Articles de revues : « Interferon Gamma-Induced Protein 10 CXCL1 »

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Gautam, Aarti, Saurabh Dixit, Mario T. Philipp, Shree R. Singh, Lisa A. Morici, Deepak Kaushal et Vida A. Dennis. « Interleukin-10 Alters Effector Functions of Multiple Genes Induced by Borrelia burgdorferi in Macrophages To Regulate Lyme Disease Inflammation ». Infection and Immunity 79, n^o 12 (26 septembre 2011) : 4876–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.05451-11.

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ABSTRACTInterleukin-10 (IL-10) modulates inflammatory responses elicitedin vitroandin vivobyBorrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme disease spirochete. How IL-10 modulates these inflammatory responses still remains elusive. We hypothesize that IL-10 inhibits effector functions of multiple genes induced byB. burgdorferiin macrophages to control concomitantly elicited inflammation. Because macrophages are essential in the initiation of inflammation, we used mouse J774 macrophages and liveB. burgdorferispirochetes as the model target cell and stimulant, respectively. First, we employed transcriptome profiling to identify genes that were induced by stimulation of cells with live spirochetes and that were perturbed by addition of IL-10 to spirochete cultures. Spirochetes significantly induced upregulation of 347 genes at both the 4-h and 24-h time points. IL-10 inhibited the expression levels, respectively, of 53 and 65 of the 4-h and 24-h genes, and potentiated, respectively, at 4 h and 24 h, 65 and 50 genes. Prominent among the novel identified IL-10-inhibited genes also validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) were Toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1), TLR2, IRAK3, TRAF1, IRG1, PTGS2, MMP9, IFI44, IFIT1, and CD40. Proteome analysis using a multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed the IL-10 modulation/and or potentiation of RANTES/CCL5, macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2)/CXCL2, IP-10/CXCL10, MIP-1α/CCL3, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)/CSF3, CXCL1, CXCL5, CCL2, CCL4, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-1α, IL-1β, gamma interferon (IFN-γ), and IL-9. Similar results were obtained using sonicated spirochetes or lipoprotein as stimulants. Our data show that IL-10 alters effectors induced byB. burgdorferiin macrophages to control concomitantly elicited inflammatory responses. Moreover, for the first time, this study provides global insight into potential mechanisms used by IL-10 to control Lyme disease inflammation.

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Sakamoto, Shinichi, Hidenori Takahashi, Xue Tan, Yuji Inoue, Yoko Nomura, Yusuke Arai, Yujiro Fujino, Hidetoshi Kawashima et Yasuo Yanagi. « Changes in multiple cytokine concentrations in the aqueous humour of neovascular age-related macular degeneration after 2 months of ranibizumab therapy ». British Journal of Ophthalmology 102, n^o 4 (1 août 2017) : 448–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-310284.

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PurposeTo determine changes in multiple cytokine concentrations in the anterior chamber during the induction phase of ranibizumab treatment in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD).MethodsThis prospective study included 48 treatment-naïve neovascular AMD eyes of 48 patients who received three consecutive monthly injections of ranibizumab at the Japan Community Health Care Organization Tokyo Shinjuku Medical Center between November 2010 and August 2012. We collected ~0.2 mL aqueous humour before the first and third (2 months later) injections. Controls were 80 eyes with cataracts without retinal disease. The cytokines C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1), interferon-γ-induced protein 10 (IP-10), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), CCL11, C-C motif chemokine ligand 11 (CCL11), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) were analysed using multiplex cytokine assays.ResultsMean ages of the patients with AMD and controls were 73 and 75 years, respectively, and 31 (65%) and 37 (46%) subjects were men, respectively. Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy was found in 27 eyes (56%). Mean concentrations of cytokines in aqueous humour in patients with neovascular AMD before the first and third ranibizumab injections were as follows (in pg/mL): CXCL1, 8.4 and 3.3; IP-10, 110 and 55; CXCL12, 480 and 240; CXCL13, 9.2 and 2.6; MCP-1, 620 and 220; CCL11, 7.1 and 2.8; IL-6, 5.9 and 1.6; IL-10, 0.15 and 0.015 (all p<0.0001), and MMP-9, 0.92 and 1.5 (p=0.0216), respectively. Concentrations of all cytokines decreased significantly after two consecutive ranibizumab injections, except for MMP-9, which increased significantly.ConclusionsAfter two monthly consecutive antivascular endothelial growth factor injections, inflammatory cytokine levels in the aqueous humour of the eyes with AMD were strongly suppressed, while MMP-9 levels increased.

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Colvin, Richard A., Gabriele S. V. Campanella, Lindsay A. Manice et Andrew D. Luster. « CXCR3 Requires Tyrosine Sulfation for Ligand Binding and a Second Extracellular Loop Arginine Residue for Ligand-Induced Chemotaxis ». Molecular and Cellular Biology 26, n^o 15 (1 août 2006) : 5838–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.00556-06.

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ABSTRACT CXCR3 is a G-protein-coupled seven-transmembrane domain chemokine receptor that plays an important role in effector T-cell and NK cell trafficking. Three gamma interferon-inducible chemokines activate CXCR3: CXCL9 (Mig), CXCL10 (IP-10), and CXCL11 (I-TAC). Here, we identify extracellular domains of CXCR3 that are required for ligand binding and activation. We found that CXCR3 is sulfated on its N terminus and that sulfation is required for binding and activation by all three ligands. We also found that the proximal 16 amino acid residues of the N terminus are required for CXCL10 and CXCL11 binding and activation but not CXCL9 activation. In addition, we found that residue R216 in the second extracellular loop is required for CXCR3-mediated chemotaxis and calcium mobilization but is not required for ligand binding or ligand-induced CXCR3 internalization. Finally, charged residues in the extracellular loops contribute to the receptor-ligand interaction. These findings demonstrate that chemokine activation of CXCR3 involves both high-affinity ligand-binding interactions with negatively charged residues in the extracellular domains of CXCR3 and a lower-affinity receptor-activating interaction in the second extracellular loop. This lower-affinity interaction is necessary to induce chemotaxis but not ligand-induced CXCR3 internalization, further suggesting that different domains of CXCR3 mediate distinct functions.

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Tribouillard-Tanvier, Déborah, James F. Striebel, Karin E. Peterson et Bruce Chesebro. « Analysis of Protein Levels of 24 Cytokines in Scrapie Agent-Infected Brain and Glial Cell Cultures from Mice Differing in Prion Protein Expression Levels ». Journal of Virology 83, n^o 21 (26 août 2009) : 11244–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01413-09.

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ABSTRACT Activation of microglia and astroglia is seen in many neurodegenerative diseases including prion diseases. Activated glial cells produce cytokines as a protective response against certain pathogens and as part of the host inflammatory response to brain damage. In addition, cytokines might also exacerbate tissue damage initiated by other processes. In the present work using multiplex assays to analyze protein levels of 24 cytokines in scrapie agent-infected C57BL/10 mouse brains, we observed elevation of CCL2, CCL5, CXCL1, CXCL10, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), gamma interferon (IFN-γ), interleukin 1α (IL-1α), IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12p40. Scrapie agent-infected wild-type mice and transgenic mice expressing anchorless prion protein (PrP) had similar cytokine responses in spite of extensive differences in neuropathology. Therefore, these responses may be primarily a reaction to brain damage induced by prion infection rather than specific inducers of a particular type of pathology. To study the roles of astroglia and microglia in these cytokine responses, primary glial cultures were exposed to scrapie agent-infected brain homogenates. Microglia produced only IL-12p40 and CXCL10, whereas astroglia produced these cytokines plus CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CXCL1, G-CSF, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12p70, and IL-13. Glial cytokine responses from wild-type mice and transgenic mice expressing anchorless PrP differed only slightly, but glia from PrP-null mice produced only IL-12p40, indicating that PrP expression was required for scrapie agent induction of other cytokines detected. The difference in cytokine response between microglia and astroglia correlated with 20-fold-higher levels of PrP expression in astroglia versus microglia, suggesting that high-level PrP expression on astroglia might be important for induction of certain cytokines.

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Zeng, Xianying, Thomas A. Moore, Michael W. Newstead, Jane C. Deng, Steven L. Kunkel, Andrew D. Luster et Theodore J. Standiford. « Interferon-Inducible Protein 10, but Not Monokine Induced by Gamma Interferon, Promotes Protective Type 1 Immunity in Murine Klebsiella pneumoniae Pneumonia ». Infection and Immunity 73, n^o 12 (décembre 2005) : 8226–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.12.8226-8236.2005.

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ABSTRACT CXC chemokines that lack the ELR motif, including interferon-inducible protein 10 [IP-10 (CXCL10)] and monokine induced by gamma interferon (IFN-γ) [MIG (CXCL9)], have been shown to mediate the generation of type 1 immune responses. In this study, we found that intrapulmonary administration of the gram-negative bacterium Klebsiella pneumoniae resulted in the local and systemic expression of IP-10, followed sequentially by MIG expression. MIG mRNA expression in the lungs of Klebsiella-infected mice required the endogenous production of IFN-γ, whereas IP-10 was expressed in both an IFN-γ-dependent and an IFN-γ-independent fashion. Antibody-mediated neutralization of IP-10 resulted in reduced bacterial clearance and decreased survival, whereas bacterial clearance was unaltered in mice treated with anti-MIG antibody. Impaired bacterial clearance in anti-IP-10 antibody-treated mice was associated with significant reductions in the number and/or activational status of NK and NK-T cells, CD4+ T cells, and γδ T cells, as well as a reduction in the expression of IFN-γ. Conversely, the transient transgenic expression of murine IP-10 using adenovirus-mediated gene transfer resulted in improved bacterial clearance when IP-10 adenovirus was given concomitant with intrapulmonary bacterial challenge. These results indicate that IP-10 is an important component of innate immunity against extracellular bacterial pathogens of the lung and may represent a candidate molecule for immunotherapy in the setting of severe respiratory tract infection.

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Hameed, Ruaa Salim. « Upregulated CXCL10 gene Expression in SARS-CoV-2 Infected people ». BASRA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 40, n^o 2 (1 septembre 2022) : 357–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.29072/basjs.20220208.

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Interferon and interferon-induced genes play a crucial role in early-stage post-infection virus defense. C-X-C10, also known as interferon gamma-induced protein 10 or small-inducible cytokine B10, is encoded by the CXCL10 gene and is essential for T-helper cell recruitment. The purpose of this study was to assess the gene expression of CXCL10 in SARS-CoV-2-positive and -negative individuals using qPCR. The results demonstrated a 35-fold increase in CXCL10 expression in SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals vs to negative samples. In conclusion, the elevated gene expression of CXCL10 in SARS-CoV-2 patients is a signal for the immune system to respond to the invading virus and may be taken into account in the design of future vaccines.

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Asensio, Valérie C., Joachim Maier, Richard Milner, Kaan Boztug, Carrie Kincaid, Maxime Moulard, Curtis Phillipson et al. « Interferon-Independent, Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp120-Mediated Induction of CXCL10/IP-10 Gene Expression by Astrocytes In Vivo and In Vitro ». Journal of Virology 75, n^o 15 (1 août 2001) : 7067–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.75.15.7067-7077.2001.

