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1
Gozzi, Gustavo. « History of International Law and Western Civilization ». International Community Law Review 9, no 4 (2007) : 353–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187197407x261386.
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AbstractThis paper discusses the origins 19th-century international law through the works of such scholars as Bluntschli, Lorimer, and Westlake, and then traces out its development into the 20th century. Nineteenth-century international law was forged entirely in Europe: it was the expression of a European consciousness and culture, and was geographically located within the community of European peoples, which meant a community of Christian, and hence "civilized," peoples. It was only toward the end of the 19th century that an international law emerged as the expression of a "global society," when the Ottoman Empire, China, and Japan found themselves forced to enter the regional international society revolving around Europe. Still, these nations stood on an unequal footing, forming a system based on colonial relations of domination. This changed in the post–World War II period, when a larger community of nations developed that was not based on European dominance. This led to the extended world society we have today, made up of political systems profoundly different from one another because based on culture-specific concepts. So in order for a system to qualify as universal, it must now draw not only on Western but also on non-Western forms, legacies, and concepts.
2
Karl, Rebecca E. « Culture, Revolution, and the Times of History : Mao and 20th-Century China ». China Quarterly 187 (septembre 2006) : 693–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741006000324.
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The recent spate of English-language exposés of Mao Zedong, most prominently that written by Jung Chang and Jon Halliday, seems to announce a culmination of the tendency towards the temporal-spatial conflation of 20th-century Chinese and global history. This sense was only confirmed when the New York Times reported in late January that George W. Bush's most recent bedtime reading is Mao: The Unknown Story, or when, last month, according to a column in the British paper The Guardian, “the Council of Europe's parliamentary assembly voted to condemn the ‘crimes of totalitarian communist regimes,’ linking them with Nazism…” The conflation, then, is of the long history of the Chinese revolution with the Cultural Revolution, on the one hand; and, on the other hand, of Mao Zedong with every one of the most despicable of the 20th century's many tyrants and despots. In these conflations, general 20th-century evil has been reduced to a complicit right-wing/left-wing madness, while China's 20th century has been reduced to the ten years during which this supposed principle of madness operated as a revolutionary tyranny in its teleologically ordained fashion. In this way are the dreams of some China ideologues realized: China becomes one central node through which the trends of the 20th century as a global era are concentrated, channelled and magnified. China isglobal history, by becoming a particular universalized analytic principle, in the negative sense. That is, universality becomes a conflationary negative principle.
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Rashkovskaya, K., et E. Rashkovskii. « Institutions of Culture in Contemporary Social and Cultural Dynamics ». World Economy and International Relations 65, no 1 (2021) : 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-1-114-122.
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This paper is a kind of response to Prof. Irina S. Semenenko’s article “New Dimensions of Identity Politics: Contested Memories in History Museums of the 20th Century” (Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya (World Economy and International Relations), 2020, vol. 64, no. 5). The paper attempts to ground the notion of institutions of culture and their necessary, though sometimes ambiguous role in social, cultural as well as political dynamics of the current history. Studies of the present experience in economic, information and demographic globalization, digital technologies, pandemics, etc. offer new opportunities for rethinking the role of cultural institutions in the whole socio-historical process, including the current history. The complex of these problems is displayed not only on macro-historical or global level, but also on the levels of micro-histories and everyday history in different social and cross-cultural contexts. The field of cultural institutions seems to be responsible for the whole shifting of basic human values in history as well as for the “subtle customization” of interpersonal communications and “le phenomene humaine” itself.
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Alexander, Jeffrey C. « Recovering the primitive in the modern : The cultural turn and the origins of cultural sociology ». Thesis Eleven 165, no 1 (16 juillet 2021) : 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/07255136211032829.
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This essay provides an intellectual history for the cultural turn that transformed the human sciences in the mid-20th century and led to the creation of cultural sociology in the late 20th century. It does so by conceptualizing and contextualizing the limitations of the binary primitive/modernity. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, leading thinkers – among them Marx, Weber, Durkheim, and Freud – confined thinking and feeling styles like ritual, symbolism, totem, and devotional practice to a primitivism that would be transformed by the rationality and universalism of modernity. While the barbarisms of the 20th century cast doubt on such predictions, only an intellectual revolution could provide the foundations for an alternative social theory. The cultural turn in philosophy, aesthetics, and anthropology erased the division between primitive and modern; in sociology, the classical writings of Durkheim were recentered around his later, religious sociology. These intellectual currents fed into a cultural sociology that challenged the sociology of culture, creating radically new research programs in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.
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Nguyen, Tuan-Cuong. « The Last Confucians of Mid-20th Century Vietnam ». Asian Studies 8, no 2 (20 mai 2020) : 185–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/as.2020.8.2.185-211.
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The Vietnam Association of Traditional Studies (VATS) took the initiative in promoting Confucian cultural practices in South Vietnam from 1955–1975. The association strove towards collecting, researching, translating, interpreting and circulating classical Sinographic documents in order to preserve traditional East Asian culture in relation to up-to-date moral education and practical science. Unfortunately, there is a lack of research material related to the organization during the period after the two halves of Vietnam were reunited in 1975. Thus, the Association’s activities after 1975 cannot be discussed. To bridge the gap, this article is based on rare documents mostly collected by the author, describing the history and activities of this Confucian organization, including its establishment (1954), regulations, organizational structure, and membership. This article will also focus on the VATS’s Confucian cultural practices, such as (i) publishing as a way to promote Confucianism and traditional morality, (ii) Confucianism and Literary Sinitic education, (iii) public speeches, (iv) organizing the annual commemoration of Confucius’ birthday on September 28th, (v) and promoting international cooperation related to Confucianism. These activities demonstrate the organization’s attempt at popularizing Confucianism and making it compatible with ideas and practices introduced by modernization and Westernization in the middle of the twentieth century.
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Ceadel, Martin. « Jonathan Hogg, British Nuclear Culture : Official and Unofficial Narratives in the Long 20th Century. London : Bloomsbury, 2016. 231pp. » Journal of Cold War Studies 19, no 3 (août 2017) : 234–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_r_00728.
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Kuzmin, Yuri, Alexey Manzhigeev et Liudmila Sanina. « Mongolia of the Twentieth Century and Russian-Mongolian Relations : Based on the Materials of the Conference Dated May 28, 2021 ». Bulletin of Baikal State University 31, no 2 (9 juillet 2021) : 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-2759.2021.31(2).197-207.
