Thèses : « International agencies – Decision making »

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Ravndal, Ellen Jenny. « A force for peace : expanding the role of the UN Secretary-General under Trygve Lie, 1946-1953 ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4524630e-0f72-4169-b3e3-c53d250a3424.

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The UN secretary-general plays an important political role in world politics, yet the UN Charter describes him merely as "the chief administrative officer of the Organization". How did such a development come about? The existing narrative tends to emphasise the contribution made by Dag Hammarskjöld, the United Nation's second secretary-general from 1953 to 1961. This thesis argues that there are two problems with this narrative. First, it overlooks the precedents set under the first UN secretary-general, Trygve Lie, who was in office from 1946 to 1953. Second, it places too much emphasis on the personal role played by Hammarskjöld, and fails to adequately consider the importance of institutional factors. The main empirical contribution of this thesis is to highlight the importance of precedents set during the first years of the UN's existence while Lie was secretary-general. Through his active stance on political issues in relation to Iran, Palestine, Berlin, Chinese representation, and Korea, as well as his consistently strong defence of the UN's unity and principles, Trygve Lie succeeded in carving out space for the secretary-general to act autonomously on political issues, which later secretaries-general could build on. The thesis' main theoretical contribution is to emphasise the importance of institutional factors in the development of the UN secretary-general's political role. In a conceptual framework based on institutionalism, the thesis explains how the UN secretary-general should be understood to play a 'role' within the 'institution' of the United Nations, and how this makes change of the role and the institution possible. Furthermore, through an examination of the founding of the United Nations and early expectations for the role of the secretary-general, the thesis shows that the institution of the United Nations had been set up from the start in such a way that it not only allowed for an expansion of the office of UN secretary-general, but also made such an expansion likely. The body of the thesis demonstrates how this process played out over time, by examining Lie's activities as secretary-general, and offering a historical narrative of several episodes where the institution 'pulled' to expand the office, just as much as, or even more than, Lie 'pushed' for the same outcome.

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Khalil, Doris Deedei. « A study of four international donor agencies : their role and influence in decision-making and health policy in Ghana from 1983-1995 ». Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343997.

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Kelly, Michael T. « Effective communication, its significance to organizational decision-making in public agencies ». Instructions for remote access. Click here to access this electronic resource. Access available to Kutztown University faculty, staff, and students only, 1986. http://www.kutztown.edu/library/services/remote_access.asp.

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Moore-Nothnagel, Beatrice. « 'n Ondersoek na die opkoms van kliëntepublikasies : moontlike riglyne vir adverteerders ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4038.

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Thesis (MPhil (Journalism))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ten spyte daarvan dat die vyf tydskrifte met die hoogste sirkulasiesyfer in Suid-Afrika almal kliëntepublikasies (Engels customer publications) is, skiet advertensie-agentskappe klaarblyklik steeds dié publikasies ten gunste van verbruikerspublikasies af omdat hulle dit waarskynlik nie as geloofwaardig beskou nie. Waar talle verbruikerstydskrifte egter min of geen groei in ’n ál meer mededingende en gefragmenteerde mark toon, ervaar die top-kliëntepublikasies steeds merkwaardige groei. In die verlede is die meeste kliëntepublikasies deur die betrokke maatskappy se bemarkingsbegroting gefinansier. Vandag egter, word finansiering al meer deur adverteerders verskaf. Die vraag wat dog dikwels deur skeptiese advertensie-agentskappe gevra word, is of derdeparty-adverteerders dieselfde waarde geniet as wat die maatskappy se handelsmerk in dié publikasies doen. Hoewel Suid-Afrikaanse kliëntetydskrifte net soos hul eweknieë in die VK en VSA die grootste sirkulasiesyfers het, geniet hulle egter nie dieselfde advertensie-ondersteuning as in dié lande nie. Dit is ’n interessante verskynsel en hierdie studie wil onder meer poog om vas te stel waarom dit so is. Kontrakuitgewers stem in die algemeen saam dat ’n standaard stel riglyne waarop advertensie-agentskappe hul besluitneming kan grond, beslis sal help om ’n gelukkiger stand van sake te bewerkstellig. Hierdie studie poog om binne die teoretiese raamwerk van die politieke ekonomie van die media ’n stel riglyne saam te stel waarop advertensie-agentskappe hul besluitneming oor advertensieplasing kan grond. Die metodologie wat gebruik is, behels veldnavorsing met indiepte-onderhoude as fundamentele navorsingstegniek en gevallestudies met inhoudsanalise as aanvullende tegniek. Om die riglyne te kon saamstel, is advertensie-agentskappe en die kontrakuitgewer New Media Publishing betrek en is vier kliëntetydskrifte – Edgars Club Magazine, Horizons, Skottel en Woolworths TASTE – ontleed.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Despite the fact that the five magazines with the largest circulation figures in South Africa are all customer publications, advertising agencies still seem to shun these publications in favour of consumer magazines because they say they do not deem them credible. Where several consumer magazines showed very little or no growth in an ever increasing and fragmented market, top customer publications continue to experience remarkable growth. In the past, most customer publications were financed by a company’s marketing budget. Today, however, they are often financed by advertisers. The question that sceptical advertising agencies ask is whether third party advertisers benefit from the same value as the company’s own brand. Although South African customer magazines have the same large circulation figures as their counterparts in America and the United Kingdom, they seem not to enjoy the same advertising support as these countries. This is an interesting phenomenon and this study aims to determine why that is the case. In general, contract publishers seem to agree that a standard set of guidelines on which advertising agencies could base their decision-making, would assist in ensuring a happier state of affairs. Within the theoretical framework of the political economy of the media, this study aims to compile a set of guidelines on which advertising agencies could base their decision-making regarding advertisement placements. The methodology includes field research with in-depth interviews as fundamental research technique and case studies with content analysis as supplementary technique. To compile these guidelines, advertising agencies and the contract publisher New Media Publishing are concerned and four customer magazines – Edgars Club Magazine, Horizons, Skottel and Woolworths TASTE – analysed.

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Stafford, D. (Daniel). « Cross-border venture capital investment decision making ». Bachelor's thesis, University of Oulu, 2016. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201605251912.

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Jackson, James F. C. « Regime theory, epistemic communities and international health decision-making ». Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268645.

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Azam, Akbar <1974&gt. « Strategic decision making in international firms : effect of top management team internationalization on international strategic decision process ». Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2015. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6886/1/azam_akbar_tesi.pdf.

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In this research project, I have integrated two research streams on international strategic decisions making in international firms: upper echelons or top management teams (TMT) internationalization research and international strategic decision making process research. Both research streams in international business literature have evolved independently, but there is a potential in combining these two streams of research. The first empirical paper “TMT internationalization and international strategic decision making process: a decision level analysis of rationality, speed, and performance” explores the influence of TMT internationalization on strategic decision rationality and speed and, subsequently, their effect on international strategic decision effectiveness (performance). The results show that the internationalization of TMT is positively related to decision effectiveness and this relationship is mediated by decision rationality while the hypotheses regarding the association between TMT internationalization and decision speed, and the mediating effect of speed were not supported. The second paper “TMT internationalization and international strategic decision rationality: the mediating role of international information” of my thesis is a simple but logical extension of first paper. The first paper showed that TMT Internationalization has a significant positive effect on international strategic decision rationality. The second paper explicitly showed that TMT internationalization affect on international strategic decision rationality comes from two sources: international experience (personal international knowledge and information) and international information collected from managerial international contacts. For this research project, I have collected data from international software firms in Pakistan. My research contributes to the literature on upper echelons theory and strategic decision making in context of international business and international firms by explicitly examining the link between TMT internationalization and characteristics of strategic decisions making process (i.e. rationality and speed) in international firms and their possible mediating effect on performance.

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Azam, Akbar <1974&gt. « Strategic decision making in international firms : effect of top management team internationalization on international strategic decision process ». Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2015. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6886/.

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In this research project, I have integrated two research streams on international strategic decisions making in international firms: upper echelons or top management teams (TMT) internationalization research and international strategic decision making process research. Both research streams in international business literature have evolved independently, but there is a potential in combining these two streams of research. The first empirical paper “TMT internationalization and international strategic decision making process: a decision level analysis of rationality, speed, and performance” explores the influence of TMT internationalization on strategic decision rationality and speed and, subsequently, their effect on international strategic decision effectiveness (performance). The results show that the internationalization of TMT is positively related to decision effectiveness and this relationship is mediated by decision rationality while the hypotheses regarding the association between TMT internationalization and decision speed, and the mediating effect of speed were not supported. The second paper “TMT internationalization and international strategic decision rationality: the mediating role of international information” of my thesis is a simple but logical extension of first paper. The first paper showed that TMT Internationalization has a significant positive effect on international strategic decision rationality. The second paper explicitly showed that TMT internationalization affect on international strategic decision rationality comes from two sources: international experience (personal international knowledge and information) and international information collected from managerial international contacts. For this research project, I have collected data from international software firms in Pakistan. My research contributes to the literature on upper echelons theory and strategic decision making in context of international business and international firms by explicitly examining the link between TMT internationalization and characteristics of strategic decisions making process (i.e. rationality and speed) in international firms and their possible mediating effect on performance.