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ABSTRACT The CXC chemokine gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-inducible protein CXCL10/IP-10 is markedly elevated in cerebrospinal fluid and brain of individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and is implicated in the pathogenesis of HIV-associated dementia (HAD). To explore the possible role of CXCL10/IP-10 in HAD, we examined the expression of this and other chemokines in the central nervous system (CNS) of transgenic mice with astrocyte-targeted expression of HIV gp120 under the control of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter, a murine model for HIV-1 encephalopathy. Compared with wild-type controls, CNS expression of the CC chemokine gene CCL2/MCP-1 and the CXC chemokine genes CXCL10/IP-10 and CXCL9/Mig was induced in the GFAP-HIV gp120 mice. CXCL10/IP-10 RNA expression was increased most and overlapped the expression of the transgene-encoded HIV gp120 gene. Astrocytes and to a lesser extent microglia were identified as the major cellular sites for CXCL10/IP-10 gene expression. There was no detectable expression of any class of IFN or their responsive genes. In astrocyte cultures, soluble recombinant HIV gp120 protein was capable of directly inducing CXCL10/IP-10 gene expression a process that was independent of STAT1. These findings highlight a novel IFN- and STAT1-independent mechanism for the regulation of CXCL10/IP-10 expression and directly link expression of HIV gp120 to the induction of CXCL10/IP-10 that is found in HIV infection of the CNS. Finally, one function of IP-10 expression may be the recruitment of leukocytes to the CNS, since the brain of GFAP-HIV gp120 mice had increased numbers of CD3+ T cells that were found in close proximity to sites of CXCL10/IP-10 RNA expression.

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Smit, Martine J., Dennis Verzijl, Paola Casarosa, Marjon Navis, Henk Timmerman et Rob Leurs. « Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus-Encoded G Protein-Coupled Receptor ORF74 Constitutively Activates p44/p42 MAPK and Akt via Gi and Phospholipase C-Dependent Signaling Pathways ». Journal of Virology 76, n^o 4 (15 février 2002) : 1744–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.76.4.1744-1752.2002.

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ABSTRACT The G protein-coupled receptor encoded by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, also referred to as ORF74, has been shown to stimulate oncogenic and angiogenic signaling pathways in a constitutively active manner. The biochemical routes linking ORF74 to these signaling pathways are poorly defined. In this study, we show that ORF74 constitutively activates p44/p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Akt via Gi- and phospholipase C (PLC)-mediated signaling pathways. Activation of Akt by ORF74 appears to be phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) dependent but, interestingly, is also mediated by activation of protein kinase C (PKC) and p44/p42 MAPK. ORF74 may signal to Akt via p44/p42 MAPK, which can be activated by Gi, through activation of PI3-K or through PKC via the PLC pathway. Signaling of ORF74 to these proliferative and antiapoptotic signaling pathways can be further modulated positively by growth-related oncogene (GROα/CXCL1) and negatively by human gamma interferon-inducible protein 10 (IP-10/CXCL10), thus acting as an agonist and an inverse agonist, respectively. Despite the ability of the cytomegalovirus-encoded chemokine receptor US28 to constitutively activate PLC, this receptor does not increase phosphorylation of p44/p42 MAPK or Akt in COS-7 cells. Hence, ORF74 appears to signal through a larger diversity of G proteins than US28, allowing it to couple to proliferative and antiapoptotic signaling pathways. ORF74 can therefore be envisioned as an attractive target for novel treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma.

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Widney, Daniel P., Yan Hu, Amy K. Foreman-Wykert, Kim C. Bui, Tam T. Nguyen, Bao Lu, Craig Gerard, Jeff F. Miller et Jeffrey B. Smith. « CXCR3 and Its Ligands Participate in the Host Response to Bordetella bronchiseptica Infection of the Mouse Respiratory Tract but Are Not Required for Clearance of Bacteria from the Lung ». Infection and Immunity 73, n^o 1 (janvier 2005) : 485–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.1.485-493.2005.

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ABSTRACT Intranasal inoculation of mice with Bordetella bronchiseptica produces a transient pneumonia that is cleared over several weeks in a process known to require both neutrophils and lymphocytes. In this study, we evaluated the roles of the chemokines MIG (CXCL9), IP-10 (CXCL10), and I-TAC (CXCL11) and their common receptor, CXCR3. Following bacterial inoculation, message expression of interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, and the neutrophil-attracting chemokines KC, LIX, and MIP-2 was rapidly induced, with maximal expression found at 6 h. In contrast, message expression of gamma interferon, MIG, IP-10, and I-TAC peaked at 2 days. Expression of all of these chemokines and cytokines returned to near baseline by 5 days, despite the persistence of high levels of live bacteria at this time. Induced MIG, IP-10, and I-TAC protein expression was localized in areas of inflammation at 2 to 3 days and was temporally associated with increased levels of CXCR3+ lymphocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. There was no increase in mortality in mice lacking CXCR3. However, the clearance of bacteria from the lung and trachea was delayed, and the recruitment of lymphocytes and NK cells was slightly decreased, for CXCR3−/− mice relative to CXCR3+/+ mice. We conclude that the CXCR3 receptor-ligand system contributes to pulmonary host defense in B. bronchiseptica infection by recruiting lymphocytes and NK cells into the lung.

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Cheeran, Maxim C. J., Shuxian Hu, Wen S. Sheng, Phillip K. Peterson et James R. Lokensgard. « CXCL10 Production from Cytomegalovirus-Stimulated Microglia Is Regulated by both Human and Viral Interleukin-10 ». Journal of Virology 77, n^o 8 (15 avril 2003) : 4502–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.77.8.4502-4515.2003.

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ABSTRACT Glial cells orchestrate immunocyte recruitment to focal areas of viral infection within the brain and synchronize immune cell functions through a regulated network of cytokines and chemokines. Since recruitment of T lymphocytes plays a critical role in resolving cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, we investigated the production of a T-cell chemoattractant, CXCL10 (gamma interferon-inducible protein 10) in response to viral infection of human glial cells. Infection with CMV was found to elicit the production of CXCL10 from primary microglial cells but not from astrocytes. This CXCL10 expression was not dependent on secondary protein synthesis but did require the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase. In addition, migration of activated lymphocytes toward supernatants from CMV-stimulated microglial cells was partially suppressed by anti-CXCL10 antibodies. Since regulation of central nervous system inflammation is essential to allow viral clearance without immunopathology, microglial cells were then treated with anti-inflammatory cytokines. CMV-induced CXCL10 production from microglial cells was suppressed following treatment with interleukin-10 (IL-10) and IL-4 but not following treatment with transforming growth factor β. The IL-10-mediated inhibition of CXCL10 production was associated with decreased CMV-induced NF-κB activation but not decreased p38 MAP kinase phosphorylation. Finally, CMV infection of fully permissive astrocytes resulted in mRNA expression for the viral homologue to human IL-10 (i.e., cmvIL-10 [UL111a]) in its spliced form and conditioned medium from CMV-infected astrocytes inhibited virus-induced CXCL10 production from microglial cells through the IL-10 receptor. These findings present yet another mechanism through which CMV may subvert host immune responses.

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Hokeness, Kirsten L., Elizabeth S. Deweerd, Michael W. Munks, Casey A. Lewis, Ronald P. Gladue et Thais P. Salazar-Mather. « CXCR3-Dependent Recruitment of Antigen-Specific T Lymphocytes to the Liver during Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection ». Journal of Virology 81, n^o 3 (15 novembre 2006) : 1241–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01937-06.

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ABSTRACT Innate inflammatory events promoting antiviral defense in the liver against murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection have been characterized. However, the mechanisms that regulate the selective recruitment of inflammatory T lymphocytes to the liver during MCMV infection have not been defined. The studies presented here demonstrate the expression of monokine induced by gamma interferon (IFN-γ; Mig/CXCL9) and IFN-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10/CXCL10) in liver leukocytes and correlate their production with the infiltration of MCMV-specific CD8 T cells into the liver. Antibody-mediated neutralization of CXCL9 and CXCL10 and studies using mice deficient in CXCR3, the primary known receptor for these chemokines, revealed that CXCR3-dependent mechanisms promote the infiltration of virus-specific CD8 T cells into the liver during acute infection with MCMV. Furthermore, CXCR3 functions augmented the hepatic accumulation of CD8 T-cell IFN-γ responses to MCMV. Evaluation of protective functions demonstrated enhanced pathology that overlapped with transient increases in virus titers in CXCR3-deficient mice. However, ultimate viral clearance and survival were not compromised. Thus, CXCR3-mediated signals support the accumulation of MCMV-specific CD8 T cells that contribute to, but are not exclusively required for, protective responses in a virus-infected tissue site.

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Verzijl, Dennis, Carlos P. Fitzsimons, Marie van Dijk, James P. Stewart, Henk Timmerman, Martine J. Smit et Rob Leurs. « Differential Activation of Murine Herpesvirus 68- and Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus-Encoded ORF74 G Protein-Coupled Receptors by Human and Murine Chemokines ». Journal of Virology 78, n^o 7 (1 avril 2004) : 3343–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.78.7.3343-3351.2004.

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ABSTRACT Infection of mice with murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) is a well-characterized small animal model for the study of gammaherpesvirus infection. MHV-68 belongs to the same herpesvirus family as herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) of New World squirrel monkeys and human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) (also referred to as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus [KSHV]). The open reading frame ORF74 of HVS, KSHV, and MHV-68 encodes a protein with homology to G protein-coupled receptors and chemokine receptors in particular. ORF74 of KSHV (human ORF74 [hORF74]) is highly constitutively active and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma. MHV-68-encoded ORF74 (mORF74) is oncogenic and has been implicated in viral replication and reactivation from latency. Here, we show that mORF74 is a functional chemokine receptor. Chemokines with an N-terminal glutamic acid-leucine-arginine (ELR) motif (e.g., KC and macrophage inflammatory protein 2) act as agonists on mORF74, activating phospholipase C, NF-κB, p44/p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and Akt signaling pathways and inhibiting formation of cyclic AMP. Using 125I-labeled CXCL1/growth-related oncogene α as a tracer, we show that murine CXCL10/gamma interferon-inducible protein 10 binds mORF74, and functional assays show that it behaves as an antagonist for this virally encoded G protein-coupled receptor. Profound differences in the upstream activation of signal transduction pathways between mORF74 and hORF74 were found. Moreover, in contrast to hORF74, no constitutive activity of mORF74 could be detected.

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Karimabad, Mojgan Noroozi, Nicholas G. Kounis, Gholamhossein Hassanshahi, Farzaneh Hassanshahi, Virginia Mplani, Ioanna Koniari, Ming-Yow Hung et Ali Esmaeili Nadimi. « The Involvement of CXC Motif Chemokine Ligand 10 (CXCL10) and Its Related Chemokines in the Pathogenesis of Coronary Artery Disease and in the COVID-19 Vaccination : A Narrative Review ». Vaccines 9, n^o 11 (21 octobre 2021) : 1224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9111224.

