Articles de revues : « International labor activities – Case studies »

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Et. al., Odiljon Sulaymanov,. « Abolition Of Forced Labour : Case Of Uzbekistan ». Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, n^o 4 (11 avril 2021) : 1078–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i4.618.

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The article analyzes the legal problems in the implementation of international labour standards on the abolition of forced labour in the national legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Fundamental documents of the International Labour Organization on the abolition of forced labour – the legal nature of the Forced Labour Convention No.29, 1930 and the the Abolition of Forced Labour Convention No.105, 1957, the content of national legislation on this issue. The practice of assimilation of the provisions of international agreements on labor issues, which are legally binding for Uzbekistan, into national legislation, the compliance of some issues regulated by the legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan on labor relations with the norms of international documents has been studied. As a result of the study, conclusions were made on improving the legislation on labor, criminal and administrative liability, as well as amendments to Article 7 of the Labor Code, Article 1482 of the Criminal Code and Article 51 of the Code of Administrative Liability, the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Employment" and were some suggestions on the appropriateness of making additions. Recommendations were made to amend the national legislation to abolition of forced and compulsory labour in order to bring it in line with international standards. The formation of institutional mechanisms for countering forced labour in Uzbekistan was studied in three periods, the specifics of each period, the functions of the established mechanisms, and the effectiveness of their activities were analyzed. In particular, the tasks of the National Commission for combating human trafficking and forced labour, created by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. PD-5775 dated July 30, 2019, and the Institute of the National Rapporteur are set out.

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Jurabek Rasulov, Odiljon Sulaymanov,. « ABOLITION OF FORCED LABOUR : CASE OF UZBEKISTAN ». Psychology and Education Journal 58, n^o 1 (1 février 2021) : 4564–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i1.1563.

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The article analyzes the legal problems in the implementation of international labour standards on the abolition of forced labour in the national legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Fundamental documents of the International Labour Organization on the abolition of forced labour – the legal nature of the Forced Labour Convention No.29, 1930 and the the Abolition of Forced Labour Convention No.105, 1957, the content of national legislation on this issue. The practice of assimilation of the provisions of international agreements on labor issues, which are legally binding for Uzbekistan, into national legislation, the compliance of some issues regulated by the legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan on labor relations with the norms of international documents has been studied. As a result of the study, conclusions were made on improving the legislation on labor, criminal and administrative liability, as well as amendments to Article 7 of the Labor Code, Article 1482 of the Criminal Code and Article 51 of the Code of Administrative Liability, the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Employment" and were some suggestions on the appropriateness of making additions. Recommendations were made to amend the national legislation to abolition of forced and compulsory labour in order to bring it in line with international standards. The formation of institutional mechanisms for countering forced labour in Uzbekistan was studied in three periods, the specifics of each period, the functions of the established mechanisms, and the effectiveness of their activities were analyzed. In particular, the tasks of the National Commission for combating human trafficking and forced labour, created by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. PD-5775 dated July 30, 2019, and the Institute of the National Rapporteur are set out.

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ISSAYEVA, Ainur Zhenisovna, Bolat Zholdasbekovich AITIMOV, Zhanat Amandykovna ISSAYEVA, Madina Koishibayevna ZHUSSUPBEKOVA, Saltanat Saidakhmetovna TINISTANOVA et Akzada Alaidarkyzy MADALIYEVA. « Features of Legal Regulation of the Procedure for the Consideration of Labor Disputes in Kazakhstan ». Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 11, n^o 1 (31 mars 2020) : 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jarle.v11.1(47).09.

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This study examined the experience of Kazakhstan, which created its own system of laws and regulations in the field of labor dispute problems, designed to protect the interests of workers and help ensure a minimum level for residents. The article identifies problems requiring study of issues on the application of labor legislation, development of recommendations for improving and taking measures to inform judicial practice in this category of cases. We have studied the activities of the International Labor Organization (hereinafter referred to as the MOT), which is the world agency of the United Labor Organization. Kazakhstan reports on labor issues, labor disputes, trade unions of workers, workers and others. Case studies show labor disputes, strikes by workers in the regions of Kazakhstan, as well as their solutions. The study makes recommendations of the following nature, when considering disputes regarding the recognition of legal relations as labor, courts should distinguish between civil law relations and labor relations. The relevance of the research topic due to the need to develop and introduce new modern mechanism for resolving individual labor disputes, including pre-trial and non-judicial methods of conflict resolutions.

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Rose, Alessandra De, Filomena Racioppi, Pietro Checcucci, Maria Felice Arezzo et Corrado Polli. « The Workforce Aging and Challenges for Policy and for Business. The Case of Italy ». Review of European Studies 11, n^o 4 (14 novembre 2019) : 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/res.v11n4p60.

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Across Europe, the working age population is decreasing and aging. In this study, with reference to Italy, we analyze the main demographic trends underlying these processes. By using data from the continuous Labor Force Survey, we show the effects of the overall population dynamics on workforce age structure and its composition by professional activities and economic sector. We argue that the observed changes in the labor market are only partially due to demographic trends since they are strictly intertwined with the rigidity of the Italian economic system. We then illustrate the results of two sample surveys conducted among large and small-medium Italian enterprises, respectively. The main result is that the Italian businesses are moderately aware of the aging process of their human resources, and only a few are worried about it. Only few larger companies are actively implementing strategies of age management in order to cope with the issue. Finally, we discuss the implications for the policy of the above results, also in the light of recommendations from the international organizations.

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Krissman, Fred. « Sin Coyote Ni Patrón : Why the “Migrant Network” Fails to Explain International Migration ». International Migration Review 39, n^o 1 (mars 2005) : 4–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2005.tb00254.x.

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The “migrant network” concept cannot explain large-scale international migratory flows. This article goes beyond a critique of its ahistorical and post factum nature. First, I argue that restrictions on its composition and functions also render the migrant network unable to explain why such migratory flows continue or expand even further. Second, a review of five studies illustrates why this concept, the propositions on which it rests, the methods it employs, and the conclusions that it imparts must be reconsidered. Third, the network analysis literature, along with my research data from the Mexico-U.S. case, suggest an alternative approach. “International migration networks” include those from the labor-sending hometowns who are emphasized in migrant network studies, as well as a variety of other actors based in the militarized border zone and the labor-receiving regions. I conclude that accurate studies of migration must include the employers that demand new immigrant workers, as well as the labor smugglers and all other actors that respond to this demand. Immigration studies that fail to do so provide erroneous analyses which camouflage the activities of many network actors, and furnish an academic fig leaf behind which unintended, counterproductive, and even lethal public policies have been implemented. By and large, the effective units of migration were (and are) neither individuals nor households but sets of people linked by acquaintance, kinship, and work experience who somehow incorporated American destinations into the mobility alternatives they considered when they reached critical decision points in their individual or collective lives (Tilly, 1990:84, emphasis added). [Migrant n]etwork connections constitute a form of social capital that people can draw upon to gain access to foreign employment (Massey et al., 1993:448, emphasis added)

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Xu, Yiwei. « Research on the Jurisdiction of MNEs in Cases of Human Rights Violations ». BCP Social Sciences & ; Humanities 21 (15 février 2023) : 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpssh.v21i.3426.

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As multinational enterprises continue to develop and grow, violations of international human rights law by multinational enterprises occur frequently, such as environmental damage and labor rights violations. While bringing employment and economic development to the host country, MNEs will also have a significant impact on local human rights. Multinational enterprises may directly affect the human rights in their regions by employing child labor, forced labor, discriminatory recruitment methods, poor working conditions, and carrying out activities without the consent of the residents on their land, or indirectly threaten the lives and health of others by destroying the environment. In addition, MNEs may also instigate the national government to violate human rights for commercial purposes, or support the government to adopt policies that violate human rights by providing infrastructure, financial support, or international credibility for the government, thus indirectly violating the human rights of residents. Access to justice is the most direct way for victims to seek redress in cases of human rights violations by multinational enterprises. However, as far as current practice is concerned, the judicial route is also the most difficult route to relief, of which the first issue to be resolved is jurisdiction. This research use case study, comparative research, and historical research to discuss how to strengthen the international legal regime of human rights responsibilities of MNEs, and to draw on international theoretical and practical experiences. Finally, this research systematically studies the issue and finally makes recommendations at the international and domestic levels.

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SEREDA, Olena, Bohdan KAZARIN et Oleh KARAVANSKYI. « Supervision and control over compliance with labor legislation : current status and prospects ». Economics. Finances. Law 7, n^o - (8 juillet 2022) : 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2022.7.4.

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The paper comprehensively examines the national system of labor inspection, its legal regulation in the legislation of Ukraine, the existing problems and activities of competent state bodies in this field, comparing with foreign experience and standards of the International Labor Organization. The ILO's key regulations in regulating labor inspection and requirements have been identified. The paper defines the tasks, areas of application of the mechanism of labor inspection in Ukraine, analyzes the difference between state and public control, as well as considers the organization and activities of the State Labor Service. In the course of the research, the normative legal acts regulating the mechanism of labor inspection, the procedure for carrying out measures of state supervision (control) in the field of labor were clarified. Based on the materials of case law and statistical data, the main problems in this area were identified, as well as their possible solutions. Particular attention is paid to the study of foreign experience on this issue, an example of which was the model of labor inspection in Poland, studied its structure, organization and competence. Long-term, long-term and annual programs of measures created by the Labor Inspectorate in Poland to ensure an effective system of prevention and prevention of violations of labor legislation are studied in detail. Control programs and other measures are also considered, which are carried out in a coordinated manner in accordance with specific rules, which allow to obtain results and formulate a plan of further actions.

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Boonen, A., S. Verstappen, M. Butink, C. Webers, N. Betteridge, T. Stamm, D. Wiek, A. Woolf, G. R. Burmester et H. Bijlsma. « OP0169-PARE DEVELOPMENT OF POINTS TO CONSIDER WHEN SUPPORTING PERSONS WITH REUMATIC AND MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASES TO PARTICIPATE IN HEALTHY AND SUSTAINABLE PAID WORK ». Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 80, Suppl 1 (19 mai 2021) : 101.1–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.2995.