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Mitchell, David Hermann Margaret G. « Making foreign policy Presidential management, advisors and the foreign policy decision-making process / ». Related electronic resource : Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.

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Schrefler, Lorna Sarah. « The role of economic analysis in the decision-making process of Independent Regulatory Agencies ». Thesis, University of Exeter, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/3393.

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It is conventional to argue that the autonomy and reputation of regulatory agencies depend on their expertise. Yet the studies on how independent regulatory agencies (IRAs) create and deploy their knowledge capacity are few and far apart. Normatively, the justification for delegating decision-making powers to IRAs is that they operate by using technical analysis and expertise rather than political considerations. But yet again, although delegation has been discussed as a design principle, systematic evidence on the conditions under which IRAs make use of knowledge and how is still scarce. The literature on knowledge utilization portrays a rather complex link between expertise and policy, where relevant knowledge is not always reflected in policy outcomes and plays several functions besides facilitating the solution of policy problems. Unfortunately, scholars of IRAs have not exploited the insights of this literature yet. This dissertation addresses the under-explored question of the usage of economic knowledge by IRAs. We identify four possible uses of expertise: instrumental (i.e., to solve problems); strategic (e.g. to advocate a position); symbolic (e.g., to gain legitimacy), and non-use. Our aim is to explain under which conditions a certain usage is more likely to occur. To do so, we draw on the methodological device of explanatory typologies (Elman 2005). Specifically, we select two explanatory dimensions that reflect both the context and the content of policy: the level of conflict in the policy arena, and the degree problem tractability. We use different combinations of these two dimensions to derive four hypotheses on the possible uses of expertise mentioned above. The elusive nature of knowledge utilization makes the identification and measurement of these different usages highly dependent on an in-depth understanding of the institutional, organisational, and political context in which a regulatory decision is taken. We have thus opted for a qualitative approach based on case studies and process tracing (Bennett 2010; Brady 2010; Freedman 2010) to appraise the four hypotheses. Empirically, we performed three case studies on regulatory policy decisions taken by the UK Office of Communications (Ofcom) between 2005 and 2010. We find that, given certain scope conditions, the prevalent use of economic analysis is instrumental - a finding that contradicts previous research that labelled instrumental learning as extremely rare, if not a sort of technocratic utopia. Other uses still exist however, and given other scope conditions regulators can be strategic and symbolic in their approach to knowledge and expertise. This is not surprising if we accept the notion that regulators operate in a policy environment that is eminently but not exclusively technical: to survive in a (at least partially) political environment, regulators have to deploy usages of knowledge that deviate from the instrumental type.

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Fallström, Mujkić Pia-Johanna. « Decision and Policy Making in the European Union : Role of EU Agencies in the decision and policy making in the area of chemicals and food safety ». Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Besluts-, risk- och policyanalys, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-30442.

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EU regulations, decisions and policy making are matters that concern every resident in the EU and risk and benefit assessment and analysis form part of the EU decision and policy making. This thesis discusses the decision/policy making in the EU and the risk assessment activities of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), as well as ECHA’s socio-economic analysis activities. It also studies the role of the European Commission and the Comitology process. The EU regulates what chemicals or food stuffs/ingredients, for instance additives, may be made available in the European market. How the decisions are made about what is allowed and what not, and who makes those decisions, is not necessarily evident due to the complexity of the processes. In this thesis the decision making at different stages of the EU regulatory processes has been identified and analysed in order to find out by whom and how the decisions are made. The method used was a literature search with an overview of the existing theories and research from the areas of EU decision making, risk assessment and risk management. The regulatory processes were studied from a decision making perspective with the aim to identify and record possible decision making opportunities of different actors beyond the European Commission. The decision making opportunities were classified and organised based on their level of impact to the processes. Two real cases were studied: the restriction of lead in jewellery under REACH Annex XV restrictions and the authorisation of ammonium chloride in food under Flavourings regulation. Decision making opportunities and methods were looked for in those processes. It was found that while, in the studied cases, there appeared possibilities to ensure science based good regulatory decision/policy making, it remained uncertain and possibly politicised. It was also revealed that in certain steps the processes lacked transparency.

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Strathman, Brent A. « Who advises ? power, politics, & ; persuasion in foreign policy decision making / ». Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1135002242.

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Roberts, Jonathan Mark. « 'In the eye of the hurricane' : decision making during international crises ». Thesis, Lancaster University, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328985.

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Millar, Carla Christina Johanna Maria. « International advertising : how do culture and globalisation affect management decision-making ». Thesis, City University London, 1989. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/7673/.

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At first sight the effects of 'culture' appear to obstruct standardisation of international advertising whereas 'globalisation' policies seem to endorse it. In answering the question in its title, this thesis analyses the problem as faced in marketing management, and breaks new ground by: ORIGINAL WORK: - De-mystifying the concept of globalisation: distinguishing between business policy and marketing/advertising implications and separating doctrines of globalisation from those of economies of scale and standardisation. -Identifying elements of culture which necessitate different strategic approaches in marketing/advertising. -Developing a theory for dealing with culture and globalisation in international advertising. -Delineating the effects of culture on British and Dutch marketing and advertising management, confirming the validity of Hofstede's clustering, revising Dunn's priorities for creative strategy transfer, and rejecting Lee's Self-Reference-Criterion (for this population). MAIN FINDINGS: The thesis demonstrates that culture and globalisation are phenomena of different orders: globalisation only being relevant indirectly. Culture has a pervasive relevance, both for the consumer and for the manager, whose decision-making style is influenced; managers nonetheless agree in their professional judgements. International advertising requires target orientation, concept alignment, top management endorsement, and the optimal use of scarce talent and ideas; cultural differences remain and two important tools to overcome them are identified: 1. The Cultural Brand-Target Universal: developing the brand/corporate identity as a cultural universal, exclusive to the company 2. The Competence and Empathy Factor: requiring professional management, at HQ and locally to have competence and empathy. The thesis also shows the significance of both cultural differences and unifying factors, when capitalising on the opportunities of the Single European Market of 1992. METHODOLOGY: The 'Millar Methodology' implies a process of grounded theory development through four rounds of evidence: evaluation of literature, experience, exploratory interviews (Part 1) and fieldwork, which repeats previous research and examines original issues (Part 2). Implications for theory, research and practice are drawn (Part 3) and model development parallels the process throughout. The work concentrates on fmcg in W.Europe and includes a comprehensive bibliography.

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Berger, Robert L. « Transnational learners : structuration and the decision making process of international students ». Virtual Press, 2007. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1380095.

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In today's world education and the resulting production of knowledge is highly valued as it can open the door to socioeconomic status and mobility. As a result, many students choose cultural and educational exchanges in a foreign country. The goal of this thesis is to better understand the decision making process international students experience prior to their study at an American university. Anchored in structuration theory, a two-step methodology was applied. First, a brief questionnaire survey was administered as a pilot study to gather preliminary data and initiate contact with participants. Second, interviews were conducted with foreign students to obtain background information and their reasoning for studying abroad. While most international students share common experiences in the decision making process, the temporal progression of "action steps" varies considerably among students.
Department of Geography

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ROUX, PAUL. « International Business Expansion : A guide to decision-making for greenfield expansions ». Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-301274.