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Currently, the leadership of Russia considers the expansion of economic, scientific and educational cooperation with Mongolia important, therefore, the study of modern Mongolian and world Mongolian studies, which formulate and determine further development of international relations, seems to be an urgent and contemporary task. The article describes the development trends of modern world and Russian Mongolian studies, poses topical issues that need to be resolved in the face of increasing geopolitical competition in Mongolia. It is an overview of the reports presented at the international scientific-practical conference «Mongolia of the 20th century and Russian-Mongolian relations: history and economy» dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the establishment of Russian-Mongolian diplomatic relations, which took place on May 28, 2021 in Irkutsk on the basis of the Baikal State University. The conference participants supported the idea of creating a «Biobibliographic Dictionary of Russian Researchers in Mongolia». It was proposed to include in the dictionary corpus not only the representatives of Russian Mongolologist, but also Turkologists, Sinologists, researchers of the history of Russia, as well as practitioners: diplomats, translators, military men, merchants, journalists who wrote studies on history, geography, economics, culture and art of Mongolia. Thus, scientific Russian-Mongolian cooperation continues successfully, new joint publications, round tables, and scientific conferences are being planned.
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Lufkin, Felicity. « The Cult of Happiness : Nianhua, Art and History in Rural North China. By James A. Flath. [Vancouver : University of British Columbia Press, 2004. 195 pp. $60.00. ISBN 0-7748-1034-3.] ». China Quarterly 182 (juin 2005) : 446–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741005300269.
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James Flath's The Cult of Happiness is a stimulating and accessible book that contributes to more than one area of current concern in Chinese studies. The author effectively situates his work in relation to developing debates about print culture, alternative conceptions or experiences of modernity, and the relationship of popular culture to markets and to state power. It should also appeal to readers interested more generally in modern Chinese art, history and visual culture.In this general vein, the book would be valuable simply as one of only a very few English-language works that deal with woodcut-printed nianhua or New Year's Pictures. These pictures, which depict a range of subjects from gods to auspiciously fat babies to scenes from legend and history, were a ubiquitous part of Chinese household ritual and decoration well into the 20th century, and are still evoked in a variety of contexts in contemporary Chinese visual culture. For various reasons, they have not received as much scholarly attention as they should, especially in comparison to other popular print traditions, such as their distant Japanese cousins, ukiyo-e prints. As a genre, nianhua are believed to have quite a long history (Chinese sources, for example, often identify a print found in a 12th-century tomb as one of the earliest extent nianhua), and they were certainly made and circulated throughout China. Flath, however, wisely limits his study both temporally and geographically by focusing on the last decades of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th, when the vast majority of nianhua now extant were made, and on north China, which encompasses several of the most influential and best-documented centres of nianhua production.
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Słysz, Aleksander. « LAW AND STAGE ». Roczniki Administracji i Prawa 4, no XX (30 décembre 2020) : 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.8374.
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We have been looking for answers to the question: what is law and what is its relation to morality for several thousand years. It seems that the definitions and analyzes created so far are still insufficient. A look at the past proves that we are developing the law in this area, generally pushed to it by some tragic events that affect not only law but also universal culture. On the other hand, it is the broadly understood culture that shapes certain patterns of desired behavior much stronger than the law. Shaping the mutual relations between law, morality and pop culture should be the subject of reflection and scientific research. It seems that we are stuck in a certain stagnation, in a deadlock in the development of law, which started in the first half of the 20th century. History proves that we will be stuck in it at least until the next terrible event that will shock the international community, change the perspective and trigger a domino of change.
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Mа, Weiyun. « A Review of Chinese Eastern Railway Study in China ». Problemy dalnego vostoka, no 6 (2021) : 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013128120017866-3.
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The article reviews research on Chinese Eastern Railway in China. The research on Chinese Eastern Railway in China began in the early 20th century, has a history of more than 100 years. The existing research results mainly focus on the construction of Chinese Eastern Railway and Tsarist Russia's expansion policy, negotiation between China and Russia (Soviet Union) on the railway issue, the contradictions and struggles of Japan and the United States around the railway problem and so on. These documents cover a wide range of issues which almost involve the political, diplomacy, economy and trade, culture and other fields of international relations in the Far East from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of 20th century, provide a broad vision for the study of Chinese Eastern Railway. But there are problems in the research. Although there are many works on Chinese Eastern Railway, but most discussions are limited to a certain stage, there are few works on the whole history of Chinese Eastern Railway. Not only should we pay attention to the study of the early 20th century in other words the period of the Qing Empire, moreover, we should strengthen the research in the period of the Republic of China and the new China period, this is of great significance to the study of the whole history of Sino — Soviet relations. In addition due to specific historical conditions, part of the Russian data of Chinese Eastern Railway in China was lost, in addition, there is no detailed and authoritative reference book for Russian archives of Chinese Eastern Railway, this situation makes the cited materials in Chinese works appear too old the materials cited in the book seem too old. The authors thank for proofreading and examining the translation A.I. Kobzev, Ph.D. (Philosophy), professor, director of China Department, Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, director of TSC of Humanities and Social Sciences and director of Philosophy Department of MIPT (SRI), director of TSC «Oriental Philosophy» of RSUH, Chief researcher of Russian language, literature and culture research center of Heilongjiang University.
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Tantivejakul, Napawan. « Nineteenth century public relations : Siam's campaign to defend national sovereignty ». Corporate Communications : An International Journal 25, no 4 (26 juillet 2020) : 623–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ccij-11-2019-0134.
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PurposeThis research aims to identify the use of the public relations (PR) methods implemented by King Rama V and his administration to counter the threat to Siam of imperialism in the late 19th century. It also seeks to demonstrate the interplay of the communication strategies used in international diplomacy to enhance Siam's visibility among major European nations.Design/methodology/approachThis is a historical study using both primary and secondary sources. It is a development of the national PR history methodology using a descriptive, fact-based and event-oriented approach.FindingsThe main findings are that (1) a PR strategy drove international diplomacy under the administration of Siam's monarch incorporating strategies such as governmental press relations activities; (2) the strategy in building Siam's image as a civilized country was successfully communicated through the personality of King Rama V during his first trip to Europe; (3) with a close observation of the public and press sentiments, the outcome of the integrated PR and diplomatic campaigns was that Siam defended its sovereignty against British and French imperialists’ pressures and was therefore never colonized.Research limitations/implicationsThis research adds to the body of knowledge of global PR history by demonstrating that PR evolved before the 20th century in different countries and cultures with different historical paths and sociocultural, political and economic contexts.Originality/valueThis study from an Asian nation demonstrates that PR was being practiced in the late 19th century outside the Western context, prior to the advent of the term. It is a rare example of PR being developed as a part of an anti-colonization strategy.
