Thèses : « International trade – Europe »

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Thanagopal, Thannaletchimy. « Estimating price and quality elasticities of international trade ». Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010070.

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Estimer le prix et la qualité de l'élasticité du commerce international
This thesis is a compilation of three essays that estimate the ‘true’ trade price elasticity of demand while adjusting for the effect of quality in the trade models. Quality in this thesis is introduced via our own proxy for quality known as ‘knowledge’. This proxy takes into account not only direct expenditures (and hence stocks) spent on research and development but also indirect expenditures (and stocks) through positive externalities originating from innovation efforts by other countries and other industries. In addition, the main trade database used in this thesis is the WIOD (World Input-Output Database) which provides bilateral trade ﬂows, at the industrial level for 35 industries in manufacturing and services based on the ISIC Rev. 2 (International Standard Industry Classiﬁcation Revision 2) over a period of 17 years (from 1995 to 2011). The ﬁrst essay, “Analyzing BRIC Competitiveness in EU-14, Japan, US and Norway” looks at the competitiveness of the emerging nations notably the BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India and China) compared to the EU-14 countries (excluding Luxembourg), Japan, the United States and Norway in 15 distinct manufacturing goods industries over a period of 16 years (1996 to 2011). We use the CMSA (Constant Market Share Analysis) econometrically to dissect the competitive effect of the BRICs in terms of price and quality effects. The CMSA is useful in explaining the gain in export market shares of a country through two terms - the structural effect and the competitive effect. However, the model fails to deﬁne the type of competitiveness - whether a country is competitive in terms of prices (price competitiveness) or in terms of non-price factors such as quality and variety (non-price competitiveness). This essay attempts to improve this analysis by estimating individual price and non-price competitive effects using an export market share equation. We ﬁnd evidence of the competitive effect in BRIC exports towards major industrialized countries namely EU-14 (excluding Luxembourg), Japan, United States and Norway. We also ﬁnd that the gain in BRIC export market share is largely attributed to better price competition rather than non-price competition. The industrial results, however, indicate the presence of non-price competitiveness in selected homogeneous product industries during this period, suggesting the beginning of a shift in BRIC export competitiveness. […]

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Attour, Suleiman I. « International advertising practices of multinational companies in Europe and the Middle-East ». Thesis, City University London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312905.

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Eeckhout, Piet. « The european internal market and international trade : a legal analysis / ». Oxford : Clarendon press, 1994. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37491371g.

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Binti, Zakaria Noor Aini. « Trade Barriers in Forest Industry between Malaysia and Europe ». Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00750922.

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This study analyses the international timber trade between Malaysia and Europe with respect to the importance of environmental issues on trade and the role of Malaysia as a major timber exporter to Europe. It also evaluates the comparative advantage of Malaysian wood products and the willingness of French consumers (to represent European communities) to pay for sustainable forest management. The first part gives an overview the clashes of perception between developed and developing countries on the environmental concerns over trade. It was observed that environmental standards may act as non-tariff barriers to exporting countries. In addition, the stringent requirements posed by importing countries on technical, marking and labelling to some extent provide unnecessary barriers to trade. The second part deals with the role of Malaysia as a key player in the tropical timber trade. This part evaluates the main export market for Malaysian wood products to the world. For the purpose of this thesis, the analysis focuses on the European market. From the observations, it was found that the export of wooden furniture surpassed major timber exports in 2004. However, to penetrate the European market, Malaysia has to compete with the Chinese with their lower cost tropical wood products, and Brazil with their advantage in certification and labelling of tropical wood products. In tandem with that, the commitment towards sustainable forest management at national level causes shortage of raw materials in Malaysia. To a certain extent, the internal and external factors create necessary challenges to enter the European market. In the third part, the Balassa approach was used to classify the comparative advantage of Malaysia's twenty one types of wood products in Europe. It was estimated that Malaysia had high comparative advantage only in five products which were mechanized and intermediary industrial products. The products identified were sawn wood, wooden mouldings, plywood, veneer and builders' joinery and carpentry. The remaining products had lower comparative advantage and disadvantage to export to the European market based on the Balassa index. In the last part, the estimation on the willingness to pay for sustainable forest management attributes was conducted. Besides that, additional attributes such as fair trade and wood origin were included. A questionnaire was set up using all the attributes reflected in the hypothetical wood flooring product in the market. Based on the result, consumers were willing to pay the highest for the presence of fair trade and wood origin (in this study referring to French origin); nevertheless they were still willing to pay for sustainable aspects of forest. However, the willingness to pay for all the attributes was altered depending on the respondents' knowledge of forest labelling, their attitudes towards environmental preservation, living area, education level, type of job and income level. In the overall finding of the thesis, all the results from each part were synthesized in a systemic approach simultaneously deliberating on the macro and microeconomic perspectives as well as the dimensions on demand and supply. Overall, the findings suggest that the challenges and constraints facing the Malaysian timber industry indirectly shaped the export of Malaysian wooden products. Malaysia has adapted by going into value-added products to lessen the impact of environment-related trade barriers and to circumvent the shortage of raw materials supply. Malaysia has successfully customized the wooden products to the sustainability and legality requirements of the European market by pursuing the national certification (Malaysian Timber Certification) and being committed to sustainable forest management objectives.

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Horne, Cynthia Michalski. « Are NMEs our enemies ? : non-market economies and western trade policies / ». Thesis, Connect to this title online ; UW restricted, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10703.

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Ko, Man Ching. « Emerging stock markets in Europe, the Middle East, and Asia ». CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2894.

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The purpose of this research is to evaluate the performance of the emerging stock markets in three regions. The regions chosen as our testing targets are Europe, The Middle East, and Asia. Performance for 2002 to 2004 will be compared to the U.S. stock market.

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Fink, Gerhard. « New protectionism in Central Europe. Exchange rate adjustment, customs tariffs and non-tariff measures ». Forschungsinstitut für Europafragen, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 1999. http://epub.wu.ac.at/970/1/document.pdf.

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Many of the 10 Central European candidate member countries for EU accession entered into the transition period with strongly undervalued exchange rates to stimulate exports and protect domestic industries. However, this policy was not maintained. During 1993-1995 real currency appreciation increased competitive pressure by foreign firms. To protect domestic firms governments applied high third country tariffs, temporary import taxes, and numerous administrative barriers to trade. As countervailing pressure by the EU and the USA increased and current account deficits soared in 1996 and 1997, the CE-10 more and more brought exchange rate policies in line with the changes in purchasing power parity. However, petty protection and harassment of importers prevails. (author's abstract)
Series: EI Working Papers / Europainstitut

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Boodhoo, Niala. « The United States and the politics of trade : the banana war with Europe and the Caribbean ». FIU Digital Commons, 2000. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1729.

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This thesis examines the involvement of the United States in the decade-long trade dispute before the World Trade Organization (WTO) over the European Union's preferential banana regime. Washington's justification for bringing this case to the WTO comes from Section 301 of the U.S. trade act, which allows for disputes to be undertaken if U.S. "interests" are violated; however, this is the first case ever undertaken by the United States that does not directly threaten any American banana industry, nor affect any American jobs. Why, then, would the United States involve itself in this European-Caribbean-Latin American dispute? It is the contention of this thesis that the United States thrust itself headlong into this debate for two reasons: domestically, the United States Trade Representative came under pressure, via the White House and Congress, from Chiquita CEO Carl Lindner, who in the past decade donated more than $7.1 million to American politicians to take the case to the WTO. Internationally, the United States used the case as an opportunity to assert its power over Europe, with the Eastern Caribbean islands being caught in the economic crossfire. According to existing literature, in undertaking this case, the United States did as any nation would: it operated within both domestic and international levels, satisfying at each level key interests, with the overall goal of maintaining the nation's best interests.

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CHOBANOVA, Yordanka. « MNEs in the CEECs : shaping the microeconomic architecture of states in the context of EU integration : the cases of Unilever, Nestlé and InBev ». Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/10461.

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Defence date: 13 December 2007
Examining Board: Prof. Martin Rhodes, (University of Denver/EUI) ; Prof. Colin Crouch, (Warwick Business School) ; Prof. Rajneesh Narula, (Reading Business School) ; Prof. Mladen Velev, (Technical University Sofia)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
Using Systems of Innovation Approach (SI) and International Business (IB) literature, this dissertation analyzes the level of embeddedness of Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). MNEs are discussed as they link the economy of the host country with the global economy by their regional and global networks. The expansion and successful embeddedness of West European multinational firms is crucial for the industrial integration of CEECs into the EU. The focus of the study is on the largest food processing companies, which invested in the region : namely Nestlé, Unilever and InBev. The dissertation discusses the motives of investment and the entry strategies of food MNEs, outlines their contribution to the local development and stresses the national actors as forces to embedded FDI. The research discovered that EU membership facilitated the processes of global reorganizations of Nestlé, Unilever and InBev in CEE. All of the three MNEs, which form the object of this research, closed partially or completely plants all over CEE (and Western Europe). Hence, in a liberal trade regime it is very difficult to talk about long-term embeddedness of MNEs. It seems that the global strategies of the companies and the size of the market are the factor, which pre-determines the level of embeddedness of food MNEs in a certain economy and not so much the national actors and institutions.