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Coronary artery disease (CAD) and coronary heart disease (CHD) constitute two of the leading causes of death in Europe, USA and the rest of the world. According to the latest reports of the Iranian National Health Ministry, CAD is the main cause of death in Iranian patients with an age over 35 years despite a significant reduction in mortality due to early interventional treatments in the context of an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Inflammation plays a fundamental role in coronary atherogenesis, atherosclerotic plaque formation, acute coronary thrombosis and CAD establishment. Chemokines are well-recognized mediators of inflammation involved in several bio-functions such as leucocyte migration in response to inflammatory signals and oxidative vascular injury. Different chemokines serve as chemo-attractants for a wide variety of cell types including immune cells. CXC motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), also known as interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10/CXLC10), is a chemokine with inflammatory features whereas CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3) serves as a shared receptor for CXCL9, 10 and 11. These chemokines mediate immune responses through the activation and recruitment of leukocytes, eosinophils, monocytes and natural killer (NK) cells. CXCL10, interleukin (IL-15) and interferon (IFN-g) are increased after a COVID-19 vaccination with a BNT162b2 mRNA (Pfizer/BioNTech) vaccine and are enriched by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and IL-6 after the second vaccination. The aim of the present study is the presentation of the elucidation of the crucial role of CXCL10 in the patho-physiology and pathogenesis of CAD and in identifying markers associated with the vaccination resulting in antibody development.

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Popik, Waldemar, Atanu K. Khatua, Noyna F. Fabre, James E. K. Hildreth et Donald J. Alcendor. « BK Virus Replication in the Glomerular Vascular Unit : Implications for BK Virus Associated Nephropathy ». Viruses 11, n^o 7 (27 juin 2019) : 583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11070583.

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Background: BK polyomavirus (BKV) reactivates from latency after immunosuppression in renal transplant patients, resulting in BKV-associated nephropathy (BKVAN). BKVAN has emerged as an important cause of graft dysfunction and graft loss among transplant patients. BKV infection in kidney transplant patients has increased over recent decades which correlates with the use of more potent immunosuppressive therapies. BKV infection of the Glomerular Vascular Unit (GVU) consisting of podocytes, mesangial cells, and glomerular endothelial cells could lead to glomerular inflammation and contribute to renal fibrosis. The effects of BKV on GVU infectivity have not been reported. methods: We infected GVU cells with the Dunlop strain of BKV. Viral infectivity was analyzed by microscopy, immunofluorescence, Western blot analysis, and quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). The expression of specific proinflammatory cytokines induced by BKV was analyzed by qRT-PCR. Results: BKV infection of podocytes, mesangial cells, and glomerular endothelial cells was confirmed by qRT-PCR and positive staining with antibodies to the BKV VP1 major capsid protein, or the SV40 Large T-Antigen. The increased transcriptional expression of interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (CXCL10/IP-10) and interferon beta (IFNβ) was detected in podocytes and mesangial cells at 96 h post-infection. conclusions: All cellular components of the GVU are permissive for BKV replication. Cytopathic effects induced by BKV in podocytes and glomerular endothelial cells and the expression of CXCL10 and IFNβ genes by podocytes and mesangial cells may together contribute to glomerular inflammation and cytopathology in BKVAN.

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Freyne, Bridget, Nicole L. Messina, Susan Donath, Susie Germano, Rhian Bonnici, Kaya Gardiner, Dan Casalaz et al. « Neonatal BCG Vaccination Reduces Interferon-γ Responsiveness to Heterologous Pathogens in Infants From a Randomized Controlled Trial ». Journal of Infectious Diseases 221, n^o 12 (28 janvier 2020) : 1999–2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa030.

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Abstract Background BCG vaccination has beneficial nonspecific (heterologous) effects that protect against nonmycobacterial infections. We have previously reported that BCG vaccination at birth alters in vitro cytokine responses to heterologous stimulants in the neonatal period. This study investigated heterologous responses in 167 infants in the same trial 7 months after randomization. Methods A whole-blood assay was used to interrogate in vitro cytokine responses to heterologous stimulants (killed pathogens) and Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands. Results Compared to BCG-naive infants, BCG-vaccinated infants had increased production of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and monokine induced by gamma interferon (MIG) (CXCL9) in response to mycobacterial stimulation and decreased production of IFN-γ in response to heterologous stimulation and TLR ligands. Reduced IFN-γ responses were attributable to a decrease in the proportion of infants who mounted a detectable IFN-γ response. BCG-vaccinated infants also had increased production of MIG (CXCL9) and interleukin-8 (IL-8), and decreased production of IL-10, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α), and MIP-1β, the pattern of which varied by stimulant. IL-1Ra responses following TLR1/2 (Pam3CYSK4) stimulation were increased in BCG-vaccinated infants. Both sex and maternal BCG vaccination status influenced the effect of neonatal BCG vaccination. Conclusions BCG vaccination leads to changes in IFN-γ responsiveness to heterologous stimulation. BCG-induced changes in other cytokine responses to heterologous stimulation vary by pathogen.

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Korma, Workneh, Adane Mihret, Yunhee Chang, Azeb Tarekegn, Metasebiya Tegegn, Adem Tuha, Dasom Hwang et al. « Antigen-Specific Cytokine and Chemokine Gene Expression for Diagnosing Latent and Active Tuberculosis ». Diagnostics 10, n^o 9 (18 septembre 2020) : 716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10090716.

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Tuberculosis infection exhibits different forms, namely, pulmonary, extrapulmonary, and latent. Here, diagnostic markers based on the gene expression of cytokines and chemokines for differentiating between tuberculosis infection state(s) were identified. Gene expression of seven cytokines (Interferon gamma (IFN-γ), Interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10), Interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R), C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 9 (CXCL-9), Interleukin 10 (IL-10), Interleukin 4 (IL-4), and Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α)) in response to tuberculosis antigen was analyzed using real-time polymerase reaction. The sensitivity and specificity of relative quantification (2^-ΔΔCt) of mRNA expression were analyzed by constructing receiver operating characteristic curves and measuring the area under the curve (AUC) values. Combinations of cytokines were analyzed using the R statistical software package. IFN-γ, IP-10, IL2R, and CXCL-9 showed high expression in latent and active tuberculosis patients (p = 0.001), with a decrease in IL10 expression, and no statistical difference in IL-4 levels among all the groups (p = 0.999). IL-10 differentiated pulmonary tuberculosis patients from latent cases with an AUC of 0.731. IL10 combined with CXCL-9 distinguished pulmonary tuberculosis patients from extrapulmonary cases with a sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 85.7%, 73.9%, and 81.0%, respectively. IL-10 together with IP-10 and IL-4 differentiated pulmonary tuberculosis from latent cases with a sensitivity and specificity of 77.1% and 88.1%, respectively. Decision tree analysis demonstrated that IFN-γ IL-2R, and IL-4 can diagnose tuberculosis infection with a sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 89.7%, 96.1%, and 92.7%, respectively. A combination of gene expression of cytokines and chemokines might serve as an effective marker to differentiate tuberculosis infection state(s).

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Hasan, Zahra, Bushra Jamil, Mussarat Ashraf, Muniba Islam, Maqboola Dojki, Muhammad Irfan et Rabia Hussain. « Differential Live Mycobacterium tuberculosis-, M. bovis BCG-, Recombinant ESAT6-, and Culture Filtrate Protein 10-Induced Immunity in Tuberculosis ». Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 16, n^o 7 (13 mai 2009) : 991–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00091-09.

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ABSTRACT The high prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis makes it imperative that immune responses to evaluate could be predictive of infection. We investigated live Mycobacterium- and recombinant antigen-induced cytokine and chemokine responses in patients with active tuberculosis (TB) compared with those of healthy controls from an area where TB is endemic (ECs). M. tuberculosis-, M. bovis BCG-, ESAT6-, and culture filtrate protein 10 (CFP10)-induced responses were determined in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with pulmonary TB (n = 38) and ECs (n = 39). The levels of the cytokines gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) and the chemokines CCL2, CCL3, and CXCL9 were measured. The levels of M. tuberculosis- and BCG-induced IFN-γ secretion were significantly reduced (P = 0.002 and P < 0.01, respectively), while the amount of IL-10 induced by both virulent (P < 0.01) and avirulent (P = 0.002) mycobacteria was increased in patients with TB. The ESAT6-induced IFN-γ responses were increased in the patients with TB (P = 0.013) compared with those in the EC group. When tuberculin skin test (TST)-negative (TST−; induration, <10 mm) and TST-positive (TST+) donors were studied separately, both TST− and TST+ individuals showed increased IFN-γ responses to M. tuberculosis compared with the responses of the patients with TB (P = 0.037 and P = 0.006, respectively). However, only TST+ ECs showed reduced IFN-γ responses to ESAT6 (P = 0.008) compared with the responses of the patients with TB. The levels of M. tuberculosis-induced CCL2 (P = 0.006) and CXCL9 (P = 0.017) were greater in the patients with TB. The levels of CCL3 secretion in response to Mycobacterium and antigen stimulation were comparable between the two groups. While the levels of ESAT6-induced chemokines did not differ between the patients with TB and the ECs, the levels of CFP10-induced CCL2 (P = 0.01) and CXCL9 (P = 0.001) were increased in the patients. These data indicate differential host IFN-γ, CXCL9, and CCL2 responses to live mycobacteria and mycobacterial antigens and have implications for the identification of potential biomarkers of infection which could be used for the diagnosis of TB.

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Maxion, Heather K., et Kathleen A. Kelly. « Chemokine Expression Patterns Differ within Anatomically Distinct Regions of the Genital Tract during Chlamydia trachomatis Infection ». Infection and Immunity 70, n^o 3 (mars 2002) : 1538–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.70.3.1538-1546.2002.

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ABSTRACT Untreated infections with Chlamydia trachomatis commonly result in ascending infection to fallopian tubes and subsequent immune-mediated tubal pathology in females. The proposed immune-mediated injury may be associated with the increased recruitment of CD4 cells to the upper genital tract (GT) (oviducts) in comparison to the lower GT (cervix) during infection, as shown in animal models. To understand the mechanisms responsible for this biased recruitment of CD4 cells within the GT, we characterized chemokine expression patterns in the upper and lower GTs in mice during infection with the murine pneumonitis biovar of Chlamydia trachomatis. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays of supernatants from GT homogenates revealed that the levels of the Th1-associated chemokines CXCL9 (monokine induced by gamma interferon), CXCL10 (interferon-inducible protein 10), and CCL5 (RANTES) were significantly higher in the upper GT than in the lower GT after infection, while the CCL3 (macrophage inflammatory protein 1α) level was not increased. In contrast, the level of chemokine CCL11 (eotaxin) was significantly elevated in the lower GT later in the course of infection. Increased levels of mRNA confirmed the selective differences in chemokine expression within the upper and lower GTs. The increased levels of Th1-inducible chemokines in the upper GT were not due to differences in the magnitude of infection or progesterone pretreatment. These data demonstrate that the upper and lower regions of the GT respond differently to Chlamydia infection.