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Globalization has gradually increased exchanges and connections between countries. For companies, globalization entails enhanced opportunity. They embrace a broader set of business possibilities, and leverage resources in foreign countries, by growing their business abroad. The process of organic growth via the creation of a greenfield subsidiary will be studied in this paper. Such expansion can be challenging due to the number of unknown parameters involved, making greenfield expansions a risky investment. To manage risks and to increase the chances ofsuccess, firms have to analyze a diverse set of factors. The purpose of this study is to generate a framework facilitating well-informed decisions about opportunities and uncertainties in order to manage international expansion. Specifically, the study aims to answer the following question: What are the key factors to consider for a French firm seeking to open a subsidiary company in a Schengen-member country? The thesis focuses on finding patterns among companies that have successfully realized an international expansion, as to define the main criteria to reduce uncertainties. A qualitative study was used to get firsthand insights. The investigated companies come from different industries toget as much details as possible and to be able to define a general pattern to improve their decision making. The framework provided in the thesis lists key factors to consider for international business expansion. In addition, these criteria were mapped regarding the level of uncertainty they create and the level of control the company has over them, as a way to prioritize them. The framework is not a “fit-all” solution, but a tool for navigating critical decisions in the context of international greenfield investment.
Globaliseringen har gradvis ökat utbytet och förbindelserna mellan länder. För företag innebär detta en möjlighet att utveckla sin verksamhet utomlands, utnyttja nya möjligheter och utnyttja resurser i utlandet. I denna uppsats studeras organisk tillväxt via skapandet av ett greenfielddotterbolag utomlands. En sådan nyetablering kan vara utmanande på grund av att det stora antalet okända parametrar och det kan vara en riskfylld investering. För att lyckas och hantera förlängningen måste företagen slå upp och analysera en mängd olika variabler. Syftet med denna studie är att hitta och analysera de viktigaste utvärderingskriterierna som används i samband med greenfield-investeringar i ett främmande land. Mer specifikt syftar uppsatsen till att besvara följande fråga: Vilka är de viktigaste faktorerna att tänka på för ett franskt företag som vill öppna ett dotterbolag i ett Schengen medlemsland? Analysen kommer att resultera i ett ramverk till stöd för välinformerade beslut om möjligheter och osäkerheter för att hantera internationell expansion. Uppsatsen fokuserar på att kartlägga erfarenheter hos företag som framgångsrikt har genomfört en internationell expansion för att definiera de viktigaste kriterierna för att hantera osäkerheten kring denna typ av beslut. En kvalitativ studie användes för att få förstahands insikter. De undersökta företagen kommer från olika branscher för att få så mycket information som möjligt och för att kunna definiera ett allmänt mönster för att förbättra sitt beslutsfattande. I denna uppsats identifieras en uppsättning nyckelfaktorer att ta i beaktande vid internationell expansion. Dessutom analyseras dessa faktorer i termer av vilken osäkerhetsnivå de skapar och i vilken grad företaget har möjlighet att påverka dem. Denna analys mynnar ut i en prioritering avfaktorer att hantera vid expansion. Ramverket erbjuder inga lösningar för alla tänkbara tillfällen,men det ger en användbar översikt över framgångsfaktorer vid internationella greenfieldinvesteringar.

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Bai, Xuze, et Kapil Koirala. « The Influence of Culture in the International Business Decision-making Process ». Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Internationella Handelshögskolan, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-39943.

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Organizational culture and organisational political behaviours are the unavoidable part of a company which has a direct impact on its decision making. The purpose of this paper aims to understand the influence of culture and organisational political behaviour in making a decision on going internationalisation of the Chinese company. Through reviewing the cultural literature, the researcher found the interrelation between culture and political behaviour in an organization. The authors then focus on three factors of political behaviour – investment, alternatives and trust – to study their influence in the decision-making process. We used qualitative research approach under which we made in-depth interview to collect the empirical data. These empirical data were analysed using content analysis method. Our findings show that both organisational culture and organisational political behaviour have a direct influence on the decision making of the company. Specifically, political factors like investment, alternatives and trust influence in the decision making of a company. The firm should consider those factors seriously to have a positive influence in its decision-making process.

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Tierney, Michael John. « The Internal-External Dichotomy : A Theoretical Approach to Foreign Policy Decision-Making ». W&M ScholarWorks, 1988. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625464.

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Allen, Martha Paralee. « A constructivist study of the decision-making process in permanency planning ». CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1993. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/688.

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Chapman, Lauren. « An International Policy Analysis of School-Level Decision Making and Student Achievement ». Thesis, Boston College, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/2411.

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Thesis advisor: Laura M. O'Dwyer
The purpose of this study was to inform future policy regarding school leadership practices through examining the relationship between reported decision making at the school level and student achievement. The study utilized a mixed methods design, and examined three main components. The first component involved a qualitative analysis of 14 countries' school leadership polices, as described in country background reports submitted to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The second component used hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) to examine the relationship between principal reported school decision making and student achievement in mathematics and reading on the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) in the same 14 countries. The final component of this study connected the results from the policy analysis to the results of the HLM analysis to determine if there were patterns between a country's policies and the relationship between school-level decision making and student achievement. The study found that out of 14 countries included in the analysis, six countries were identified as having polices that were highly decentralized, three countries had policies that were highly centralized and five countries had policies that were somewhere in between the two extremes. The quantitative results showed that school-level decision making variables were limited in their utility as predictors of student achievement. Finally, an examination of the combined qualitative and quantitative results did not reveal any obvious patterns. However, the findings did highlight the importance of context in examining countries' policies and the relationship between leadership practices in the form of school decision making and student achievement
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2011
Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education
Discipline: Educational Research, Measurement, and Evaluation

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Jones, Alwyn Peter. « Minority rights in international law : minority rights and identity-conscious decision-making ». Thesis, University of Leicester, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31088.

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The work aims to test a simple idea with complex implications. Minority rights, as currently posited in international law, can be interpreted according to either a strong or weak model of minority rights. This thesis defends the position that neither model deserves recognition as the sole paradigm for our understanding of minority rights in international law. It shall be argued that minority rights should be given (and are increasingly being given) a `context-sensitive' interpretation both in the definition and classification of minorities (dealt with in the first two chapters) and in the analysis of the scope of the rights of persons belonging to minorities (which is dealt with in the remaining chapters). It shall be argued that, in both the definition and classification of minorities and in the treatment of minority rights, the relevant law can be interpreted according to either of two traditional paradigms, the weak and strong models of minority rights. Both of these traditional paradigms are consistent with (but are not exclusively based upon) particular approaches to the definition of a 'minority'.

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Platte, James Edward. « National decision making and nuclear fuel cycles| An analysis of influences ». Thesis, Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy (Tufts University), 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3559057.

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This study examines the factors that influence national decisions about developing nuclear fuel cycle technology, and the central question for this study is why countries have developed different national nuclear fuel cycles. Prospect theory is used as the basis of an analytical framework for studying nuclear fuel cycle decision making. In essence, prospect theory states that nations are risk averse when in a gains domain and risk acceptant when in a losses domain. This study hypothesizes that a country's nuclear fuel cycle decision making is determined by the frame of reference and domain (either gains or losses) and that security concerns are a factor driving policy behind all nuclear programs.

A structured, focused comparison of Indian, Japanese, and South Korean nuclear fuel cycle decision making was conducted in order to test the hypotheses. Major nuclear fuel cycle decisions made between approximately 1950 and 1990 in each country were analyzed. The results verified this study's hypotheses. Decisions were mostly made according to the tenets of prospect theory, and security concerns (national security or energy security) were a driver for the nuclear programs in all three countries. The study also emphasized that nuclear fuel cycle technology is strategic and highly valued by countries and that national leaders are involved with making major nuclear fuel cycle decisions.

Prospect theory proved to be a more powerful analytical tool than existing theories of nuclear weapons proliferation. Prospect theory accounts for a country's capabilities, intentions, and situational and temporal context. In this way, prospect theory gives a holistic view of how all nuclear technologies fit into strategic interests and how a country's leadership's frame of reference with regard to strategic interests influences the direction of nuclear fuel cycle decision making. Prospect theory on its own does not offer a model or predictor of nuclear fuel cycle technology development, but it illuminates how leaders viewed nuclear fuel cycle decisions and why certain decisions were made.

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Bei, Zhou. « Comparison of decision styles of business managers in two international companies within a rational decision-making context ». Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/986.

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Thesis (MTech (Business Administration))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, 2006
The purpose of this study is to compare the decision styles of business managers in China with those in South Africa, taking cognisance of certain variables such as nationality, gender, and occupational group within a particular homogeneous industry. The first consideration was to conduct on international comparison and compare the similarities and differences of decision styles within a rational decision-making context. The second consideration was to investigate whether decision styles vary between the variables identified above. The survey was conducted in two companies, namely South African Breweries Limited and Tsingtao Co., Ltd who conduct business in South Africa and China, respectively. The research population comprised of 180 business managers in both companies. The research study revealed that there is no significant difference of decision styles between the business managers in both companies. The conclusion drawn from this analysis is that the business managers in South African Breweries Limited and Tsingtao Co., Ltd have considerable flexibility and find little difficulty in changing from one style to another as the situation warrants. This conclusion is supported by the findings submitted by Rowe and Boulgarides in their seminal work published in 1992.

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Roy, Achinto Mohan. « Corruption-related Decision-making in the Multinational Business Arena ». Thesis, University of Canterbury. Management, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/858.