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Colson-Duparchy, Alexia. « Bridges, hoops and pools : international film co-production : the interface between culture and trade ». Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=78210.

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International film co-productions are sometimes thought of by the Americans as a form of financing providing the U.S. with the ability to sell works to its most important export market, Europe. Europe prefers thinking of it as way to provide its market with works that reflect European culture and ideals. This thesis questions the reality of such a statement, using the examples of the EU, the U.S. and Canada.
The author first explains the mechanism of co-production within the framework of a presentation of the methods of film financing. Follows a twofold discussion on the current nature of international co-productions, on both the international and national levels.
A considerable portion of this work examines the terms of the debate about the interplay between culture and trade. As an instrument used in the audiovisual industry, therefore strongly connected to cultural industries, international co-production is indeed an ideal model to represent the tensions existing between culture and global trade. This thesis sets international co-production up as a symbol of the interface between culture and trade.
Follows a debate on the congruity of the existing global and regional trade agreements for the protection of a culture always weaker in its diversity and propagation. With the prospect of the imminent phasing out of the sectoral exemptions allowed by the GATS, the inadequacy of the NAFTA cultural exemption and current quota policy systems, what would be best to calm down the tensions between culture and trade? Three solutions are discussed here: the New International Instrument on Cultural Diversity; a powerful competitor to the American majors such as Vivendi-Universal, and the technique of co-ventures.

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Gómez, Tello Alicia. « The european integration process : trade, mobility, and policy ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/384937.

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La Unión Europea (UE) constituye uno de los procesos de integración más completos del mundo. Sin embargo, todavía se detectan importantes diferencias sociales y económicas entre sus países miembros, y dichas diferencias podrían limitar los efectos positivos asociados con cualquier proceso de integración. El objetivo de esta disertación es examinar fortalezas y debilidades relacionadas con el proceso de integración europeo. La tesis se centra en tres aspectos específicos: la integración comercial, la movilidad de capital y personas y la efectividad de la Política Agraria Común (PAC). En el Capítulo 2, “What Are the Most Important Partners of the Most Recently Admitted EU Countries” , se investiga si la quinta ampliación de la UE (2004) supuso una integración comercial para los nuevos países miembros (UE-10). Para ello se construye una base de datos que recoge información sobre los flujos comerciales de los países de la UE-10 con 180 socios comerciales durante el periodo 1999–2011. Aunque los resultados reflejan que hubo una integración comercial entre los nuevos y viejos socios a partir de 2004, dicha integración fue más pronunciada entre los países de la UE-10. Por tanto, los resultados confirman que las raíces históricas de los nuevos socios han condicionado su integración con los países de la UE-15. En el Capítulo 3, “Foreign Direct Investment and Immigration Inflows in Spain”, se investigan los determinantes de la entrada de inversión extranjera directa (IED) en España. Este país perdió parte de sus factores atractivos como destinatario de IED después de las ampliaciones de la UE hacia el este. Para llevar a cabo este análisis, se construye una base de datos tras combinar dos fuentes de datos específicos: uno relacionado con las empresas y el otro con los trabajadores. Los resultados muestran que los inversores extranjeros se localizan en lugares donde hay una mano de obra con una cualificación media en lugar de una cualificación alta, tal y como concluye la mayor parte de la literatura empírica relacionada con los determinantes de IDE. Este resultado revela la existencia de problemas estructurales en el entorno empresarial español, ya que los inversores extranjeros están principalmente atraídos por incentivos transitorios. Dicha situación imposibilita que España pueda gozar de un adecuado ambiente empresarial apto para atraer IED en el largo plazo. Finalmente, en el Capítulo 4, “Land Specialization in Spain: The Effects of the Common Agricultural Policy”, se investiga en qué medida la PAC ha afectado la eficiencia de la producción agraria en España. A partir del trabajo de Costinot y Donaldson (2012), se desarrolla una estrategia empírica que consiste en comparar la producción real con la potencial, esta última calculada a partir de un ejercicio de optimización que recoge implícitamente el concepto de coste de oportunidad. Los resultados identifican una mejora en la eficiencia de la producción agraria en España tras su adhesión a la UE (1986) y, sobre todo, tras la reforma Fischler (2003). Esta reforma rompió el link entre subsidios y nivel de producción y, consecuentemente, produjo un cambio significativo en los incentivos de producción, ahora basados en las características del mercado y no en lo requerimientos necesarios para obtener los subsidios. Por tanto, a pesar de que se han detectado efectos positivos asociados con el proceso de integración europeo, también se han encontrado circunstancias en las que dichos efectos han sido menores de lo esperado. Con el fin de permitir que el proyecto europeo progrese adecuadamente, dichas debilidades —la mayoría relacionadas con las diferenciase económicas entre los estados miembros— deberían ser solventadas.
The European Union is experiencing one of the most complete integration process in the world. Nevertheless, there still exist important social and economic differences among its member states, and these differences could limit the positive effects associated with the integration process. The objective of this dissertation is to examine the benefits and drawbacks of a number of selected features entailed by the European integration process. We focus on three specific aspects: trade integration among EU member states, the free mobility of capital and workers, and the true effectiveness of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). In Chapter 2, “What Are the Most Important Partners of the Most Recently Admitted EU Countries,” we investigate whether the fifth EU enlargement (2004) truly generated a trade integration effect for new member states (EU-10). To tackle this question, we build a database by compiling the information referring to trade flows among EU-10 countries and 180 commercial partners during 1999–2011. Though our results show that trade flow intensity between EU-15 and EU-10 countries increased after 2004, the trade integration effect was much stronger within the EU-10 group. This finding confirms that the historical background of EU-10 countries conditioned their trade integration with EU-15 countries, especially in sectors with more technological content. The Chapter 3, “Foreign Direct Investment and Immigration Inflows in Spain,” investigates the determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Spain. This country lost part of its principal attractiveness as an FDI recipient after the EU enlargements to the east. We provide a quantitative assessment of the importance of agglomeration economies, network effects, and labor market composition in attracting FDI. To conduct our analysis, we create a novel database after adapting and merging information from two micro-data sources: one for companies and the other for workers. Our results highlight that incoming foreign investors privilege the hiring of medium-skilled workers rather than high-skilled ones, as is often found in the empirical research of FDI determinants. This result reveals the existence of structural problems in the Spanish business environment—namely, foreign investors are principally attracted by monetary or transitory incentives that make the interest to locate in Spain a temporally limited strategy. Unfortunately, this situation prevents Spain from building and enjoying a qualified business environment that could be able to attract more long-term FDI. Finally, in Chapter 4, “Land Specialization in Spain: The Effects of the Common Agricultural Policy,” we investigate the extent to which the CAP affected the level of agricultural production in Spain. Following Costinot and Donaldson (2012), the pivotal technique of our strategy involves comparing actual output with potential output, the latter of which derives from an optimization problem relying on the Ricardian idea of opportunity cost. Ultimately, our results identify an improvement of the agricultural production efficiency after Spain entered the European Economic Community (1986) and, above all, after the Fischler reform (2003). The 2003 CAP reform broke the linkage between subsidies and production. This provided the right incentives to impulse real production in Spain since made production strategies more connected with the market devices than subsidy requirements. Overall, although our research quantifies the existence of positive effects associated with the European integration process, we also detect specific circumstances in which the effects of integration have been different from the expected ones. However, these weaknesses—most of them associated with the lack of strong economic ties among all member estates—need to be overcome in order to allow the European project progress.

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Karasseva, Olga. « Enjeux et perspectives du partenariat entre la Russie et l'UE : Institutionnalisation des relations et échanges économiques ». Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EHES0022.