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Background:Despite earlier diagnosis and improved management of rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs), a work participation gap remains when compared to the general population. To bridge this work participation gap, EULAR’s current strategy states that ‘by 2023, EULAR’s activities and related advocacy will have increased participation in work by people with RMDs’. To achieve this goal, guidance is needed how to support people with RMDs to remain in paid work or (re)-enter the labour force.Objectives:To develop Points to Consider (PtC) when supporting people with RMD to participate in healthy and sustainable paid work.Methods:An international expert group, established by Eular in 2019, convened twice to agree on a protocol for the development of PtC. EULAR’s standard operating procedures were followed. The group (a) defined the target audience, (b) identified areas from which knowledge should be derived to enable formulation of the PtC, (c) agreed on a strategy to collect evidence, (d) established an international taskforce to formulate and agree on the PtC, and (e) proposed an implementation plan.Results:The target audience are professionals involved in clinical care for patients with RMDs as well as their organisations, persons with RMDs and their organisations, and administrators responsible for healthcare and work policies. Six knowledge areas are identified (Table). Depending on the specific knowledge area, strategies for collecting evidence comprise synthesis of published and grey literature, surveys among various organisations and collection of case studies from employers. Whenever evidence in RMDs is limited, evidence from other chronic diseases will be sought. The international taskforce includes experts from different disciplines in rheumatology (one in other chronic diseases), EU policy makers, and representatives of PARE, HCP, EULAR Public Affairs and EMEUNET. As part of the implementation, close cooperation with national professional and patients societies is planned. Additionally, results will be included in EULAR‘s activities at the EU policy level.Table 1.Knowledge areas and strategy to retrieve evidenceIn persons with RMDs:Sources of evidence1Is work relevant for the clinical outcome of diseaseLR; Review of managament recommendations and Care Standards2What are barriers and facilitators to enter or stay in the labor forceSLR3What is the effectiveness of interventions to enter or stay in the labor forceSLR; Survey among professional and patient organisations4Which social security systems are more effective when entering or staying in the labor forceLR5How does disease influence the cycle of workSLR; Grey literature6What (not) to do by employers to let patients enter or stay in the work forceSLR; Survey among large companies; case studiesLR: Literature review; SLR: Systematic literature reviewConclusion:The proposed initiative to develop PtC should ultimately result in improvement of healthy and sustainable labor force participation of people with RMDs.Disclosure of Interests:Annelies Boonen Grant/research support from: Abbvie, Suzanne Verstappen: None declared, Maarten Butink: None declared, Casper Webers: None declared, Neil Betteridge: None declared, Tanja Stamm: None declared, Dieter Wiek: None declared, Anthony Woolf: None declared, Gerd Rüdiger Burmester: None declared, Hans Bijlsma: None declared

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Iberahim, Hadijah. « Tourists’ Perception on Memorable Tourism Experience Towards Their Revisit Intentions to Islamic Tourism Destination in Shah Alam, Selangor ». Journal of Emerging Economies and Islamic Research 1, n^o 2 (31 mai 2013) : 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jeeir.v1i2.9122.

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Identifying reasons and needs for skilled workers is an imperative managerial issue for multinational companies (MNCs) operating in foreign countries. This study examines factors that influence demand for skills at firm-level in response to external forces such as labor markets and technological change. The issue is important and urgent in the case of Malaysia, whereby the supply of skills is critically insufficient for high technology manufacturing MNCs. As an attempt to provide an insight into the issue of increasing demand for skilled workers, a comparative study on two Malaysian-based Japanese MNCs was undertaken. This exploratory study takes a qualitative approach to analyze data covering the period from 1980 to 2012. Findings show that besides the needs for technological change and constraints in labor markets, differences in firm measures have resulted to increasing demand for skilled workers. These findings have significant theoretical and practical implications to international human resource management studies. The study extends knowledge on the impact of MNCs activities on human capital development.

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Griffith, David. « Social Organizational Obstacles to Capital Accumulation Among Returning Migrants : The British West Indies Temporary Alien Labor Program ». Human Organization 45, n^o 1 (1 mars 1986) : 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.45.1.12215l5310615778.

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Recent research on return migration has undermined the idea that international labor migration serves as a vehicle for economic development in labor-sending countries. This has led to the ascendance of a view of international labor migration as yet another form of exploitation of poor nations by wealthy nations, as migrants fail to accumulate capital enough to free themselves and their replacement generations from the migrant stream. This paper examines Jamaicans who migrate to the U.S. seasonally and annually to harvest sugar cane in south Florida and apples in the Northeast. It compares their capital holdings and primary economic activities in Jamaica with other Jamaicans who have not had the opportunity to migrate to the U.S. to work. These comparisons reveal few significant differences between the migrant and non-migrant groups and suggest that seasonal migration to the U.S. generally does not result in capital accumulation among the returning migrants. The lack of capital accumulation among the majority of the migrants is then explained by reference to their temporal and structural positions within and between peasant households in Jamaica, and their obligations to those households. Also discussed are those cases of migrants who, as the households to which they are obligated change over time, have been able to accumulate small-scale capital with their U.S. earnings. This paper contributes to the refinement of the use of the household as a unit of analysis in international labor migration studies.

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Velema, Thijs A., Han-Yu Wen et Yu-Kai Zhou. « Global value added chains and the recruitment activities of European professional football teams ». International Review for the Sociology of Sport 55, n^o 2 (3 septembre 2018) : 127–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690218796771.

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This paper examines where European professional teams recruit new players in order to shed light on the functioning of global value added chains in world football. Most studies either point to the increasing internationalization of football’s labor force to argue that European clubs recruit from peripheral but culturally or historically related countries or turn to the experiences of players with domestic transfers to suggest that most teams recruit within their country. This study directly examines the recruitment activities of teams active in the highest two leagues of Europe’s top seven countries between the 2003/2004 season and the 2011/2012 season. Results indicate that even though Europe’s football labor force looks internationalized at first sight, many international players hold dual nationality and might be more aptly characterized as domestic players who are members of the large immigrant communities who came to Europe after the de-colonization of former colonies or as part of the stream of labor migrants in the 1960s and 1970s. Moreover, for most teams, domestic mobility forms the backbone of their recruitment activities, but some teams, especially in Portugal, buy football talent from teams in the global South and sell their best players to larger European teams. These results urge researchers to reconsider teams as more myopic and geographically bounded actors in global value added chains, incorporate domestic mobility into global value added chains, reconsider what counts as the core and the (semi-)periphery connected through the chains, and be wary of approaches taking countries or even leagues as the basic unit of analysis in global value added chains.

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Mamytbek uulu, Talgar, et Muratbek Aibashev. « Labor migration and development of human resources of the Kyrgyz Republic ». Population 24, n^o 2 (29 juin 2021) : 154–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2021.24.2.14.

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The purpose of the presented research was to study the impact of labor migration on the development of human resources in Kyrgyzstan. Before collecting the data, several theoretical assumptions were identified, ranging from personal experiences of migrant workers to their remittances and new skills acquired during the migration process. A common finding of the literature on migration is that migrants are more likely to choose self-employment upon return to their origin countries. This has led to the belief that return migration stimulates entrepreneurship in source countries and hence support economic development. In this paper we test these assertions, drawing on the study of life in Kyrgyzstan, a rich longitudinal data set from transition economies with high levels of international temporary migration. We find that for return migrants, self-employment is often a temporary occupational choice, suggesting that self-employment serves as a 'parking lot'. This research used case studies with quantitative and qualitative data, as well as the authors' sociological studies. Analysis of interviews with 25 current labor migrants in Russia and 25 repatriates in Kyrgyzstan concerned the following aspects: problems and benefits of migration; development of new skills; use of money transfers; reasons to return; employment or self-employment; remittances as investments and governments assistance in entrepreneurial activities of returnees. According to the research results, it was concluded that labor migration has an impact on development, which falls within the framework of the development of human resources. This is especially noticeable with regard to remittances and new skills brought by labor migrants to the Kyrgyz Republic.

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WANG, Jianbo, Raluca-Elena GHINEA, Cristina STATE et Xiaoliang ZHANG. « Labor Market - Evolution and Trends in Post-Pandemic Times ». European Journal of Sustainable Development 12, n^o 4 (1 octobre 2023) : 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2023.v12n4p95.

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Since the appearance of the first entrepreneurial activities, people have noticed that the most important resource, without which they will not be able to be successful, is the human resource. Over time, industries and fields of activity have evolved and this is obvious to everyone, but this would not have been possible without well-trained, involved and eager people to achieve performance. Therefore, whatever resources are involved in a business, regardless of the field, country, coverage area, the human resource remains the most valuable. The business sector is constantly evolving and, along with it, the labor market also shows a dynamic that is at least directly proportional. The pandemic period strongly affected almost all economic sectors and, at the same time, a very large number of employees were directly affected by these changes: either they became unemployed, or they were laid off, or (the happiest ones) they continued the flow of work, without being strongly affected by what happened in the market. We have analysed these changes at the international level in order to outline the evolution of the labor market in recent years and its future trends. Through this article, with the help of the synthesis of case studies carried out by accredited institutions as well as the specialized literature, we propose to identify what was, with the total or partial return to normality, the dynamics of the labor market and how the companies managed to straighten and fold with the new realities of the markets. Keywords: pandemic, human resources, business growth, crisis, labor market

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Horvat, Lea, et Ivana Mihaela Žimbrek. « The kitchen turn in Socialist Yugoslavia : Women, materiality, and (un)paid labor, 1950s-1970s ». Connexe : les espaces postcommunistes en question(s) 9, n^o 1 (28 décembre 2023) : 11–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5077/journals/connexe.2023.e962.