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Kolibab, Kristopher, Amy Yang, Steven C. Derrick, Thomas A. Waldmann, Liyanage P. Perera et Sheldon L. Morris. « Highly Persistent and Effective Prime/Boost Regimens against Tuberculosis That Use a Multivalent Modified Vaccine Virus Ankara-Based Tuberculosis Vaccine with Interleukin-15 as a Molecular Adjuvant ». Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 17, n^o 5 (31 mars 2010) : 793–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00006-10.

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ABSTRACT Novel immunization strategies are needed to enhance the global control of tuberculosis (TB). In this study, we assessed the immunizing activity of a recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) construct (MVA/IL-15/5Mtb) which overexpresses five Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens (antigen 85A, antigen 85B, ESAT6, HSP60, and Mtb39), as well as the molecular adjuvant interleukin-15 (IL-15). Homologous prime/boost studies showed that the MVA/IL-15/5Mtb vaccine induced moderate but highly persistent protective immune responses for at least 16 months after the initial vaccination and that the interval between the prime and boost did not significantly alter vaccine-induced antituberculosis protective immunity. At 16 months, when the Mycobacterium bovis BCG and MVA/IL-15/5Mtb vaccine-induced protection was essentially equivalent, the protective responses after a tuberculous challenge were associated with elevated levels of gamma interferon (IFN-γ), IL-17F, Cxcl9, and Cxcl10. To amplify the immunizing potential of the MVA/IL-15/5Mtb vaccine, a heterologous prime/boost regimen was tested using an ESAT6-antigen 85B (E6-85) fusion protein formulated in dimethyldiotacylammonium bromide/monophosphoryl lipid A (DDA/MPL) adjuvant as the priming vaccine and the MVA/IL-15/5Mtb recombinant virus as the boosting agent. When MVA/IL-15/5Mtb vaccine boosting was done at 2 or 6 months following the final fusion protein injections, the prime/boost regimen evoked protective responses against an aerogenic M. tuberculosis challenge which was equivalent to that induced by BCG immunization. Long-term memory after immunization with the E6-85-MVA/IL-15/5Mtb combination regimen was associated with the induction of monofunctional CD4 and CD8 IFN-γ-producing T cells and multifunctional CD4 and CD8 T cells expressing IFN-γ/tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), TNF-α/IL-2, and IFN-γ/TNF-α/IL-2. In contrast, BCG-induced protection was characterized by fewer CD4 and CD8 monofunctional T cells expressing IFN-γ and only IFN-γ/TNF-α and IFN-γ/TNF-α/IL-2 expressing multifunctional T (MFT) cells. Taken together, these results suggest that a heterologous prime/boost protocol using an MVA-based tuberculosis vaccines to boost after priming with TB protein/adjuvant preparations should be considered when designing long-lived TB immunization strategies.

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Sheikh, Ghousunnissa, Venkata Sanjeev Kumar Neela, Satya Sudheer Pydi, Naveen Chandra Suryadevara, Ramulu Gaddam, Suman Latha Gaddam, Sai Kumar Auzumeedi et Vijaya Lakshmi Valluri. « Genetic Association of Interferon Gamma Induced Protein-10 (IP-10), <i>CXCL-</i>10 Gene Polymorphisms with TB Pleurisy Susceptibility in South Indian Population ». Open Journal of Immunology 05, n^o 02 (2015) : 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oji.2015.52008.

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Martin, Francis J., Dane Parker, Bryan S. Harfenist, Grace Soong et Alice Prince. « Participation of CD11c+Leukocytes in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clearance from the Lung ». Infection and Immunity 79, n^o 5 (14 mars 2011) : 1898–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01299-10.

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ABSTRACTStaphylococcus aureuscauses especially severe pulmonary infection, associated with high morbidity and mortality. In addition to the effects of specific virulence factors, it appears that the intensity of the host proinflammatory response, particularly in the initial stages of infection, contributes substantially to pulmonary damage. We tested the hypothesis that the CD11c+leukocytes are important in the host response to pulmonary infection with methicillin-resistantS. aureus(MRSA) USA300. Clodronate-induced depletion of the alveolar macrophage population resulted in increased numbers of dendritic cells (DCs) and CD4+cells in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and was associated with significantly increased mortality by 18 h followingS. aureusinoculation but had no effect on bacterial load or polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) numbers in the lung. These clodronate-treated mice also had increased expression of interleukin-17A/F (IL-17A/F) and CXCL10 but not of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) or tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Depletion of the dendritic cell population in mice expressing a CD11c-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR) transgene was associated with an increased bacterial load in the lung but not increased mortality. Both DCs and airway epithelial cells produced CXCL9, -10, and -11 in response toS. aureus. Pretreatment of mice with an anti-CXCR3 antibody prior to inoculation with MRSA substantially reduced CD4+cells and decreased pulmonary inflammation at 18 h postinfection compared to pretreatment with an IgG control. The results of these experiments suggest that CD11c+cells, the induction of CXCR3 ligand expression, and subsequent CD4+cell recruitment have an important role in the pathogenesis of severe MRSA pulmonary infection.

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Lim, JaeHyun, Steven C. Derrick, Kristopher Kolibab, Amy Li Yang, Steven Porcelli, William R. Jacobs et Sheldon L. Morris. « Early Pulmonary Cytokine and Chemokine Responses in Mice Immunized with Three Different Vaccines against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Determined by PCR Array ». Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 16, n^o 1 (26 novembre 2008) : 122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00359-08.

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ABSTRACT In this study, the early pulmonary cytokine and chemokine responses in mice immunized with either BCG vaccine, a ΔsecA2 mutant of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, or a DNA vaccine expressing an ESAT6-antigen 85B fusion protein and then aerogenically challenged with a low dose of M. tuberculosis were evaluated by PCR array. The cellular immune responses at day 10 postchallenge were essentially equivalent in the lungs of mice immunized with either the highly immunogenic BCG vaccine or the ΔsecA2 M. tuberculosis mutant strain. Specifically, 12 immune biomolecules (including gamma interferon [IFN-γ], interleukin-21 [IL-21], IL-27, IL-17f, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11) were differentially regulated, relative to the levels for naïve controls, in the lungs of vaccinated mice at this time point. Although the vaccine-related immune responses evoked in mice immunized with the DNA vaccine were relatively limited at 10 days postinfection, upregulation of IFN-γ RNA synthesis as well as increased expression levels of CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 chemokines were detected.

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Ansell, Stephen M., Deanna M. Grote, Thomas E. Witzig et Anne J. Novak. « Lack of Increased Clinical Efficacy When Interleukin-12 Is Added to Rituximab in B-Cell Lymphoma Patients Is Related to Inadequate Delivery of the Cytokine to the Sites of Lymphoma. » Blood 104, n^o 11 (16 novembre 2004) : 1397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.1397.1397.

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Abstract Rituximab is a chimeric murine/human monoclonal antibody that binds to CD20 on B-lymphocytes. Binding of the Fab domain to B-cells directly induces apoptosis, while the Fc domain recruits immune effector functions to mediate cell lysis. Because rituximab therapy alone does not result in durable responses for all patients, combination therapies have been explored. We have previously shown in a phase I study that interleukin-12 (IL-12), which facilitates cytolytic T-cell responses and enhances the lytic activity of NK cells, can be safely combined with rituximab and that IL-12 significantly upregulated gamma interferon, CXCL10 (inducible protein-10) and NK cell activity in the peripheral blood. To confirm whether IL-12 could augment the immune mediated cell lysis induced by rituximab, a subsequent randomized phase II study of the combination was performed in patients with B-cell lymphoma. While the combination of IL-12 and rituximab was well tolerated with acceptable toxicity, only moderate disease activity was seen and the response rate to the combination was similar to that seen with rituximab alone. Additionally, the sequential administration of IL-12 at the time of disease progression after treatment with rituximab did not result in any clinical responses. This study was therefore performed to determine potential biologic reasons for the lack of increased clinical efficacy when IL-12 was added to rituximab therapy in patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Of the 52 patients treated on the phase II study, 8 patients had matched tumor biopsies and peripheral blood specimens obtained prior to therapy and again 2 weeks after treatment was started. Six of the patients were receiving IL-12 plus rituximab at the time the specimens were obtained while 2 were receiving rituximab alone. Gene expression array analysis using the Affymetrix U133 plus chip was performed on RNA isolated from cells from involved lymph nodes and from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Specimens from the peripheral blood of patients who received IL-12 in combination with rituximab showed a greater than 5-fold increase in the expression of multiple genes known to be upregulated by IL-12 signaling including interferon gamma, CXCL10, IFIT2 and 4 (interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 2 and 4), IL-8 and CXCL2 (macrophage inflammatory protein-2). These increases in gene expression were not seen in the peripheral blood of patients who received rituximab alone. Furthermore, the significant changes seen in cells obtained from the peripheral blood were not seen in cells obtained from lymph nodes involved by lymphoma, despite the samples being obtained from the same patient on the same day. In the tumor specimens, the changes in gene expression involved none of the genes downstream of IL-12 signaling. Instead, many of the upregulated genes were associated with cell cycle and spindle checkpoint proteins suggesting ongoing tumor cell proliferation. In conclusion, while IL-12 significantly upregulated gene expression in the peripheral blood, the same changes were not seen in the tumor. This would suggest that systemically administered IL-12 may not be effectively delivered to the site of tumor involvement. This finding may explain the lack of additional clinical benefit when IL-12 was added to rituximab as therapy for patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

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Tanabe, Ithallo S. B., Elane C. Santos, Eloiza L. L. Tanabe, Stephannie J. M. Souza, Fabio E. F. Santos, Jamile Taniele-Silva, Jean F. G. Ferro et al. « Cytokines and chemokines triggered by Chikungunya virus infection in human patients during the very early acute phase ». Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 113, n^o 11 (31 juillet 2019) : 730–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trz065.

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Abstract Background The immune response against the Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) during the very early acute phase is not fully elucidated. Therefore we explored the cytokine and chemokine profile triggered by CHIKV in infected patients. Methods Cytokines, chemokines and C5a anaphylatoxin were analysed in serum from CHIKV-infected patients during the viraemic phase (mean 2.97±1.27 d after illness onset) compared with a healthy group. Results CHIKV-infected patients had a significant increase of interferon-α (IFN-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (CXCL8/IL-8), interleukin-10 (IL-10), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), monokine induced by interferon-γ (CXCL9/MIG), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (CCL2/MCP-1), interferon-γ-induced protein-10 (CXCL10/IP-10) and complement C5a anaphylatoxin. Conclusions The very early acute immune response triggered against CHIKV leads to an increase in pro-inflammatory immune mediators such as IFN-γ and its induced chemokines, and a high level of C5a anaphylatoxin as a result of complement activation.

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Harvey, Richard M., Claudia Trappetti, Layla K. Mahdi, Hui Wang, Lauren J. McAllister, Alexandra Scalvini, Adrienne W. Paton et James C. Paton. « The Variable Region of Pneumococcal Pathogenicity Island 1 Is Responsible for Unusually High Virulence of a Serotype 1 Isolate ». Infection and Immunity 84, n^o 3 (11 janvier 2016) : 822–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01454-15.