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L’intérêt à l’égard des relations économiques entre la Russie et l’Union européenne s’est accentué au cours des années 2000. L’interdépendance économique accrue entre les deux partenaires témoigne de l’importance de cette relation et justifie l’intérêt tant pour son architecture institutionnelle que pour ses conséquences de long terme. Notre démarche consiste à interroger la façon dont ce partenariat se construit sur la base des nouvelles propriétés convergentes entre la Russie et de l’Europe. Cela nous permet de mieux caractériser le rapport entre l’architecture institutionnelle et la dynamique « de facto » des échanges économiques au sein de ce partenariat qui, lui, tient compte de l’évolution des besoins économiques internes des deux partenaires. On est ramenés donc ici à aborder la question du développement économique interne de la Russie. Traiter ce dernier aspect à la lumière de l’évolution des relations Russie-Europe, en particulier à un moment où celles-ci sont grevées par l’hypothèque énergétique et des divergences d’ordre politique, peut paraître paradoxal. Toutefois, la prise en compte de la configuration de ces relations semble être pertinente à plus d’un titre et permet de constater que les échanges économiques entre l’UE et la Russie constituent la première étape d’un processus inéluctable de réalisation des objectifs de développement de long terme des deux partenaires. Les enjeux sont donc manifestes tant pour l’avenir de l’Europe que pour celui de la Russie. Largement lié à la question énergétique, ce partenariat est accompagné d’une ambition originale qui rappelle le vieux rêve d’une Eurasie fondée sur la relation de deux entités à vocation fédérale. Cependant, la forme même que prendrait cette Eurasie ainsi que ses limites posent problème. Ainsi, notre travail interroge la nature de ce modèle inédit de relations internationales, qui aurait la grande originalité de reposer exclusivement sur un équilibre institutionnel. Aussi, nous nous intéressons à la pertinence du qualificatif « partenariat » que l’on a l’habitude d’attribuer aux relations Russie-UE, pour voir s’il n’est pas plus approprié de parler d’une union politique régionale comme solution alternative à la globalisation. Enfin, ce travail entend fournir un cadre méthodologique original nécessaire à l’étude des relations particulières entre la Russie et l’Union européenne dans une perspective dynamique
The interest regarding economic links between Russia and The European Union has considerably increased during the 2000s. The greater economic interdependence between the two partners is a sign of the importance of this relationship and justifies such an interest as much in its institutional architecture as in the long-term consequences. Our approach is to question the way this partnership is being built, based on new common assets between Russia and Europe. This allow us to better characterise the rapport between institutional architecture and the ‘de facto’ economic exchanges within this partnership, that take into account the evolution of domestic economic needs of both partners. The leads us, therefore, to address the question of Russian domestic economic development. Treating this last aspect in the light of the evolution of Russian-European relationships, particularly at a time when they are strained by the energy hypothesis and divergences of a political order, may seem paradoxical. However, examining the shaping of these relationships seems pertinent for several reasons and enables us to conclude that economic exchanges between the EU and Russia are the first stage in the necessary process towards achieving both partners’ long-term development goals. The stakes are apparent for the future of both Europe and Russia. Strongly linked to the energy question, this partnership is accompanied by an original ambition reminiscent of the old Eurasian dream, founded on the relationship between two entities with a federal vocation. However, the shape that this Eurasia might take, and its limits, pose a problem. Thus, our work questions the nature of this new model of international relations, which would be very original, based exclusively on an institutional equilibrium. We are also interested in the pertinence of the term ‘partnership’ that we tend to use to define Russian-EU relationships, to see if it might not be more appropriate to talk about a regional political union as an alternative solution to globalisation. Lastly, this study intends to propose an original methodical framework necessary for studying specific relationships between Russia and the European Union with a perspective for growth

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Pavese, Carolina B. « Level-linkage in European Union-Brazil relations : an analysis of cooperation on climate change, trade, and human rights ». Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2014. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/917/.

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This thesis explores EU-Brazil relations and answers the question of why these two actors have failed to use the bilateral level of their cooperation as a platform to enhance their coordination in multilateral arenas. The thesis develops a framework to explain the linkage between levels of cooperation within a particular bilateral relationship that focuses on both agents and issues. The argument of “level-linkage” is empirically tested in three case-studies: climate change, trade, and human rights. The thesis finds that the greater the openness of a regime to influences from other levels of cooperation, the more likely level-linkage is to occur. However, level-linkage is restricted to where the approaches of the two partners towards multilateralism are compatible. Preferences for partners were also not the main constraint to the promotion of an EU-Brazil strategic partnership in multilateral arenas. Instead, as this thesis reveals, the degree of coordination in national foreign policy-making institutions is the key determinant of level-linkage. These findings support the argument that the dynamics between agents and the specificities of issues do matter in explaining the relation between bilateral and multilateral levels of cooperation. In this light, this thesis contributes to the analysis of bilateral relationships within a multi-level structure, ultimately advancing academic research in international cooperation. It also contributes to the literature on foreign policy analysis and to an emerging body of scholarship in EU-Brazil relations.

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Menendez, Gonzalez Irene. « The politics of compensation under trade : openness, economic geography and spending ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7974d14a-b88d-46a3-99aa-553dc85a9192.

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This thesis examines the conditions under which democratically elected policymakers are more likely to provide policies that compensate individuals that lose from international trade. It develops and empirically tests a theoretical framework of compensation in open economies that accounts for differences in the degree to which governments benefit losers from trade. It first develops a theory of preference formation based on economic geography, and then argues that electoral and legislative institutions jointly condition the supply of compensation. The theoretical analysis provides three sets of observable implications evaluated using micro- and macro-level data in Europe and Latin America. First, exposure to international competition increases demand for policy that compensates for the costs of trade, but this effect is more pronounced among those individuals in economically specialised and uncompetitive contexts where reemployment in the event of a shock is difficult. Second, policymakers in proportional electoral systems face weak incentives to target trade losers in geographically concentrated and uncompetitive regions. In contrast, majoritarian institutions generate incentives to increase compensation when trade losers are geographically concentrated. Another implication is that under some conditions, the presence of a strong upper house that represents regional interests dampens the provision of compensation, and the relative effect of electoral rules. The empirical implications of the argument are tested using a multi-method research strategy that combines cross-national and case study analyses and draws on quantitative and qualitative techniques. Chapter 3 tests the micro-level implications of the model using survey data for European regions over 2002-2006. The findings indicate that regional economic specialization and regional competitiveness jointly condition the impact of trade on preferences for compensation. Chapter 4 systematically tests the extent to which the geographical concentration of trade losers conditions the effect of electoral institutions on levels of compensation. It uses panel data from 14 European countries from 1980 to 2010. The findings indicate that where trade losers are concentrated, lower district magnitude leads to more compensation. Chapters 5 and 6 conduct case studies of compensation in Spain and Argentina, both countries that underwent deep liberalisation and offer significant variation at the regional and institutional level. Chapter 5 explores preferences over compensation in selected regions in Spain and Argentina, and shows that regional specialisation and competitiveness were important in shaping levels of support for compensation. Chapter 6 examines the role of electoral institutions and legislative veto bargaining in shaping the politics of compensation in Spain and Argentina.

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Malek, Mansour Jeoffrey H. G. « Three essays in international economics ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210878.

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This thesis consists in a collection of research works dealing with various aspects of International Economics. More precisely, we focus on three main themes: (i) the existence of a world business cycle and the implications thereof, (ii) the likelihood of asymmetric shocks in the Euro Zone resulting from fluctuations in the euro exchange rate because of differences in sector specialization patterns and some consequences of such shocks, and (iii) the relationship between trade openness and growth influence of the sector specialization structure on that relationship.

Regarding the approach pursued to tackle these problems, we have chosen to strictly remain within the boundaries of empirical (macro)economics - that is, applied econometrics. Though we systematically provide theoretical models to back up our empirical approach, our only real concern is to look at the stories the data can (or cannot) tell us. As to the econometric methodology, we will restrict ourselves to the use of panel data analysis. The large spectrum of techniques available within the panel framework allows us to utilize, for each of the problems at hand, the most suitable approach (or what we think it is).
Doctorat en sciences économiques, Orientation économie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Streiff, Frédéric. « Réglementation des marchés dérivés de gré à gré en Europe : EMIR, plus de transparence ? » Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLED042.

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Suite à la crise financière de 2007, un ensemble de réglementations a été mis en place au niveau mondial, dont EMIR en Europe. Parmi les obligations engendrées par ce texte, il y a l’obligation de déclarer à l’autorité de tutelle toutes les opérations de produits dérivés traitées de gré à gré. Ceci dans le but d’augmenter la transparence sur ces marchés. L’objectif de mon travail étant de démontrer que cela n’est en fait pas le cas. Pour cela, j’explore deux principaux axes. Le premier concerne la déclaration effective des transactions et le traitement de ces informations par les autorités de tutelle. J’exploite pour cela les données publiques relatives à cette problématique et également les informations dont je dispose dans le cadre de mon travail. Les données sont relativement bien déclarées mais ne sont pas ou très peu exploitées par les autorités de tutelle. Le second axe est plus théorique. L’information ne conduit pas nécessairement à la transparence. Ce qui est important pour le bon fonctionnement des marchés dérivés est la symétrie de l’information et la confiance entre les intervenants
Following the financial crisis of 2007, a set of regulations was implemented, including EMIR in Europe. Among the obligations arising from this text, there is an obligation to declare to the regulatory authority all OTC transactions. The goal is to increase transparency on OTC markets. My objective is to demonstrate that this is not actually the case. For that, I explore two main axes. The first one concerns the implementation of the reporting obligation and the analysis of this data by regulators. For this purpose, I use the public data on this issue and also the private data from my work. The data are relatively well reported but not fully exploited by the regulatory authorities. The second axis is more theoretical. Information does not necessarily lead to transparency. The symmetry of information and trust between OTC’s participants are the most important

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Daheur, Jawad. « Le Parc à bois de l'Allemagne : course aux ressources et hégémonie commerciale dans les bassins de la Vistule et de la Warta (1840-1914) ». Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAG041.

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Cette étude traite des stratégies allemandes pour prendre le contrôle des ressources en bois d’oeuvre dans l’espace baltique entre 1840 et 1914. Centré sur le commerce dans les bassins de la Vistule et de la Warta, elle montre comment la puissance allemande montante y est parvenue à sécuriser un accès bon marché et stable aux ressources ligneuses. Les firmes établirent leur domination commerciale en développant des technologies de transport et en renforçant leurs capacités financières et organisationnelles, tout cela en tirant profit des faiblesses économiques et politiques locales. En analysant les dimensions écologiques et économiques de l’extraction et de la transformation des bois, la thèse souligne le rôle joué par les importations dans la préservation des forêts allemandes. Elle présente également les impacts de cette évolution sur les populations locales et l’environnement. En conclusion, la thèse plaide pour une histoire authentiquement globale de la forêt allemande
This thesis deals with the German attempts to take control over timber resources in the Baltic area between 1840 and 1914. Focused on the trade in the Vistula and Warta river basins, it shows how the rising German economy managed to make the local forests into its backyard by securing cheap and stable access to timber resources. German firms progressively achieved trade dominance by developing transport technologies and reinforcing their financial and organizational capacities. They also managed to take advantage of the local economic and political weaknesses. Through ecological and economic explanation of timber extraction and processing, the thesis underlines the role played by foreign timber in the preservation of the German forests. It also describes the impact of this process on the local population and environment. Finally, the thesis advocates for a truly global history of the German forest

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Huempfer, Sebastian. « Burdens of a creditor nation : business elites and the transformation of US trade policy, 1917-62 ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:35788251-ff21-4421-af08-4998a7f11bde.