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The article shows the trajectory of Yugoslav kitchen design between early 1950s and early 1970s, from its pathbreaking emergence within home economies institutions and women’s organizations to mass production, commercialization, and popularization by the furniture industry. Centered on two case studies –the Swedish kitchen designed by Branka Tancig in 1954 and Cocktail 68, designed by Biala Leban in 1968– the article explores temporal and qualitative changes in Yugoslav kitchenscapes with several critical junctions –women’s activism, home economics, kitchen design, and women’s (un)paid labor. We argue that the initial expert focus on producing simplified, efficient kitchens for modern households has been transformed in the light of economic, social, and artistic changes from the mid-1960s into an industry-driven promotion of elaborate and colorful kitchen designs. This transformation, however, should not be seen in a dichotomic manner; although the differences in design were strongly linked to changing materialities, and their symbolic values while promoting an entirely dissimilar type of user, all were a result of efforts in standardization and modernization driven by Yugoslav women’s professional activities in architecture, design, and home economics. By weaving together these different themes, we bring new insights into the history of Yugoslav design, materiality, science, women’s expertise, organizing labor, and transnationalism in the 1950s and 1960s.

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Ullah, Rafi, Arab Naz et Aqsa Wadood. « International Migration of Father and Academic Performance of Children Left Behind : A Case Study of Dir Lower ». Intercontinental Journal of Social Sciences 1, n^o 1 (15 janvier 2024) : 38–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.62583/8fy7hgd.

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Migration is global phenomenon. People migrate from one place to other for various reasons such as war, or climate change or similarly for better job opportunities. Many Pakistani Labour people works in the Arab states of Persian Gulf, leaving their families behind. We consider the consequences for their children education, such as absenteeism, lack of participation in the class activities and unsatisfactory grades in subjects like mathematics, science and English. In absence of proper check and balance, labour migrants children prefer gaming over giving more attention to their studies. It is evident from the study that emigration of father has significant impact on leaning abilities and level of concentration in class. In this context, it is evident that stress is major factor which hinders the learning abilities of children of emigrant fathers. It is evident that father emigration is responsible for poor performance in the school. The academic performance such as test performance of children remain poor whose father work abroad particularly, in subjects such as mathematics, science and English.

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Milovanova, Marina, et Valeria Vasilevskaya. « Violence and harassment in the world of work as a gender problem ». Science. Culture. Society 28, n^o 2S (6 septembre 2022) : 46–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/nko.2022.28.2s.4.

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The problem of violence and harassment in the sphere of social and labor relations is actualized as a gender problem, the representation of which is difficult due to insufficient case studies and latency. The article analyzes statistical data and conducted quantitative sociological surveys, the author's qualitative research "The activities of trade unions in promoting the principles of gender equality" by the method of in-depth interviews of representatives and leaders of Russian trade unions who are experts in the field of gender. The empirical base made it possible to identify the level of harassment severity in the workplace, to prioritize in comparison with other issues of economic discrimination based on gender, the readiness of society to discuss it openly and publicly. The range of reasons why people are discriminated against in the workplace, their conditionality by the level of material well-being, determinism by poverty, employment industry, and the difference in the interpretation of cultural and moral norms in generations is determined. As a mechanism that could be a step towards changing the attitude of the members of social partnership to violence and harassment in the world of work the respondents discussed the ILO Convention 190 “About Eliminating of Violence and Harassment in the World of Work” (2019), restrictions on its ratification due to the current political and international situation. It is concluded that the active role of Russian trade unions, their gender structures, which are associative members of international trade union organizations in educational, informational work, real assistance to victims, as well as participation in the development of legislative initiatives and recommendations in the enforcement of existing laws, remains. The need to search for internal tools to solve the problem of violence and harassment in the sphere of social and labor relations, redirection of the public agenda into a constructive way is predicted.

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Kim, Chae Bong. « A Study on the Method of Teaching by Connecting Reading·Debate·Writing ». Research Society for the Korean Language Education 20 (31 décembre 2023) : 215–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.25022/jkler.2023.20.215.

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The purpose of this article is to provide education in connection with reading·debate·writing as a way to maximize the advantages and compensate for segmental education. The following is a summary of the research content and a conclusion based on it. First, segmental education is efficient to strengthen the foundations and basics, but it lacks flexibility to contain the nature and results of flexible thinking activities, so linkage education is needed to strengthen language use skills by strengthening the link between functions. Second, linkage education can be conducted around the composition of sub-units, and sub-units can be composed like ‘reading→reading‧debate→reading‧writing→reading‧debate‧writing’, ‘writing→writing‧debate→writing‧reading→reading‧debate‧writing’, ‘debate→debate‧reading→debate‧writing→reading‧debate‧writing’. Third, when selecting a book, the goal of the class, the stage of the learner’s development, and the learner’s interest must be considered. Forth, the points that should be used for the association activites that are the basis for each language function are follows. In the case of reading, intellectual action should be performed in consideration of the reader’s background, the nature of the reading material, and the criteria for performing the task. in the case of writing, we should follow the rules in consideration of the purpose writing and do systematic writing activities through appropriate division of labor. Do it. In the case of debate, you should use reading and writing at the same time to have a debate, but clarify the method and direction of the debate.

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Pérez-Nebra, Amalia Raquel, Fabiana Queiroga, Lara Barros Martins, João Gabriel Nunes Modesto et Marilena Bertolino. « Decent work housebound : Recovery experiences of parents during the pandemic ». Multidisciplinary Journal of Gender Studies 11, n^o 2 (25 juin 2022) : 144–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/generos.7583.

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The International Labor Organization considers that gender equality and hours for free time and adequate rest are part of the essential dimensions of decent work. This work aims to analyze parents' reinvigorating experiences in the situation of mandatory telework, controlled by job satisfaction. The research has been developed in Brazil, one of the countries most affected by the extension of the confinement entailing from political and economic decisions that have worsened the health crisis. The survey was responded to by 535 respondents, of which 286 were parents. Results show higher means between parents in experiences of relaxation, mastery, control, and psychological detachment. Although considered a high-protective strategy, the latter is little used by both parents. Another tendency found in the results is that children's presence at home negatively affects mothers more than fathers regarding job satisfaction with mandatory telework entailing from the pandemic. Balancing work and family is not an easy equation. It is even worse in a society where women, mainly mothers, blame themselves when they want to relax or decide to take on challenging activities. In the social light, it seems unsustainable to have more responsibility for family care, and this responsibility is not followed by recovery.

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Tatyana Golubkova, Alexander Masharsky et Lada Sirjajeva. « INFLUENCE OF INTELLECTUAL MIGRATION ON THE ECONOMY OF LATVIA ». European Cooperation 2, n^o 42 (30 avril 2019) : 62–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.32070/ec.v2i42.39.

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The importance of human capital for innovation and economic growth is widely recognized. Innovative enterprises are one of the main factors of economic growth. Consequently, venture capital firms are key players in ensuring economic growth and innovation. In this study, the authors paid attention to factors that contribute to the success of activities using venture capital and investments. One of the main factors was human capital. Nevertheless, there are not enough specialists in countries with low economic development, while in developed countries there may be an overabundance of specialists of certain specialties. For this reason, specialists, who did not find a place in the labor market according to the obtained specialty, are forced to look for another job, often low-skilled one. Experts are willing to accept cooperation offers from venture capital funds, as they, in turn, offer not only earnings, but a flexible schedule, which is not tied to the location. For example, often IT professionals can work anytime during the day and from any part of the world. Nevertheless, even if the specialist has to come to a certain country to implement the project, then, in any case, this is only a temporary phenomenon. Due to this fact, they avoid spending time and money on relocation, paperwork and search for accommodation. The work examines the modern processes of international intellectual migration and their features. Special attention is paid to the consideration of the place of Latvia in the international intellectual labor market, problems of adaptation to the rules of its functioning in the context of globalization. The following question was studied: what is the main reason for intellectual migration and the increasing tendency of conflict of interests of employers' claims and professional competence in the labor market? To check whether the problem of migration of qualified personnel abroad is relevant for Latvia, a survey was conducted, during which the main reasons for the migration of specialists were identified. The article ends with conclusion that the development of venture investment could have a positive effect on the economy of Latvia.

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Angelova, Milena. « „The Last Crusade“. International Contexts of the Fight against Tuberculosis in Bulgaria up to the Middle of the 20th Century ». Scientific knowledge - autonomy, dependence, resistance 29, n^o 2 (30 mai 2020) : 203–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v29i2.15.

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In Bulgaria tuberculosis considerably began to be viewed as a social problem at the end of the 19th century and all experts were on the same opinion: the fight against tuberculosis had to be preventive, that meant: improvement of hygiene and labor conditions, overall information about the disease aimed to reach widest circles of the population and last not least, medical treatment. In the early 20th century in Bulgaria 20 000 persons annually died from tuberculosis, which was one of the highest percentages in Europe at that time. The First World War marks a turning point in the overall orientation of Bulgarian antituberculosis efforts. The nation’s arsenal of dispensaries, sanatoriums, and related facilities — its “war on tuberculosis”, in the reformers’ military terminology – was subject to increasingly anxious inventory and scrutiny. Bulgarian reformers (doctors and hygienists) placed also special emphasis on personal responsibility in the fight against tuberculosis. Throughout the 1920s and 1930s the state started to introduce standards and common bureaucratic rules of social work and centralized the public health care, including the fight against tuberculosis. International models and standards influenced the tuberculosis control policies in Bulgaria – especially the activities of the League of Nations Health Organisation, the International Health Division of the Rockefeller Foundation and the American Near East Foundation.

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Ivanchina, Yulia V., et Yelena A. Istomina. « DIGITALIZATION OF SOCIAL AND LABOR RELATIONS IN A CHANGING WORLD : COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS ». Tyumen State University Herald. Social, Economic, and Law Research 6, n^o 4 (2020) : 192–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2411-7897-2020-6-4-192-213.