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Corruption in business occurs in situations of a quid pro quo relationship between public officials and business managers representing corporations. Many a time, such corrupt situations can harm stakeholder interests. Managers, as decision-makers, in corruption-related situations may fail to understand the impact of their decisions in such situation for they operate from a position of "position-dependent objectivity" (Sen, 2002) focusing on economic objectives usually. They may fail to understand that their involvement in corrupt acts can lead to violation of fundamental stakeholder issues such as human rights as in the cases of Shell and Enron (discussed in this thesis). The thesis examines the meaning of corruption in relation to its stakeholder impact and proposes that corporate good governance in corruption-related situations is a matter of ethical decision-making, exceeding legal compliance. It explores the decision-making factors that operate within an individual manager while dealing with corruption-related situations in business and maps an analytical mental model of a decision-making manager in such situations. The thesis proposes 'Corruption-related Decision-making' (CRDM) as an orderly way of thinking for managers to deal with corruption-related situations in business. The CRDM concept is demonstrated through the use of a new Corruption-related Decision-making model that protects human rights, environmental issues, sustainable development and any other relevant stakeholder issue that one may wish to include. The relevance of the CRDM concept and the model was evaluated in a survey of forty-one multinational companies from Mumbai, India. The survey confirmed that none of the respondents used any decision-making tools while dealing with corruption-related situations. The survey revealed that 40 out of 41 companies experienced rent-seeking behaviour (bribes demanded) in India. Out of these 41 companies, 26 companies 'usually' lost business due to non-compliance with bribe demands and another 9 companies lost business 'sometimes.' The survey also explored the role of 'fear of loss of business' in the decision-making process and found that 'fear of loss of business' led decision-makers change stance from a state of passive corruption (facing demand) to a position of active corruption (making an offer), with 27 companies actually moving from a position of passive corruption to active corruption. All 41 companies, without a single exception, believed (when asked) that corruption can adversely affect stakeholder issues such as human rights. The survey findings confirm the relevance of the CRDM model as a decision-making tool and as a good practice document in corruption-related situations. The CRDM model can motivate an internal review of a manager's persona with a reminder that ethical decision-making and protection of stakeholder rights is possible in corruption-related situations. The concept of CRDM is a potential contribution in dealing with the illegitimate, the illegal and the oppressive aspects of international business.

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Kulkarni, Raghavendra M. « An algorithm for decision-making at the front-end in international project management / ». Weimar, 2005. http://www.gbv.de/dms/weimar/toc/512842213_toc.pdf.

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Fiske, Eric James. « Cuban Medical Internationalism : A Case for International Solidarity in Foreign Policy Decision Making ». Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3724.

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Since the beginning of the Revolutionary government in Cuba, a comprehensive foreign policy involving medical personal and equipment has been implemented worldwide. Known as medical internationalism, thousands of doctors have been sent to developed and less developed nations in the spirit of solidarity and humanitarian aid. Even more, thousands of students have been given free medical education in Cuba at its world renowned university, the Latin American School of Medicine (ELAM). Often, no monetary or direct political gain is made by Cuba and the doctors simply receive their normal government salary. While the success of Cuba's medical internationalism is well documented (Feinsilver 1993, Kirk & Erisman 2009), the reasons and guiding forces behind it are much less understood. Based on a Cultural/Political Foreign Policy model created by Marijke Breuning to study foreign policy, this study aims to show that the concept of proletarian internationalism is the guiding principle in Cuba's medical internationalism programs.

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Celo, Sokol. « A Fresh Look at Decision Making in International Investment Choices : Firm International Coherence and Home-Host Country Relatedness ». FIU Digital Commons, 2011. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/377.

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Understanding how decisions for international investments are made and how this affects the overall pattern of investments and firm’s performance is of particular importance both in strategy and international business research. This dissertation introduced first home-host country relatedness (HHCR) as the degree to which countries are efficiently combined within the investment portfolios of firms. It theorized and demonstrated that HHCR will vary with the motivation for investments along at least two key dimensions: the nature of foreign investments and the connectedness of potential host countries to the rest of the world. Drawing on cognitive psychology and decision-making research, it developed a theory of strategic decision making proposing that strategic solutions are chosen close to a convenient anchor. Building on research on memory imprinting, it also proposed that managers tend to rely on older knowledge representation. In the context of international investment decisions, managers use their home countries as an anchor and are more likely to choose as a site for foreign investments host countries that are ‘close’ to the home country. These decisions are also likely to rely more strongly on closeness to time invariant country factors of historic and geographic nature rather than time-variant institutions. Empirical tests using comprehensive investments data by all public multinational companies (MNC) worldwide, or over 15,000 MNCs with over half a million subsidiaries, support the claims. Finally, the dissertation introduced the concept of International Coherence (IC) defined as the degree to which an MNE’s network comprises countries that are related. It was hypothesized that maintaining a high level of coherence is important for firm performance and will enhance it. Also, the presence of international coherence mitigates some of the negative effects of unrelated product diversification. Empirical tests using data on foreign investments of over 20,000 public firms, while also developing a home-host country relatedness index for up to 24,300 home-host pairs, provided support for the theory advanced.

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Scott, Randall Paul Evanson Robert Kent. « Cuba constructed the impact of perception on foreign policy decision-making / ». Diss., UMK access, 2004.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Dept. of Political Science and Dept. of History. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2004.
"A dissertation in political science and history." Advisor: Robert Evanson. Typescript. Vita. Title from "catalog record" of the print edition Description based on contents viewed Feb. 28, 2006. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 236-252). Online version of the print edition.

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Cardenas, Christopher. « Implementing Decision-based Learning in a Peruvian University ». BYU ScholarsArchive, 2020. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/8406.

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Decision-based learning (DBL; Plummer, Swan, & Lush, 2017) addresses the difficulty that professors may have when teaching their expertise to their students. The purpose of this study was to understand the perspectives of professors and students implementing DBL in a Peruvian university. Professors at a Peruvian university implemented the DBL pedagogy in their classes. The research questions were (a) how effectively can professors in a Peruvian university implement DBL, (b) what benefits and challenges do professors perceive from implementing DBL, and (c) how did using DBL as a homework strategy affect student learning? We collected 74 implementation videos, 42 professor surveys, 5 professor interviews, 34 student surveys, 2 student interviews, and we performed an independent samples t test to explore if DBL influenced student academic achievement. Professors implemented the pedagogy at a 72% fidelity level. Professor benefited from the pedagogy for its practicality and struggled with the amount of preparation required. Students benefited from the ability to correct their mistakes and struggled with needing to put more effort into their DBL homework. The p value of the independent samples t test was 0.002. The students who used DBL outperformed the students who didn’t use DBL on the quiz. In conclusion, DBL seems beneficial but some aspects of the pedagogy should be adjusted to make it easier for professors to prepare and students to experience. Future research should include how DBL affects professors and students when implemented for longer periods of time.

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Shiferaw, Asmamaw Tadege. « Front-End Project Governance : Choice of Project Concept and Decision-Making– An International Perspective ». Doctoral thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for bygg, anlegg og transport, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-23502.

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The demand for new investment projects is increasing; however, the preparation of a large number of those projects has had practical problems and the relevant systems and processes have been criticized. According to recent publications, a lack of problem analysis, lack of alternatives, contested information/misinformation, and many pitfalls in the decisionmaking process are among the main causes for concern. Following on from this, improving the front-end project governance processes and systems has been the subject of increased attention as it may be seen as a requirement for the success of investment: by increasing the effectiveness of a project governance system, it will be possible to select and implement the right project concepts and make optimal decisions. However, achieving effective project governance and control has so far proved to be a challenge but important. With this in mind, this thesis aims to increase the understanding of the front-end governance of public investment projects by exploring the experiences of different countries, and to contribute knowledge within the evolving debates on what to do to develop effective governance frameworks. The thesis looks at project governance processes and systems of three countries (the Netherlands, Norway and Ethiopia), aims to put forward good experiences through comparison and also hopes to answer the following questions: How do project governance systems and processes in these countries function to select project concepts and make decisions? What good experiences exist to improve the mechanism of choosing a right project concept and for making optimal decisions? To answer these questions I have collected data from the three countries in person, primarily through interviews, questionnaires and case studies, as well as reviewing a range of secondary resources, namely documentation and scientific literature. Findings of the research indicate that the Netherlands and Norway have made efforts to improve the effectiveness of their front-end project governance systems. Both countries have tried to develop contemporary processes, procedures and project governance structures that aim to develop the right project concepts; have developed stage gates for the quality assurance process; and have established go/no go approvals. In these countries, many reforms have been introduced: more attention has been given to identifying the needs and priorities of stakeholders; obligatory requirements have been developed to search for alternative concepts; and ex-ante evaluation criteria have been identified and adopted. On the other hand, due to a positive economic outlook, Ethiopia is planning and implementing ambitious investment projects. There have been achievements in this regard but the findings of this research indicate that there are significant problems that are associated with the front-end project governance system of the country. The project governance systems and processes of the Netherlands, Norway and Ethiopia have some similar features but needless to say they have differences too. This research provides project governance experiences of the three countries. In these experiences, regardless of them being good or bad, there can be lessons other countries can learn from. The good experiences that are identified in this study include: the Dutch experience to involve as many participants as possible in the early phase; the efforts to integrate different policy issues horizontally and vertically in the project preparation process; the use of IT infrastructure to get feedback from stakeholders; and the Norwegian system of outsourcing the review of project initiative documents to independent consultants. In general, this study shows some similarities and some differences in the project preparation and decision-making processes, procedures and systems of the three countries. Expanding similar research to other countries is possible and can be an opportunity to learn from differences. In addition to this, I suggest that developing a system to translate the lessons into action and to track whether the designed effect has come as planned can be useful to improve the effectiveness of project governance system.