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My research seeks to explain the evolution of trade policy debates among American business leaders between World War I and the 1960s. The key finding is that a new framework for discussing trade policy was widely adopted after the United States became a creditor nation during World War I. This framework related tariffs and imports to exports, international lending and American foreign policy. High levels of imports ceased to be a threat and instead came to be seen as a pre-requisite for high levels of exports and a well-functioning global economy; raising the levels of imports, including through tariff cuts, became a strategy for providing American allies and debtors with dollar revenues. This new insight into the political economy of American foreign economic policy is based on new evidence from the archival records of business associations and a wide range of other primary and secondary sources. In addition to bringing to light new evidence, my research also addresses some of the gaps that still exist in the literature on the history of the foreign economic policy of the United States, the Cold War and transatlantic relations.

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CASI, LAURA. « ESSAYS ON CULTURAL DIVERSITY AND ECONOMICS ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/215879.

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The idea that culture is a determinant of economic outcomes has regained in recent economic literature its full recognition. In this perspective, this analysis aims at discussing the impact of cultural diversity on economic outcomes and disentangling the mechanisms through which economic forces of globalization (trade, migration and capital flows) interplay with local cultural identities. Note that the analysis has a specific geographical focus, i.e.: European countries. The choice of Europe as target of the analysis depends on two main considerations: cultural issues are particularly important for the socio-economic success of European Union and cultural diversity is a funding element of Europe. Culture and cultural diversity are thus two important elements of European societies, but why should they matter in an economic perspective? The analysis that follows gives three main answers to this question. First of all, some of our economic choices and actions as consumers can have important fallouts on cultural diversity and on the possibility of cohabitation of different cultures. Secondly, some economic phenomena can have a cultural content, such as trade in cultural goods. For this reason they can become a vehicle for intercultural exchange, fostering tolerance towards immigrants and easing the success of multicultural societies. Finally, different local cultural identities can act as a filter for economic phenomena such as foreign investments, magnifying or destroying the growth enhancing effect of economic globalization. These three explanations are discussed and analyzed in the three chapters of the thesis.

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Mathieu, Josue. « Fighting unfair trade, leveling the playing field, enforcing trade rights. The construction of trade protection in the United States and the European Union ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/284624.

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The PhD dissertation studies the construction of trade protection in the United States and the European Union. It focuses in particular on measures of contingent protection, comprising anti-dumping duties, countervailing duties and safeguards. The dissertation adopts a constructivist approach based on narrative analysis: broadening the conventional scope of political economy research on trade, the analysis combines the study of narratives with the concept of ‘discourse coalition’. The period under investigation spans over the period 2010-2014, covering the Obama Administration and the mandate of European Commissioner for trade Karel De Gucht. Adopting a comparative approach of the US and EU trade policy, the dissertation provides a detailed analysis of the US administration’s and the European Commission’s discourses on trade protection, and includes an analysis of a large array of other actors’ alternative, or competing constructions of contingent protection. The dissertation demonstrates that a specific type of unilateral enforcement plays an underestimated role in the construction of contingent protection. It also emphasizes that policy actors consider contingent protection as necessary to convince people that the trading system is fair; the research proposes the concept of ‘discursive embedded liberalism’ to account for this specific construction of trade protection. The research underlines elements of continuity and change, showing that many elements of the current crisis within the international trade regime were already in the making in the period under investigation.
Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Sandoz-Dit-Bragard, Charlotte. « Essays in international economics : firm heterogeneity, aggregate productivity and misallocation ». Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01E039/document.

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La présente thèse contribue à la littérature en économie internationale en s'intéressant à l'impact des lieux commerciaux et des réformes structurelles sur la croissance de la productivité agrégée dans le secteur manufacturier en Europe et en Inde. Dans le premier chapitre co-écrit avec Antoine Berthou, Jong-Chung Chung et Kalina Manova, nous montrons que l'expansion des exportations et des importations stimule la productivité du travail, mais seule la demande à l’exportation réalloue l'activité vers les entreprises plus productives en présence de distorsions de prix. De plus, les frictions liées aux imperfections de marché et la mauvaise qualité des institutions freinent la capacité des économies à réagir aux chocs de commerce subis par les entreprises nationales. Dans le second chapitre, je trouve que l'augmentation des importations d'intrants intermédiaires depuis la Chine contribue de manière significative à la croissance agrégée de la PTF en France grâce à une plus grande efficacité de répartition des parts de marché entre les entreprises. En effet, permettre à un plus grand nombre d'entreprises d'avoir accès à des biens intermédiaires au meilleur rapport qualité-prix stimule la croissance de la productivité agrégée. Dans le troisième chapitre co-écrit avec Adil Mohommad et Piyaporn Sodsriwiboon, nous montrons que des réformes favorisant davantage de flexibilité sur le marché du travail et une meilleure allocation des crédits entre entreprises réduisent les distorsions de marché payées par les entreprises et génèrent des gains de productivité et une croissance économique plus forte à long terme en Inde
In this dissertation, I contribute to the literature on international economics by drawing attention to the impact of trade flows and structural reforms on productivity growth in the manufacturing sector in Europe and India. ln the first chapter co-authored, with Antoine Berthou, Jong-Chung Chung and Kalina Manova, we demonstrate that growth in exports and imports boosts labor productivity, but only export demand reallocates activity toward more productive firms in presence of price distortions. Moreover, market and institutional frictions dampen the ability of economies to react and gain from trade shocks. ln the second chapter, I show that the increase in Chinese imports of intermediate inputs is a significant driver of aggregate TFP growth in France as it increases efficiency in sharing market shares between firms. Allowing more firms to access intermediate goods at the best price-quality ratio stimulates aggregate productivity growth. ln the third chapter, co-written with Adil Mohommad and Piyapom Sodsriwiboon, our finding suggests that removing structural rigidities in the labor market and improving credit allocation would reduce distortions and contribute to productivity gains and long term growth in India

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Scipioni, Sara <1995&gt. « EUROPEAN PORTS : POTENTIAL GATEWAYS TO INTERNATIONAL TRADE ». Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/17713.

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The current economic scenario is changing rapidly as it is influenced by many global phenomena. Future projections related to transport demand show the strengthening of Asian centrality in the world economy and the growing importance of the Mediterranean Basin making seaports a strategic assets. After analyzing the evolution of trade in European Union, the focus will move to the transport infrastructure policy: the trans-European transport network (TEN-T) and the Connecting Europe Facility. They will be discussed in detail, in order to understand how they have been implemented through years and how the funds are distributed between the different modes of transport. As a matter of fact, the main objective of this thesis is to understand the current transport infrastructure policy can be considered sufficient or not in view of the future global scenario reflecting the role of European ports as international infrastructure and gateways to global trade.

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Millogo, Doslalo Albert. « Commerce et migrations internationales dans le bassin méditerranéen : cas de la France ». Thesis, Toulon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOUL2010/document.

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Les échanges dans la zone euro-méditerranéenne ont été caractérisés par une intensification des flux commerciaux au début des années 2000. A cette même période, la question migratoire a été mise en avant en raison d’une explosion de l’immigration clandestine dans les pays du sud de l’Europe. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier certaines conséquences économiques actuelles de ces migrations dans le cas de France. Dans cette optique nous abordons les questions liées à la relation commerce-migrations, à la politique migratoire, et à la localisation spatiale des immigrés en France. En utilisant des données récentes et en intégrant des paramètres jusque là peu utilisés, nous mettons en évidence des caractéristiques particulières de l’immigration en France. Nous apportons également des réponses quant a` la contribution des immigrés a` la production nationale, de même qu’a` l’accroissement du commerce bilatéral avec les pays d’origine. Les implications en termes de politiques économiques se situent d’une part dans la mise en œuvre d’une facilitation des opportunités d’aaires entre la France et les pays d’origine. Cela s’impose au regard de l’impact positif de l’immigration sur le commerce bilatéral. D’autre part, les difficultés relevées au niveau des politiques migratoires appellent a` une nécessaire harmonie de ces dernières, au plan européen, pour une gestion plus efficace. Cela passe encore par une implication des pays d’origine afin de faciliter l’immigration légale, et limiter les entrées clandestines. Enfin, la localisation spatiale des immigrés indique que leur concentration dans les pôles régionaux a un impact négatif sur leur contribution `a la production. La réponse peut se situer dans une analyse détaillée de la structure et du processus d’intégration des populations immigrés
The Euro-Mediterranean trade has grown up a lot in the early 2000. At the same time, the migration issue has been highlighted due to an explosion of illegal immigration in the Southern Europe countries. The aim of this thesis is to study some current economic impact this immigration in the French case. We address the issues of trade and migration relationship, migration policy, and spatial location of immigrants in France. Using recent data and shaping factors little used empirically, we highlight the specific characteristics of immigration in France. We also provide explanations to the contribution of immigrants to the domestic, as well as increasing bilateral trade with the country. In terms of economic policies, it lies firstly in the implementation of facilitating business opportunities between France and the countries of origin. This is necessary to take more profit from the positive impact of immigration on bilateral trade. On the other hand, problems identified in migration policies call for a necessary harmony of policies, at European level, for more effective management. Such objectives require the involvement of countries of origin to facilitate legal migration, and limit illegal entries. Finally, the spatial location of immigrants indicates that their concentration at regional level has a negative impact on their contribution to production. The solution may lie in a detailed analysis of the structure, and the integration of immigrant populations’ process

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Desideri, Gabriella. « La "politica dei trattati" del regno di Napoli con i paesi del Nord e il caso olandese (1739-1789) ». Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/200324_DESIDERI_854cigntw560e688fgsho61dyaxib_TH.pdf.

