3- 6) consists of an overview of the dual nationality regimes in four EU Member States - France, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain -, and their possible effects on the EU as a whole. Chapter 2 of the thesis is entitled the ‘intra-EU context’, since it primarily deals with the ECJ’s approach towards a dual nationality consisting of two Member State nationalities. The country reports, on the other hand, deal with the ‘extra-EU context’ because the dual nationality policies of the countries under consideration predominantly affect non-Member State nationals. Thus, France and the Netherlands have for some time already faced the question how to integrate the (Muslim) immigrant population; Italy and Spain have long since adopted a system of preferential treatment for (Latin American) former emigrants and their descendants. The country reports demonstrate how dual nationality is used (or rejected) in these four countries. Finally, the question whether the EU should in time acquire (limited) competence in the field of European nationality law is one of the major themes of this study. Regardless of one’s stance on this question, it must be readily admitted that the subject of Member State autonomy in nationality law is becoming ever more salient with the enlargement of the Union and the growing relevance of European citizenship in the case law of the ECJ. In the opinion of this author, the study shows that the almost absolute autonomy of Member States in the field of nationality law is becoming increasingly problematic for the EU as a whole. Based inter alia on the findings from the country reports, this thesis takes the position that there is arguably a need for the (minimum) harmonization of European nationality laws.
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KUIPERS, Jan-Jaap. « The interrelationship between EU law and private international law in contractual obligations : private autonomy, overriding mandatory provisions and a European justice area ». Doctoral thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/16060.
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Defence Date: 17 January 2011Examining Board: Prof. dr. Marie-Ange Moreau, European University Institute (supervisor); Prof. dr. Hans-Wolfgang Micklitz, European University Institute; Prof. dr. Gerard-René de Groot, Maastricht University; Prof. dr. Jean-Michel Jacquet, Institut des Hautes Etudes Internationales, Geneva
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
The aim of this research is to analyse the interrelationship between Private International Law and European Union law in the area of contractual obligations. The Rome I Regulation on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations is used to delimit the scope of research. The material rules of Rome I will be discussed in order to demonstrate that the instrument follows the traditional European conflict of laws approach without any specific orientation towards internal market objectives. The influence of Union law upon PIL goes however beyond positive harmonisation, being the codification of conflict of law norms on the European level. In the analysis of the effects of Union law upon the conflict of law process, a distinction will be drawn between international and =European‘ contracts. As regards international contracts Rome I could be used to establish the international scope of application of secondary Union law when the contract involves a link with a third country. However the legislator seems to have given preference to an autonomous approach based upon the object and purpose of the relevant instrument. These directives create nuisance in the conflict of law process and it will be proposed to integrate sector specific scope rules in Rome I. With regard to contracts that exclusively have connections with two or more Member States it will be analysed to what extent rules of contract law are caught by the fundamental freedoms. It will be argued that primary law does not favour ex ante the application of the law of a specific Member State, but may correct the applicable law. Rules that can be set aside by parties by a mere choice of law can however not have the potential effects of hindering the smooth functioning of the internal market. The overall objective of the project is to identify the methodological disharmony between Union law and PIL in the regulation of cross border contracts and to propose suggestions to improve their mutual understanding.
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O'FARRELL, Rory. « Globalisation and Labour Markets ». Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/13597.
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Defence date: 18 March 2010Examining Board: Prof. Sara de la Rica, University of the Basque Country Prof. Salvador Ortigueira, EUI, Supervisor Prof. Xavier Raurich, University of Barcelona and EUI Prof. Rick van der Ploeg, University of Oxford
In this thesis how labour markets are affected by globalisation is examined. The thesis takes the form of three chapters. The first chapter looks at the state of trade unions in Europe and how they have been affected by globalisation; the second chapter is theoretical in nature and shows how the increasing size of trade blocs and lower transport costs can help to explain the decline in trade union density; and the third chapter looks at how the ability of firms to locate production in more than one country can affect wages and unemployment. The first chapter describes trends related to trade unions in Europe, before examining how globalisation can affect trade unions and how trade unions may respond. Since the 1980s there has been a general decline in trade union density and strike activity. At the same time there has been an increase in globalisation. Although common explanations have been put forward for the decline of trade union density across European countries, no cointegration has been found between trends in trade union density. Despite declines in trade union density, unions have continued to be successful in gaining wage premia for their members. The increase in globalisation has been associated with an increase in the elasticity of demand for labour. This affects the employment/wage trade o_ faced by trade unions. There is also some evidence that multinationals can use their cross-border bargaining power to reduce wages. Unions have reacted to globalisation by cooperating internationally, but any progress towards cross border collective bargaining has been at best slow. A simple model is presented in the chapter in order to anticipate the issues discussed in chapters two and three. The model suggests that unions will be more likely to cooperate internationally if they are substitutes in production and if the reservation wage is low. The second chapter looks at how multinational enterprises (MNEs) can affect wages and unemployment. While the increase in international firm mobility has been well documented, its effects on macroeconomic aggregates and in the labour market are still controversial. MNEs benefit from an international outside option during wage bargaining, leading to a decrease in average wages. However, a strategic incentive to hire extra workers in a foreign (home) plant in order to reduce wages in the home (foreign) plant has an indirect positive effect on wages due to spillovers resulting from an increased demand for labour. In a framework of frictional unemployment, permitting MNEs leads to a decrease in unemployment. Abstracting from transport and plant fixed costs, MNEs lead to higher wages. However, including transport and plant costs generally leads to lower wages, though the effects are small. The strategic hiring effect is important in mitigating the fall in wages. Finally, in the third chapter a model is presented which shows how increased product market competition due to an increase in the size of trade blocs and a lower cost of transporting goods internationally can lead to a decline in trade union density. Increasing international product market competition harms unionised workers more than workers who bargain wages individually. This is as union wages are a function of average revenue but individually bargained wages are a function of marginal revenue. Increasing competition narrows the gap between average and marginal revenue. This lowers the incentive to be a member of a trade union, which leads to a fall in trade union density. Globalisation can lead to falling union density despite a stable union wage premium and increasing union wages.