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Akkan Güngör, Fatma. « Realizmin Tek Perspektif Olabilirliğinin Sunumu : AUKUS Örneği ». International Journal of Social Sciences 6, no 26 (25 octobre 2022) : 438–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.52096/usbd.6.26.28.
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Realism is handled in the reality of explaining, understanding and interpreting of international relations. Realist theory needs or will need new concepts together with changes of international system and in the process called as globalisation. However, because of the fact that this situation does not require a new theory as an assumption, it is focused on the level of implementation in practice. While a war like the World War I-II did not take place in the conditions of the second half of the 20th century or that there was no war as before in the 21st century does not mean that there was no conflict or this situation cannot be seen as a success for states are clear, should explaining, trying to understand and interpreting international relations be the aim of international relations discipline? And whether it should be accepted that this effort can be made from a realistic perspective will be tried to be understood through the case of AUKUS. Keywords: Theory, International Relations Discipline, AUKUS.
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Burmistrov, Konstantin. « THE INTERPRETATION OF KABBALAH IN EARLY 20TH‐CENTURY RUSSIAN PHILOSOPHY ». East European Jewish Affairs 37, no 2 (août 2007) : 157–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13501670701430404.
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Stańczyk, Ewa. « Arnošt Frischer and the Jewish politics of early 20th-century Europe ». East European Jewish Affairs 49, no 2 (4 mai 2019) : 174–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13501674.2019.1690854.
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Samoylov, N. A. « Ivan Korostovetz — Russian Diplomat and Expert on China ». Modern History of Russia 12, no 3 (2022) : 596–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.304.
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Ivan Yakovlevich Korostovetz (1862–1933) was one of the most prominent Russian diplomats of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He played an extremely important role in the developing Russian-Chinese relations and a no less significant part in the development of Russian-Mongolian ties. Not a sinologist by education, and at the start not speaking Chinese, Korostovetz could understand the specifics of China so deeply and delve into the peculiarities of Chinese realities that he became one of the best experts on China at that time. Korostovetz actively popularized his knowledge on China among the Russian public by writing books and articles about the country. At the turn of the 20th century, Korostovetz became one of the most capable diplomats in the Russian Empire and contributed to an active Russian policy in China and Outer Mongolia. Having a deep understanding of the Russian geopolitical interests in the Far East, he was able to clearly formulate the main goals of Russia’s policy in this region at the time when the Xinhai revolution broke out in China. Unfortunately, after 1917, Korostovetz failed to find a place for himself in the diplomatic field, and so he became the author of many published and unpublished works on the history of diplomacy and international relations in the Far East. The purpose of this article is to give an overview of Korostovetz’ activities in various diplomatic positions in China and evaluate his role in the development of Russian-Chinese relations, as well as analyze his articles and books about China and show the depth in which he understood political development, history and culture of this country.
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Möllers, Christoph. « It's about legal practice, stupid ». German Law Journal 7, no 12 (1 décembre 2006) : 1011–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200005265.
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With his book “The Gentle Civilizer of Nations”, the Finnish expert on international law Martti Koskenniemi, became the most widely read author in his field overnight. In the “Gentle Civilizer”, Koskenniemi presented a new history of international law between 1870 and 1960. The tremendous success of this book rested less on an amazing number of revealing observations, but rather on its new take on the history of this discipline. In Koskenniemi's interpretation, the scientific project of international law did not start off as an endeavour that was centred on the sovereignty of nation-states. Instead, the international lawyers of that era saw their subject in the light of the idealist political project of internationalism. When they were forced to give up their high hopes in the course of the 20th century — this is where the twist of the book lies — they not only abandoned their dreams, but also their craft as lawyers. They became mere engineers of international relations, pragmatists, and apologists of governmental power. In order to retrieve the craft of international law, Koskenniemi concludes, the discipline needs to handle legal forms in a politically reflective manner. Koskenniemi has labelled this squaring of the circle, in a much-cited expression, as the “Culture of Formalism.”
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Bauman, Zygmunt. « The 20th Century : the End or a Beginning ? » Thesis Eleven 70, no 1 (août 2002) : 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0725513602070001003.
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Sokolov, Oleg A. « Unsheathing Poet’s Sword Again : The Crusades in Arabic Anticolonial Poetry before 1948 ». Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies 14, no 2 (2022) : 335–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2022.211.
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Both Arab and Western scholars agree that, starting in the mid-20th century, the correlation of Western Europeans with the Crusaders and the extrapolation of the term “Crusade” to modern military conflicts have become an integral part of modern Arab political discourse, and are also widely reflected in Arab culture. The existence of works examining references to the theme of the Crusades in Arab social thought, politics, and culture of the second half of the 20th century contrasts with the almost complete absence of specialized studies devoted to the analysis of references to this historical era in Arab culture in the 19th century and first half of the 20th. An analysis of references to the era of the Crusades in the work of Arab poets before 1948 shows that, already in the period of the Arab Revival, this topic occupied an important place in the imagery of anti-colonial poetry, and not only in Egypt, Syria, and Palestine, historically attacked by the Crusaders, but also in other regions of the Arab world. If, before World War I, Arab poets only praised the commanders of the past who defeated the Crusaders, then afterwards the theme of the Crusades was also used to liken the European colonialists to the “medieval Franks”. The authors of the poems containing images from the era of the Crusades were, among others, the participants of the Arab Uprising of 1936–1939 and the Arab-Israeli War of 1947–1949, who set their goal with the help of poetry to mobilize the masses for the struggle.
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Murphy, Rachel. « A County of Culture : Twentieth Century China Seen from the Village Schools of Zouping, Shandong. By Stig ThØgersen. [Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press, 2002. 310 pp. £37.50. ISBN 0-472-11283-X.] ». China Quarterly 175 (septembre 2003) : 831–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741003250475.
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This empirically rich and analytically engaging book draws on archives and oral history in Zouping county, Shandong province, and devotes each chapter to a distinctive period in the building of China's modern educational institutions. The study reveals how macro-level historical shifts interact with educational reforms to impact on the lives of rural individuals, and how their responses shape community-level policy formulation and implementation. Educational reforms therefore form the basis for a wider study of cultural, socio-economic and political processes in 20th-century China.