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Cette thèse a deux buts principaux : 1) comprendre l’importance des conventions commerciales conclues par le Royaume de Naples, entre 1742 et 1753, avec la Suède (1742), le Danemark (1748) et la République des Provinces-Unies (1753) et, en particulier, de celle conclue avec la Hollande, dans le contexte de la « politica dei trattati » mise en œuvre par Charles de Bourbon dans la première moitié du siècle ; 2) montrer quel fut l’impact concret du traité hollandais sur les relations politiques et économiques entre le Royaume de Naples et les Provinces-Unies. Les négociations qui menèrent à la conclusion de ces accords sont analysées en tenant compte des principales orientations de politique intérieure de chaque État, ainsi que des dynamiques internationales, grâce aux outils théoriques offerts par la nouvelle histoire diplomatique. Grâce au croisement des sources diplomatiques et consulaires de l’Archivio di Stato di Napoli avec celles conservées au Riksarkivet (Stockholm), au Rigsarkivet (Copenhague) et au Nationaal Archief (La Haye), l’étude permet non seulement de reconstruire le parcours menant à la formation et à l’application du traité hollandais (en analysant la dimension quantitative des trafics hollandais dans le Royaume de Naples et les dynamiques quotidiennes des interactions commerciales entre les hollandais et les institutions napolitaines dans la deuxième partie du XVIIIe siècle), mais aussi d’identifier les points clés des relations politiques et économiques entre ces États et le Royaume de Naples, posant ainsi les fondements d’une connaissance plus approfondie des rapports internationaux entre le Mezzogiorno et l’Europe du Nord au XVIIIe siècle
This thesis has two purposes: 1) to highlight the importance of the trade agreements stipulated with Sweden (1742), with Denmark (1748) and with the Republic of United Provinces (1753) and, particularly, of the Dutch one, in the Neapolitan “politica dei trattati” 2) to show the impact of the Dutch treaty on political and economic relationships between Naples and United Provinces in XVIIIth century. I focus attention on the negotiations leading to the conclusion of these agreements, in view of the internal policy of each State as well as international dynamics. I develop this analysis through theoretical tools of New Diplomatic History. Comparing diplomatic and consular sources kept at the Archivio di Stato di Napoli and those found at the Riksarkivet (Stockholm), at the Rigsarkivet (Copenaghen), and at the Nationaal Archief (The Hague), the study traces the path from the creation to the application of the Dutch treaty (realizing a quantitative analysis of Dutch trades in Southern Italy and analyzing the commercial interactions between Dutch people and Neapolitan institutions in the second half of XVIIIth century). In this way, this analysis allows to identify the key points of political and economic relations between Sicilies and the Republic, improving the understanding of relations between Southern Italy and Northern Europe in XVIIIth century

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Ledger, Gillian Deborah. « Analysis of the impact of East European change upon European Community and East European liner shipping ». Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2018.

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In its attempt to analyse the impact of East European change upon the European Community and East European liner shipping industries this thesis covers an extensive range of highly topical subject areas. The wide range of non uniform information gleaned from the research and the question of spurious objectivity form the main arguments behind the use of qualitative rather than quantitative assessment throughout. The diverse study area also necessitated a narrowing to the case of Polish Ocean Lines' North Atlantic operations to enable a meaningful analysis to be carried out. The early part of the thesis examines the background to the East European situation before moving on to identify the main issues that directly affect Polish shipping, through the use of a Contextual model. Using the information gained here a newly developed Contextual Matrix Model then enables the main issues to be extracted. These issues indicate that the changes affecting Polish Ocean Lines require an exercise in repositioning. To assess this fully a framework approach is developed to determine Polish Ocean Lines' position for 1988 and 1992. A further framework is then created for the European Community competitors' 1992 position, in order that a positional comparison can be carried out with Polish Ocean Lines. The results of the comparison indicate that repositioning is taking place at Polish Ocean Lines as a direct reaction to the changes occurring throughout East Europe. The discussion concludes that this is a dynamic, volatile and topical area which raises a number of points of possible interest for further research.

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Ellison, James R. « British policy towards European integration : the proposal for a European Free Trade Area ». Thesis, University of Kent, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243605.

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Query, Jason. « The Impact of Transportation Costs and Trade Barriers on International Trade Flows ». Thesis, University of Oregon, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/19256.

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Because trade is seen as welfare improving for society, governments have long employed their policy-making powers to increase trade levels. In recent years, no strategy has been more employed by policy makers than free trade agreements. As free trade agreements become more popular, world tariff levels rapidly approach zero. Given this, policy makers must look to other methods to encourage trade. I examine how non-tariff trade barriers impact international trade levels. By better understanding these trade barriers, policy makers will be able to make more informed decisions. To better understand non-tariff trade barriers, I begin with well-known impediments to trade, including the border effect, transportation costs, and the trade creation and trade diversion effects of regional trade agreements. I then demonstrate and examine heterogeneity in these trade costs. In Chapter II I examine the often-studied border effect, the notion that regions trade more intra-nationally than internationally. I demonstrate that smaller regions are less attractive to foreign trading partners than their larger counterparts. Fixed costs of crossing an international border, as well as more effective marketing methods, mean economically larger U.S. states or Canadian provinces see a smaller border effect. In Chapter III I look at how transportation costs incurred within the exporting country impact trade levels. Using a unique instrumental variable strategy, I show that the cost of getting a good to a port is a significant hindrance to trade. Finally, in Chapter IV I show that the benefits of joining the European Union are heterogeneous across countries. This means that while the E.U. may be beneficial on average, it may not be beneficial for individual countries.

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David, Huw T. « The Atlantic at work : Britain and South Carolina's trading networks, c. 1730-1790 ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ecb3aae6-ba02-4537-b5b0-7f3c7e758613.

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This thesis describes the sixty years of transatlantic interaction, connection, dislocation and reconstruction in Anglo-Carolinian trade between 1730 and 1790. Focussing on about two dozen of London’s ‘Carolina traders’, it integrates their personal and collective stories of profit and loss, reputation and notoriety, and political activity and inactivity, with the broader forces they shaped and were in turn shaped by – forces of economic growth, political stability and instability, and imperial harmony and disharmony. Through their conjoined political and commercial agency – a dual role better appreciated by contemporaries than by historians – they profoundly influenced commerce between Britain and South Carolina. Their intermediation served firstly as a stabilising force in the Anglo-Carolinian polity as they procured favourable treatment for the colony’s goods and represented its grievances in the imperial metropolis. An important influence on this was their ‘absentee’ ownership of property in South Carolina and the thesis explores in depth the underappreciated prevalence and significance of this transatlantic absenteeism. From the mid-1760s, however, the traders’ political and commercial agency aggravated intra-imperial discord. Disputes between British merchants and their Carolinian correspondents reflected in microcosm the geo-political shifts of the time and reveal at an inter-personal level how resistance to British imperial authority developed among Carolinians. Furthermore, these disputes played a constitutive role in this resistance, as the purported commercial iniquities and political orientations of British merchants led their correspondents to question and reject the commercial and political norms that had once sustained Anglo-Carolinian relations. The thesis thus helps explain how South Carolina moved, often imperceptibly, against British authority during the 1760s and early 1770s by emphasising commercial discord within the growing political-economic friction. It further contributes to the burgeoning historiography of the eighteenth-century ‘Atlantic world’ by exploring the reconstruction of trading links between Britain and South Carolina after American independence. It reveals how strongly these were influenced by pre-war politics. In so doing, it demonstrates that Carolinians exercised greater commercial discretion after the war than contemporaries and historians have appreciated, and thus challenges contentions of South Carolina’s continuing commercial subservience to British trading interests.

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Mas, Elias Jordi. « The role of trade partners' cohesiveness in the conclusion of interregional agreements with the European Union ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/665537.