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The onset of the information society and the digital economy is a natural stage in the development of any state. Informatization of all spheres of social life actualizes the issues of research of already established social relations and their legal regulation, taking into account a new element — their digital support. Employment relationships, as well as social security relationships, are no exception in terms of digital penetration. Labor legislation and legislation on social security, being independent, are often implemented in a systemic relationship, since they are aimed at ensuring the quality of life of individuals. This relationship affects a variety of aspects: employment, the combination (balance) of work and family responsibilities, as well as private life and health care. This determines the potential for a comprehensive analysis of the labor and social rights of citizens in the context of digitalization. The importance of such studies is all the more obvious because, in the context of the spread of the new coronavirus infection, the restrictions imposed, including social distancing, made it impossible, for many, both to carry out work activities and to apply for and receive social benefits. The preservation of the quality of life of the population of this state largely depends on the extent to which the state’s reaction, expressed externally in the form of adopted regulatory legal acts, corresponds to the current situation and helps to solve emerging problems. This article, based on the comparative method of scientific research, shows the development of remote work in Russia and in foreign countries. The importance of information, information technologies and systems in the field of social security is analyzed. The spread of the new coronavirus infection has affected the whole world, and the experience of legal regulation, developed in states with different levels of development, can, taking into account its interpretation, be applied to a certain extent in Russian conditions. In addition, the article emphasizes that the law of any state should be oriented towards international standards in the relevant area.

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Pezaro, Sally, Isabelle Brock, Maggie Buckley, Sarahann Callaway, Serwet Demirdas, Alan Hakim, Cheryl Harris et al. « Management of childbearing with hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and hypermobility spectrum disorders : A scoping review and expert co-creation of evidence-based clinical guidelines ». PLOS ONE 19, n^o 5 (15 mai 2024) : e0302401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0302401.

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Objective To co-create expert guidelines for the management of pregnancy, birth, and postpartum recovery in the context of hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (hEDS) and hypermobility spectrum disorders (HSD). Design Scoping Review and Expert Co-creation. Setting United Kingdom, United States of America, Canada, France, Sweden, Luxembourg, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands. Sample Co-creators (n = 15) included expertise from patients and clinicians from the International Consortium on the Ehlers-Danlos syndromes and Hypermobility Spectrum Disorders, facilitated by the Ehlers-Danlos Society. Methods A scoping review using Embase, Medline, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and CINHAL was conducted from May 2022 to September 2023. Articles were included if they reported primary research findings in relation to childbearing with hEDS/HSD, including case reports. No language limitations were placed on our search, and our team had the ability to translate and screen articles retrieved in English, French, Spanish, Italian, Russian, Swedish, Norwegian, Dutch, Danish, German, and Portuguese. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool was used to assess bias and quality appraise articles selected. The co-creation of guidelines was based on descriptive evidence synthesis along with practical and clinical experience supported by patient and public involvement activities. Results Primary research studies (n = 14) and case studies (n = 21) including a total of 1,260,317 participants informed the co-creation of guidelines in four overarching categories: 1) Preconceptual: conception and screening, 2) Antenatal: risk assessment, management of miscarriage and termination of pregnancy, gastrointestinal issues and mobility, 3) Intrapartum: risk assessment, birth choices (mode of birth and intended place of birth), mobility in labor and anesthesia, and 4) Postpartum: wound healing, pelvic health, care of the newborn and infant feeding. Guidelines were also included in relation to pain management, mental health, nutrition and the common co-morbidities of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, other forms of dysautonomia, and mast cell diseases. Conclusions There is limited high quality evidence available. Individualized strategies are proposed for the management of childbearing people with hEDS/HSD throughout pregnancy, birth, and the postpartum period. A multidisciplinary approach is advised to address frequently seen issues in this population such as tissue fragility, joint hypermobility, and pain, as well as common comorbidities, including dysautonomia and mast cell diseases.

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Hui, Elaine Sio-ieng, et Chris King-chi Chan. « From production to reproduction : Pension strikes and changing characteristics of workers’ collective action in China ». Journal of Industrial Relations 64, n^o 1 (6 décembre 2021) : 3–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00221856211052070.

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Workers in the global South are becoming increasingly sensitive to their pension rights. In recent years, rural migrant workers in China have staged a series of protests to fight for pension protection. Drawing from two in-depth case studies conducted in the Pearl River Delta, we explain why workers staged pension strikes, what these protests looked like, how the employers and the government responded, and how these protests differed from previous strikes. Building upon insights from the sociology of collective action and labour process theory, we formulate a new framework for examining labour protests. In addition to seeing workers’ collective action as defensive or offensive, this framework helps us interpret these actions in relation to the spheres of production and reproduction. It classifies pension strikes in China as defensive actions located in the sphere of reproduction, which are distinct from previous strikes that were either defensive or offensive actions situated in the sphere of production. This synthesised framework assists us in theorising that workers’ protest activities, especially in the global South, are not restricted to the traditional production sphere but can also be found in the reproduction sphere.

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Горлова, Н. И. « Organization of Volunteer Camps at Historical and Сultural Heritage Sites in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic : International Experience ». Nasledie Vekov, n^o 1(25) (22 avril 2021) : 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.36343/sb.2021.25.1.004.

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Цель исследования – выявление принципов и правил организации международных волонтерских кампусов в области сохранения историко-культурного наследия в условиях пандемии COVID-19 на примере деятельности некоммерческих организаций HistoriCorps (США) и Ассоциации REMPART (Франция), специализирующихся в этой сфере. Использованы документы данных организаций, программные материалы по волонтерской работе. Изучены нормы, касающиеся вопросов проживания участников международных проектов, их численности, питания, проезда, организации культурно-досуговой программы и длительности проведения лагеря в период пандемии. Установлено, что во время карантина появились принципиально новые стандарты реализации международных проектов волонтерскими организациями. Сформулированы общие требования к организации волонтерских кампусов: от обеспечения волонтеров средствами индивидуальной защиты до их размещения принимающей стороной, создание системы мониторинга самочувствия волонтеров и сотрудников проекта. The aim of the study was to identify the principles and rules for organizing international volunteer camps in the field of preserving historical and cultural heritage in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic using the example of the activities of non-profit organizations HistoriCorps (USA) and the REMPART Association (France), specializing in this field. The study used reports, guidelines and instructions for working with participants on volunteer camps of these organizations during quarantine and in the subsequent post-pandemic period. The author applies a structural-functional approach using the methods of interpretation of legal norms and a comparative method. The practice of conducting volunteer camps was studied on the example of the activities of the American organization HistoriCorps. The data on the number of volunteers, the number of man-hours, employment conditions, peculiarities of the organization of activities, requirements for the personality, competencies and duties of the head of the volunteer brigade were revealed. The changes due to the COVID-19 pandemic and related to the rules and principles of preparing HistoriCorps volunteer camps, new requirements for organizing a volunteer camp and creating conditions for safe volunteer activities were investigated in detail. The HistoriCorps protocols regulating the procedure for actions in case of suspected signs of coronavirus infection in project participants were analyzed. The changes in the methodology of conducting volunteer camps, developed by the French volunteer association REMPART and related to the response of this organization to the spread of COVID-19, were studied. Specific actions, helping to ensure the sanitary safety of the participants, were identified in relation to the organization of volunteer labor. It was determined that the condition for participation in the volunteer camp should be the provision of a medical document (the PCR test result), indicating that the candidate does not have COVID-19, the passage of special training on health and safety by employees, and the provision of personal protective equipment to volunteers in accordance with the requirements of local authorities. The study resulted in a generalization of the experience accumulated by international volunteer organizations on taking additional measures related to the safe conduct of camps during the COVID-19 pandemic and the development of a number of universal recommendations that can become a practical guide for organizers and participants of volunteer camps, regardless of the location of the projects.

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Myslivskiy, P. P. « Execution of Judgments and Advisory Opinions of the Court of the Eurasian Economic Union ». Moscow Journal of International Law, n^o 3 (9 octobre 2021) : 78–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/0869-0049-2021-3-78-97.

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INTRODUCTION. Since January 1, 2015, a new body of international justice, the Court of the Eurasian Economic Union (hereinafter – Court of the EAEU, the Court) has been functioning. This Court operates in accordance with the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union of May 29, 2014 (hereinafter – the Treaty on the EAEU), as well as the Statute of the Court of the Eurasian Economic Union (Appendix No. 2 to the Treaty on the EAEU; hereinafter the Statute). The EAEU Court replaced the Eurasian Economic Community Court (hereinafter – the EurAsEC Court), which functioned from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2014 and had a scope of powers comparable to the current EAEU Court. These bodies have developed a significant amount of case-law on various issues of Eurasian integration, which, by virtue of paragraph 1 of Article 1 of the Treaty on the EAEU, presupposes freedom of movement of goods, capital, services, and labor forces. Thus, the EurAsEC Court and the EEU Court have delivered judicial acts on various issues of lifting barriers in the Eurasian market, customs classification, regulation of the activities of leasing companies, competition law, the status of foreign athletes in sports competitions, currency movement between the EAEU member states and other issues inwhich international law (EAEU law) was applied and interpreted.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The article examines law on the activities and competence of the EAEU Court, as well as the judicial practice of the EAEU Court and the EurAsEC Court. The article examines the differences between the judicial acts of the EAEU Court – judgments and advisory opinions. The doctrine is considered, which indicates that the decisions of this supranational judicial body (that is, the body to which the Union member states have transferred competence to consider disputes previously considered in national courts in relation to decisions (actions, inaction) of state bodies; access to which is without exhausting domestic legal remedies) entail legal consequences towards an indefinite set of persons (erga omnes), and non-binding acts of the Court, advisory opinions. The practice of execution of decisions and advisory opinions of the EAEU Court at various levels is considered in the present article.During the research, general scientific methods were used: historical, formal legal, system analysis, comparative analysis, etc.RESEARCH RESULTS. The study made it possible to come to the conclusion that by now, in general, a positive practice of execution of decisions and advisory opinions of the EAEU Court has been formed. This body influences the legal reality of both the EAEU and its member states through the judicial acts rendered by it – the EAEU Court makes decisions that are generally executed by the EAEU member states, the EEC voluntarily or compulsorily. At the same time, the EAEU court does not always take into account its own practice in the cases under consideration. The advisory opinions of the EAEU Court are сonsidered by both the EEC and the member states of the Union in the context of lawmaking and law enforcement.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The topic of the article aims to reveal how the decisions and advisory opinions of the EAEU Court are executed. The study identified the features of the competence of the EAEU Court at the present stage, as well as possible ways of its development until 2025. The similarities and differences of judicial acts of the EAEU Court – binding decisions and non-binding advisory opinions – are considered. It was concluded that the decisions of the EAEU Court differ from decisions of other international courts – they are binding erga omnes and have the functions of restoring violated rights and directing the judicial practice of national courts, while the advisory opinions can be considered exclusively non-binding only in part, since they contribute to the formation of opinio juris of States and the Eurasian Economic Commission.The study showed that the execution of decisions and advisory opinions of the EAEU Court occurs at various levels – by the Court itself, by the losing party (voluntarily or compulsorily), in the national judicial authorities; the practice of execution of advisory opinions made it possible to reveal that the advisory opinions of the EAEU Court are essential, since they form opinio juris in the EAEU and are taken into account by national judicial and legislative bodies in various fi lds – antitrust regulation, establishing the status of foreign players in sports competitions and others, as well as helping to protect the interests of international civil servants of the EAEU bodies.