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Papaioannou, Katerina. « Cultural Diplomacy and Nation Branding in Modern Competitive International Environment ». European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 2, no 5 (1 octobre 2022) : 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejsocial.2022.2.5.302.
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This study has as its main objective to highlight the importance of the existence of a structured cultural policy by modern states and the importance of having a structured policy in order to improve their international image. In recent decades, despite the fact that international relations continue to focus on issues of balancing military and economic power, they have been forced to simultaneously appreciate the importance of cultural and religious factors, which have acquired a transnational dimension that transcends the territorial boundaries of nation-states. Throughout history, culture has been used by organized societies to present themselves, to assert their power, but also to understand others. Culture has always been present on the foreign policy agenda of governments and has been active in defining relations between states since the two World Wars of the 20th century. At the same time, states became intensely concerned with the strategy of managing their national identity and shaping their image. This study attempts to highlight the role of the cultural element in state diplomacy and the role of cultural diplomacy in promoting mutual understanding between nations. Also, the aim of this study is to highlight the efforts of states to reshape their image abroad in order to access development and to have a stable and competitive position in the international environment. In this context, an analysis of the place of culture in the context of state diplomacy and the evolution of cultural diplomacy is presented. What are the specific characteristics of this new diplomatic discipline and what are its objectives? It also presents an analysis of the theory surrounding the formation of the "image of the country" and presents the elements that determine it and are ultimately a necessary condition for stimulating the country's competitiveness at the international level.
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Jianyin, Sun. « Antinomies of culture and critique of modernity ». Thesis Eleven 144, no 1 (février 2018) : 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0725513618755774.
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The critique of modernity was one of the important themes in philosophy in the 20th century. Theorists focused on the spiritual characteristics of modernity by which they tried to find a solution to the crisis of modernity, a solution beyond economics and politics. György Márkus, one of the members of the Budapest School, focused on the culture of modernity for 30 years. He presented a critical theory of modern culture. His theory had a clear logic and offered a compelling view. At the core of his theory of cultural modernity was the idea of the ‘antinomies of culture’. These antinomies are of vital importance since the struggle and tension between the poles of culture provides, on his view, the energies and orientation required for the development of cultural modernity. In this essay, I will try to analyse the reality of cultural modernity in China employing Márkus’s ideas and evaluating the significance of his theory.
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Levine, Glenn S. « Writing in Tongues : translating Yiddish in the 20th century ». Journal of Modern Jewish Studies 15, no 2 (14 mars 2016) : 343–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14725886.2016.1158394.
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Sinnerbrink, Robert. « A philosophy of cultural modernity : Márkus’s contribution to the philosophy of culture ». Thesis Eleven 160, no 1 (18 septembre 2020) : 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0725513620959981.
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As Professor of Philosophy at the University of Sydney for over 20 years (1978–2001), György Márkus exerted a profound influence on a generation of philosophers and students from many disciplinary backgrounds. His legendary lecture courses, spanning the history of modern philosophy from the Enlightenment through to the late 20th century, were memorable for their breadth, erudition, and philosophical drama. Always modest despite his mastery of the tradition, Márkus’s approach to this history of philosophy never failed to emphasize its continuing role in shaping our inherited understanding of philosophy as ‘its own time comprehended in thoughts’ (Hegel). This is especially true of his contribution to the philosophical discourse of modernity, which we could summarize as comprising an original philosophy of cultural modernity. In what follows, I briefly reconstruct Márkus’s account of the adventures of the concept of culture, focusing on his definitive essay ‘The Path of Culture: From the Refined to the High, From the Popular to Mass Culture’ (2013) but also referring to other relevant Márkus texts, offering some critical remarks on his account of culture and its relationship with modern aesthetics, both classical and contemporary.
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Rizaieva, Ganna. « 100th Anniversary of the Salzburg Festival : Historical and Cultural Phenomenon of the 20th and Early 21st Centuries ». Scientific herald of Tchaikovsky National Music Academy of Ukraine, no 130 (18 mars 2021) : 160–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31318/2522-4190.2021.130.231228.
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Relevance of the study. The evolution and the very phenomenon of the Salzburg Festival go hand in hand with the history of music and theatre, the philosophy of art, and the global musical infrastructure of the 20th and early 21st centuries. On the one hand, it is their fair reflection; while on the other hand, it is an integral part of their development. That is why studying and understanding the role and place of the Salzburg Festival is essential for understanding contemporary musical culture in a current historical perspective.Relevance of the study is attributable to the fact that, for the first time in Ukrainian historical musicology, the development and implementation of the idea of holding the Salzburg Festival are considered, indirect relations between the festival ideologists and the Ukrainian cultural space at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries are discovered, and the century-old history of the main European music and theatre forum is systematized.Main objective of the study is to introduce the phenomenon of the Salzburg Festival as a historical and cultural integrity in the space of the Ukrainian musicological discourse, as well as to outline and systematize a one hundred-year path of the main music and theatre forum in Europe.Methodology of the study includes the use of historical, culturological, and systemic approaches.Results and conclusions. The study revealed that at the stage of shaping the idea of the festival in Salzburg at the beginning of the twentieth century, there were two fundamental visions of its implementation, namely, “Mozart-oriented” and “general theatrical”. They both entered the gene code of the Salzburg Music and Theatre Forum with varying interpretations of its concept and repertoire policy at each phase of its existence. The change of priorities in its fundamental triad, that is, drama — opera — concert, during forum varying periods is also traced.The hundred-year journey of the Salzburg Festival may be divided into three main stages: 1) the development and search of self-identity (1920–1954); 2) “stabilization” and formation of international prestige (1955–1990); and 3) “modernization” and expansion of cultural horizons (from 1991 until today). Each of them is well integrated into history of Western European music and culture of the 20th and early 21st centuries.
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Kyrchanov, Maksim. « Memory of American Civil War in the Historical Imagination of Consumer Society ». Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no 2 (avril 2022) : 32–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2022.2.3.