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Streptococcus pneumoniaeis the leading infectious cause of death in children in the world. However, the mechanisms that drive the progression from asymptomatic colonization to disease are poorly understood. Two virulence-associated genomic accessory regions (ARs) were deleted in a highly virulent serotype 1 clinical isolate (strain 4496) and examined for their contribution to pathogenesis. Deletion of a prophage encoding a platelet-binding protein (PblB) resulted in reduced adherence, biofilm formation, reduced initial infection within the lungs, and a reduction in the number of circulating platelets in infected mice. However, the region's overall contribution to the survival of mice was not significant. In contrast, deletion of the variable region of pneumococcal pathogenicity island 1 (vPPI1) was also responsible for a reduction in adherence and biofilm formation but also reduced survival and invasion of the pleural cavity, blood, and lungs. While the 4496ΔPPI1 strain induced higher expression of the genes encoding interleukin-10 (IL-10) and CD11b in the lungs of challenged mice than the wild-type strain, very few other genes exhibited altered expression. Moreover, while the level of IL-10 protein was increased in the lungs of 4496ΔPPI1 mutant-infected mice compared to strain 4496-infected mice, the levels of gamma interferon (IFN-γ), CXCL10, CCL2, and CCL4 were not different in the two groups. However, the 4496ΔPPI1 mutant was found to be more susceptible than the wild type to phagocytic killing by a macrophage-like cell line. Therefore, our data suggest that vPPI1 may be a major contributing factor to the heightened virulence of certain serotype 1 strains, possibly by influencing resistance to phagocytic killing.

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Poggi, Alessandro, Roberta Carosio, Daniela Fenoglio, Sabrina Brenci, Giuseppe Murdaca, Maurizio Setti, Francesco Indiveri, Silvia Scabini, Elisabetta Ferrero et Maria Raffaella Zocchi. « Migration of Vδ1 and Vδ2 T cells in response to CXCR3 and CXCR4 ligands in healthy donors and HIV-1–infected patients : competition by HIV-1 Tat ». Blood 103, n^o 6 (15 mars 2004) : 2205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2003-08-2928.

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Abstract We show that HIV-1–infected patients have increased concentrations of circulating Vδ1 T cells (2.2%-9.0% of T lymphocytes; healthy donors, 1.0%-2%) and, in some instances, Vδ2 T cells (3.5%-4.8% vs 2.0%-3.3%). In these patients, both Vδ1 and Vδ2 T cells are CXCR3+CXCR4+, whereas in healthy donors CXCR4 was preferentially expressed on Vδ1 T lymphocytes. γδ T cells transmigrated across endothelial monolayers, in response to interferon-γ–inducing protein-10 (IP-10/CXCL10), stromal cell–derived factor-1 (SDF-1/CXCL12), or both, according to the expression of the specific receptors CXCR3 and CXCR4. Interestingly, 6Ckine/SLC/CCL21 was more effective than IP-10/CXCL10 on Vδ1 CXCR3+ cells, whereas Vδ2 CXCR3+ cells were driven more efficiently by IP-10/CXCL10. IP-10/CXCL10– and SDF-1/CXCL12–induced transmigration was dependent on phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI-3K), as demonstrated by the use of the specific blockers wortmannin and LY294002 and by the activation of the downstream serine kinase Akt/PKB on ligation of CXCR3 and CXCR4. Occupancy of CXCR3, but not of CXCR4, led to CAMKII activation; accordingly, the CAMKII inhibitors KN62 and KN93 decreased IP-10/CXCL10– but not SDF-1/CXCL12–driven transmigration. Finally, HIV-1 Tat, which is present in the serum of HIV-1–infected patients, interferes with the chemotactic activity of these chemokines because of the cysteine-rich domain of the protein, which contains CXC and CC chemokine–like sequences.

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Singh, Aditi, Natali Salaytah, Daniel Lebovic, Zeyad Sako, Zachary Pounders, Laura Kohler, Zyad Kafri, Louis Saravolatz, Meredith Coyle et Hemang Patel. « Clinical and Immunological Assessment of Patients with Sars-Cov-2 Infections ». Blood 138, Supplement 1 (5 novembre 2021) : 3135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2021-154024.

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Abstract Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) induced coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has presented humanity with unprecedented challenges. Severe disease is associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), use of mechanical ventilation, ICU stay and prolonged hospitalization, The role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 disease is still unclear, which imposes limitations on identifying potential immunotherapy that can improve care for acute and chronic phases of COVID-19 in conjunction with current therapies. Research efforts are ongoing for more than 1 year to identify key immunological mechanisms involved in the disease process. While insightful, this knowledge is still incomplete and can be complemented with the assessment of immune response kinetics. Such assessment will help with the identification of early interventional modalities of immune cell regulation. With these considerations in mind, we aimed to assess several parameters of immune system regulation during the current medical care of patients with COVID-19. Methods: This is a pre-clinical prospective cohort study which involved laboratory-based assessments of blood samples obtained from COVID-19 patients and healthy volunteers. The study population was divided into three cohorts. Our first cohort included 18 years and older COVID-19 patients with respiratory complaints, oxygen (O2) saturations of less than or equal to 92 and pulmonary infiltrates on an imaging study or who were critically ill and required ventilatory support. Second cohort included 18 years and older COVID-19 patients who were hospitalized and did not require ventilatory support. Third cohort included participants with no prior diagnosis of COVID-19, or any recent viral respiratory symptoms including fever, cough or shortness of breath for the last 2 weeks. Patients with an established diagnosis of cancer or immunologic disorders were excluded. Blood specimens were collected over the period of hospitalization: specimen number 1 on day 1-3 of hospitalization, specimen number 2 on days 3-4 of hospitalization, specimen number 3 on days 5-7 of hospitalization, and specimen number 4 on 7-30 days after discharge. We performed capillary electrophoresis for serology and automated ELISA for cytokine measurement. We collected clinical data on patient demographic, clinical characteristics such as presence of any acute and chronic comorbidities and serum inflammatory markers C-Reactive Protein, D-Dimer and Ferritin. Results: We had 15 patients in cohort 1, 10 in cohort 2 and 15 in cohort 3. Patients in cohort 1 were older and had higher comorbidities. Males constituted a substantially high percentage of patients in cohort 1 and 2 (60% and 70% respectively). Patients had similar BMI in cohort 1 and 2. Total antibody levels were highest in cohort 1 but an upward trend over the course of hospitalization was noted in all cohorts. Most interesting pattern was noted in the context of antibodies against spike protein S1 receptor-binding domain (S1RBD) where patients in cohort 2 developed minimal S1RBD antibodies. Cohort 1 on average had higher levels of Interleukin 6(IL-6), Interleukin 8(IL-8), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) and other inflammatory cytokines except Interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) compared to Cohort 2. Remarkable difference in CXCL-10 levels was noted between the groups and healthy volunteers had the lowest levels. No significant difference in IFN-gamma was noted between cohorts and the levels quickly depleted over the course of the infection. Conclusion: Our analysis confirms that neutralizing antibodies do not correlate with lessened COVID-19 disease severity. Severe COVID-19 infection is secondary to ineffective innate immunity associated with immune overshoot. CXCL10 serves as a major component in triggering the cytokine storm that is a hallmark of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Our findings show an association between high levels of CXCL10 and more severe COVID-19 infection. There does not seem to be any significant correlation with disease severity and IFN-gamma levels. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Tan, X., Y. A. Alrashdan, H. Alkhouri, B. G. G. Oliver, C. L. Armour et J. M. Hughes. « Airway smooth muscle CXCR3 ligand production : regulation by JAK-STAT1 and intracellular Ca2+ ». American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 304, n^o 11 (1 juin 2013) : L790—L802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00356.2012.

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In asthma, airway smooth muscle (ASM) chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 3 (CXCR3) ligand production may attract mast cells or T lymphocytes to the ASM, where they can modulate ASM functions. In ASM cells (ASMCs) from people with or without asthma, we aimed to investigate JAK-STAT1, JNK, and Ca2+ involvement in chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL)10 and CXCL11 production stimulated by interferon-γ, IL-1β, and TNF-α combined (cytomix). Confluent, growth-arrested ASMC were treated with inhibitors for pan-JAK (pyridone-6), JAK2 (AG-490), JNK (SP-600125), or the sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+ATPase (SERCA) pump (thapsigargin), Ca2+ chelator (BAPTA-AM), or vehicle before and during cytomix stimulation for up to 24 h. Signaling protein activation as well as CXCL10/CXCL11 mRNA and protein production were examined using immunoblot analysis, real-time PCR, and ELISA, respectively. Cytomix-induced STAT1 activation was lower and CXCR3 ligand mRNA production was more sensitive to pyridone-6 and AG-490 in asthmatic than nonasthmatic ASMCs, but CXCL10/CXCL11 release was inhibited by the same proportion. Neither agent caused additional inhibition of release when used in combination with the JNK inhibitor SP-600125. Conversely, p65 NF-κB activation was higher in asthmatic than nonasthmatic ASMCs. BAPTA-AM abolished early CXCL10/CXCL11 mRNA production, whereas thapsigargin reduced it in asthmatic cells and inhibited CXCL10/CXCL11 release by both ASMC types. Despite these inhibitory effects, neither Ca2+ agent affected early activation of STAT1, JNK, or p65 NF-κB. In conclusion, intracellular Ca2+ regulated CXCL10/CXCL11 production but not early activation of the signaling molecules involved. In asthma, reduced ASM STAT1-JNK activation, increased NF-κB activation, and altered Ca2+ handling may contribute to rapid CXCR3 ligand production and enhanced inflammatory cell recruitment.

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Hofer, Livia S., Sara Mariotto, Sebastian Wurth, Sergio Ferrari, Chiara R. Mancinelli, Rachele Delogu, Salvatore Monaco et al. « Distinct serum and cerebrospinal fluid cytokine and chemokine profiles in autoantibody-associated demyelinating diseases ». Multiple Sclerosis Journal - Experimental, Translational and Clinical 5, n^o 2 (avril 2019) : 205521731984846. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2055217319848463.

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Background Demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system associated with autoantibodies against aquaporin-4 and myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein are mediated by different immunopathological mechanisms compared to multiple sclerosis. Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate serum and cerebrospinal fluid cytokine/chemokine profiles in patients with autoantibodies against aquaporin-4 or autoantibodies against myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-associated demyelination compared to multiple sclerosis and autoimmune encephalitis. Methods Serum and cerebrospinal fluid cytokine/chemokine levels were analysed using Procartaplex Multiplex Immunoassays. First, we analysed a panel of 32 cytokines/chemokines in a discovery group (nine aquaporin-4-antibody seropositive, nine myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-antibody seropositive, eight encephalitis, 10 multiple sclerosis). Significantly dysregulated cytokines/chemokines were validated in a second cohort (11 aquaporin-4-antibody seropositive, 18 myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-antibody seropositive, 18 encephalitis, 33 multiple sclerosis). Results We found 11 significantly altered cytokines/chemokines in cerebrospinal fluid and serum samples in the discovery group (a proliferation-inducing ligand, fractalkine=CX3CL1, growth-regulated oncogene-α, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, interleukin-6, interleukin-8=CXCL8, interleukin-10, interleukin-21, interferon-ɣ-induced protein-10=CXCL10, monokine induced by interferon-ɣ=CXCL9, macrophage inflammatory protein-1ß=CCL4). Most of these cytokines/chemokines were up-regulated in autoantibodies against aquaporin-4 or autoantibodies against myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein positive patients compared to multiple sclerosis. We confirmed these results for cerebrospinal fluid interleukin-6 and serum interleukin-8, growth-regulated oncogene-α, a proliferation-inducing ligand and macrophage inflammatory protein-1β in the validation set. Receiver-operating characteristic analysis revealed increased levels of cerebrospinal fluid interleukin-6, serum interleukin-8 and growth-regulated oncogene-α in most patients with autoantibody-associated neurological diseases. Conclusion This study suggests that distinctive cerebrospinal fluid and serum cytokine/chemokine profiles are associated with autoantibody-mediated demyelination, but not with multiple sclerosis.