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Walukow, Christania, Srie J. Sondakh, Steelma V. Rantung, Jeannette F. Pangemanan, Swenekhe S. Durand et Florence V. Longdong. « GENDER PADA USAHA PENGOLAHAN IKAN KAYU DI PT. CELEBES MINAPRATAMA KOTA BITUNG ». AKULTURASI 11, n^o 2 (13 septembre 2023) : 274–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.35800/akulturasi.v11i2.46999.

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Abstract The purpose of this study is to find out and find differences in gender work in each wood fish processing unit starting from the receipt of raw materials to exports and knowing the division of labor or the role of women and men (gender roles) in wood fish processing activities. Case studies are the basic method used in this study with data collection techniques using the purposive sampling method which is carried out with several considerations so that the data obtained will be more precise. The sample interviewed amounted to 10% of the population determined at each processing unit. Data collection is carried out through observation, interviews, questionnaires and documentation, both photo documentation and taking written documents at relevant agencies. Data collection is carried out through observation, interviews, questionnaires and documentation, both photo documentation and taking written documents at relevant agencies. The data obtained were then analyzed with an analysis of the Harvard Model developed by the Harvard Institute for International Development based on the Women in Development (WID) efficiency approach which is the earliest gender analysis and gender planning framework. All genders are employed in appropriate portions or corridors, namely the number of women is more in productive processing activities with a percentage of 61.42% because it is considered that these activities are easy to do and reach by female workers while men in reproductive processing activities with a percentage of 80.77% because these activities require extra energy but are assisted by machines to facilitate workers. The role of men is more in jobs that require extra energy, while women play an important role in light to moderate work with the characteristics of work that requires accuracy, patience and repetitiveness. Keywords: gender; processing; wooden fish Abstrak Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui dan menemukan perbedaan pekerjaan gender pada setiap unit pengolahan ikan kayu mulai dari penerimaan bahan baku sampai ke ekspor serta mengetahui pembagian kerja atau peran perempuan dan laki-laki (peran gender) dalam kegiatan pengolahan ikan kayu. Studi kasus merupakan metode dasar yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini dengan teknik pengambilan data adalah dengan menggunakan metode purposive sampling yang diakukan dengan beberapa pertimbangan agar data yang diperoleh akan lebih tepat. Sampel yang diwawancarai berjumlah 10% dari populasi yang ditentukan pada setiap unit pengolahan. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui observasi, wawancara, kuisioner dan dokumentasi baik itu dokumentasi foto maupun pengambilan dokumen tertulis pada instansi terkait. Data yang diperoleh kemudian dianalis dengan analisis Model Harvard yang dikembangkan oleh Harvard Institute for International Development ini didasarkan pada pendekatan efisiensi Women In Development (WID) yang merupakan kerangka analisis gender dan perencanaan gender yang paling awal. Semua gender dipekerjakan pada porsi atau koridor yang sesuai yaitu jumlah perempuan lebih banyak pada kegiatan produktif pengolahan dengan persentase 61,42% karena dianggap kegiatan tersebut mudah dilakukan dan dijangkau oleh tenaga perempuan sedangkan laki-laki pada kegiatan reproduktif pengolahan dengan persentase 80,77% karena pada kegiatan tersebut membutuhkan tenaga ekstra tetapi dibantu dengan mesin untuk mempermudah pekerjan. Peranan laki-laki lebih banyak pada pekerjaan yang membutuhkan tenaga ekstra, sedangkan perempuan berperan penting pada pekerjaan ringan sampai sedang dengan karakteristik pekerjaan yang membutuhkan ketelitian, kesabaran dan berulang-ulang. Kata kunci: gender; pengolahan; ikan kayu

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Bögenhold, Dieter, et Uwe Fachinger. « Micro-Firms and the Margins of Entrepreneurship ». International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 8, n^o 4 (novembre 2007) : 281–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000007782433169.

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This paper deals with the margins of entrepreneurship at which small business owners are working almost on their own with no or very few employees, and where some work for low returns and run firms that lack stability and/or prosperous dynamics. However, even the area of ‘entrepreneurship at the margins’ is a wide field, embracing not only the broad margins of entrepreneurship but also the fluid borders between entrepreneurship and the informal sector on the one side and the labour market system on the other. New firms – even those that are ultimately very successful – may be more or less created in an experimental market and product testing phase, in which business founders are still employed or registered as unemployed before becoming self-employed. In such cases, the practical starting-point of an entrepreneurial existence is part of a fluent continuum of different activities closely connected to the entrepreneur's sphere of dependent work as an employee or job-seeking during a period of unemployment. The paper addresses this area of entrepreneurship within an integrated framework, which combines entrepreneurship analysis with labour market research and studies on social stratification and social mobility. It contributes to the debate on entrepreneurship at the margins by combining selected empirical information on the case of Germany with conceptual ideas of a labour market perspective. The integrated approach highlights some key issues and raises further questions about the field of entrepreneurship.

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Chung, Da Young. « A Study on the Improvement of the Legal and Institutional System for the Response of harassment Cases in University ». Korea Association for Corruption Studies 28, n^o 4 (31 décembre 2023) : 235–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.52663/kcsr.2023.28.4.235.

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As a university is a community comprised of the activities of various members such as students, professors, and employees, harassment among university members appears in various and complex ways, and depending on the member, it becomes a problem as a violation of the right to study for some and a violation of labor rights for others. After the recent ban on 'harassment in the workplace' was stipulated under the Labor Standards Act, the university intends to apply the ban on workplace harassment under the Labor Standards Act in responding to harassment issues among members. However, in the case of members who are not employees, such as students, there is a hierarchy among members. Cases of harassment, such as cases where there is no relationship, are not subject to the application of current laws, causing universities to take a lukewarm response to protecting and responding to victims. In order for universities to actively autonomously regulate and respond to the various harassment behaviors of members that are in legal blind spots, it is necessary to first understand the concept of harassment behavior that must be ‘regulated and disciplined.’ In this regard, this study examined the concept of harassment behavior that is sought to be legally regulated through regulations prohibiting harassment in our current legal system, and also attempted to suggest problems and directions for improvement in the regulation of harassment in the current legal system. Meanwhile, as the Higher Education Act of 2021 mandated the establishment of human rights centers in universities, it became possible for harassment issues at universities to be treated as human rights violations through the human rights centers. However, the current scope of work of the Human Rights Center in Article 19-3, Paragraph 2 of the Higher Education Act is insufficient for the Human Rights Center to fully fulfill its functions and roles. In this regard, I also wanted to discuss the direction of legal improvement of regulations related to university human rights centers to comply with the responsibility of universities, which are higher education institutions, to create a human rights-friendly educational environment and the function of protecting victims of human rights violations.

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Coale, Ansley. « G. M. Farooq and G. B. Simmons (eels.). Fertility in Developing Countries. London : The MacMillan Press (for the International Labour Office). 1985. xXiii + 533 pp. » Pakistan Development Review 26, n^o 1 (1 mars 1987) : 119–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v26i1pp.119-120.

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In 1972 the United Nations Fund for Population Activities initiated support for a programme of research within the International Labour Organization on population and employment. Determinants of fertility have been a major theme in this research programme, as is evident in an earlier Progress Report on the programme [3]. The book here reviewed is an attempt to distil some general conclusions from this research, and to present ideas and evidence not included in the 1982 publication. The first section of the book contains a summary of theories of fertility determination; a brief description of the findings of empirical research on fertility, and of the problems of empirical research on the economics of fertility; some comments on the relevance for policy of research on the economics of fertility; and some suggestions for more fruitful research strategies. The second part deals with selected methodological problems: the definition and measurement of fertility; econometric problems of analysing cross-sectional and time-series data; estimation and interpretation of aggregate data; specification and estimation of models fertility; and the uses of simulation techniques in studying the effects of economic policy on fertility. As this list of topics indicates, the emphasis in this section (and in most of the book) is on research on fertility by economists. The last chapter in the second section, however, describes anthropological approaches to the study of fertility. The final section contains six case studies on Kenya, Nigeria, rural India, rural Turkey, Yugoslavia, and a comparative study of Costa Rica and Mexico.

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Riekkinen, Mariya, Kanat Kozhabek, Aizhan Zhatkanbayeva et Pekka Riekkinen. « Access to Socio-Cultural Life inside Assisted Care Homes ? » NISPAcee Journal of Public Administration and Policy 9, n^o 2 (1 décembre 2016) : 199–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nispa-2016-0020.