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Introduction. The author analyzes the features of the historical memory of the American Civil War in American pop culture as a form of historical memory that dominates in the consumer society. Methods and materials. The problems of imagination and invention of images of the civil war are analyzed in the contexts of cultural history, as well as intellectual history and the history of ideas. Analysis. The author presumes that 1) the historical memory of the U.S. Civil War in modern American identity is heterogeneous; 2) various forms of culture, including “high”, “mass” and “popular”, actualize the images of the civil war; 3) “high” culture became the first form of imagination of the civil war in American identity; 4) in the 20th century, various forms of consumer society culture (“mass” and “popular”) assimilated images of the civil war; 5) “popular” culture presents a “transitional” (from “high” to “mass”) version of the memory of the war. Results. Analyzing the transformation of the Civil War memory in the pseudo-documentary film “C.S.A.: The Confederate States of America” (directed by Kevin Willmott), the author presumes that 1) popular culture reduced the civil war to a minor event in the history of the Confederation; 2) the film offers an alternative version of American historical memory, actualizing the possible trajectories of the “invention” of images of the civil war in the reality where South won; 3) the film is integrated into the intellectual history and archeology of American mass-cult ideas; 4) some texts by American intellectuals belonging to the discourse of alternative history, became cultural stimuli for the project of Kevin Willmott; 5) the transformation of the memory of the Civil War in American pop-culture actualizes the crisis of memory in society, which wasn’t successful in its attempts to overcome the historical trauma of racism and racial discrimination.
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Krejčí, Jaroslav. « Great Revolutions of the 20th Century in a Civilizational Perspective ». Thesis Eleven 62, no 1 (août 2000) : 71–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0725513600062000005.
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Oh, Sang Mee. « ‘Why Korea Failed?’ : The American Discourse of Korea’s Historical Failure at the Turn of the 20th Century ». Journal of American-East Asian Relations 29, no 4 (19 décembre 2022) : 341–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765610-29040002.
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Abstract The discourse of Korea’s failed history has been mostly a production of Japanese colonial scholarship, but the early texts that American authors produced were what guided the Western understanding of Korean history during the long 20th Century. Despite the importance of these texts that left significant imprints on later academic works and policy decisions, scholars have not as yet examined properly the American discourse of failure in Korean history. This article analyzes the representative American books on Korean history of authors William E. Griffis and Homer B. Hulbert to describe the emergence of the American discourse of Korea’s failed history in the late 19th and the early 20th centuries. It argues that early American authors of accounts of Korean history wrote them in a specific narrative structure that depicted Korea’s past as a story of gradual decline that ended with failure. These works identify three major themes – isolation, victimization, and dependency – as explanations for why Korea failed. Then, the article examines the doctoral dissertations of Harold J. Noble and George M. McCune to show how this early narrative framework during the 1930s and the 1940s continued thereafter to shape U.S. understanding of Korea even into the 1950s, informing both policymakers and scholars.
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Travers, James. « Major Accessions to Repositories in 2004 Relating to Politics (20th century) ». Contemporary British History 20, no 1 (mars 2006) : 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13619460500284445.
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Fu, Poshek. « Japanese Occupation, Shanghai Exiles, and Postwar Hong Kong Cinema ». China Quarterly 194 (juin 2008) : 380–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030574100800043x.
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AbstractThis article explores a little-explored subject in a critical period of the history of Hong Kong and China. Shortly after the surrender of Japan in 1945, China was in the throes of civil war between the Nationalists and Communists while British colonial rule was restored in Hong Kong, The communist victory in 1949 deepened the Cold War in Asia. In this chaotic and highly volatile context, the flows and linkages between Shanghai and Hong Kong intensified as many Chinese sought refuge in the British colony. This Shanghai–Hong Kong nexus played a significant role in the rebuilding of the post-war Hong Kong film industry and paved the way for its transformation into the capital of a global pan-Chinese cinema in the 1960s and 1970s. Focusing on a study of the cultural, political and business history of post-war Hong Kong cinema, this article aims to open up new avenues to understand 20th-century Chinese history and culture through the translocal and regional perspective of the Shanghai–Hong Kong nexus.
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Ochirova, Nina, et Nadmidyn Sukhebaatar. « Kalmykia in the Space of Russian-Mongolian Relations in the 20th – Early 21st Centuries : Historical and Cultural Aspect ». Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no 5 (novembre 2021) : 191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.5.15.
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Introduction This article within the framework of Russian-Mongolian relations examines the regional aspect of cultural cooperation between Mongolia and Kalmykia in the Soviet and post-Soviet periods. The authors investigated a wide range of problems related to the place and role of Kalmykia in the history of Russian-Mongolian relations, studied the development of multifaceted interaction between two kindred peoples. Methods and materials. From a methodological point of view, this study is an experience of building a comprehensive vision of the problem. An interdisciplinary, comprehensive approach to solving current research problems makes it possible to synthesize all relevant aspects of studying the historical and cultural aspects of regional cooperation between Kalmykia and Mongolia within the framework of Russian-Mongolian relations. Analysis. 2021 marks the 100th anniversary of the establishment of Soviet-Mongolian official diplomatic relations. The Agreement between Mongolia and Russia signed on November 5, 1921 strengthened the military-political cooperation between the two countries, served as a broad international recognition of Mongolia as a sovereign state and played an important stabilizing role in the difficult situation in the Far East. In the 90s of the last century, Russia and Mongolia engaged in profound transformations. The scale of the work carried out by our countries demanded to shift all their attention to solving internal problems, which undoubtedly had a negative impact on the level of relations between the two states. Later, having solved the problems of radical transformations of society, Russia and Mongolia began to restore relations, but on completely new principles. In these conditions, along with other industries, the sphere of cultural interaction between Russia and Mongolia, the development of regional cooperation, becomes significant. One of the Russian regions is Kalmykia, which is linked with Mongolia by ancient historical roots, the unity of culture, religion, language and tradition. These factors play an important role in the further strengthening of good neighborly relations between Russia and Mongolia, in the development of regional cultural cooperation. Results. Studying the history of interaction between the two fraternal peoples in the past and present in the aspect of Russian-Mongolian relations provides rich material for an objective assessment of events in specific historical conditions. Kalmykia, like the border regions of Russia, makes a certain contribution to the strengthening of Russian-Mongolian relations.
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Alexander, Jeffrey C. « Progress and disillusion ». Thesis Eleven 137, no 1 (30 novembre 2016) : 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0725513616674405.
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Civil Sphere Theory (CST) provides a more dynamic, cultural, and democratically oriented model of contemporary society than either conflict or modernization theory. Civil spheres expand and contract in contradictory ways. Utopian periods of utopian repair trigger defensive efforts that primordialize and exclude. Late 20th century civil repair generated new relations of economic production and more multicultural modes of integration. Early 21rst century reactions have highlighted dangers, demanding more cultural homogeneity amidst rising concerns about inequality. There is increasing disillusionment about the possibility for democratic progress.
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Jay, Martin. « Lyotard and the Denigration of Vision in 20th Century French Thought ». Thesis Eleven 31, no 1 (février 1992) : 34–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/072551369203100105.