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La Unió Europea ha esdevingut en els darrers anys un dels actors globals més actius a l’hora de liberalitzar barreres comercials. Des de la creació de l’Organització Mundial del Comerç i com a complement a la seva participació en negociacions multilaterals, la Unió ha mantingut negociacions amb diversos paï-sos i regions amb l’objectiu d’establir-hi relacions comercials preferents. En el cas de les negociacions interregionals, algunes d’elles han conclòs amb acord mentre que d’altres han finalitzat sense. Les interaccions entre regions han constituït l’objecte natural d’estudi de la litera-tura en interregionalisme. Dominada principalment per tècniques de recerca qualitativa, aquest camp de recerca ha expandit principalment el seu desenvolu-pament teòric mitjançant estudis de cas en profunditat de les interaccions entre regions. En aquest sentit, una de les excepcions en la literatura ha estat el marc teòric desenvolupat per Aggarwal i Fogarty, pensat per analitzar d’una forma àmplia a través de diversos casos el resultat de les negociacions interregionals de comerç de la Unió Europea. En el seu volum editat, els autors identifiquen els factors a tenir en consideració per determinar l’existència de cohesió regional en el soci de la Unió i els apliquen de forma qualitativa a diversos casos d’estudi. Aquesta tesi contribueix amb eines d’anàlisi quantitativa a l’estudi de l’interregionalisme i, utilitzant el marc d’Aggarwal i Fogarty com a punt de parti-da, suggereix un mètode per mesurar i analitzar l’impacte de la cohesió del soci comercial de la Unió Europea en el resultat de les negociacions interregionals. Com a cohesió s’entén el mecanisme format per diversos factors que ajuda al soci regional a disminuir el número de d’actors amb capacitat de veto (veto players) i permet al grup treballar amb efectivitat i unit. La recerca operaciona-litza quantitativament els factors i dimensions identificats per Aggarwal i Fogarty que composen la cohesió del soci comercial regional i mesura l’efecte mig de la variable independent en la conclusió d’acords comercials amb la Unió Europea. L’estudi hipotetitza, per tant, que la cohesió té un efecte positiu en la probabilitat d’arribar a un acord comercial amb la Unió Europea. La tesi dona suport a l’afirmació d’Aggarwal i Fogarty que la cohesió del soci comercial de la Unió és una variable independent de la conclusió de les negocia-cions. La cohesió, per tant, no pot ser descartada com a factor que determina la probabilitat d’acord. Dins de cohesió, els resultats mostren que els factors més importants que expliquen aquesta relació són les consideracions de poder dins de la regió i el grau d’autoritat dipositada pels estats membres a les institucions regionals. Sobre les consideracions de poder, és més probable que les negocia-cions concloguin satisfactòriament quan la Unió Europea negocia amb socis co-mercials formats per hegemons i petites economies obertes. En el cas de l’autoritat institucional, les probabilitats d’acord són més altes en regions en què els seus membres han desenvolupat una important transferència de competèn-cies al nivell regional. Aquesta recerca fa tres contribucions acadèmiques addicionals. Primer, l’anàlisi mitjançant eines quantitatives permet suggerir algunes modificacions a les di-mensions proposades per Aggarwal i Fogarty. A través de les correlacions de les dimensions identificades pels autors, la tesi proposa noves agrupacions de fac-tors basades en el seu significat empíric. Segon, la operacionalització quantitativa de les variables permet aportar nou material empíric a l’estudi de l’interregionalisme. I tercer, els resultats obtinguts permeten proposar algunes indicacions per al decisor públic sobre la política comercial de la Unió Europea, com per exemple tenir en compte la distribució de poder dins del soci regional a l’hora de seleccionar amb qui estableix negociacions comercials.
The European Union (EU) has become in recent years one of the most active global players in liberalizing barriers to trade. Since the creation of the World Trade Organiza-tion and besides its participation in multilateral negotiations, the Union has launched several negotiations with different countries and regions with the aim of establishing preferential trade relationships with them. In the case of region-to-region negotiations, some of them have successfully concluded with agreement whereas others have not. Interactions among world regions have constituted the natural object of study of inter-regionalist literature. Dominated primarily by qualitative research, the field has so far enhanced its theoretical development mostly with single in-depth case-based studies of regional interactions. One of the exceptions due to its encompassing approach to analyze the EU region-to-region trade outcomes is the theoretical framework developed by Ag-garwal and Fogarty. In their edited volume, the authors identify the factors to take into account to determine the existence of cohesiveness in the EU’s regional counterpart and apply them qualitatively to several cases. This thesis brings quantitative analysis to the study of interregionalism and, taking Ag-garwal and Fogarty’s framework as the departure point, suggests a method to measure and analyze the impact of the EU’s partner cohesiveness on interregional trade negotia-tions outcomes. Cohesiveness is understood as a mechanism formed by different factors that helps the regional partner to diminish the number of veto players and allows the grouping to work together effectively as a unit. The research operationalizes quantita-tively the factors and dimensions that compound the cohesiveness of the counterpart identified by Aggarwal and Fogarty and measures the average effect of the independent variable on the conclusion of interregional negotiations with the EU. The study hypothe-sizes, therefore, that cohesiveness has a positive effect on the likelihood that negotiations conclude with agreement with the EU. This thesis supports Aggarwal and Fogarty’s claim that cohesiveness of the EU’s regional counterpart is an independent variable of EU trade conclusion. Therefore, it cannot be discarded as a factor that determines the probability of agreement. Results show that the most important factors helping cohesiveness to explain the likelihood of concluding an agreement with the EU are the power considerations within the counterpart region and the degree of authority pooled by the member states to regional institutions. As re-gards to power considerations, negotiations are more likely to conclude where the EU negotiates with a counterpart formed by large hegemons and small open economies. In the case of institutional authority, probabilities of conclusion are higher in regions whose members have engaged in a deep transfer of competences to the regional level. The research makes three further contributions. First, the analysis through quantitative tools suggests some modifications to the dimensions proposed by Aggarwal and Fogarty. By assessing the correlations of the dimensions identified by the authors, the research tests their empirical meaning and proposes accordingly new groups of factors that conform cohesiveness. Second, the quantitative operationalization of the variables brings new empirical data to the study or interregionalism. And third, the findings sug-gest some insights for the EU trade policymaker, such as taking into consideration the distribution of power in the counterpart when selecting and negotiating with regional partners.

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Milushev, Nikola. « Trade relations and the level of integration between Bulgaria and the European Union ». Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.272114.

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Mendes, Pedro Miguel Egreja. « O impacto económico da expansão da União Europeia ao centro e leste Europeu : Balcãs Ocidentais ». Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/16485.

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Mestrado em Economia Internacional e Estudos Europeus
Procurou-se, neste Trabalho Final de Mestrado, determinar se a adesão dos países do Centro e Leste Europeu ao Mercado Único Europeu teve um impacto empiricamente mensurável no comércio internacional dos países da região que não aderiram a este, os chamados ?Balcãs Ocidentais?. Para tal, foram utilizados indicadores de comércio geográficos e de especialização, assim como um modelo de decomposição da variação dos fluxos comerciais. Conclui-se que, apesar de se registar uma ampliação da distância entre o PIB per capita médio dos Balcãs Ocidentais e dos Novos Estados Membros da UE entre 2000 e 2016, a análise empírica não sustenta a hipótese apresentada, não se podendo afirmar que o comércio internacional contribuiu para esse resultado. Porém, os resultados não excluem a hipótese, na medida que estes países registaram um aumento das exportações derivado principalmente da conjuntura económica mundial favorável antes da crise de 2009 e dos ganhos de competitividade após desta. Tais efeitos terão mais-que-compensado quaisquer efeitos adversos oriundos da expansão do Mercado Único. No geral, os países da região apresentam-se como economias emergentes em fase de transição, mostrando progresso em todos os indicadores comerciais analisados. Porém, os ganhos de competitividade derivados da fase de transição em que a região se encontra são, por sua natureza, temporários, pelo que os governos da região deverão prosseguir com políticas de reforma estrutural que deem resposta às sérias debilidades da região em matérias administrativas, legislativas e na captação de IDE, matéria em que a UE tem um papel crucial como promotora de dinamismo reformista.
In this Masters Final Thesis, I attempted to determine if the accession of the Central and Eastern European Countries to the EU Single Market had an empirically measurable impact on the international trade performance of the countries in this region that did not join this trade union, the so-called "Western Balkans". For this purpose, geographic and specialization trade indicators were used, alongside a model for the decomposition of trade flow variations. The conclusions state that, while there was an increase in the distance between the Western Balkan's GDP per capita and that of the New EU Member States, the empirical analysis does not sustain the suggested hypothesis and thus I cannot state that international trade performance contributed to this result. That said, the results do not exclude the hypothesis, given that these countries recorded an increase in exports primarily driven by the favourable economic outlook prior to the 2009 crisis and competitiveness gains afterwards. Such effects may have more-than-compensated any adverse effects caused by the expansion of the Single Market. In general, the countries of the region exhibit traits of emerging economies in a state of transition, showing progress in all trade indicators calculated. Despite this, competitiveness gains accrued from the transition phase underway are, by their very nature, temporary. As such, Governments in the region must proceed with structural reform policies that address the severe shortcomings of the region in administration, legislation and FDI attractiveness, while the EU also plays an important role as promoter of reform dynamism.
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Shen, Chyi. « Great power trade competition in East Asian markets / ». free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9988699.

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Velia, Myriam Agnes Isabelle. « Trade policy and adjustment in the textile and clothing industry : the European Community and Mauritius ». Thesis, University of Sussex, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321353.