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Abstract This is a comparative survey of two national legal frameworks in Finland and Kazakhstan providing the elderly in assisted care homes with an opportunity of socio-cultural inclusion. The study departs from the evolving international standards of ageing, which dictate legal obligations to provide the elderly in residential care with access to socio-cultural activities. Our analysis continues with explorations how these standards are reflected in legislation of two selected states. We deliberately selected these two jurisdictions, different in many respects, the most significant of which are the current state of the welfare system and the approach towards elderly care. The residential care in Finland is the primary responsibility of the state, a common modern solution adapted to meet the realities of the modern volatile labor market, career and self-oriented life style and hectic differentiating global economy. In Kazakhstan such care is provided by the state only for those older persons who are in difficult life situation, whereas the able relatives are legally responsible for providing care for the elderly in need of 24 / 7 assistance. Respectively Kazakhstan’s social order relies extensively on family ties. Our analysis covers the status of the elderly residing both in 24 / 7 institutional care and in the so-called serviced apartments where the elderly are not in constant care. Rather than drawing on the generalized status of dependency we keep up with the premise that the elderly are special-rights holders. This limitation leaves studying the position of other individuals under public custody out of the present research agenda. Relying extensively on legal analysis, we employ, in particular, a comparative law method and empirical studies, i.e. the interviews with the aged rights holders. After we examined how the opportunities for socio-cultural inclusion of the elderly are implemented in two selected jurisdictions with principally different welfare systems, we found that the problem in question is topical for each of the states under consideration. In light of the evolving international law standards institutional practices in both jurisdictions must be sensitive to the issue of socio-cultural inclusion. The socio-cultural dimension of the wellbeing of the elderly, especially with respect to those who are in 24 / 7 care, should be incorporated in the legal system of Kazakhstan just as it exists in the statutory law of Finland.

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Tsalikova, I. K., et S. V. Pakhotina. « Scientific Research on the Issue of Soft Skills Development (Review of the Data in International Databases of Scopus, Web of Science) ». Education and science journal 21, n^o 8 (18 octobre 2019) : 187–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.17853/1994-5639-2019-7-187-207.

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Introduction. In today’s world, professionals in any sphere of occupation should have soft skills in order to be in demand in the labour market, to quickly build a career and to achieve personal success. Soft skills involve: skills to communicate, to think creatively and unconventionally, to work in a team and to take responsibility, to organise own time effectively and to adapt quickly in new situations, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to be an owner of social qualities, which are commonly referred to as universal competencies, aimed at to finding optimal balanced solutions in a wide range of daily professional tasks. These skills are not quantifiable and are not generally described in job descriptions, but precisely these skills ensure high efficiency and productivity in any industry. In Western countries, the issues and strategies for soft skills formation in different categories of population have been studied for quite some time. Recently, these problems have become much more common among Russian scientists. The growing relevance of this issue is related to the changes in educational system, the changes in educational and personal guidelines, and the requirements for professional activities. This article is an overview of scientific Russian and foreign publications devoted to the aspects of soft skills development.The aims of the present research are the following: to identify the main trends in the study of soft skills and the possibilities for their acquisition by a person; to find out the similarities and differences between Russian and foreign studies; to determine the most promising scientific inquiry.Methodology and research methods. The study is based on the comparative-historical method. The authors used content-analysis and comparative analysis of documents, articles and results of statistical reports in international databases of Scopus and Web of Science within the period from 1975 to March 2019.Results and scientific novelty. For the first time, the authors conducted retrospective panoramic review of publications on soft skills, systemised additional information concerning the topic under discussion and identified the similarities between existing problems in different countries: lack of appropriate attention to soft skills development when designing educational programmes; insufficient involvement of employers in this process; complexity of the process of observing and evaluating soft skills; difference between the set of competencies acquired by graduates during studies with expectations and demand in the labour market, etc. Diverse ways of soft skills development are offered: organisation of special courses taught out of the subject context (which have already shown their inefficiency), mastering soft skills in parallel with the process of subject-based training or through the potential of particular disciplines. The international scientific community agrees with the statement that educational programmes, in any case, need to be refocused on the soft skills development. However, the general trend is the presentation in most studies of local statistical results, rather narrow professional topics of research and limited time (1–2 academic years). Concerning methodological tools for measuring universal social skills, both Russian and foreign authors prefer case study, classroom research and questionnaires.In general, Russian pedagogical science demonstrates the same vector of development as foreign science, but passes the same stages as other countries with a lag. The only significant difference was found in the research topic: according to the publications of Russian scientists, little attention is given to the problem of migrants’ soft skills. Indeed, the issue of soft skills development is one of the most relevant problems abroad. This can probably be attributed to the specifics of migration processes: for instance, many foreign citizens with completely different cultural and religious mentalities arrive in the European Union; on the contrary, Russia is migrated mainly from former Soviet republics, wherein people are close to the Russians in emotional intelligence.Practical significance. The results of the analytical review allow the scientific and pedagogical community to obtain a comprehensive picture of the main trends in studying the problems of soft skills development and to identify priority directions of further research.

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Duraj, Tomasz. « Introduction into the international research project “In search of a legal model of self-employment in Poland. A comparative analysis ». Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica 103 (13 décembre 2023) : 5–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0208-6069.103.01.

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The purpose of the present article is to present to the readers the key concepts underlying the international research project funded by the National Science Centre and led by Prof. Tomasz Duraj titled “In Search of the Self-Employment Model in Poland. A Comparative Analysis”. The chief research task undertaken by the project participants is a complex legal analysis of self-employment – not only from the perspective of Polish regulations and case law, but also with regard to solutions existing in international and Union law as well as in selected European countries. The area of study covered such legal systems as those of the United Kingdom, Germany, Austria, Spain, France, Italy, Hungary, as well as Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. Most centrally, the results of the study will serve to develop an original legal model of self-employment in Poland, which will redefine the special status of the self-employed in an optimal way. The final result of the international research project are two twin studies to be published by Lodz University Press, one in Polish, in the form of a multi-author monograph, and the other in English, as two issues of the journal Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica. The present article demonstrates the scale, significance, and implications of self-employment as an atypical form of providing work, as well as the key scholarly objectives of the international research project and its importance for legal theory and practice. Next, the author discusses the concept and the plan of research work adopted in the project, the research methods applied, and the publication and popularization activities carried out by the project participants. The research undertaken under the project is innovative. This is because until now, no such large-scale study into the legal conditions of self-employment in Poland has been carried out. The final conclusions drawn in the research project make a significant contribution to the development of the theory of labour law and social security law, enriching the academic discourse in this area. An added value for Polish scholarly work is the organized study of foreign regulations on self-employment in selected European countries. Moreover, the de lege ferenda remarks prepared in the research project may be helpful to the Polish authorities in developing new legal solutions in the area of self-employment.

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Petrova, Ivanka. « Youth labor in socialist Bulgaria - from ideology to labor practices ». Bulletin de l'Institut etnographique 70, n^o 2 (2022) : 37–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gei2202037p.

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The research is aimed at an important part of the state policy in socialist Bulgaria - the forced engagement of young people, future intellectuals as an unpaid or low-paid labor force in various sectors of economy. Through this compulsory employment of high school and university students in summer free months the ruling elites aim to discipline the young intelligentsia and to educate them in work habits. The main form of forced labor is the participation in youth brigades, but other alternative forms of youth labor are gradually being adopted and imposed. The text presents an ethnological study of youth seasonal labor in the sector of international tourism in the 1970s and 1980s, looking at the perspective of young intellectuals working during their summer vacations in the Youth Travel Bureau ?Orbita? as part-time tour guides of foreign groups. This form of temporary employment of young people is accepted as an alternative to the participation in youth brigades and is related to intellectual work. The aim is to analyze the main features of the labor culture of part-time guides working at the International Youth Center ?Georgi Dimitrov? near Primorsko. The officially imposed principles and norms for the work of the young collaborators are presented and their application in the working life of the guides is studied. The subjects of research are the attitudes for working with tourists, the relations in the work environment, the labor practices, the difficulties in everyday working life and the ways of overcoming them, the informal aspects of the activities. The study is based on biographical interviews with former guides between the ages of 50 and 65, conducted in 2019 and 2020. As a participant for six summer seasons in this type of work, the author also relies on the method of the reflexive anthropology. The results of the study show how the discrepancy between the expectations and intentions of the ideologues of the provided tourist services, on the one hand, and the behavior and labor practices of young people actually occurs. The examples are indicative of the changes ?from below?, through everyday strategies of young people, of the initially conceived system of the international youth tourism in socialist Bulgaria.

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Ezeadichie, Nkeiru Hope. « Post-Pandemic Home-Based Work in Cities of the South Lessons from Enugu, Nigeria ». Built Environment 49, n^o 3 (1 septembre 2023) : 464–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2148/benv.49.3.464.

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Income-generating activities in residential zones known as Home-Based Enterprises (HBEs) are becoming more prevalent as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The informal sector, including HBEs, started expanding in cities of the Global South in the 1980s during the Structural Adjustment Programme and has engendered debates among practitioners and researchers. The International Labour Organization Home Work Convention, C177 of 1996, and the inclusion of home work in national accounting because of its contribution to Gross Domestic Product have emboldened researchers to argue for a supportive policy framework. Yet, this phenomenon is still opposed by contemporary planning practices in many Global South cities. The lockdown during the pandemic which aff ected every aspect of life across the world revealed the indispensability of home-based enterprises: 'work' that had to be kept functional was done from home. Will the implications of lockdown and post-pandemic home-based work lead to a paradigm shift in the Global South from the rigid colonial planning standards to eff ective and dynamic planning standards that are based on contemporary urban realities? The aim of this study is, therefore, to examine the implications of post-pandemic home-based enterprise for the built environment in Global South cities using Enugu, Nigeria as a case study. The mixed research design was adopted for the study, while data were collected through questionnaires and in-depth interviews. Stratified random sampling was employed to select three (one low, medium, and high density) from the existing thirty-three formal neighbourhoods in the study city – Enugu. Systematic sampling was adopted to select the sample size among the residents and the professionals were selected purposively. The result of the principal component analysis reveals that there are six major impacts of HBEs on the built environment in Enugu, namely: entrepreneurship skills; pressure on infrastructure; improved living standards; discrimination; in fluence on work–life balance; and limited growth potential. Major lessons from the study include:adaptation of innovative urban planning; enhancement of local economic development; gender and policy issues.This research is signi ficant as it will contribute to the literature on COVID-19 in the Global South and connect the post-COVID-19 recovery experience from a core Global South city to possible, effective actions that can mitigate future challenges in comparable cities and contexts.