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Hughes, Kate. « Archives - Major Accessions to Repositories in 2001 Relating to 20th Century Politics ». Contemporary British History 17, no 1 (mars 2003) : 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713999488.
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Haunton, Melinda. « Archives : Major Accessions to Repositories in 2003 Relating to 20th Century Politics ». Contemporary British History 18, no 4 (décembre 2004) : 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13619460412331296937.
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Henderson, Julie. « Archives : Major Accessions to Repositories in 2002 Relating to 20th Century Politics ». Contemporary British History 18, no 1 (mars 2004) : 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1361946042000217338.
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Graham, John. « Poems : Our old us, Blood, 20th century, She said ». Journal of Australian Studies 23, no 60 (janvier 1999) : 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14443059909387458.
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Dorahy, J. F. « Alienation, reification and the antinomies of production ». Thesis Eleven 148, no 1 (octobre 2018) : 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0725513618800133.
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In recent years, the works of György Márkus – a member of what has been dubbed the ‘Budapest School’ – have begun to generate an increasingly sophisticated and vibrant discussion. The present essay seeks to contribute to this burgeoning body of critical literature by offering a summary account and evaluation of the evolution of Márkus’s thought from the critique of alienation developed during the 1960s through to his post-Marxist philosophy of culture in the latter decades of the 20th century. It does so with the intention of answering what is arguably the question confronting the contemporary reception of Márkus’s body of work: in what relation do Márkus’s later works stand to the aspirations and ideals of his early, more explicitly Marxist writings?
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Ian Shin, K. « The Chinese Art “Arms Race” ». Journal of American-East Asian Relations 23, no 3 (27 octobre 2016) : 229–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765610-02303009.
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Interest in Chinese art has swelled in the United States in recent years. In 2015, the collection of the late dealer-collector Robert Hatfield Ellsworth fetched no less than $134 million at auction (much of it from Mainland Chinese buyers), while the Metropolitan Museum of Art drew over 800,000 visitors to its galleries for the blockbuster show “China: Through the Looking Glass”—the fifth most-visited exhibition in the museum’s 130-year history. The roots of this interest in Chinese art reach back to the first two decades of the 20th Century and are grounded in the geopolitical questions of those years. Drawing from records of major collectors and museums in New York and Washington, D.C., this article argues that the United States became a major international center for collecting and studying Chinese art through cosmopolitan collaboration with European partners and, paradoxically, out of a nationalist sentiment justifying hegemony over a foreign culture derived from an ideology of American exceptionalism in the Pacific. This article frames the development of Chinese art as a contested process of knowledge production between the United States, Europe, and China that places the history of collecting in productive conversation with the history of Sino-American relations and imperialism.
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Ulicka, Danuta. « At the crossroads of Marxism and structuralism in modern Polish literary theory (1918–1939) : The case of Warsaw and Vilnius student circles ». Thesis Eleven 159, no 1 (août 2020) : 64–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0725513620945808.
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In this paper, I aim to determine the place of Marxism in Polish literary studies of the 20th century. The starting point is (1) Czesław Miłosz’s comment on the identity of Marxism and structuralism; (2) the absence of the term ‘Marxism’ in the names of Polish workers’ parties and pro-Marxist academic discourse (except an insignificant short period directly after the Second World War when Marxist rhetoric prevailed). Referring to political history, I suggest an explanation of this state of affairs, revealing the function of Marxism under different names in philosophical texts from the beginning of the 20th century. To support my argument, I draw on documents from the newly discovered archive of Dawid Hopensztand. I use this archive to reconstruct his social biography and justify the main thesis about the permanent presence of Marxism in the works of such thinkers as Leszek Kołakowski, Zygmunt Bauman, and even Czesław Miłosz.
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Roberts, Priscilla. « British Commonwealth Archives from Far North to Distant South : Neglected Resources for Cold War International History ». Journal of American-East Asian Relations 29, no 2 (29 juin 2022) : 133–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765610-29020003.
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Abstract British Commonwealth archives constitite a rich and often under-utilized source of material for understanding the international history of the 20th and 21st centuries. From the late 19th Century onward, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand each enjoyed close and confidential relations with not just Britain, but with each other and increasingly, too, with the United States. They also participated in major international organizations at both an official and non-governmental level. Although or perhaps because each was a “middle” rather than “great” power, as each country developed its own diplomatic bureaucracy, their representatives often had informal and even intimate insights into the policies of a wide range of countries. This article introduces the highlights of each nation’s major archival repositories for materials relating to international affairs. While the holdings of the Library and Archives of Canada in Ottawa, the National Archives of Australia and the National Library of Australia in Canberra, and the National Archives of New Zealand in Wellington all feature prominently, the author casts a wider net and draw researchers’ attention to additional important and often under-utilized collections scattered across the different countries.
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Arabadzhyan, Zaven A. « The Soviet-Iranian Treaty of 1921 : History and Modernity (to the Centenary of Conclusion) ». Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva : istoriia i sovremennost, no 6 (2021) : 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080017726-5.
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After a century since the Soviet-Iranian Treaty was signed in 1921 authors of the article consider its significance from a new viewpoint – as the backing of the sovereignty of Iran and Russia that supported development of their relations. Authors examine the way it complied with the interests of Russia and Iran, and its impact on the bilateral relations in the 20th century. The signing of the Treaty secured the sovereignty of Iran, served as the base for the development of equal relations between the two neighboring states and opened up Iran for relations with foreign states. For the Russia, this document was a step towards breaking its diplomatic isolation. The authors emphasize that Russia had granted almost all its property to Iran which contributed to the improvement of the financial situation in Iran and served as a base for the development of mutually beneficial economic relations between the two countries. The authors mention that the property transfer clause was connected with the security of the Soviet Russia. This fact was reflected in the Article 6 of the Treaty. The Treaty set up the basement for the legal status of the Caspian Sea as a closed sea in the states' joint usage. The Convention on the Legal Status of the Caspian Sea, signed in 2018, to some extent retained the special regime of the sea and reflected the spirit of the Treaty of 1921. Although in IRI there are different views about the Treaty some experts consider that it generally complied with Iran's national interests.
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Avrutina, Appolinaria S., et Sabri Gürses. « Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky in Turkey : History of Translations ». Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies 14, no 3 (2022) : 415–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2022.303.