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Tamayo, Juan M., Destanie Rose, Jamie S. Church, Jared J. Schwartzer et Paul Ashwood. « Maternal Allergic Asthma Induces Prenatal Neuroinflammation ». Brain Sciences 12, n^o 8 (5 août 2022) : 1041. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12081041.

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a class of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impaired social interactions and communication skills and repetitive or stereotyped behaviors. Rates of ASD diagnosis continue to rise, with current estimates at 1 in 44 children in the US (Maenner 2021). Epidemiological studies have suggested a link between maternal allergic asthma and an increased likelihood of having a child diagnosed with ASD. However, a lack of robust laboratory models prevents mechanistic research from being carried out. We developed a novel mouse model of maternal asthma-allergy (MAA) and previously reported that offspring from these mothers exhibit behavioral deficits compared to controls. In addition, it was shown that epigenetic regulation of gene expression in microglia was altered in these offspring, including several autism candidate genes. To further elucidate if there is neuroinflammation in the fetus following MAA, we investigated how allergic asthma impacts the maternal environment and inflammatory markers in the placenta and fetal brain during gestation. Female C57Bl/6 mice were primed with ovalbumin (OVA) prior to allergic asthma induction during pregnancy by administering aerosolized ovalbumin or PBS control to pregnant dams at gestational days (GD)9.5, 12.5, and 17.5. Four hours after the final induction, placenta and fetal brains were collected and measured for changes in cytokines using a Luminex bead-based multiplex assay. Placental MAA tissue showed a decrease in interleukin (IL)-17 in male and female offspring. There was a sex-dependent decrease in female monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1). In male placentas, IL-4, C–X–C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10)—also known as interferon γ-induced protein 10 kDa (IP-10)—and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (RANTES) were decreased. In fetal brains, elevated inflammatory cytokines were found in MAA offspring when compared to controls. Specifically, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin 1α (IL-1α), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) were elevated in both males and females. In contrast, a decrease in the cytokine IL-9 was also observed. There were slight sex differences after OVA exposures. Male fetal brains showed elevated levels of macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2), whereas female brains showed increased keratinocytes-derived chemokine (KC). In addition, IL-1𝛽 and IP-10 in male fetal brains were decreased. Together, these data indicate that repeated exposure to allergic asthma during pregnancy alters cytokine expression in the fetal environment in a sex-dependent way, resulting in homeostatic and neuroinflammatory alterations in the fetal brain.

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Priyamvada, Shubha, Arivarasu N. Anbazhagan, Anoop Kumar, Ishita Chatterjee, Alip Borthakur, Seema Saksena, Ravinder K. Gill, Waddah A. Alrefai et Pradeep K. Dudeja. « All-trans Retinoic Acid Counteracts Diarrhea and Inhibition of Downregulated in Adenoma Expression in Gut Inflammation ». Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 26, n^o 4 (21 octobre 2019) : 534–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ibd/izz249.

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Abstract Background Intestinal epithelial apical membrane Cl-/HCO3- exchanger DRA (downregulated in adenoma, SLC26A3) has emerged as an important therapeutic target for diarrhea, emphasizing the potential therapeutic role of agents that upregulate DRA. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), a key vitamin A metabolite, was earlier shown by us to stimulate DRA expression in intestinal epithelial cells. However, its role in modulating DRA in gut inflammation has not been investigated. Aims Our aim was to analyze the efficacy of ATRA in counteracting inflammation-induced decrease in DRA in vitro and in vivo. Methods Interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-treated Caco-2 cells and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-treated C57BL/6J mice served as in vitro and in vivo models of gut inflammation, respectively. The effect of ATRA on IFN-γ-mediated inhibition of DRA function, expression, and promoter activity were elucidated. In the DSS colitis model, diarrheal phenotype, cytokine response, in vivo imaging, myeloperoxidase activity, and DRA expression were measured in the distal colon. Results All-trans retinoic acid (10 μM, 24 h) abrogated IFN-γ (30 ng/mL, 24 h)-induced decrease in DRA function, expression, and promoter activity in Caco-2 cells. All-trans retinoic acid altered IFN-γ signaling via blocking IFN-γ-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT-1. All-trans retinoic acid cotreatment (1 mg/kg BW, i.p. daily) of DSS-treated mice (3% in drinking water for 7 days) alleviated colitis-associated weight loss, diarrheal phenotype, and induction of IL-1β and CXCL1 and a decrease in DRA mRNA and protein levels in the colon. Conclusion Our data showing upregulation of DRA under normal and inflammatory conditions by ATRA demonstrate a novel role of this micronutrient in alleviating IBD-associated diarrhea.

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de Oyarzabal, Eleane, Lourdes García-García, Claudia Rangel-Escareño, Leticia Ferreyra-Reyes, Lorena Orozco, María Teresa Herrera, Claudia Carranza et al. « Expression of USP18 and IL2RA Is Increased in Individuals Receiving Latent Tuberculosis Treatment with Isoniazid ». Journal of Immunology Research 2019 (6 décembre 2019) : 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1297131.

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Background. The treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in individuals at risk of reactivation is essential for tuberculosis control. However, blood biomarkers associated with LTBI treatment have not been identified. Methods. Blood samples from tuberculin skin test (TST) reactive individuals were collected before and after one and six months of isoniazid (INH) therapy. Peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated, and an in-house interferon-γ release assay (IGRA) was performed. Expression of chemokine ligand 4 (CCL4), chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), chemokine ligand 11 (CXCL11), interferon alpha (IFNA), radical S-adenosyl methionine domain-containing 2 (RSAD2), ubiquitin-specific peptidase 18 (USP18), interferon-induced protein 44 (IFI44), interferon-induced protein 44 like (IFI44L), interferon-induced protein tetratricopeptide repeats 1(IFIT1), and interleukin 2 receptor subunit alpha (IL2RA) mRNA levels were assessed by qPCR before, during, and after INH treatment. Results. We observed significantly lower relative abundances of USP18, IFI44L, IFNA, and IL2RA transcripts in PBMC from IGRA-positive individuals compared to levels in IGRA-negative individuals before INH therapy. Also, relative abundance of CXCL11 was significantly lower in IGRA-positive than in IGRA-negative individuals before and after one month of INH therapy. However, the relative abundance of CCL4, CXCL10, and CXCL11 mRNA was significantly decreased and that of IL2RA and USP18 significantly increased after INH therapy, regardless of the IGRA result. Our results show that USP18, IFI44L, IFIT1, and IL2RA relative abundances increased significantly, meanwhile the relative abundance of CCL4, CXCL11, and IFNA decreased significantly after six months of INH therapy in TST-positive individuals. Conclusions. Changes in the profiles of USP18, IL2RA, IFNA, CCL4, and CXCL11 expressions during INH treatment in TST-positive individuals, regardless of IGRA status, are potential tools for monitoring latent tuberculosis treatment.

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Sillanpää, Maarit, Pasi Kaukinen, Krister Melén et Ilkka Julkunen. « Hepatitis C virus proteins interfere with the activation of chemokine gene promoters and downregulate chemokine gene expression ». Journal of General Virology 89, n^o 2 (1 février 2008) : 432–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.83316-0.

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The hepatitis C virus (HCV) non-structural (NS) 3/4A protein complex inhibits the retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG-I) pathway by proteolytically cleaving mitochondria-associated CARD-containing adaptor protein Cardif, and this leads to reduced production of beta interferon (IFN-β). This study examined the expression of CCL5 (regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted, or RANTES), CXCL8 (interleukin 8) and CXCL10 (IFN-γ-activated protein 10, or IP-10) chemokine genes in osteosarcoma cell lines that inducibly expressed NS3/4A, NS4B, core-E1-E2-p7 and the entire HCV polyprotein. Sendai virus (SeV)-induced production of IFN-β, CCL5, CXCL8 and CXCL10 was downregulated by the NS3/4A protein complex and by the full-length HCV polyprotein. Expression of NS3/4A and the HCV polyprotein reduced the binding of interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) 1 and 3 and, to a lesser extent, nuclear factor (NF)-κB (p65/p50) to their respective binding elements on the CXCL10 promoter during SeV infection. Furthermore, binding of IRF1 and IRF3 to the interferon-stimulated response element-like element, and of c-Jun and phosphorylated c-Jun to the activator protein 1 element of the CXCL8 promoter, was reduced when NS3/4A and the HCV polyprotein were expressed. In cell lines expressing NS3/4A and the HCV polyprotein, the subcellular localization of mitochondria was changed, and this was kinetically associated with the partial degradation of endogenous Cardif. These results indicate that NS3/4A alone or as part of the HCV polyprotein disturbs the expression of IRF1- and IRF3-regulated genes, as well as affecting mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase- and NF-κB-regulated genes.

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McAdams, Ryan M., Craig J. Bierle, Erica Boldenow, Samantha Weed, Jesse Tsai, Richard P. Beyer, James W. MacDonald et al. « Choriodecidual Group B Streptococcal Infection Induces miR-155-5p in the Fetal Lung in Macaca nemestrina ». Infection and Immunity 83, n^o 10 (20 juillet 2015) : 3909–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00695-15.

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The mechanisms underlying fetal lung injury remain poorly defined. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding, endogenous RNAs that regulate gene expression and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of lung disease. Using a nonhuman primate model of choriodecidual infection, we sought to determine if differentially expressed miRNAs were associated with acute fetal lung injury. After inoculating 10 chronically catheterized pregnant monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) with either group B streptococcus (GBS) at 1 × 106CFU (n= 5) or saline (n= 5) in the choriodecidual space, we extracted fetal lung mRNA and miRNA and profiled the changes in expression by microarray analysis. We identified 9 differentially expressed miRNAs in GBS-exposed fetal lungs, but of these, only miR-155-5p was validated by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (P= 0.02). Significantly elevated miR-155-5p expression was also observed when immortalized human fetal airway epithelial (FeAE) cells were exposed to proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6 [IL-6] and tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α]). Overexpression of miR-155-5p in FeAE cells in turn increased the production of IL-6 and CXCL10/gamma interferon-induced protein 10, which are implicated in leukocyte recruitment but also in protection from lung injury. Interestingly, while miR-155-5p decreased fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) expression in a luciferase reporter assay, FGF9 levels were actually increased in GBS-exposed fetal lungsin vivo. FGF9 overexpression is associated with abnormal lung development. Thus, upregulation of miR-155-5p may serve as a compensatory mechanism to lessen the increase in FGF9 and prevent aberrant lung development. Understanding the complicated networks regulating lung development in the setting of infection is a key step in identifying how to prevent fetal lung injury leading to bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

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Hancock, Wayne W., Wei Gao, Vilmos Csizmadia, Kerrie L. Faia, Nida Shemmeri et Andrew D. Luster. « Donor-Derived Ip-10 Initiates Development of Acute Allograft Rejection ». Journal of Experimental Medicine 193, n^o 8 (16 avril 2001) : 975–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.193.8.975.