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McMahon, Jean. « Case Studies of Violations of Workers' Freedom of Association : Manufacturing Workers ». International Journal of Health Services 32, n^o 2 (avril 2002) : 359–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/l2aq-xte6-ptlh-5a40.

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As part of its report “Unfair Advantage: Workers' Freedom of Association in the United States under International Human Rights Standards,” Human Rights Watch conducted a series of case studies in a dozen states, covering a variety of industries and employment sectors, analyzing the U.S. experience in the light of both national law and international human rights and labor rights norms. Presented here are the case studies of manufacturing workers.

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McMahon, Jean. « Case Studies of Violations of Workers' Freedom of Association : Migrant Agricultural Workers ». International Journal of Health Services 32, n^o 3 (juillet 2002) : 443–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/3w5p-q5c5-yvqh-ym08.

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As part of its report “Unfair Advantage: Workers' Freedom of Association in the United States under International Human Rights Standards,” Human Rights Watch conducted a series of case studies in a dozen states, covering a variety of industries and employment sectors, analyzing the U.S. experience in the light of both national law and international human rights and labor rights norms. Presented here are the case studies of migrant agricultural workers.

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Orlova, L. N., et V. M. Smirnov. « Minimizing state’s risks from illegal migrants’ labour ». Lomonosov Economics Journal 59, n^o 2_2024 (2024) : 153–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.55959/msu0130-0105-6-59-2-8.

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The article examines the problems of emergence and implementation of illegal labor relations between national economic entities an d international mi grants. Migration processes carry potential and real threats to national and economic security. Therefore, the state needs to assess the risks of all illegal manifestations of migration and take a number of reactive and proactive measures aimed at minimizing t hem. The paper studies illegal labor activities of migrants, assesses the number of illegal labor migrants aimed at minimizing the risks from their labor activities. The purpose of the study is to develop methodological approaches to assess the risks of the state from illegal labor activities of migrants (based on their quantitative determination ) as a mechanism for countering illegal migration processes in the system of Russia’s economic security. The study is based on the works of Russian and foreign researchers in the field of risk-management, economic security, illegal migration and illegal migrants’ labor activities. The information base of the study are the statistical and analytical materials of the services of international and national statistics. The article emphasizes the need to systematically assess state risks by identifying illegal labor relations of migrants. The practical significance and scientific novelty of the study is determined by the possibility of implementing methodological recommendations f or assessing the number of illegal labor migrants in the strategy an d program for ensuring the economic security of the country throuh implementing relevant mechanisms to counteract illegal migration processes.

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Zhao, Jensen J. « Using Case Studies for International Business Communication Training ». Business Communication Quarterly 59, n^o 4 (décembre 1996) : 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/108056999605900402.

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Business students must possess the abilities of discovery, problem solving, and collaboration in international and cross-cultural business communication and management when entering a competitive, knowledge-based global econ omy. This paper describes how the case method can be used in business com munication classes to help students develop such important abilities. First, the paper defines the instructional rationale and the case-selection criteria. Then, the paper offers a step-by-step approach using a current international busi ness communication case as an example for case study activities.

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Pohorielova, O. « INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS FOR THE REGULATION OF DOMESTIC LABOUR ». Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Legal Studies, n^o 110 (2019) : 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2195/2019/3.110-5.

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The article deals with the basic international standards in the field of domestic workers. The author defines the concept of domestic workers and distinguishes it from such concepts as "freelancing", "domestic work", "remote employment". The characteristics of domestic workers are given. The article also identifies the main problems faced by domestic workers in carrying out their work and analyzes the basic guarantees for the protection of domestic workers' labor rights: prohibition of child labor, prohibition of forced labor, proper living conditions, in the case of residence in the employer's household, guaranteeing the right to rest, providing rest time, providing proper working conditions. The author stipulates the necessity to form a written employment contract and the relevant conditions. The role of private employment agencies in the employment of domestic workers and the need for legislative regulation of their activities are identified. The author also indicates the necessity to inspect working and living conditions of domestic workers. The purpose of the article is to examine key labor standards for domestic workers' activity and to make suggestions for the improvement of national legislation. The article stipulates the need for full ratification of the Convention on Decent Work of Domestic Workers No.189 in order to strengthen the guarantees for the observance of such workers' labor rights. The author proposes to implement certain norms into the labor legislation for the proper regulation of domestic workers' labor activity to ensure a proper level of respect for the rights of domestic workers.

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j, j. « Productivity Effect of Efficiency Wages at Small and Medium-Sized Manufacturing Enterprises : the Case of Vietnam ». GLOBAL BUSINESS FINANCE REVIEW 28, n^o 6 (30 novembre 2023) : 130–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17549/gbfr.2023.28.6.130.

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Purpose: This paper aims to investigate whether efficiency wages for production workers have a positive effect on labor productivity in Vietnam's manufacturing SMEs. Design/methodology/approach: The research analyzes the panel data of manufacturing SMEs collected by UNU-Wider in Vietnam in 2011, 2013, and 2015. Findings: The panel-data analysis results for 6,953 observations show that efficiency wages increase labor productivity. Research limitations/implications: The scope of this study is limited to Vietnam's manufacturing SMEs. Future studies should include replicating the research model in the service sectors and other countries. Originality/value: Previous studies on Vietnamese manufacturing SMEs did not disclose the impact of efficiency wages on firm-level labor productivity using the SME panel datasetVietnam's. The novelty of this study is the introduction of the efficiency wages as an explanatory variable forto labor productivity. The study results shed light on organizational behavior in rational salary decisions. Many of SMEs have decided to pay lower than the average sector wage. NeverthelsessStill, the regression analysis indicates that salary growth improves per-worker productivity. This discovery allows researchers to investigate why SMEs have decided not to raise worker wages significantly while wage increases helps boost labor productivity. As a practical contribution, the study result recommends that for higher labor productivity at lower labor costs, manufacturing SMEs can raise their workers' salaries based on the average sector wage instead of benchmarking them with the average nation-level wages.

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Fauzan, Fauzan. « Reception of Investigation Principles According to ILO’s International Labor Standards on Labor in Indonesia ». International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 8, n^o 7 (9 juillet 2021) : 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v8i7.2759.

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The position between workers and workers in labor law always places an unbalanced position, where the position of workers will always be in a weak position. In the dispute over industrial relations disputes regulated in Law Number 2 of 2004 the basis for evidence is based on Article 163 HIR (Herzien Indonesis Reglement)/ 283 RBg (Rechtsreglement Buitengewesten) / 1865 BW (burgerlijk wetboek voor Indonesie). The provisions of this Article give rise to injustice about the reverse evidence that has been established by the International Labor Organization (ILO) through international labor standards and other ILO legal instruments regarding reverse proof in cases of dismissal, Freedom of Association, and Equality in Employment and Occupation. This research utilizes a juridical normative, descriptive approach and is supported by case studies as data support, and an analysis is carried out based on qualitative methods and legal comparisons.

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Rahman, Mohammad Arifur, et Md Munsur Rahman. « Impact of livelihood practices on the char dwellers economic condition in riverine chars : Case studies in Bangladesh ». Journal of the Bangladesh Association of Young Researchers 1, n^o 1 (13 janvier 2011) : 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbayr.v1i1.6838.

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The present study tries to identify the livelihood practices of the char dwellers. It also focus to assess their economic condition in relation to livelihood practices. The research has been conducted through interdisciplinary approach. Different socio technical tools are used to analyze the problem. Local people’s participation in the research process has ensured by using Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools. The total population is 969 among them 478 are male and 481 are female and about 215 households live in the Char Konabari of which about 60 percent people are engaged in handloom activities as labor as their main source of livelihood. Agriculture is the second highest and about 20 percent people are engaged in such practice; about four percent people are engaged in small business (broker, small retailer) and rests others are engaged in day labor activities and others like van driver etc. The total numbers of employed people of Char Konabari is 267. Out of them only 54 people engaged with farming activities and others are involved with non-farming activities. One-fourth of the total employed person earned the two-third of the total yearly income of the village and remaining four-fifth employed person earned only one-third of the total yearly income. On the other hand about 586 households live in Dakhin Boro-char of which about 60% and 30% people are agricultural farmer and fishermen. On-farm activities are dominant in Dakhin Boro-char. Most of the farmers have their own land as well as they also cultivate khas (public) land. The rest of the people are engaged in day labor activities, petty business and others (boatsmen). Cultivated land, Domestic animal, grazing land and wet land are the major natural resources of Dakhin Boro-char. The total numbers of employed people of Dakhin Boro-char are 598 and most of them are engaged in agricultural and fisheries activities. The per capita income of the Char Konabari and Dakhin Boro-char is about US$0.54 and US$0.87 respectively. Although women are involved in livestock rearing, their contribution did not recognized socially and economically. Keywords: Livelihood; Resource; Char dwellers; Char Stability; Interdisciplinary.DOI: 10.3329/jbayr.v1i1.6838Journal of Bangladesh Association of Young Researchers Vol.1(1) 2011 pp.15-30

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McMahon, Jean. « Case Studies of Violations of Workers' Freedom of Association : Food Processing Workers and Contingent Workers ». International Journal of Health Services 32, n^o 4 (octobre 2002) : 755–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/yk45-6xwt-cmjm-5tvq.

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As part of its report “Unfair Advantage: Workers' Freedom of Association in the United States under International Human Rights Standards,” Human Rights Watch conducted a series of case studies in a dozen states, covering a variety of industries and employment sectors, analyzing the U.S. experience in the light of both national law and international human rights and labor rights norms. Presented here are the case studies of food processing workers and contingent workers.