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The article is devoted to the review of the history of translations of Fyodor Dostoevsky into Turkish. Currently, Dostoevsky is one of the most popular foreign writers in Turkey, and according to the Turkish book market, one of the most purchased authors. By decision of the Ministry of Public Education, since 2004, the works of the Russian classic have been included in the recommendatory part of the school curriculum, so it is difficult to find a person inTurkey who would not read Dostoevsky. The history of Dostoevsky’s translations into Turkish evolved in a special way: back in the late 19th - early 20th century there were none, since the Department of Russian Language and Literature in Turkey first opened in 1935, but the first translations appeared only in the 1920s and performed from French. However, subsequently the popularity of the writer grew so much that absolutely all of his works were translated into Turkish, and some even several times. Classical Russian literature had a special influence on Turkish literature of the 20th century, and Dostoevsky’s works are the most important literary basis for their own work for many Turkish writers. For example, the recently translated into Russian novel “The Idiot” by the American writer of Turkish origin Elif Batuman, who was born and raised in the United States, as well as the novel by the young prose writer Burhan Sonmez “Istanbul. Istanbul”. Despite the late appearance of Dostoevsky’s works on the Turkish book market and late acquaintance with the Turkish reader, Dostoevsky became one of the most popular and beloved Russian writers among Turks of almost all ages (which is confirmed by the publication of Dostoevsky’s works in an adapted form for children). The authors of the article analyzed the history of translations of Dostoevsky’s novels into Turkish and came to the conclusion that the appearance of a large number of translations is explained not only by the great popularity of the Russian language and culture in modern Turkey, and not only by the cinematic popularity of Dostoevsky all over the world, but also by a high reader demand for his texts, since Dostoevsky’s works meet the cultural and moral needs of modern Turkish society.
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Chekalenko, Liudmyla D. « Ukraine in the Integration Security System ». Przegląd Politologiczny, no 3 (27 octobre 2022) : 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pp.2022.27.3.6.
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The process of the security system formation in the integrated European space has been continuing for more than seven decades, but its final objective has not been attained yet. The relevance of this topic is the need to study the process of destruction of the established world, the collapse of the system of international relations, lack of understanding and complete disregard by the aggressor of all humanitarian levers in a situation of war and armed confrontation. Every subsequent turn in development of international relations in 20th and 21st centuries and new emerging threats seem to bring countries closer to unity and addressing the security problem, but…
In 2014 Russia, ignoring the principles of the international law, basic treaties with Ukraine, commitments to respect the territorial integrity and inviolability of Ukraine, started a war. On 24 February 2022, a new escalation took place when Russia attacked Ukraine without declaring the state of war. What was the reason? The answer could be found in the Ukrainian history that is not a simple one. Russian rulers want to rebuild the Russian empire returning to the borders of the 19th century. This is a threat to Ukraine that is a sovereign European state founded on the bases of European values, peace and international cooperation.
Russia has been trying to eliminate Ukrainian statehood, language, and culture starting from the Kozak times of the 16th century. Thus, this process is at least 500-year old. In the 21st century, Russia attempted to occupy Ukraine by means of the anti-Ukrainian government, but the attempt failed. As a consequence, the Russian president decided to eliminate Ukraine by military means. When the aggression started in 2014, the EU deeply dependent on Russian energy sources, did not react fully to the Russian intervention. Ukraine could not defend its territorial integrity because of the lack of military capacities in the absence of the international military support. But in 2022, the situation is radically different: at the time of Russian invasion, Ukrainian people raise to the defense of their country, and the Ukrainian army thanks to the strong international military and political support continues to defend the existence of the Ukrainian state despite the dominance of the Russian military machine.
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Atapin, Evgenii. « Evolution of British Euroscepticism in the Second Half of the 20th Century ». Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no 5 (décembre 2022) : 171–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2022.5.13.
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Introduction. The United Kingdom is the most prominent example of a Eurosceptic country in the EU. For many years the United Kingdom did not feel a part of Europe. Great Britain was geographically separated from continental Europe and psychologically distant from the European integration movement established by the 1957 Treaty of Rome. The British Eurosceptic tradition rested on these geographic and psychological characteristics. Eurosceptic traditions included political, economic, linguistic, cultural and historical aspects that made it difficult for the United Kingdom to accept European integration. Methods and materials. The research methodology is based on narrative and comparative methods. The materials of the study incorporate statements of certain British politicians about attitudes towards European integration, works devoted to the analysis of Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom and manifestos of some far-right political parties. Analysis. A study of the attitude to European integration of the two main political forces of Great Britain, namely the Conservative and the Labour Parties, in the second half of the 20th century is carried out. Results. The study results in the creation of a periodization of British Euroscepticism in the second half of the 20th century. Three stages of evolution of British Euroscepticism in the period under study are distinguished: 1) the stage preceding the entry of Great Britain into the European Communities, conventionally called “Labour”; 2) the stage of the United Kingdom’s participation in the “common market”, conventionally called “Conservative”; 3) the stage of Britain’s participation in the European Union, conventionally called “Right-wing populist”. Their chronological framework is established and their main characteristics are given.
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Sherwood, Catherine, Gary Osmond et Murray G. Phillips. « Aboriginality, Racial Discourse and Football Media in 20th-century Queensland ». Journal of Australian Studies 44, no 1 (1 octobre 2019) : 97–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14443058.2019.1668821.
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Darian-Smith, Kate, Catriona Elder et Fiona Paisley. « “Are We Internationally Minded?” Everyday Cultures of Australian Internationalism in the mid-20th Century ». Journal of Australian Studies 43, no 4 (2 octobre 2019) : 405–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14443058.2019.1704171.
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Elman, Benjamin A. « The Power of Position : Beijing University, Intellectuals and Chinese Political Culture 1898–1929. By Timothy B. Weston. [Berkeley, Los Angeles, London : University of California Press, 2004. xiv+325 pp. $60.00 ; £39.95. ISBN 0-520-23767-6.] ». China Quarterly 179 (septembre 2004) : 841–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741004390600.
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Timothy Weston's study of Beijing University (hereafter, “Beida”) spotlights how modern Chinese intellectuals positioned themselves politically and socially in the early 20th century. Weston relies on the Beida archives, dailies, journals, and many other sources, to make four contributions. First, Beida's early history shows how literati humanists repositioned themselves during a period of great uncertainty. New style intellectuals had influence because they mastered Western and classical learning. Secondly, Beida's complex history did not break sharply with the past. Earlier accounts of the May Fourth movement obscure the efforts of intellectuals since 1898 to redefine their role. Weston suggests that May Fourth amplified a continuing progression of new and old ways of doing things. Thirdly, political tensions emerged when the university increasingly radicalized after 1911. No more than 20 per cent of Beida students were involved in the New Culture movement. A strong conservative undertow continually challenged radical agendas. Often we hear only the voices of the latter. Finally, Weston assesses Beida's history in light of how the May Fourth movement played out in different locations. In the 1920s, Shanghai replaced Beijing as the leading venue for urban China's cultural and intellectual leaders. Beijing increasingly lost status under warlordism, and the Nationalist shift of the capital to Nanjing refocused Chinese intellectual life on the Chang (Yangtze) delta.