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An allograft is often considered an immunologically inert playing field on which host leukocytes assemble and wreak havoc. However, we demonstrate that graft-specific physiologic responses to early injury initiate and promulgate destruction of vascularized grafts. Serial analysis of allografts showed that intragraft expression of the three chemokine ligands for the CXC chemo-kine receptor CXCR3 was induced in the order of interferon (IFN)-γ–inducible protein of 10 kD (IP-10, or CXCL10), IFN-inducible T cell α-chemoattractant (I-TAC; CXCL11), and then monokine induced by IFN-γ (Mig, CXCL9). Initial IP-10 production was localized to endothelial cells, and only IP-10 was induced by isografting. Anti–IP-10 monoclonal antibodies prolonged allograft survival, but surprisingly, IP-10–deficient (IP-10−/−) mice acutely rejected allografts. However, though allografts from IP-10+/+ mice were rejected by day 7, hearts from IP-10−/− mice survived long term. Compared with IP-10+/+ donors, use of IP-10−/− donors reduced intragraft expression of cytokines, chemokines and their receptors, and associated leukocyte infiltration and graft injury. Hence, tissue-specific generation of a single chemokine in response to initial ischemia/reperfusion can initiate progressive graft infiltration and amplification of multiple effector pathways, and targeting of this proximal chemokine can prevent acute rejection. These data emphasize the pivotal role of donor-derived IP-10 in initiating alloresponses, with implications for tissue engineering to decrease immunogenicity, and demonstrate that chemokine redundancy may not be operative in vivo.

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HIROI, Miki, et Yoshihiro OHMORI. « Constitutive nuclear factor κB activity is required to elicit interferon-γ-induced expression of chemokine CXC ligand 9 (CXCL9) and CXCL10 in human tumour cell lines ». Biochemical Journal 376, n^o 2 (1 décembre 2003) : 393–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20030842.

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CXC ligand 10 (CXCL10) and CXCL9 are chemoattractants for activated T cells and possess angiostatic activity. Both CXCL9 and CXCL10 have been considered as important components for the anti-tumour activities of interferon-γ (IFNγ) and interleukin-12 in animal models. In this article we show that the CXCL9 and CXCL10 genes in some types of human tumour cell lines are not inducible by IFNγ and we describe experiments designed to explore the molecular mechanisms involved in this impaired induction. The human oral squamous carcinoma line Ca9-22 and the glioma line A172 failed to express CXCL9 and CXCL10 mRNAs in response to IFNγ, whereas other carcinoma lines including HSC-2 did express these mRNAs. Production of these chemokine proteins was also impaired in Ca9-22 cells. The impaired expression was not due to any deficiency in the IFNγ/signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1)-dependent signalling pathway. Instead, analysis of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activity revealed that the constitutive low level of NF-κB activity, which is seen in cells that express these chemokines, was absent in Ca9-22 and A172 cells. Activation of NF-κB in Ca9-22 cells restored the expression of IFNγ-stimulated CXCL9 and CXCL10 mRNAs. In contrast, inhibition of the constitutive NF-κB in HSC-2 cells by adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of a dominant-negative IκBα suppressed the IFNγ-induced expression of the CXCL9 and CXCL10 mRNAs. These results indicate that constitutive NF-κB activity, which is often associated with tumour development, is required for the induced expression of CXCL9 and CXCL10 genes in human tumour cell lines in response to IFNγ.

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Teixeira, A. « Increased serum concentrations of monokine induced by interferon-γ/CXCL9 and interferon-γ-inducible protein 10/CXCL-10 in Sydenham's chorea patients ». Journal of Neuroimmunology 150, n^o 1-2 (mai 2004) : 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.01.013.

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Takeuchi, Masaru, Keiko Oh-i, Jun Suzuki, Takaaki Hattori, Aya Takeuchi, Yoko Okunuki, Yoshihiko Usui et Masahiko Usui. « Elevated Serum Levels of CXCL9/Monokine Induced by Interferon-γ and CXCL10/Interferon-γ-Inducible Protein-10 in Ocular Sarcoidosis ». Investigative Opthalmology & ; Visual Science 47, n^o 3 (1 mars 2006) : 1063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.05-0966.

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Chen, Xiang, Margaret Clement, John Hicks et Tsz Kwong Man. « Abstract 6092 : The dual roles of C-X-C MOTIF chemokine LIGAND 10 in pediatric osteosarcoma ». Cancer Research 82, n^o 12_Supplement (15 juin 2022) : 6092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-6092.

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Abstract Osteosarcoma is the most common malignant bone tumor in children and young adults. Despite the use of multi-agents chemotherapy and aggressive surgery, the survival of patients with osteosarcoma remains at 60% over the past three decades. In addition, the survival of patients who develop metastasis is dismal and often less than 25%. We have previously reported that serum C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) is associated with survival in a large cohort of osteosarcoma patients. CXCL10 is an interferon-induced chemokine that binds to its cognate receptor CXCR3 to elicit its cellular effects via both autocrine and paracrine signaling. CXCL10 can promote tumor cell migration and metastasis via autocrine signaling, while it recruits CXCR3+ immune cells to exert a tumoricidal effect via paracrine signaling. However, little is known about the effect of circulating CXCL10 in cancer. To understand the role of CXCL10 in the pediatric bone tumor, we showed that a number of osteosarcoma cell lines expressed the CXCR3 protein. The addition of exogenous CXCL10 promoted tumor cell migration of three osteosarcoma cell lines but did not affect cell proliferation. However, the migratory effect of osteosarcoma cells is not specific to CXCL10, as other CXCR3-associated chemokines (CXCL4, CXCL9, and CXCL10) exerted similar effects. Using an orthotopic xenograft mouse model, we demonstrated intravenous injection of CXCL10 increased the development of pulmonary metastases of osteosarcoma. In contrast, expression profiling of osteosarcoma primary tumors showed that elevated expression of CXCL10 and CXCR3 was associated with a better prognosis, suggesting that a paracrine effect of CXCL10 by recruiting CXCR3+ immune cells to the tumor site. This notion is supported by our immune cell population deconvolution results, indicating that the predominant infiltrating immune cell types are macrophages and CD8+ T cells. Taken together, our results suggest a model in which CXCL10 may play both pro-tumor and anti-tumor roles in osteosarcoma. While a high level of exogenous or circulating CXCL10 may promote tumor cell migration and metastasis, the chemokine can also recruit CXCR3+ immune cells to exert a favorable prognostic effect. Further characterization of the sources of CXCL10 in the tumor site and circulation may lead to the development of a therapeutic approach that promotes CXCL10’s anti-tumor effects and minimizes its pro-tumor effects to improve the survival of osteosarcoma patients. Citation Format: Xiang Chen, Margaret Clement, John Hicks, Tsz Kwong Man. The dual roles of C-X-C MOTIF chemokine LIGAND 10 in pediatric osteosarcoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 6092.

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Rudd, Brian D., Ezra Burstein, Colin S. Duckett, Xiaoxia Li et Nicholas W. Lukacs. « Differential Role for TLR3 in Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Induced Chemokine Expression ». Journal of Virology 79, n^o 6 (15 mars 2005) : 3350–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.6.3350-3357.2005.

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ABSTRACT Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection in young infants worldwide. Previous studies have reported that the induction of interleukin-8/CXCL8 and RANTES/CCL5 correlates with disease severity in humans. The production of these chemokines is elicited by viral replication and is NF-κB dependent. RSV, a negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus, requires full-length positive-sense RNA for synthesis of new viral RNA. The aim of our studies was to investigate whether active viral replication by RSV could evoke chemokine production through TLR3-mediated signaling pathways. In TLR3-transfected HEK 293 cells, live RSV preferentially activated chemokines in both a time- and dose-dependent manner compared to vector controls. RSV was also shown to upregulate TLR3 in human lung fibroblasts and epithelial cells (MRC-5 and A549). Targeting the expression of TLR3 with small interfering RNA decreased synthesis of IP-10/CXCL10 and CCL5 but did not significantly reduce levels of CXCL8. Blocking the expression of the adapter protein MyD88 established a role for MyD88 in CXCL8 production, whereas CCL5 synthesis was found to be MyD88 independent. Production of CCL5 by RSV was induced directly through TLR3 signaling pathways and did not require interferon (IFN) signaling through the IFN-α/β receptor. TLR3 did not affect viral replication, since equivalent viral loads were recovered from RSV-infected cells despite altered TLR3 expression. Taken together, our studies indicate that TLR3 mediates inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production in RSV-infected epithelial cells.

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Nagpal, Madan L., Yue Chen et Tu Lin. « Effects of overexpression of CXCL10 (cytokine-responsive gene-2) on MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cell steroidogenesis and proliferation ». Journal of Endocrinology 183, n^o 3 (décembre 2004) : 585–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.1.05795.

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Chemokines have been implicated in tumor growth, angiogenesis, metastasis and the host immune response to malignant cells. Infection and autoimmune disorders can reduce androgen production by Leydig cells and adversely affect spermatogenesis. Cytokine-responsive gene-2 (crg-2) (systematic name CXCL10, also known as interferon-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10)) is a potent chemokine expressed predominantly by macrophages and Leydig cells in the testis. CXCL10 binds to CXCR3 receptor (a G-protein-coupled receptor) and acts via Giα protein. We have shown previously that CXCL10 is differentially expressed in normal Leydig cells, inhibited by human chorionic gonadotropin and induced by interferon-γ, interleukin-1α and tumor necrosis factor-α. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of overexpression of CXCL10 by transfection experiments in MA-10 cells on cell growth, CXCR3 expression, progesterone synthesis and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR D1, a key regulatory factor in steroidogenesis) gene expression. We cloned the complete CXCL10 cDNA in a mammalian expression vector with the CMV promoter, pcDNA3.1D/V5-His-TOPO, and confirmed its expression with rat CXCL10 antibody and V5 antibody. Results showed large amounts of CXCL10 protein secreted in the medium in the CXCL10 transfectants by Western blotting. The production of CXCL10 mRNA ranged from 30–50-fold more (n=6) in the transfected cells than the control cells, as determined by semiquantitative and real-time RT-PCR. 8-Br-cAMP downregulated CXCL10 mRNA expression and stimulated CXCR3 mRNA expression. Transfection of MA-10 cells with CXCL10 decreased cAMP-induced progesterone synthesis from 38.5±1.7 ng/ml (1.5×105 cells/ml) in control cells to 23.2±1.5 ng in transfected cells (P<0.01). 8-Br-cAMP (0.2 mM)-induced StAR D1 mRNA was decreased 30–40% by transfection with CXCL10. Interestingly, overexpression of CXCL10 induced the expression of its receptor CXCR3 gene, as determined by RT-PCR and fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis. Transfection of CXCL10 also significantly decreased insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I, 100 ng/ ml)-induced [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA. These data suggest that CXCL10 also inhibits MA-10 tumor cell proliferation. In conclusion, CXCL10 inhibits StAR D1 expression, decreases progesterone synthesis and inhibits cell proliferation. CXCL10 has the potential to be used in gene therapy for prostate cancer due to its antiangiogenic effect and its inhibitory effect on steroidogenesis.