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Smeshko, O. G., et V. N. Samotuga. « Management of an international company : Directions and principles of corporate social policy ». Economics and Management 30, n^o 2 (6 mars 2024) : 142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35854/1998-1627-2024-2-142-148.

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Aim. To identify the main directions and peculiarities of formation, development of modern corporate social policy (CSP) of leading international companies.Objectives. To characterize the priority directions and principles of CSR on management of an international company; to define the principles of corporate social responsibility of an international organization.Methods. The authors used empirical and analytical methods of research, analyzed the effective- ness of CSR, the level of development of intra-company labor relations on the example of the activities of Apple.Results. The social policy of an international firm is an important component of its business strategy, which allows it to strengthen its reputation and increase competitiveness in the global market. Intra-firm labor relations are one of the important elements of the social policy of the company of leading international corporations. They strive to create conditions for the maximum development of employees’ potential, providing them with equal opportunities and fair remuneration for labor.Conclusions. CSR initiatives have evolved today from a voluntary choice of individual companies into comprehensive strategies, mandatory rules at regional, national and international levels. Many international companies prefer to go beyond legal requirements and incorporate the idea of “doing good” into their business development models.

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BURKA, ALONA. « RUSSIAN AGGRESSION AS A DRIVING FACTOR INFLUENCING THE ACTIVITIES OF THE INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF INTERNATIONAL LABOR LAW ». Ehrlich's Journal, n^o 6 (2022) : 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/ehrlichsjournal-2022-6.06.

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Hasbi et Nurul Solikha Nofiani. « Disability and Non-Disability in the Labour Market (the Case of Central Sulawesi), Indonesia ». Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental 18, n^o 5 (27 mai 2024) : e07201. http://dx.doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n5-130.

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Objectives: This study investigates the participation of people with disabilities in the labor market in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, a region where adults with disabilities comprise 40.6% of the population, significantly higher than the national average. Despite constitutional guarantees against discrimination and the right to employment, people with disabilities face substantial barriers in accessing the labor market. The study aims to examine the labor market participation rate of individuals with disabilities compared to their non-disabled counterparts, highlighting socio-demographic factors that influence employment opportunities. Methods: Utilizing data from the August 2021 SAKERNAS survey, this quantitative research analyzes labor market indicators for 16,985 individuals of working age (15 years or older) across 6,200 sample households in Central Sulawesi Province. The study employs the definitions and concepts of employment from the International Conference of Labor Statisticians (ICLS) to ensure consistency and accuracy in data interpretation. Results: Findings reveal that only 10.62% of the working-age population in Central Sulawesi have disabilities. However, this group encounters lower labor participation and higher rates of exclusion from economic activities compared to their non-disabled counterparts. Educational attainment, type, and severity of disability significantly affect employment prospects. Notably, individuals with visual impairments have slightly better employment opportunities than those with other disabilities, which aligns with international findings. Conclusion: The study underscores the necessity for targeted government interventions to improve healthcare, provide assistive devices, enhance educational opportunities, and create accessible public facilities. Recommendations include legal protections against discrimination, social empowerment programs, and active roles for social workers in rehabilitation and empowerment efforts. The research advocates for inclusive policies and practices to bridge the employment gap and promote equitable participation in the labor market, in line with the Sustainable Development Goals.

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Beserra, Lucimara, Élida Azevedo Hennington et Marta Gislene Pignatti. « Work and health conditions of women rural workers : an integrative review ». Saúde em Debate 47, n^o 137 (2023) : 298–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-1104202313721i.

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ABSTRACT Changes in the global rural workforce took place from 1980 onwards, above all, with the increase in female participation in salaried work. An integrative review of the literature on the working and health conditions of rural women workers, published from 2010 to 2020, was carried out. The databases consulted were BVS, SciELO and PubMed, and 43 studies, 11 national and 32 internationals, were analyzed. The results point to a diversity of work activities performed by rural women, in a salaried, autonomous and cooperative way, as well as unpaid activities. Working conditions in salaried jobs are generally precarious, with temporary contracts, low wages and long working hours. In autonomous work and in cooperatives, studies report greater control of activities, financial autonomy and greater satisfaction of workers. Stood out in all forms of work, the sexual division of labor and the work overload with the addition of productive activities, unpaid reproductive activities, housework and care work. Musculoskeletal disorders, suffering and mental illness, high exposure and poisoning to pesticides and violence in the work and domestic environment were identified as preponderant in the health-work relationships experienced by these rural women workers.

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Buzarov, Andrii. « TENDENCIES OF ADAPTATION AND INTEGRATION OF IMMIGRANTS FROM UKRAINE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION AFTER THE AGGRESSION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AGAINST UKRAINE ». Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 9, n^o 2 (23 mai 2023) : 73–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2023-9-2-73-90.

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While the war launched by the Russian Federation against Ukraine in February 2022 was predicted by many analysts, few predicted the foreseeable problems associated with the settlement of Ukrainian migrant flows fleeing the war, both within Ukraine and beyond its borders to the European Union. Both scenarios have been met with unique challenges affecting the settlement of internal and external Ukrainian refugees, as well as counterintuitive patterns of success and failure that point to strategies of long-term cohesive integration. The aim of this study is to identify new qualitative aspects and specific features of the integration processes of Ukrainian migrants, which are characteristic of the social situation in the European Union that has developed after the aggression of the Russian Federation. Particular attention is paid to the new components of social relations, the accumulation of knowledge, which will make it possible to respond to new conflict factors, to develop inclusiveness and tolerance in accordance with the qualitative specificities of refugees arriving in the EU countries as a result of the war. Methodology. The system analysis of the institutional and legal framework of the adaptation process of Ukrainian refugees in the EU is based on the generalisation of the available official documents, published analytical materials and other types of public information related to the policies of European countries in the area of migration, and the activities of certain communities (organisations) of Ukrainians in the EU. The study of behavioural patterns of Ukrainian IDPs and refugees is based on the methods of direct observation of the author and generalisation of case studies. The method of classification of groups of migrants from Ukraine was used, taking into account their actual status and the purpose of moving to the EU. Due to the author's current extensive humanitarian and journalistic activities in the EU and Ukraine, the method of anonymous structured interviews with Ukrainian refugees was widely used. Results. Describing the current state of the institutional processes of adaptation of Ukrainians in various European countries, the author concludes that in the initial stages the already existing local Ukrainian communities played a significant role in the process of resettlement and adaptation of the refugees, while much depended on the displaced persons' own social and institutional contacts. In the later stages, the central and local authorities of the host countries and international humanitarian organisations played a predominant role. Depending on their status in the host country, migrants can be divided into the following groups: migrants who are permanent residents of a particular EU community and have the possibility of returning to their home country; migrants who are permanent residents of a particular EU community and do not have the possibility of returning to their home country; migrants who have been granted collective protection status in the EU but can return or have returned to permanent residence in Ukraine. The integration of those groups of migrants from Ukraine who plan to stay permanently in European countries should take into account their language, age, educational, labour and social characteristics.

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Hoang Thi Hai, Yen. « DOCUMENTARY OVERVIEW SYSTEM ON SOCIAL WORK IN THE PREVENTION OF CHILD LABOUR IN VIETNAM ». Journal of Science Social Science 67, n^o 4 (novembre 2022) : 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18173/2354-1067.2022-0067.

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Child labor is still a persistent problem in the world today, including Vietnam. The percentage of children in early labor according to statistics tends to increase after the impact of the Covid 19 pandemic worldwide. This situation causes many serious consequences for the children themselves, their families, and the social community. Faced with that situation, it is necessary to further improve the prevention and reduction of child labor. The social work profession has affirmed its advantages and effectiveness in preventing, supporting and intervening in difficult problems in schools. Social work activities in the prevention of child labor at schools will help retain students to stay in school and minimize the consequences of child labor, especially those related to the children themselves. Although this is a new approach, it will confirm certain effectiveness in the prevent ion and reduction of child labor from the perspective of social work. That is also the main issue discussed in the content of this article. The article is the result of collecting, analyzing, synthesizing and systematizing 26 prestigious and reliable documents, including reports on child labor in the world and in Vietnam, textbooks, published articles in international journals and conferences with peer review, publication, dissertations and dissertations related to the issue of social work in the prevention of child labor in Vietnam. Therefore, the overview of theoretical studies will help visualize the general picture of the approach, content and implementation of social work activities in the prevention of child labor, thereby creating an important premise for the implementation and evaluation of the effectiveness of these activities in practice.

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Gorbunov, Daniil. « Optimal labor market management under constraints in the form of a finite-dimensional system of nonlinear differential equations integrated by quadratures ». Applied Mathematics and Control Sciences, n^o 2 (10 juillet 2023) : 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15593/2499-9873/2023.2.08.

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The paper separates a class of finite-dimensional systems of nonlinear differential equations, the exact analytical solution of which can be represented in the form of quadratures. The paper uses a particular case of the system of the separated class as a set of equality constraints for the problem of optimal management of a closed finite-dimensional labor market with a common selection coefficient - the management parameter for the system under study. The paper specifies the definitions of the qualification categories for labor market subjects, with allowance for the physical meaning of their behavior in the system under study. It introduces quality factors for meeting the demand for labor, which are the averaged difference between the remuneration of labor and proceeds of the activities of subjects at each of the three qualification categories. It introduces a quality function in respect of the management of the labor market system, which is a sum of the products of the functions of the shares owned by the subjects at each of the three qualification categories by their quality coefficients. It considers labor markets with different ratios of quality factors. The case where the quality factor of subjects of a low qualification category is higher than that of a high qualification category has been shown to contradict the physical meaning of the model. Quality function vs management parameter curves are plotted for each labor market system under study. The paper gives examples of real-life labor markets for every physically admissible ratio of quality factors. The optimal management of the labor market system is shown to not necessarily imply that the management parameter tends to its extreme values. The paper plots a management quality function for a real-life labor market with a city-forming enterprise exemplified by the labor market of the village of Sylva, the Perm Territory, and determines the optimal values of management parameters.

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