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Lekic, Zeljka. « The Role of Transnational Television in International Political Decision-Making After The Cold War ». Thesis, London Metropolitan University, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.515329.

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Rekhter, Natalia. « International Students' Use of Social Network Sites for College Choice Activities and Decision Making ». Thesis, Indiana University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10283958.

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What are the effective ways to attract international students to your campus? One approach is to learn how foreign students obtain information that impacts their college choice decision. This need determined the goal of this study to explore the Social Network Site (SNS) component of a foreign student’s college decision-making process. This qualitative study was conducted among undergraduate students from Russia State University for Humanities (RSUH). Participant selection was made through a questionnaire aimed to identify students who were in different stages of making a decision regarding transferring to a HEI abroad. The data analysis procedure was informed by the work of Creswell (2002) and Glaser and Strauss (1967).

Participants reported that language (Russian) and convenience were among the highest motivating factors for membership in specific SNS. The benefits of SNS included opportunities for instantaneous connections with individuals of similar interests; unbiased and multidimensional views presented by SNS members. Respondents searched SNSs for information about majors, culture norms abroad, the cost of education, and careers after graduation. They were applying SNS-specific criteria, such as the number of SNS’ “likes”, followers, and the ratio of followers to following, to evaluate HEIs’ worthiness. One of the emerging study findings was that participants with no connections abroad relied exclusively on SNSs for their college choice decisions. These individuals acknowledged that without SNSs they would not consider an opportunity to transfer to an HEI abroad, as they had no channels for obtaining such information. For participants with connections abroad, the advice of their international contacts played a major role in their college choice and SNSs played a supportive role.

Limitations related to the use of SNS included a dearth of current research, minimal control over content posted by third parties, time constraints related to mastering SNS features and maintaining a meaningful content. Recommendations for overcoming these obstacles and strengthening HEI professionals’ connections with international students include developing fluency and expertise in different features of various SNSs or hiring individuals with proven expertise in SNS; creating consistent and meaningful content on various SNS platforms and conducting more research about the use of SNS by international students.

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Chu, Christopher W. (Christopher Wan) Carleton University Dissertation Management Studies. « "Factors influencing the components of the international strategic decision making process in Canadian firms." ». Ottawa, 1994.

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Kangasmäki, Heini, et Maja Koskelainen. « How Important Is an Image ? : Dutch Travel Agencies' Perception of Sweden as a Travel Destination ». Thesis, Karlstad University, Division for Business and Economics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-59.

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Nowadays, when the world feels smaller as a result of the increasing flow of information, the competition of tourism between countries is getting bigger. This has caused that the marketing of the country has become vital. It is important for the country to send out the right signals so that the tourists have the right image of a destination. Once the image has been created, it might be hard to change it.

Scandinavian Travel Agent AB is a company arranging different trips around Scandinavia. They work as incoming agent for foreign tour operators, which they help with different types of travel arrangements in Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Finland. Now they want to expand their business to other countries, and at the same time they want to identify how Sweden is seen as a tourist destination. We helped them with this by investigating travel agencies and tour operators in the Netherlands.

Our purpose with this thesis was to find out what kind of picture the Dutch travel agencies and tour operators have about Sweden. Furthermore, we wanted to know how the Dutch market looks like considering the trips to Sweden. To be able to analyze the phenomena of image we have taken closer look at the decision- making process, which was originally created by Mathieson and Wall (1984). It contains four areas (tourist profile, travel awareness, destination resources & characteristics and trip features) that have effect on the decision making process. Since we thought that image also has a big influence on the tourists’ decision, we chose to investigate that subject as well.

With the help of our theories we created two different questionnaires, one to Dutch travel agencies/ tour operators having Sweden as a travel destination, and one to Dutch travel agencies/tour operators not currently offering trips to Sweden. After receiving the answers we interpreted them together with our theories and we found out that the respondents have a correct image of the reality. Sweden’s nature with the forests, water and snow were some of the most common parts of their image. Stockholm was also a prominent feature together with beautiful and clean nature. Sweden was also seen as a modern and safe country with high quality. Some respondent also mentioned space, but it was not as common answer as we expected.

Regarding the image, we found out that an image handles both a person’s affective and cognitive images, which arises from many different sources and influences. After doing this research our believes, about the image as a part of the decision making process, were strengthened. Therefore we saw the need to change the already existing model.

Our suggestions to the Scandinavian Travel Agent AB, is to first contact the travel agencies/tour operators who are currently offering Sweden, since they seem to be most interested in expanding to Sweden. Among the other travel agencies/tour operators an interest has to be aroused. This can depend on the fact that companies with Sweden can see the demand and the opportunities better than the companies who do not have Sweden.

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Martinson, Jeffrey D. « What makes leaders think war ? Foreign military intervention decision making in post-cold war Germany ». Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1133302429.

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Almonayyes, Ahmed. « Improving problem understanding by combining Explanation-Based Learning and Case-Based Reasoning : a case study in the domain of international conflicts ». Thesis, University of Sussex, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240414.

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Austin, Elizabeth Anne. « Shock and Awe : the foreign policy decision-making process under the Bush administration ». Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2011. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2566/.

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In recent years a growing number of scholars within the field of Foreign Policy Analysis have asserted that an understanding of the interface between national identity and foreign policy is of paramount importance. Indeed one of the driving forces behind the surge of interest in this topic area is the recognition that foreign policy decision-makers are not immune to the effects of national identity, being themselves a product of the society in which they live. This body of work seeks to highlight the role American exceptionalism played in influencing the Bush administration’s foreign policy decision-making process following the events of September 11th. For many Americans, the events of September 11th served as a cruel re-minder that the United States remained vulnerable to outside attack much like it had been prior to the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor. Both events are now indelibly scarred into the American psyche. While each attack left Americans with a sense of vulnerability, they could have at least consoled themselves with the thought that Pearl Harbor was a reaction to the perceived threat that the United States would pose on entering the Second World War. September 11th only lead Americans to the sobering realization that the citizens of other nations took a growing affront to their very ideals and way of life. Sensing this insecurity, the Bush administration seized the opportunity presented by September 11th and began reshaping the identity of the United States, its enemies and the rest of the world in order to justify its foreign policy. This thesis suggests that in the absence of the September 11th terrorist attacks and the resultant shift in identity, the neoconservatives would not have had the same chance to exert their considerable influence on the administration. In order to achieve its objectives, this research notes that the Bush administration employed a foreign policy decision-making process that not only circumvented executive branch proficiency but also often completely disregarded it. Moreover it is also apparent that key foreign policy decision-makers were overconfident in America’s exceptional nature, mainly its economic and military superiority, which consequently clouded its assessment of public diplomacy’s value. Examination of the administration’s defense posture in the wake of September 11th has revealed that many of its early initiatives did not match the threats faced by the United States. One thing is certain, in the absence of the September 11th terrorist attacks, the Bush administration would have been unable to justify a foreign policy doctrine as outlined in the 2002 National Security Strategy. Finally this research seeks to add to the field through an assessment of public opinion in particular that of the Facebook Generation, an up and coming cohort. Appreciation of public opinion is crucial as it provides a perspective through which to understand how the American public sees the nation’s self-image and how it wants the country to act on the international stage. From a foreign policy decision-making perspective, this information is invaluable because it reveals what types of risks the public is willing to take. As a result, it is imperative that researchers begin to understand this generation’s point of view, given the uncertain nature of the international environment that lies ahead.

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Strathman, Brent A. « Who advises ? Power, politics, & ; persuasion in foreign policy decision making ». The Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1135002242.

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Kalinic, Igor. « Rapid Internationalization of Traditional SMEs : Entrepreneurial Decision-Making and Organizational Changes ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3427006.