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Vartanyan, Egnara. « Development of Political, Economic and Cultural Relations Between Arab Countries and Bulgaria (The End of the 19th – 20 th Centuries) ». Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no 1 (février 2022) : 174–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2022.1.15.
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Introduction. The article is devoted to the development of relations between Bulgaria and the Arab countries in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The development of relations between Bulgaria and the countries of the Arab East is of interest in the context of the study of the forms, directions of cooperation, reasons for the mutual interest of peoples heterogeneous in ethno-confessional and cultural terms. Methods and materials. The historical-typological, historical-systemic methods and the civilizational approach used in the article allow to analyze the process of the emergence, development and transformation of the Bulgarian-Arab relations in political, trade, economic, cultural areas. Analysis. Before World War II the international mechanisms were being created for the further development of trade, economic, and political ties between the Arab states and Bulgaria together with infrastructure and sea transport routes. The problems in the development of Bulgarian-Arab relations were caused by the difficulties in forecasting of the processes, which were often subordinate to the subjective factor, personal ambitions and emotions of Arab leaders. Bulgarian diplomacy demonstrated the great patience to maintain relations that met the country’s interests. The cooperation between Bulgaria and the Arab countries developed in various forms with noticeable positive dynamics. Political changes in a number of Arab countries and inter-Arab conflicts did not fundamentally affect relations, but caused only temporary difficulties. Despite the fact that the systemic changes, which occurred in Bulgaria in the 1990s, became a restraining factor in the development of the Bulgarian-Arab relations, they were restored due to the mutual interests of the states at the turn of the 20th – 21st centuries. Results. It is concluded that Bulgaria had established diplomatic relations with almost all Arab countries by 1960. The main direction of development of ties until the 1990s was dictated by political and ideological considerations, but trade and economic relations often preceded political ones. Bulgaria had gone beyond the traditional exchange of goods and switched to such forms of cooperation as construction, engineering design, tourism, culture, exchange of specialists, and personnel training. At the end of the 20th century Bulgarian leadership returned to the development of relations with Arab countries, which was dictated by the needs of the market economy development, new political realities and Bulgaria’s attempts to identify its place in the modern world.
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Litvinenko, Pavel V. « Baptism of Adepts of Judaism in the Turkestan Krai in the Second Half of the 19th - Early 20th Century : Scope and Motivation ». RUDN Journal of Russian History 21, no 3 (31 août 2022) : 404–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2022-21-3-404-416.
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The author considers the study of the issue of the Jewish population conversion to Christianity in the Turkestan Krai. The article reveals the religious situation in tsarist Russia related to the problems of Jews’ conversion, provides reliable facts of the conversion with regard to the most important Islamic outskirts of the empire - Turkestan, where the overwhelming majority of the population belonged to Islam - over 95%. The author examines the reasons for the conversion of regional Jews to Christianity and the real consequences of this process. The peculiarity of Turkestan made a significant impact on the spiritual life of Jews, on the nature and motives for the adoption of Christianity. In the Central Asian region, Jews were not a homogeneous group; they often had different features of culture and traditions. There were several Jewish communities there: the so-called “European” Jews (who arrived from Russia) led by their own chief rabbi; besides, in Central Asia there lived “native” Jews who got the status of Russian citizens and had their own rabbi. In this regard, it seems interesting to trace the conditions of the conversion of these different groups of Jews to Christianity, their motives and the attitude of official authorities towards them. It is important to note that the Jews of the Turkestan Krai converted not only to Orthodoxy, but also Catholicism, Lutheranism, Armenian-Gregorianism, and other faiths. However, the tsarist authorities believed that the conversion of Jews to non-Orthodox confessions was not enough to free them from the imposed legislative restrictions. In general, the example of the situation in Turkestan allows us to see that the features of the adoption of Christianity and the change in the legal status of Jews often depended on the region in which they were baptized. In addition, it was the factor of belonging to a certain Jewish community that played an important role.
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Klepikov, Valeriy. « In the Footsteps of the Problem of the Third Century BC ». Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no 5 (novembre 2021) : 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.5.1.
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Introduction. The problem of selecting monuments of the 3rd century BC in the Early Sarmatian culture came into sight during the process of discussing the reasons for the fall of Scythia, when it became clear that the Early Sarmatian funerary monuments in the Northern Black Sea steppes are recorded starting from the 2nd century BC, a hundred years after the alleged destruction. Methods and materials. During the research process the scientists came to the conclusion that there are no imports of the 3rd century BC in the burials of the Lower Volga region and the Southern Urals. Some researchers stated the absence of monuments of this time in the indicated territories, while others continued to search for new approaches. As a result, they proposed the the method of “clamped” dating, which allows us to distinguish a stratum between well-dated complexes of the 4th and 2nd – 1st centuries BC. Analysis. In the course of clarifying the situation in the original Sarmatian territories, some researchers have decided to devide the reference early Sarmatian burial ground Prokhorovka into two groups, not only chronologically, but also culturally. The 3rd century BC became a time separating these groups, elusive according to these authors, not only in the Northern Black Sea region, but also in the Volga-Ural steppes. Opposing this point of view, supporters of the culture of continuous development in the 4th – 1st centuries BC pay attention to the unity of the funeral rite throughout the entire period, and the lack of well-dated imports is explained by crisis phenomena and migration processes, when old contacts with civilizations are crashing and new ones have not yet been established. The discussion that unfolded in the 90s of the 20th century with the accumulation of new materials and clarification of old dates periodically revived, updated with new participants, but the position of opponents has not really changed. The proposed article is devoted to evaluating the arguments of both sides. Results. The method of “clamped” dating is not the most universal, considering the constantly growing database of sources and its corrections. But this method works and many scientists continue to rely on it. A simple statement of the impossibility of identifying monuments of the 3rd century BC, when the existence of the monuments of this time is asserted, seems even more surprising than the assertion of the “hiatus” of the 3rd century BC, in the Volga-Ural steppes region.