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COPPOLARO, Lucia. « Trade and politics across the Atlantic : the European Economic Community (EEC) and the United States of America in the GATT : negotiations of the Kennedy Round (1962-1967) ». Doctoral thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/6585.
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Wambui, Macheru Maryanne. « East African community-European union economic partnership agreement, to be or not to be ? will economic partnership agreement undermine or accelerate trade development within the East African community ? » Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3566.
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HARBO, Tor-Inge. « The function of proportionality analysis in European law ». Doctoral thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/16057.
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Defence date: 28 January 2011Examining Board: Prof. Ernst- Ulrich Petersmann (Supervisor), EUI; Prof. Inger-Johanne Sand, University of Oslo; Prof. Christian Joerges, University of Bremen; Prof. Loic Azoulai, EUI.
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
The aim of the thesis is to explore the function of proportionality analysis (PA) as a tool of judicial adjudication in European law. In this effort the author analyses in the first part of the thesis the way in which European supra-/international courts, notably the ECJ, the EFTA Court and the Human Rights Court, apply PA. The analysis reveals that PA is a flexible instrument of judicial review. In the second part of the thesis the application of PA by UK and Norwegian courts is discussed. The respective countries´ courts have not traditionally applied PA but various reasonableness tests. The purpose of the investigation is thus to shed comparative light on PA by contrasting it with comparable assessment schemes. To the extent PA is taken on by the two national courts the investigation may display the persuasive nature of PA. The legal dogmatic approaches taken in part one and two of the thesis does only partly help determine the function of PA. A broader approach is needed to this end. In part three of the thesis the author firstly discuss what it means that PA consists of both rationality and reasonableness tests and thereafter whether PA is of a substantial or a procedural nature. Concluding that PA is of a procedural nature - securing a legal safeguard for individuals - it is nevertheless clear that PA implies the strengthening of the judiciary. This leads to an elaboration on the virtues and vices of 'judicial governance'. In this connection it is suggested that the establishment of PA as a (general) principle of law (together with the tri-partial structure) is a way in which courts may attempt to legitimise the extensive judicial power, which lies intrinsic in PA. The author then embarks upon a discussion of the nature and function of principles of law including the rule of law qualities of PA.
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DE, ANDRADE CORRÊA Fabiano. « The implementation of sustainable development in regional trade agreements : a case study on the European Union and MERCOSUR ». Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/28034.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Defence date: 5 June 2013Examining Board: Professor Marise Cremona, European University Institute (Supervisor) Professor Ernst Ulrich Petersmann, European University Institute Professor Markus Gehring, University of Cambridge, England Professor Adriana Dreyzin de Klor, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina.
First made available online 12 June 2019
This thesis addresses the implementation of sustainable development in the legal frameworks of regional integration agreements (RIAs). Sustainable development is reaffirmed as one of the main priorities of the international community, while poverty eradication and the integration of socio-environmental concerns into all governance levels remain the most pressing challenges to its implementation. Furthermore, the role of law is considered fundamental for sustainable development, but there remains a lack of analysis of how legal frameworks are effectively advancing this objective. In this regard, the thesis focuses on the laws and policies of two of the most important RIAs in force, the European Union and MERCOSUR, with a twofold objective: 1) to analyze how RIAs can provide enabling legal frameworks for the promotion of sustainable development, going beyond trade liberalization and serving as a building block between multilateral goals and their implementation at the national level; 2) to provide case studies of norms and policies developed at the regional level addressing a) poverty eradication and social justice within their internal spheres; b) trade policies and instruments that more effectively integrate socioenvironmental objectives. The research undertaken has also a comparative element that enables the consideration of whether the EU, a more developed regional organization, can provide lessons to MERCOSUR in advancing these specific issues. The conclusions show that RIAs' legal frameworks can facilitate effective translation of sustainable development goals into concrete norms and policies, bridging the divide between a multilateral system of standard setting with low implementation power, and national states with weakened capacity to deal independently with these issues. The RIAs studied have been developing procedural innovations such as 'impact assessment' instruments, and substantive innovations, such as regional development funds aimed at promoting social cohesion internally, and trade instruments that integrate development concerns in their external relations, such as preferential trade systems (GSP) linked to socio-environmental issues and trade agreements that include 'trade and sustainable development' chapters. It also provides evidence that, despite their institutional differences, the development of sustainable development laws and policies within the EU has followed a path that can provide valuable insights for MERCOSUR. Finally, the thesis argues that, despite the tensions that might arise between the implementation of these regional measures and the multilateral trade system rules, regional action might be a way to cope with the difficulty of reaching a global agreement while also reflecting more adequately local concerns. The challenge is to assure coherence and consistency with the international goals, but given the importance of promoting a more sustainable development process, this a task worth pursuing.