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In the last 15 years, several traditional Small-Medium Enterprises (SMEs) internationalized rapidly operations in psychic distant countries with limited market knowledge, limited use of networks, and limited entrepreneur's international experience. This thesis draws research attention to this internationalization phenomenon here named Production-Oriented Internationalization (POI) of traditional SMEs. The investigation is focused on three issues: internationalization pathway of traditional SMEs, entrepreneurial decision-making process during the internationalization, and consequences of the internationalization on the firm's organizational elements. Firstly, by analyzing five case firms from Italy, I describe the peculiar path followed by SMEs during POI and show that the leading literature does not contemplate it. I argue that traditional SMEs are able to shift their internationalization process (from gradual to rapid) becoming actual international players. Given the high relevance of the traditional SMEs in many national economies (e.g. Italy, Spain, Portugal, Denmark) it is interesting to study how these firms can catch up rapidly with the increasing global competition. Secondly, I investigated the entrepreneurial cognitive process during the SMEs' internationalization of operations. Using the same sample of the first part, I show that the decision-making process can be explained through Effectuation theory. I argue that in the situation of high uncertainty, goal ambiguity and environmental isotropy (typical situation in case of internationalization of SME) even experienced entrepreneurs of already existing organizations tend to adopt effectuation logic during the decision-making process, rather than causal one. Thirdly, I focused on the the impacts of the internationalization of operations on internal organizational elements in traditional SMEs. From the same dataset emerges that traditional SMEs were forced to perform a relevant number of adaptations spread in time that affected different organizational elements. I argue that these adaptations accumulated into a continuous radical change for the company; it is a complicated process; nevertheless, traditional SMEs through this process are potentially able to develop resources/capabilities that improve their international competitiveness.
Negli ultimi 15 anni un rilevante numero di Piccole-Medie Imprese (PMI) ha internazionalizzato rapidamente le proprie operazioni in paesi distanti (culturalmente, linguisticamente, geograficamente, ecc). nonostante avendo una limitata conoscenza del mercato, ricorrendo limitatamente all'utilizzo dei propri network e avendo una limitata esperienza internazionale da parte dell’imprenditore. Questa tesi pone l'attenzione a tale fenomeno di internazionalizzazione che è stato chiamato: Production.Oriented Internationalization (POI) delle PMI tradizionali. La ricerca si è focalizzata su tre questioni: il èpercorso di internazionalizzazione seguito dalle PMI tradizionali, il processo decisionale dell’imprenditore durante l’internazionalizzazione e le conseguenze dell’internazionalizzazione sugli elementi organizzativi dell’impresa. In primo luogo, attraverso l’analisi di cinque imprese-caso italiane, è stato descritto il particolare percorso seguito delle PMI durante POI e si dimostra che la principale letteratura di riferimento non ha contempla il fenomeno. Si sostiene, altresì, che le PMI tradizionali sono in grado di cambiare la loro velocità di internazionalizzazione (da graduale a rapida) diventando effettivi protagonisti internazionali. Data l’elevata importanza delle PMI tradizionali in molte economie nazionali (per esempio: Italia, Spagna, Portogallo, Danimarca) è interessante studiare come queste imprese possano riuscire ad agganciarsi rapidamente alla crescente competizione globale. In secondo luogo, è stato investigato il processo cognitivo dell’imprenditore durante l’internazionalizzazione delle operations da parte delle PMI. Usando lo stesso campione della prima parte, sono state fornite prove che il processo decisionale può essere spiegato ricorrendo alla teoria dell’Effectuation. Si sostiene che in casi di elevata incertezza, ambiguità degli obiettivi e isotropia ambientale (situazione tipica nel caso di PMI che si internazionalizzano) anche gli imprenditori esperti di organizzazioni già esistenti tendono ad utilizzare la logica effettuale durante il processo decisionale, piuttosto che quella causale. In terzo luogo, l’attenzione si è focalizzata sugli impatti dell’internazionalizzazione sugli elementi organizzativi interni alle PMI tradizionali. Dallo stesso set di dati emerge che le PMI tradizionali sono state costrette ad effettuare un non trascurabile numero di adattamenti diffusi nel tempo che hanno investito diversi elementi organizzativi. Si sostiene che tali adattamenti si sono accumulati in un cambiamento continuo e radicale per l’impresa. Il risultato ne è un processo complicato, ma, nonostante ciò, le PMI tradizionali attraverso di esso sono potenzialmente in grado di sviluppare risorse/capacità che migliorano la loro competitività internazionale.

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Marr, Simon. « The precautionary principle in the law of the sea : modern decision making in international law / ». The Hague [u.a.] : Nijhoff, 2003. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/364258268.pdf.

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Attirawong, Walailak. « A framework for international location decision-making in manufacturing using the analytical hierarchy process approach ». Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268792.

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Krahmann, Elke. « Multilevel networks in British and German foreign policy, 1990-95 ». Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2000. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1561/.

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In the 1990s a consensus has emerged in international relations and foreign policy analysis according to which it has become necessary to move from single-level approaches towards multilevel theorising. The thesis suggests that the network approach is especially suited for the development of a multilevel theory of foreign policy decision-making because it has already been successfully applied to national, transnational and international levels of analysis. The thesis expands the scope of the network approach by proposing a 'multilevel network theory' that combines all three levels. Moreover, the thesis addresses the widespread criticism that network models fail to explain the process of decision-making by putting forward testable hypotheses regarding the exercise of pressure and the changing preferences among political actors. The aim of the approach is to examine how networks among national, transnational and international actors influence foreign policy making. The thesis suggests that the outcome of the decision-making process can be explained by the formation of a majority coalition in favour of a particular policy. In order to test the proposed multilevel network theory, the thesis examines four cases of foreign policy decision-making after the end of the Cold War. The case studies include: (1) the decision of the British government to support air strikes in Bosnia, (2) the abolition of the tactical air-to-surface missile project by the British government in 1993, (3) the first despatch of German Tornados to Bosnia, and (4) the reduction of German export controls on goods with civil and military applications ('dual-use'). By analysing cases in which two Western European governments had the final decision-making authority, the thesis illustrates how 'national' foreign policy decisions can be the consequences of domestic, transnational and international pressure.

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Lin, Yangpei. « Understanding international exit from a non-economic and emotional perspective : the case of Taiwanese entrepreneurs exit China ». Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/17567.

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I investigate why Taiwanese entrepreneurs who have invested in China exit. Viewed from the non-economic perspective, there are three main themes in this thesis. Theme A focuses on the non-economic variables in international exit. Theme B examines how incident-generated emotions shape entrepreneur’s actions in internationalization. Theme C presents an overview of the decision-making of international exit, summarizing the finding in Theme A and Theme B and revisiting the theoretical framework developed in literature chapter. Driven by the nature of the research questions, a multiple-case study methodology was adopted for the purpose of theory building. I employ the method of critical incident technique to explore firm’s critical events in internationalization and how entrepreneurs feel and respond to. In total, I identify five exit cases and two stay cases. 34 semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with entrepreneurs and their stakeholders. Data was coded in an interactive manner, working back and forth between theory, emerging patterns and data. Other sources including annual reports, press release, webpage, meeting minutes and archives are used for data triangulation. Being positioned at the intersection of entrepreneurship and international business research paths, this research firstly examines international business literature and use theories in entrepreneurship field to explain my data. Following Gimeno et al.’s (1997) threshold of performance theory, entrepreneurs can terminate an economically profitable business since it no longer meets entrepreneur’s expectation. My finding shows in addition to organizational performance, entrepreneur’s personal goal, predisposition of China and family socio-emotional wealth can influence the international exit decision by changing entrepreneur’s threshold of performance and the non-economic value of the firm. This explains why some entrepreneurs shut down a profitable firm. Following entrepreneurial emotions literature (e.g. Baron, 2008; Foo et al., 2009), I examine how entrepreneur’s incident-generated emotions shape their behaviour in internationalization. Passion and confidence are positive for organizational growth while fear and disgust are negative for entrepreneur’s efforts in internationalization. Empathy is positive for learning and adaption and anger encourages risky actions with optimistic prediction. This section provides empirical evidence to entrepreneurial emotion studies and connects empathy with entrepreneur’s learning and development of institution-specific capability. Finally, I revisit the international exit decision-making framework and redefine international exit. My finding shows entrepreneurs who have positive emotional memory and predisposition of China are easier to recover and learn from their international exit experience and use it to renter into China in the future. Taken together, this thesis provides fresh insights into an emerging debate relating to international exit, particularly on emerging market studies. It contributes to the international business literature by viewing from non-economic perspective, indicating why some entrepreneurs persist in a failing venture while others shut down a profitable venture. This research also adds to entrepreneurial emotion literature by providing an insight to positive and negative emotions and focusing on specific emotions rather than a broad category, describing six emotions and their effects on entrepreneur’s decision in internationalization. Implications for practitioners and policy makers are also discussed.

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Al, Qur'an Marwan. « Location decision-making processes of internationalising firms : a multiple case study investigation ». Thesis, Curtin University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/35.