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Vasquez, Rene E., et Lynn Soong. « CXCL10/Gamma Interferon-Inducible Protein 10-Mediated Protection against Leishmania amazonensis Infection in Mice ». Infection and Immunity 74, n^o 12 (18 septembre 2006) : 6769–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01073-06.

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ABSTRACT Leishmania amazonensis can cause progressive disease in most inbred strains of mice. We have previously shown that L. amazonensis-infected C57BL/6 mice have profound impairments in expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines and in activation of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells. These impairments are independent of interleukin-4 (IL-4) but partially due to IL-10 production. The precise mechanism of pathogenesis associated with L. amazonensis infection remains largely unresolved. Since chemokines are essential mediators of leukocyte recruitment and effector cell function, we hypothesized that these molecules are important for the initiation of early responses locally and for the eventual control of the infection. In this study, we examined the roles of CXCL10/gamma interferon-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) and CCL2/monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) in the activation of the macrophage effector function in vitro and their efficacy in ameliorating infection in vivo. Bone marrow-derived macrophages of both BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice were treated with increasing concentrations of recombinant chemokines prior to infection with either stationary-phase promastigotes or tissue-derived amastigotes. We found that treatment with IP-10 or MCP-1 significantly reduced parasite burdens, in a dose-dependent manner, and triggered nitric oxide production. When susceptible C57BL/6 mice were injected locally with IP-10 following L. amazonensis infection, there was a significant delay in lesion development and a reduction in parasite burdens, accompanied by 7- and 3.5-fold increases in gamma interferon and IL-12 secretion, respectively, in restimulated lymph node cells. This study confirms that IP-10 plays a protective role in promoting the reduction of intracellular parasites and thereby opens new avenues for therapeutic control of nonhealing cutaneous leishmaniasis in the New World.

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Ohshima, Koichi, Seiji Haraoka, Yasushi Takahata, Hidetoshi Takada, Kenji Tsutiya, Keiko Suzuki, Junji Suzumiya et Masahiro Kikuchi. « Interferon-gamma, Interleukin-18, Monokine Induced by Interferon-gamma and Interferon-gamma-inducible Protein-10 in Histiocytic Necrotizing Lymphadenitis ». Leukemia & ; Lymphoma 43, n^o 5 (janvier 2002) : 1115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10428190290021641a.

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Tang, Nelson Leung-Sang, Harris Pok Yin Fan, Kwok Chiu Chang, Jasmine Kuk Lai Ching, Kathy Pui Shan Kong, Wing Wai Yew, Kai Man Kam et al. « Genetic association between a chemokine gene CXCL-10 (IP-10, interferon gamma inducible protein 10) and susceptibility to tuberculosis ». Clinica Chimica Acta 406, n^o 1-2 (août 2009) : 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2009.06.006.

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Raza, Ali, Sadaf Firasat, Shagufta Khaliq, Tahir Aziz, Muhammed Mubarak, Syed Ali Anwar Naqvi, Syed Qasim Mehdi, Syed Adib-ul-Hasan Rizvi et Aiysha Abid. « The association of urinary interferon-gamma inducible protein-10 (IP10/CXCL10) levels with kidney allograft rejection ». Inflammation Research 66, n^o 5 (28 février 2017) : 425–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00011-017-1025-7.

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Ogawa, Noriyoshi, Li Ping, Li Zhenjun, Yukiko Takada et Susumu Sugai. « Involvement of the interferon-?-induced T cell-attracting chemokines, interferon-?-inducible 10-kd protein (CXCL10) and monokine induced by interferon- ? (CXCL9), in the salivary gland lesions of patients with Sj�gren's syndrome ». Arthritis & ; Rheumatism 46, n^o 10 (octobre 2002) : 2730–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/art.10577.

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Leavitt, Colton, Neil A. Zakai, Paul Auer, Mary Cushman, Ethan M. Lange, Emily B. Levitan, Nels Olson et al. « Interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10) and cardiovascular disease in African Americans ». PLOS ONE 15, n^o 4 (2 avril 2020) : e0231013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231013.

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Xagoraris, Ioanna, Georgia Kokaraki, Christina Plastira, Konstantina Stathopoulou, Vasiliki Leventaki, Elias Drakos, Jeffrey Medeiros, Anders Österborg et George Z. Rassidakis. « The NPM-ALK Oncogenic Kinase Suppresses CGAS-Sting-Associated Anti-Tumor Immune Responses through STAT3 Activation in Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL) ». Blood 138, Supplement 1 (5 novembre 2021) : 1338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2021-149257.

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Abstract Background: ALK+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a distinct T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma type that frequently carries the t(2;5) resulting in overexpression and activation of NPM-ALK chimeric kinase, which activates multiple oncogenic pathways including JAK-STAT3 pathway. The presence of cytosolic DNA of either exogenous or endogenous origin activates the cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS), a cytosolic DNA sensor, which activates the adaptor protein STING. The latter then activates the TBK1 and IKK kinases, which activate through phosphorylation the transcription factors IRF3 and NF-κB, respectively. IRF3 and NF-κB induce expression of interferons (e.g. IFN-β) and cytokines leading to activation of innate immune responses. The potential role of NPM-ALK oncogenic kinase in cGAS-STING-related anti-tumor immune responses in ALK+ ALCL is unknown to date. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the biologic impact of NPM-ALK on cGAS-STING activation status and expression of relevant interferon genes in ALK+ ALCL. Methods: The in vitro system included 5 ALK+ (Karpas 299, SUPM2, DEL, SUDHL1, L82) and 2 ALK- (Mac-1, Mac-2a) ALCL cell lines, as well as Ba/F3 cells stably transfected with NPM-ALK (Ba/F3-NPM-ALK) or a control (Ba/F3-MIG) plasmid. Expression and activation (phosphorylation) of cGAS-STING pathway proteins at baseline and experimental conditions were analysed by RT-PCR and Western blot at the RNA and protein level, respectively. Inhibition of ALK and STAT3 activity was performed using Crizotinib and the selective XIII STAT3 inhibitor, respectively. Silencing of ALK gene was performed using transient transfection with ALK siRNA and the Amaxa Nucleofector Technology. A STING agonist and TBK inhibitor (Amlexanox) were also used alone or in combination with other agents. The cGAS-STING-associated anti-tumor immune responses were evaluated by assessing the RNA levels of interferon beta (IFN-β), CXCL10, and interferon gamma (IFN-γ), as well as a control gene (GAPDH), with quantitative RT-PCR. The patient study group included 38 previously untreated patients with ALK+ ALCL. Immunohistochemical analysis for STING protein expression was performed using a monoclonal antibody (Cell Signaling) and standard protocols. An arbitrary 10% cutoff was used to define positivity. Results: STING gene was highly expressed at both the mRNA and protein level in ALK+ and ALK- ALCL cell lines, however, cGAS-STING pathway proteins were activated at a variable level among ALCL cell lines as shown in immunoblots. STING was highly expressed in 36 of 38 (95%) ALK+ ALCL tumors, highlighting its biologic significance in this lymphoma type. Inhibition of ALK activity by Crizotinib resulted in significant increase in IFN-β and CXCL10 gene expression linked to activation/phosphorylation of TBK1 indicating cGAS-STING pathway activation in ALK+ ALCL and Ba/F3-NPM-ALK cells. Silencing of ALK gene with specific ALK siRNA also resulted in a dramatic increase in the CXCL10 gene expression (mRNA level). Similarly, treatment of ALK+ ALCL cells with the XIII STAT3 inhibitor resulted in significantly increased IFN-β and CXCL10 gene expression associated with activation of the cGAS-STING pathway proteins in ALK+ ALCL cells but also in the ALK- ALCL cell line, Mac-1. Incubation of ALK+ ALCL cells with a STING agonist alone led to further activation of the cGAS-STING pathway in ALK+ ALCL cells. Conclusion: NPM-ALK suppresses STING-associated, anti-tumor immune responses in ALK+ ALCL, through STAT3 activation and regulation of gene expression of type-1 interferons (IFN-β, CXCL10). Thus, combined ALK inhibition (ALK inhibitors) and STING stimulation (STING agonists) may represent a novel investigational therapeutic strategy for these patients. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Romagnani, Paola, Elena Lazzeri, Laura Lasagni, Carmelo Mavilia, Chiara Beltrame, Michela Francalanci, Mario Rotondi et al. « IP-10 and Mig Production by Glomerular Cells in Human Proliferative Glomerulonephritis and Regulation by Nitric Oxide ». Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 13, n^o 1 (janvier 2002) : 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v13153.

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ABSTRACT. High levels of expression of mRNA and protein for the chemokines interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-inducible protein of 10 kD (IP-10) (CXCL10) and the monokine induced by IFN-γ (Mig) (CXCL9) were observed, by using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical analyses, in kidney biopsy specimens from patients with glomerulonephritis (GN), particularly those with membranoproliferative or crescentic GN, but not in normal kidneys. Double-immunostaining or combined in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical analyses for IP-10, Mig, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) or α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) revealed that IP-10 and Mig production by resident glomerular cells was a selective property of glomeruli in which mesangial cells demonstrated active proliferation. IP-10 and Mig mRNA and protein were also expressed by primary cultures of human mesangial cells and human visceral epithelial cells after stimulation with IFN- γ or with IFN-γ plus tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (which produced greater stimulation). The induction of IP-10 and Mig mRNA and protein expression by IFN-γ plus TNF-α was strongly inhibited by nitric oxide (NO) donors, such as sodium nitroprusside or S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine, but not by cGMP analogues. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated that NO donors repressed IP-10 gene transcription induced by IFN-γ plus TNF-α through the inhibition of NF-κB activation. These data demonstrate that resident glomerular cells in kidneys of patients with proliferative GN produce large amounts of IP-10 and Mig, which may play important pathogenic roles in this disease. These data also indicate that the production of IP-10 and Mig by human mesangial cells can be downregulated by NO donors through cGMP-independent inhibition of NF-κB activation.

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Petrucci, Roberta, Nabil Abu Amer, Ricardo Queiroz Gurgel, Jeevan B. Sherchand, Luiza Doria, Chamala Lama, Pernille Ravn et al. « Interferon Gamma, Interferon-Gamma-Induced-Protein 10, and Tuberculin Responses of Children at High Risk of Tuberculosis Infection ». Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 27, n^o 12 (décembre 2008) : 1073–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/inf.0b013e31817d05a3.

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