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Hügens, Jonathan. « A Comparative Analysis of Legal Frameworks for Investments in Africa by China and the European Union ». Master's thesis, Faculty of Law, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32752.

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This thesis presents a comparative analysis of the legal investment frameworks of the European Union and China in African countries. The thesis reviewed financial instruments of foreign direct investments, official development assistance and other official flows. The legal analysis focus on the demand on political conditions to access the financial assistance; under which conditions are the projects tendered; and which labor standards set the parties while the project is implemented. All reflected under the aspect of the fairest condition for African countries. The comparison figured out that the European Union with its demands for the implementation of human rights, democracy and the rule of law facing certain reluctance of most African governments for a full implementation while contrary to that the OneChina principle is broadly acknowledge by African governments to gain investments. When projects are tendered the research presents that the European Union searches for local and regional providers to strengthen African businesses. This with guidelines for core labor laws based on human rights when it comes to the implementation. While China tenders with a strong commercial self-interest and does not set any labor standards relaying on local laws and showing limited interest and understanding when it comes to implementation.

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Váňa, Daniel. « Vnitropolitické souvislosti Hodžova plánu ». Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-200006.

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Abstract The thesis is about the reaction of Czechoslovak political scene to Milan Hodža's Danubian plan. Milan Hodža was Slovak Agrarian and economist who introduced his plan in the second half of 1935 at the time when he was Prime minister of Czechoslovakia. Author emerged from broader considerations of Czech and Czechoslovak ideas about economic and political developments in Central Europe, according to Palacký "space between Germany and Russia." In this context author accepts Palackys beliefs about the indispensability of the Danubian Hapsburg Empire as the counter imperialist expansion's bumper of both the continental powers and efforts of political parties Mladočeši and Staročeši who tried to reform and maintain the country. He also describes the interwar projects of Czechoslovak sovereign foreign policy, where Czechoslovaks tried to take on an inspirational leadership role of Central European economic and political cooperation which was based on Little Entente. Author of this thesis thinks that Hodža's Plan is just one of these projects. And as all the previous projects Hodža's plan had no opportunity to be implemented in the new internationally-political and internationally-economic context. Had Milan Hodža prepared his plan for economic and potentially political cooperation between Danube region countries from the national economy point of view? Did he start the wider discussion about the possibility of Danube region cooperation in Czechoslovakia? These are the basic questions that the author asks and he answers them in the last chapter of his work: Milan Hodža never made any concrete national economic statement for his plan. His attempt for the realization had never gone out of the diplomatic detection. Likewise he did not evoke any specific reaction of Czechoslovak political parties not even in party periodicals.

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Singer, Michael Elliot. « The international competitiveness of the small European state in the 1980s : Denmark, Ireland, Sweden and Switzerland ». Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1990. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1193/.

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This thesis tests the hypothesis that the degree of international competitiveness of the small European state in the 1980s resulted from its unique internal process of interaction derived from its industrial culture, developed from state priorities and societal values. Small European states, because of their position as international price takers, controlling relatively few product markets, were forced to rely on various forms of domestic intervention, such as monetary, labour market, and industrial policies, to stimulate international competitiveness. A systematised dialogue and communication process among internal economic actors due to geographic proximity and consequent actor familiarity was the small European state's competitive advantage necessary to compete for world markets against larger states possessing both natural and human resource advantages. The more systematised the internal interactive process was, however, the more flexible the internationally vulnerable small European state would be to respond to changing global political and economic conditions. In cases such as Sweden and Switzerland, the small European state was able to fashion this process of interaction into a system, where peak associations were able to communicate effectively to preserve a flexible industrial environment and where the principal actor maintained a key role in directing the national economy. The economic success of Sweden throughout the 1980s was facilitated by the trade unions, while in Switzerland the economy was guided by its financial institutions. Because of these principal actors, both states were highly independent, having developed oligopolised, high technology oriented industrial structures that featured powerful multinational corporations. However, during the 1980s, in small European states such as Denmark and Ireland, with weak industrial structures, high levels of international dependence on the European Community, and poor economic performances, confused consultation processes bred incoherent policy-making that resulted in low levels of international competitiveness. In both states, the State as the principal actor attempted to facilitate industrial adjustment, aspiring to modernise their relatively weak indigenous industrial structures. The thesis examines actor relations and policy-making in three functional areas: finance-industry relations and monetary policies; trade union-industry relations and supportive labour market policies; and state-industry relations and industrial policies. Given the myriad of policies that small state policy-makers employed during the 1980s, the thesis argues and illustrates that small European state interventionism was both state-specific and necessary because of the pressures of the world market.

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Nsanta-Kalimukwa, Natasha. « Trade liberalisation vs public morality : can the European Union seal ban be justified under the GATT Article XX (a) ? » Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12892.

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Includes bibliographical references.
The objective of the research is to assess the strength of a potential exception available to the EU under Article XX (a) of the GATT. This is not the first time that issues to do with animal welfare are being challenged at the WTO dispute settlement system. Animal welfare issues have been at the centre of conflicts from the times of the GATT through to the creation of the WTO. For example, in 1993 a dispute arose when the U.S. adopted a law known as the U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act which established standards of harvesting tuna using purse seine nets to prevent the unnecessary killing of dolphins. This law entailed that if a country exporting to the U.S. did not meet the standards as specified in the law, the tuna would be embargoed. The Panel ruled against the U.S although the panel report was never adopted because under the old GATT regime, a decision could be blocked by a member state that was unhappy with the decision and the U.S. blocked its adoption. This scenario is no longer possible because under the WTO because of the negative consensus principle. Further, in 1997, under the United States Endangered Act of 1973, the U.S. imposed a ban on the importation of certain shrimp and shrimp products that were not caught using turtle excluding devices (TED)in their nets when fishing in areas where there a significant likelihood of encountering sea turtles. Although the two cases were brought under Article XX (b) exception, they are still important for the seals case because the main reason the products were banned was because the countries who adopted the bans did not subscribe to the methods used in the hunting which raised concerns in their countries. Seals have also come under contention before when in 1983 the EU banned products from ‘whitecoats’ and bluebacks’ a species of seals also known as harp and hooded seals respectively that have not yet been weaned as a result of concerns over their conservation status. The current seal dispute is therefore important for two reasons. Firstly the study is ofparticular importance because the moral exception under GATT is rarely invoked. It will be the third dispute under the GATT specifically to invoke the public morals exception and the second dispute under the WTO. So there has not been a lot of adjudication on the exception. Secondly, it is the first time that a dispute panel at the WTO is adjudicating upon a trade measure adopted for the protection of animal welfare by a Member State purely based on moral beliefs and indignation.

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Perone, Francesco. « Settlement of anti-dumping cases by price undertaking : the European Community and United States practice ». Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23963.

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The GATT Anti-Dumping Code provides that anti-dumping proceedings may be concluded without the imposition of duties if the exporters of the dumped product offer undertakings which the authorities of the importing country consider acceptable. Undertakings are, in essence, formal commitments by exporters under anti-dumping investigation to abstain from dumping or to ensure that their exports will not injure the domestic producers of the product concerned. In accordance with the GATT rules, he anti-dumping laws of the European Community and the United States contain provisions allowing the anti-dumping authorities to accept price undertakings. In practice, however, the use of undertakings in the two jurisdictions has been considerably different. This thesis analyzes and compares the law and practice of the European Community and the United States with regard to price undertakings.

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Marwaha, Manisha. « The European Community and South Asia : development, economic cooperation and trade policies with India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, 1973-1993 ». Thesis, Keele University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319028.

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Castro, Francisco B. « Foreign direct investment in the European periphery : the competitiveness of Portugal ». Thesis, University of Leeds, 2000. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2612/.

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This thesis analyses the evolution and characteristics of Portugal’s inward and outward foreign direct investment (FDI) in recent years and how they reflect changes in the country’s competitiveness. Inward FDI was investigated using regression analysis and a postal questionnaire. For outward FDI, semi-structured interviews were conducted at locally owned firms with productive capacity abroad. The investment development path (IDP) was the framework used to integrate the results obtained with the analysis of national competitiveness. The thesis also suggests a novel functional relationship for the IDP in order to reconcile the empirical tests with the underlying theory. Inward FDI flows into Portugal have declined sharply in recent years, which was shown to be incommensurate with Portugal’s size and level of development. The questionnaire survey suggested that efficiency seeking investment was especially affected. This points to the geopolitical changes that have occurred in Europe as a major reason for Portugal’s lower attractiveness as a location for FDI. Bureaucracy and a shortage of skilled workers were other important obstacles to foreign investment. Both correspond to institutional failures: the failure to promote an efficient legal environment, and the failure to create advanced assets that compensate for rising production costs as locational determinants of FDI. Outward FDI was found to be more in line with Portugal’s level of development. It is growing fast but requires consolidation. Investment is concentrated in few locations, and cultural proximity (particularly language) plays a major role. I Iowever, more than exploiting existing ownership advantages, the firms surveyed were internationalising in order to build new ownership advantages. To reach an efficient size, which is not possible at home when the market is small, or to consolidate the relationship with important clients in oligopsonistic industries were the dominant motivations for internationalisation amongst the firms surveyed.