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Research into the location decision of Australian international firms was primarily directed toward investigating motivations of Australian investors for setting up their foreign direct investments (FDI) in specific foreign countries. Nevertheless, the strategic decision-making process concerning the selection of a beneficial foreign country for either Australian or Western Australian international operations has been neglected in the existing literature; hence, an evident and significant gap was identified. Therefore, the current exploratory investigation used an interpretive paradigm to examine ‘how do Western Australian internationalising firms arrive at a beneficial foreign location choice for their international operations and hence attain successful international expansion. As an attempt to provide rich and deep insights into managerial actions and procedures, as well as critical success factors, that should be considered in effective international location decision-making process to attain a beneficial foreign location choice, five empirical comparative in-depth case studies excluding a pilot case study were purposefully selected from among sixteen potential Western Australian firms which established manufacturing and service operations abroad. Furthermore, seven international location decision-making processes were examined within these five cases through relying on several data sources: in-depth face to face interviews, short telephone and follow-up interviews and questionnaire instrument as primary data sources besides field notes, documents review when available and internet sources as secondary data sources. Two main stages of analysis were undertaken in the current research, namely, within and cross-case analyses.The empirical findings of the extant research show that a thorough consultative and international experience-based strategic decision process should be considered to attain effective foreign country selection decisions. The consultative decision process encompasses five crucial managerial phases; that is, (1) strategic analysis of internationalisation drivers, (2) strategic searching and development of location factors and alternatives, (3) acquiring of adequate and relevant information about the prospective locations and, hence, strategic assessment for these alternatives, (4) strategic selection of final beneficial foreign location choice, and finally, (5) effective implementation of the selected location choice. Results reveal that the decision process cannot separately lead to the selection of a beneficial foreign location choice in the absence of four critical success factors, i.e., (1) international business experience of the selected location team, (2) the country knowledge about the potential foreign locations, (3) in-house and external consultations with international business experts and (4) identification of a trustworthy and internationally experienced manager or local partner for the international operation. The findings also illustrate that the comprehensive foreign country selection decision process is a multi-stage decision process which incorporates three separate location selection processes, namely, (1) country selection, (2) city selection and (3) site selection process. The current research extends the satisficing or bounded rational decision theory by confirming the appropriateness and the effectiveness of the theory in foreign country selection decisions.In addition, the earlier critical success factors are adding new and important aspects of knowledge to the existing research on location decision-making process in international business, as well as foreign direct investment decisions. Accordingly, the former management phases and critical success factors were integrated into a conceptual model. The major and the unique contribution of the current thesis to existing theory is the development of a decision model which combines two fields of management research; that is, strategic decision-making and location decision-making in international business. The research provides important methodological contributions to international business research in relation to an effective multiple case study approach to capture elements of the comprehensive and complex international location decision-making process. Finally, the research findings and decision model have practical managerial implications for both international and internationalising firms by assisting them to improve the effectiveness of their foreign country selection decision processes. Further, the findings provide benefits for foreign investment policy-makers as well as local development officials in both home and host countries by assisting them to increase their outward FDI and attract more inward FDI and, consequently, boost the economic development movement in their countries.

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Niemetz, Martin. « Promoting a deliberative system for global peace and security : how to reform the United Nations' decision-making procedures ». Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2013. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/609/.

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This thesis offers a concrete and practically applicable answer to the question of how to increase the legitimacy of the UN’s decision-making procedures on issues of global peace and security. In order to provide this answer, it connects the minutia of institutional design with the abstract principals of democratic theory in a systematic and reproducible method, thereby enabling a clear normative evaluation of even the smallest technical detail of reform. The thesis elaborates criteria for the evaluation of both the normative desirability as well as the political feasibility of individual reform proposals and applies these to a compilation of all the relevant proposals in four issue- areas: Security Council (SC) membership and voting, SC working methods, relations between the SC and the General Assembly, and relations between the SC and civil society. This evaluation demonstrates that there is a range of feasible proposals for reform that could improve the SC’s accountability both to the GA and to the general public, that could increase the opportunities for effective input from the UN membership and NGOs, and that would thereby promote the UN’s decision-making procedures on issues of global peace and security as a more inclusive, coherent and decisive deliberative system.

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Chenard, Marie. « The European Community's opening to the People's Republic of China, 1969-1979 : internal decision-making on external relations ». Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2012. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/641/.

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This thesis analyses the decision-making within the European Community on opening to the People’s Republic of China between 1969 and 1979. The three main research themes, which this thesis will make a contribution to, are the EC’s decision-making in foreign policy, European integration in the 1970s, and the intersection of European integration and the Cold War. Neither the historiography of the Cold War nor of European integration have dealt with the EC-PRC relationship. This research addresses that deficiency. This is the first detailed, systematic historical study of the origins of the Community’s response to China that bases on archival sources released according to the 30-year rule. The study takes a Community-centred perspective, focusing on how the interests of the EC member states, those of the EC intergovernmental and supranational actors came together in Brussels, Strasbourg and Luxembourg to shape the EC’s response to the PRC. It is based on extensive multi-archival and multinational research, including records of the Community institutions, the French, British and German governments, personal papers, and interviews. The thesis argues that the Commission was the principal architect and motor behind the EC’s opening to China. Sir Christopher Soames, the first British vice-president and commissioner for external relations, was primarily responsible for establishing official relations. Personal beliefs and ambitions were at the root of his decision-making. Geopolitics were key. However the principal factor behind his and the Commission’s subsequent decisions was inter-institutional jockeying for power. The main implications of the opening were a furthering and deepening of European integration, and an acceleration of European détente and détente in Europe. This thesis therefore shows that the wrangle for competencies within the EC institutional system intertwined with broader trends of history, the end of the PRC’s isolation from international affairs and détente.

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Jenab, Zahra. « The role of international law in US foreign policy decision-making intervention in Grenada & ; Nicaragua ». Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30780.

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Relations among states are permeated by basic legal concepts which comprise the international legal system. The existence of this system helps maintain some level of international order. So long as states feel that it is in their interest to act according to the norms of international law, order is preserved. When a state believes, however, that it is to its advantage to disrupt the order, then the international legal system can do very little to prevent that state from acting contrary to the norm and, for instance, resorting to the use of force to achieve its goal. The actions of the United States, as a major power, are very significant in this respect since many smaller countries look at the United States as a role model. Yet, in many cases, the United States has acted in a manner which seems to contradict the established norms of international law. To determine to what extent international law is a factor in US policy making, it is best to focus on the relations of the US with countries of one specific region in order to avoid sweeping generalizations. The relationship of the US with Central American countries has always been a matter of controversy because the United States sees itself as the protector of these states. On numerous occasions, the US has intervened (directly and indirectly) in Central America to secure its own perceived interests. Two of the most recent examples of US intervention occurred during the Reagan Administration. They are: the 1983 invasion of Grenada, and intervention in Nicaragua from 1981 to 1984. After the decisions to intervene were made, United States' officials offered legal justifications for their actions. A close look at these explanations, however, reveals that the Reagan Administration was not truly concerned with the norms and principles of international law. The Administration believed that it had the military and political power to circumvent into international legal obligations without the fear of sanctions. The real rationale for the interventions lies in the fact that the US had the opportunity to try to overthrow an adversarial regime which was seen as a threat to hemispheric security and solidarity.
Arts, Faculty of
Political Science, Department of
Graduate

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Al, Qur'an Marwan. « Location decision-making processes of internationalising firms : a multiple case study investigation ». Curtin University of Technology, Curtin Business School, 2005. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=16311.