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BORZSÁK, Levente. « A Green way out ? : or the effects of environmental protection on the public enforcement mechanism ». Doctoral thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/23695.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Defence date: 11 July 2008Examining Board: Gráinne de Búrca (EUI Supervisor) ; Bruno de Witte (EUI) ; Jane Holder, University College London ; Sybille Grohs, European commission, DG ENV
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
This thesis argues that the present provisions on public enforcement are inadequate for the effective promotion of compliance with Community law and seeks to provide solutions in order to improve them. Article 226 and 228 EC are both cumbersome and lengthy, particularly with regard to environmental protection. In order to reach this conclusion, the thesis reviews the subject of the enforcement procedure, the infringement itself. It gives a definition of compliance and offers reasons why and how Member States comply or fail to comply with Community rules. It analyses the Commission's role in applying the public enforcement mechanism, before it reviews the problems occurring in the application of Article 228, as the “ultima ratio ultimae rationis” in infringement procedures. Although the Commission attempted several times to clarify the application of that Article, there are still open questions. Environment is the field of law which produces the most enforcement problems and if we find solutions to them, we may be able to use the experiences in other sectors, too. After introducing the main approaches promoting compliance, it is argued that more attention needs to be paid to enforcement than to the managerial approach. Reviewing the managerial instruments reveals that they are more powerful when complemented by enforcement means. Consequently, the thesis focuses upon the latter methods, by referring to the case law on Article 228, which demonstrates the success of the public enforcement procedure. The enforcement mechanism, however, is not perfect, thus a variety of solutions is proposed to make it more effective. Along the lines of the amendments introduced in the Treaty of Lisbon, some improvements to these articles are proposed together with a so-called urgency measure, which empowers the Commission to stop – at an early stage – an infringement that might otherwise mean irreparable damage to the environment.
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ARTIRAN, Nazmiye Pinar. « Any law that is rarely complied with is a bad law : an analysis of GATT article XXIV : selected issues from the EU and NAFTA ». Doctoral thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/12027.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Defence date: 19/06/2009Examining Board: Prof. Gráinne de Búrca (supervisor), former EUI, now Fordham Law School; Prof. Marise Cremona (EUI); Prof. Robert L Howse (external co-supervisor) New York University Law School; Dr. Werner Zdouc (World Trade Organization)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
This thesis examines and evaluates the current interpretation of GATT Article XXIV and the problematic concepts it comprises by focusing on two case studies, namely regulatory standards under the European Communities (EC) and safeguard measures under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). One of the key questions it addresses is whether GATT Article XXIV applies only to the initial formation of a customs union or Free Trade Area or whether it regulates them in an ongoing way along with the covered agreements. Part I begins with an overview of trade regionalism including its historical background and rationale, and an introduction to specific regional integration models extant in the Multilateral Trading System (MTS). This part analyses the legal texts applicable to Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) in order to shed light on the question of how to strike a balance between the requirement of liberalising substantially all trade and eliminating duties and other restrictive regulations of commerce (ORRC) among partners to an RTA while at the same time not raising existing trade barriers to trade against non-members. Part II then addresses the external trade requirement stipulated under GATT Article XXIV: 5 and 8, in light of the Appellate Body ruling in Turkey - Textiles. It begins with the provisions of paragraph 5 on the external effects of RTAs with a view to assessing the applicability and effect of the test set out in paragraph 5 in relation to non-tariff barriers, particularly regulatory standards. While harmonized regulatory standards may facilitate intra-RTA trade, they also have the effect of raising trade barriers against third parties by way of discriminating against outside commerce or regulating excessively strictly. Secondly, Part II addresses the problematic issue of whether safeguards are to be understood as 'ORRC' in the context of the bracketed list of exceptions. On the assumption that they do constitute ORRCs, this part then examines NAFTA Article 802 as well as the relationship between the Safeguards Agreement and GATT Article XXIV. In view of the proliferation of regional trade agreements (RTAs) and the challenges that they represent for the MTS and developing countries in particular, Part III tackles the question of how GATT Article XXIV disciplines might be improved, and provides an analysis of existing proposals arising from the Rules negotiations in the framework of the mandate stated in the Doha Ministerial Declaration.