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Fischer, Manfred M., et Börje Johansson. « Opening Up International Trade in Eastern European Countries. Consequences for Aggregate Trade Flows in the Rhine-Main-Danube Area ». WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 1994. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4191/1/WSG_DP_4094.pdf.

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Mercado, Simon Anthony. « Trade policy and governance in the European Union : a new institutional approach to the study of commercial policy-making ». Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363327.

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DE, SANTIS ROBERTA, et SANTIS Roberta DE. « Trade as international transmission mechanism of shocks : The case of Central Eastern European Countries ». Doctoral thesis, La Sapienza, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11573/916890.

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Ygge, Johan. « The Distance of Trade : A quantitative analysis of how the importance of distance has evolved in international trade ». Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Social Sciences, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-3286.

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Distance is of great influence when deciding whom to trade with. This thesis examines how the importance of distance in international trade has evolved. This is done using an extended generalized gravity model, which includes population, real exchange rate and a dummy variable for membership in the European Union. Using data for the EU27 and the four largest economies in the world outside of EU, this model estimates the effect of distance on trade from 1980 to 2005. This thesis shows that the impact of distance has evolved towards having a greater negative effect on trade during the observed years. The reason for this could be a development towards regional trade, at the expense of long-distance trade.

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Gervásio, Ana Margarida Coito. « A sectoral analysis of Mercosur trade with the European Union ». Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/14576.

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Mestrado em Economia
O presente trabalho analisa a estrutura e evolução do comércio internacional entre os países que compõem o Mercosul e o seu principal parceiro comercial, a União Europeia (2001-2016). O principal objectivo é analisar a competitividade internacional do Mercosul, relativamente à União Europeia, a um nível sectorial. Esta analise foi baseada no índice de vantagens comparativas reveladas, calculado para ambos os grupos, para 99 produtos. Os resultados foram trabalhados de forma a identificar os produtos com maior grau de atractividade. Os sectores que revelaram maior potencial foram principalmente animais vivos, vegetais, gorduras animais ou vegetais, produtos alimentares, produtos minerais, produtos da indústria química e pastas de madeira.
The present work analyzes the structure and evolution of the international trade between the countries that are part of the Southern Common Market (Mercosur) and its key trade partner, the European Union (EU), during the period from 2001 to 2016. The main goal of this work is to assess Mercosur's international competitiveness relative to the EU, at a sectoral level. This analysis was conducted with the use of the revealed comparative advantage index, computed for both country blocs, and for 99 product groups. The results were combined, in order to identify the products with a higher degree of attractiveness. The sectors that revealed higher potential to be exported were mostly live animals, vegetables, animal or vegetable fats, foodstuff, mineral products, products of the chemical industry and pulp of wood.
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Notaro, Nicola. « Judicial approaches to trade and environment : the EC and the WTO / ». London : Cameron May, 2003. http://lib.hku.hk/hkspc/wto/index.html.

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Petronzio, Edward. « Talking trade over wine assessing the role of trade associations, bureacratic agencies and legislative bodies in the United States-European Union and Canada-European Union wine trade disputes / ». Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1192736566.

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Levermore, Roger John. « The European Union/South Africa Trade, Development and Co-operation Agreement : decision-making, participation and perceived economic impacts ». Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/391.

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The European Union-South Africa Trade, Development and Co-operation Agreement (EU/SA TDCA), signed in October 1999, is viewed by some in South Africa as not only one of the most important trade and development agreements entered into by the 'new' South African goverrunent, but also a significant agreement for setting precedents for other bi-lateral trade and development pacts between the EU and African, Caribbean and Pacific group of states. This thesis considers two major issues related to the EU/SA TDCA. First, it describes and evaluates the structures that supported the South African side of the TDCA decision-making process. Second, it discusses the potential economic impact of the agreement on South Africa and part of southern African. Prior to the election of the 'new' South African government in 1994, the majority of South Africa's population was excluded - both in terms of access to decision-making structures and from economic prosperity. By exploring the TDCA, the thesis provides a window through wl-dch to examine contemporary access to decision-making processes in South Africa and the likelihood of the TDCA promoting economic prosperity for sections of southern African society, particularly the 'traditionally excluded'. Interviews with key actors who helped formulate the TDCA provide information that enabled the evaluation of the TDCA decision-making process and highlighted potential economic 'winners' and 'losers'. Interviewing representatives of the South African wine and textile sectors provided an opportunity to examine in more detail the likely impact of the agreement and decision-making processes, associated to the TDCA, within South Africa. The results indicate that an overriding message of this thesis is one of complexity. The description of the structures that underpinned the EU/SA TDCA portrayed complex relationships between decision-making 'actors'. In evaluating the inclusivity of the policy formulation process, there was a lack of consensus over who had been included or excluded. Likewise, the identification of potential economic 'winners' and 'losers' proved to be somewhat problematic.

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Grewlich, Jerome. « International trade in wine and geographical indications : common interests between the EU and South Africa ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49995.

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Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: European-South African trade relations concerrnng wine and spirits are characterized by various opportunities and, at the same time, a range of conflicts. The latter notably relates to the dispute over geographical indications and designations of origin. Considering this confusing amalgamation of discord and harmony, it is the purpose of this study, entitled "International Trade in Wine and Geographical Indications - Common Interests between the EU and South Africa", to understand the rationale for trade in wine from both sides of the coin. Moreover, this research assesses possible multilateral and bilateral solutions for dealing with trade frictions between the EU and South Africa and identifies common interests with a view to establish a lasting foundation for blossoming trade in wine and sustained growth. The underlying methodology is a qualitative interpretative approach and bases on insights into modern marketing and international management theory. On this basis the "objective" interests of the EU and South Africa in trade in wine are analysed in order to assess the coming into existence of the Trade, Development and Cooperation Agreement as well as the Wine and Spirits Agreement. Pivot of these trade negotiations is the dispute on geographical indications, which is scrutinized by looking into relevant chapters of the WTO and its TR.IPS Agreement. With regards to the Wine and Spirits Agreement it is salient to ask whether it is economically and politically reasonable for South Africa to accept a financial package from the EU to secure the 'voluntary' phasing out of a number of trademarks and geographical indications. The study concludes with an outlook regarding the globalisation of the world's wine market, potential future investment flows between the EU and South Africa and the need for an effective marketing strategy in order to become or remain global player in an increasing competitiveness caused by globalisation.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Europese en Suid-Afrikaanse handelsverhoudinge in wyn en spiritualieë word gekenmerk deur verskeie geleenthede en terselfdertyd 'n reeks konflikte. Laasgenoemde hou merkbaar verband met die twis oor geografiese indikatore en aanwysings van oorsprong. Gegewe hierdie verwarrende tweedrag en harmonie, is die doel van hierdie studie, getiteld "Internasionale Handel in Wyn en Geografiese Aanwysings - Gemeenskaplike belange tussen die EU en Suid-Afrika", om die 'rationale' agter die wynhandel van twee kante te beskou. Verder ondersoek hierdie navorsing moontlike multi- en bilaterale oplossings vir die handelswrywing tussen die EU en Suid-Afrika en identifiseer gemeenskaplike belange met die doelom 'n fondament te bou vir volhoubare groei in die wynhandel. Die onderliggende metodologie is 'n kwalitatiewe verklarende benadering, gebaseer op insigte uit moderne bemarkings- en bestuursteorie. Op hierdie vlak word die 'objektiewe' belange van die EU en Suid-Afrika in die wynhandel ontleed om gevolgtrekkings oor die Handels-, Ontwikkelings- en Samewerkingsooreenkoms en die Wyn- en Spiritualieë- Ooreenkoms te maak. Onderliggend aan hierdie onderhandelinge is die twis oor geografiese aanwysings, wat noukeurig ondersoek is deur relevante hoofstukke van die WHO Ooreenkoms en sy TRIPS-komponent te raadpleeg. Met verwysing na die Wyn- en Spiritualieë- Ooreenkoms is dit voor die hand liggend om te vra of dit ekonomies en polities verstandig vir Suid-Afrika is om 'n finansiële pakket van die EU te aanvaar in ruil vir die vrywillige uitfasering van 'n aantal handelsmerke en geografiese aanwysings. Die studie sluit af met '11" blik op globalisering van die wêreld se wynmarkte, die potensiële toekomstige vloei van beleggings tussen die EU en Suid-Afrika, en die behoefte aan 'n effektiewe bemarkingsstrategie om 'n globale speler te word.

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Olofsson, Casper, et Joel Wadsten. « Forecasting Forestry Product Trade Flow in the European Union : A study using the gravity model ». Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-64159.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the factors affecting the trade flow on forestry products within the European Union. A gravity model was used to estimate the factors affecting the trade flow. The study used a panel data set with observations of two forestry commodities between 28 EU member countries over the years 2005 to 2014. The commodities are Wood chips and particles and Industrial roundwood. The parameters are estimated with fixed effects, the result indicated for Wood chips and particles that exporting countries GDP affect the trade flow positivly (0.64) and the importing countries GDP affect positively aswell (0.36). For Industrial roundwood the exporting countries GDP affect the trade flow negatively (-0.69) and the importing countries GDP affect positively (0.80). With the estimated parameters a forecast of Wood chips and particles over the years 2015 to 2020 was made, the forecast indicated an increase in the trade flow value with 27.2%

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