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Research into the location decision of Australian international firms was primarily directed toward investigating motivations of Australian investors for setting up their foreign direct investments (FDI) in specific foreign countries. Nevertheless, the strategic decision-making process concerning the selection of a beneficial foreign country for either Australian or Western Australian international operations has been neglected in the existing literature; hence, an evident and significant gap was identified. Therefore, the current exploratory investigation used an interpretive paradigm to examine ‘how do Western Australian internationalising firms arrive at a beneficial foreign location choice for their international operations and hence attain successful international expansion. As an attempt to provide rich and deep insights into managerial actions and procedures, as well as critical success factors, that should be considered in effective international location decision-making process to attain a beneficial foreign location choice, five empirical comparative in-depth case studies excluding a pilot case study were purposefully selected from among sixteen potential Western Australian firms which established manufacturing and service operations abroad. Furthermore, seven international location decision-making processes were examined within these five cases through relying on several data sources: in-depth face to face interviews, short telephone and follow-up interviews and questionnaire instrument as primary data sources besides field notes, documents review when available and internet sources as secondary data sources. Two main stages of analysis were undertaken in the current research, namely, within and cross-case analyses.
The empirical findings of the extant research show that a thorough consultative and international experience-based strategic decision process should be considered to attain effective foreign country selection decisions. The consultative decision process encompasses five crucial managerial phases; that is, (1) strategic analysis of internationalisation drivers, (2) strategic searching and development of location factors and alternatives, (3) acquiring of adequate and relevant information about the prospective locations and, hence, strategic assessment for these alternatives, (4) strategic selection of final beneficial foreign location choice, and finally, (5) effective implementation of the selected location choice. Results reveal that the decision process cannot separately lead to the selection of a beneficial foreign location choice in the absence of four critical success factors, i.e., (1) international business experience of the selected location team, (2) the country knowledge about the potential foreign locations, (3) in-house and external consultations with international business experts and (4) identification of a trustworthy and internationally experienced manager or local partner for the international operation. The findings also illustrate that the comprehensive foreign country selection decision process is a multi-stage decision process which incorporates three separate location selection processes, namely, (1) country selection, (2) city selection and (3) site selection process. The current research extends the satisficing or bounded rational decision theory by confirming the appropriateness and the effectiveness of the theory in foreign country selection decisions.
In addition, the earlier critical success factors are adding new and important aspects of knowledge to the existing research on location decision-making process in international business, as well as foreign direct investment decisions. Accordingly, the former management phases and critical success factors were integrated into a conceptual model. The major and the unique contribution of the current thesis to existing theory is the development of a decision model which combines two fields of management research; that is, strategic decision-making and location decision-making in international business. The research provides important methodological contributions to international business research in relation to an effective multiple case study approach to capture elements of the comprehensive and complex international location decision-making process. Finally, the research findings and decision model have practical managerial implications for both international and internationalising firms by assisting them to improve the effectiveness of their foreign country selection decision processes. Further, the findings provide benefits for foreign investment policy-makers as well as local development officials in both home and host countries by assisting them to increase their outward FDI and attract more inward FDI and, consequently, boost the economic development movement in their countries.

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Silva, João Pedro dos Santos. « Decision-making process in Portuguese Erasmus student mobility : case study ». Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/15742.

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Mestrado em Gestão
With the evolution of nowadays knowledge-based economies, the labour class becomes more competitive. As a way of getting skills that bring benefits to their careers, university students take advantage of the many opportunities available and go abroad to study. This study develops and empirically tests a structural model that examines the antecedents that influence the decision-making process of an Erasmus student under mobility for studies (EMS) in Aveiro, Coimbra and Porto (2014-2015). Reliability analysis, exploratory factor analysis and linear regressions were used to evaluate the model. Based on a survey with a sample of 872 valid responses, this study has demonstrated that EMS students are also influenced by touristic factors, which gives support to what has recently been approached by other authors. Conclusions and suggestions can be applied by other organizations, mainly Higher Education Institutions in order to attract more EMS students.
Com a evolução das atuais economias do conhecimento, o mundo do trabalho torna-se mais competitivo. Como forma de ganhar competências que tragam benefícios para as suas carreiras, os estudantes universitários aproveitam as diversas oportunidades existentes e vão estudar no estrangeiro. Este estudo desenvolve e testa empiricamente um modelo estrutural que examina os antecedentes que influenciam a tomada de decisão de um aluno Erasmus em mobilidade de estudos (EMS) em Aveiro, Coimbra e Porto (2014-2015). A análise de fiabilidade, a análise fatorial exploratória e as regressões lineares foram utilizadas para avaliar o modelo. Com base num questionário com uma amostra de 872 respostas válidas, este estudo demonstrou que os estudantes EMS são também influenciados por fatores turísticos, dando assim seguimento ao trabalho que recentemente tem vindo a ser abordado por outros autores. As conclusões e sugestões podem ser utilizadas pelas Instituições de Ensino Superior como meio de atrair mais estudantes EMS.

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John, Peter K. « Facets of managerial evaluation of foreign direct investment in a developing country an investigation of Australian firms investing in India / ». Phd thesis, Australia : Macquarie University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/71423.

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Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, Macquarie Graduate School of Management, 2002.
Bibliography: p. A291-A332.
Overview and problem definition -- Theoretical context -- Facets of firm's evaluation of FDI and IJV formation -- Analytical framework and results -- Summary.
This dissertation investigates managerial evaluation of FDI and IJV formation in a developing country. The assessment is likely to be influenced by a country's factor endowments, created assets and policy framework. The efficiencies of the processes relating to decision-making, IJV formation and FDI implementation in a particular country can also impact a firm's evaluation of the country. Further, all the above variables are assessed by a firm in the context of its motives and organisational characteristics. -- After an initial growth period, driven by the country's economic reforms, FDI in India seems to have stagnated at relatively low levels. In addition, the conversion of FDI proposals (approved by Indian authorities) into direct investment in the country remains low. Empirical research on FDI outflows has typically focussed on large economies. A limited industrial base and market size differentiates Australia from these countries. -- This thesis contributes to the understanding of managerial assessment of a potential FDI destination in the context of Australian firms investing in India - a recent phenomenon that has not been previously explored. This research also differentiates itself from other studies in its investigation of FDI-related processes that are virtually overlooked in earlier empirical literature. Earlier empirical studies have explored some of the dimensions affecting a firm's assessment of an FDI location in isolation. Investigating these issues on the same set of sample firms renders the findings of this research more holistic. Through exploring the impact of a firm's organisational context on its assessment of a potential FDI location, this study also addresses the inadequate attention given to a firm's 'operational and strategically-based variables' and to 'managerial' rather than 'market' processes in existing empirical literature on FDI (Dunning, 1988, p. 8; Buckley, 1996, p. 18). At a practical level, this research provides guidance to decision makers in India to improve its FDI appeal. It also identifies the key issues potential investors should consider in making FDI in the country. -- The theoretical base of this research is inter-disciplinary, incorporating explanations for FDI and IJV formation based on economics, behavioural science, organisational learning and strategic perspectives. Multiple perspectives are used in this exploratory study, primarily to extend our knowledge of FDI and IJV-related processes and decisions. The findings are also compared with the expectations of the alternative theoretical frameworks. -- The data for this research was collected from 25 Australian firms that have invested in India already or have FDI proposals approved by Indian authorities during 1993-1998. A questionnaire was completed in personal meetings with CEOs or other senior executives of the firms in the sample. This data collection was supplemented by interviews with these officers from a sub-sample of 16 firms. -- This research finds that Australian firms are primarily driven by the aggressive motive of market growth in the liberalising economy. The overall FDI attractiveness of India's location-specific factors is perceived by firms to be in the significantly attractive class, albeit close to its lower bound. It is inhibited by unfavourable perceptions of the country relating to eleven location-specific factors which are important to a firm's FDI location decision. These factors are categorised into economic/financial (six), political/legal (three) and IJV-related (two). Firms, which have already invested in India, tend to rate the overall attractiveness of these country factors lower than other firms.
The study finds that, despite recent reforms, India's FDI-related policy framework is still perceived as not sufficiently friendly by Australian investors. Unfavourable assessments of the country, relating to eight policy variables, inhibits its overall policy friendliness for FDI. Regulatory controls on FDI are perceived as the most unfriendly feature of India's FDI regime. The study also shows that the scope to improve the friendliness of its policy regime, through building better awareness of the policies among investors, is limited. Thus improvements in policies are needed before the country undertakes extensive promotional efforts of its policies. -- A firm's FDI decision-making process is materially hampered by delays resulting from cumbersome approval requirements and obtaining responses from the country's authorities. Discussions with potential IJV partners are the only source of information that firms find useful relating to FDI in the country. This suggests that improvements may be needed in India's communication strategies. This research also shows that the host country needs to focus separately on improving some of the country's locationspecific factors, policies and FDI processes to improve its appeal to investors. -- The FDI implementation process in the country is significantly hindered by bureaucratic delays within its various agencies. Firms that have already invested in the country emphasise the severity of this hindrance more than other firms. -- Ownership interest of Australian firms in FDI ventures tends to be lower than the host country's regulatory hurdles. The perception that a local partner can add value to the FDI operation is a major reason for forming IJVs. However, large, non-Australian owned, capital-intensive or well-internationalised firms tend to show more confidence in assuming higher ownership in FDI ventures. -- The study also identifies some important effects of the three dimensions of a firm's organisational context - its attributes, internationalisation behaviour and host country experience - on its assessment of FDI and IJV formation in a country. -- More emphasis on aggressive FDI motives, less concerns relating to cultural dissimilarity with the host country, greater expectation of contributions from IJV partners and an inclination to accept lower ownership interest in IJVs tend to differentiate the FDI behaviour of Australian firms from others dealt with in some earlier studies. Having identified, a suitable partner, Australian firms have a positive perception of the IJV formation process in India, with no issues presenting any significant hindrance to FDI. -- The target audience of this study includes potential Australian and other investors in India, policy planners in India and other developing countries and academics involved in FDI and IJV research.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
xli, 556, A332 p., ill

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