Thèses sur le sujet « Interdictum »

La presente ricerca, articolata in due parti, è volta ad analizzare la funzione che la tutela interdittale ricoprì nell'esperienza giuridica romana, sia sotto il profilo contenutistico, attraverso l’analisi delle singole fattispecie da essa considerate, sia in una prospettiva dinamica, cercando di dare una collocazione temporale, per quanto approssimativa, alla loro origine ed esaminandone la regolamentazione all'interno delle diverse fasi della storia processuale romana. I primi tre capitoli esaminano la portata complessiva di questa forma di tutela, la quale si estendeva ad un gruppo di situazioni giuridiche eterogeneo e, in base a quello che tramandano i più recenti ritrovamenti epigrafici e papiracei, non rimase espressione del tribunale del pretore a Roma, ma trovò applicazione in diversi luoghi dell'Impero. Nella seconda parte del lavoro ci si sofferma sul procedimento che, a seguito dalla postulatio del soggetto interessato, poteva condurre alla concessione degli interdetti, nella persuasione che esso costituisse non una mera contingenza preliminare ai noti giudizi ex causa interdicti ma un procedimento autonomo ed essenziale all'interno del sistema interdittale nel suo complesso.
The present research, divided into two parts, is aimed analysing the function of the interdictal protection in the Roman legal experience, both in terms of content, through the analysis of the individual cases under its cover, and in a dynamic perspective, trying to give a temporal location, however approximate, to its origin and studying the regulation within the different phases of Roman procedural history. The first three chapters examine the overall scope of this remedy, which was accorded to protect a heterogeneous group of legal situations and, according to the most recent epigraphic and papyrus findings, did not remain an expression of the praetor's court in Rome, but was applied in different places of the Empire. In the second part of this work we focus on the procedure that, following the postulatio of the interested party, could lead to the granting of an interdictum. This procedure was not a mere preliminary contingency to the well known iudicia ex causa interdicti but that an autonomous and essential procedure within the interdictal system as a whole.

Thesis (M.S. in Operations Research and M.S. in Applied Mathematics)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2008.
Thesis Advisor(s): Alderson, David ; Zhou, Hong. "June 2008." Description based on title screen as viewed on August 22, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 39-40). Also available in print.

The sentiment of Justice Ackerman that courts have a particular responsibility and obligation to &ldquo
forge new tools&rdquo
and shape innovative remedies to achieve a goal, is profound and based on a constitution with a transformative nature. The injustice of apartheid brought about unequal resource distribution in South Africa and this is well documented. The need for innovative remedies to address these injustices has been in demand. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa has made available, sufficient remedies for the courts to deal with these concerns. However, the courts need to find a creative way of using and applying these remedies. One such remedy, being promoted by this paper is, structural interdicts with a supervisory jurisdiction. This remedy has a process of meaningful engagement attached to it, to ensure all parties reach practical solutions to ongoing socio-economic rights violations. The ancillary effect of these types of orders will promote future policies to take into consideration socio-economic rights needs of other people in the same position as the applicants. The ongoing supervision of the court will further ensure that government comply with its obligation within reasonable time, and to address ongoing concerns of socio-economic rights violation as and when they arise during the process of engagement.

Venice and Rome was not always on good terms, which the interdict crisis of 1606 and 1607 clearly manifests. Interdicts had been placed on Venice before, but the one of 1606 set about a veritable flood of pamphlets and tracts, either in favour or against the interdict of Pope Paul V (1605–1621).   One of these tracts, which was written in favour of the Papal interdict, was the Nuova Risposta di Giovanni Filoteo di Asti, alla lettera di un theologo incognito scritta ad un sacerdote suo amico, sopra le censure, & interdetto di Papa Paolo V, contro la Signoria di Venetia, which I intend to analyse in this thesis. The Nuova Risposta was a text born out of the Guerra delle scritture. It was published in 1606 in Bologna and in Ferrara, both locations were, at that period of time, a part of the Papal States. This text manifests the troublesome relations between the Venetian government and the Papal Court in Rome, but also the importance of adhering to a historiographical framework in which the author Antonio Possevino elaborates on Papal claim to superiority in spiritual and in temporal matters.

Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales)
En el presente trabajo se realizó una investigación y recopilación de fallos sobre acciones posesorias especiales, en el periodo posterior a la dictación de la Ley de Bases Generales del Medio Ambiente, pues se sostiene que, en dicho periodo, el ejercicio de estas acciones permitió dar protección de forma indirecta al Medio Ambiente, gracias a su rápida tramitación y efectos de tutela anticipada. Lo anterior se produjo debido a las deficiencias del sistema de protección del Medio Ambiente existente en la época. Se recopilaron fallos de los tribunales superiores de justicia de todo el país, y se sistematizaron según los temas comunes tratados, los resultados de la acción y los motivos de su ejercicio, permitiendo encontrar los beneficios y debilidades, tanto para el objetivo de dar protección al Medio Ambiente como para los objetivos propios de cada una de las acciones revisadas. Finalmente se comparó con la actual institucionalidad ambiental, dando cuenta de las falencias que esta presenta y de la posibilidad de continuar utilizando estas acciones posesorias especiales, en particular la denuncia de obra nueva para dar protección, al menos de forma indirecta, al Medio Ambiente.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é discutir, a partir da ideia de interdição foucaultiana, os processos de que se valeu a crítica literária para apagar de seu horizonte de leitura as imagens do homoerotismo nas literaturas de língua portuguesa, para tanto, detivemo-nos de modo mais apurado na leitura de poemas de Luís Miguel Nava, poeta português cuja obra tem uma dimensão homoerótica notável e, mesmo assim, as leituras que fizeram dela passaram ao largo de discuti-las de modo mais aprofundado.
The aim of this research is to discuss the processes of interdiction, according to Foucault, that literary criticism used in order to ignore the images of homoeroticism present in the Portuguese literatures. With this purpose, we carefully analyze the poems by Luís Miguel Nava, a Portuguese poet which work has a remarkable homoerotic dimension but, even so, scholars have not discussed this characteristic in depth.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico
Portuguese Poet Florbela Espanca (1984 1930) lived and produced her literary work during a period in which, on the one hand, the ideals of an innovative and irreverent movement were being fomented led by Fernando Pessoa, Almada Negreiros and M?rio de S?-Carneiro , on the other hand, Portugal was still dominated by a conservative and authoritarian thought, anchored in a bourgeois-christian ideology. Inserted in an unfavorable social context to the expression of the female sexual impulse, poet Florbela then appears with an innovative speech as threatening the sexual organization of the Portuguese society. This way, considering the relations between the poetic text and the historical-social context, the aim of this work is to present a reading upon the Eroticism in The Flowering Heath (2005) as a way to contravene the borders given to the sexual phenomenon. For this reason, we will mainly resort to the concepts developed on the approach of Georges Bataille The Eroticism (2004) and also by Octavio Paz The Double Flame: Love and Eroticism (2001)
A poetisa Florbela Espanca (1984-1930) viveu e produziu sua obra liter?ria em um per?odo em que, se por um lado, estavam sendo fomentados os ideais de um movimento inovador e irreverente liderado por Fernando Pessoa, Almada Negreiros e M?rio de S?-Carneiro , por outro lado, o que predominava, em Portugal, era um pensamento conservador e autorit?rio, apoiado numa ideologia burgu?s-crist?. Inserida num contexto social em que nada favorecia a express?o dos impulsos sexuais femininos, a poesia de Florbela surge, ent?o, como um discurso inovador, na medida em que p?e em xeque a organiza??o sexual da sociedade portuguesa em quest?o. Desse modo, considerando as rela??es entre o texto po?tico e o contexto hist?rico-social, a proposta desta pesquisa ? apresentar uma leitura do er?tico na obra Charneca em flor (1931) como possibilidade de transgredir as limita??es dadas ? atividade sexual. Para tanto, recorremos aos conceitos desenvolvidos, principalmente, por Georges Bataille em O Erotismo (2004) e por Octavio Paz em A dupla chama: amor e erotismo (2001) sobre a tem?tica abordada

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo demonstrar de que forma um catálogo comentado de manuscritos musicais é importante ferramenta de pesquisa, que pode apoiar a musicologia na tarefa de análise de documentos, levando à compreensão dos diversos aspectos que envolvem o binômio compositor/composição. Aliando conceitos da teoria arquivística e do estudo do processo de criação, e levando-se em conta, principalmente, que o conteúdo musical deveria ser o elemento norteador na feitura do trabalho, pudemos observar a importância da informação presente na documentação musical estudada. Como fio condutor, temos a oportunidade de apresentar os principais aspectos de um conjunto de documentos inéditos, objeto privilegiado de análise, manuscritos na juventude pelo compositor Camargo Guarnieri. A Obra de Difusão Interdita, título dado pelo autor para nomear o conjunto de anotações musicais escritas entre os anos de 1920 a 1928, abarca uma variedade grande de registros musicais que, pela sua natureza de obra imatura, em fase redacional de elaboração idéias, nos permite desvendar a fixação de conceitos e caracterização da personalidade do artista em formação.
The goal of the present work is to demonstrate in which way a special list of musical manuscripts is an important tool of research, able to support the musicology in the task of analyzing documents and to lead to the comprehension of the different aspects involved in the binomial composer/composition. By bringing together the concepts of the archival science theory and the study of the artistic process and by considering mainly that the musical content should be the guiding element in the making of the work, we have been able to observe the importance of the information present in the musical documentation studied. As a guideline, we have the opportunity to present the main aspects of an unpublished collection of documents, privileged object of analysis, handwritten during the youth of the composer Camargo Guarnieri. The Interdicted Work of Diffusion (Obra de Difusão Interdita), title given by the author in order to denominate the collection of musical notations written between 1920 and 1928, embraces a big variety of music registration that, by their nature of immature work, in the redactional phase of the elaboration of ideas, allows one to disclose both the establishment of the concepts and the distinctness of the personality of the artist in development.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The main focus of this study is the two parts of the novel Lavoura arcaica, emphasizing the conflictive relation between André and his father, Iohána. Characterized by anger and rebellion in his discourse against his father s principles, André returns to family environment, but actually questions it. He resents himself and the ones who await him at home, the embodiment of the character s inner conflict. This dissertation aims to discuss some image constructions related to both father and his prodigal son (au contraire), André, through the interaction between literature and psychoanalysis. To do so, some concepts referring to erotism, father s rule and myth will be approached, in order to perceive how the text apprehends the transgression in the narrative, emphasizing the heuristic potential of the piece for the understanding of both profane and sacred. It is tried to comprehend the way André s desire comes to be through his father s, insofar as this desire is one of the guiding elements of the work
O enfoque central deste estudo incide sobre as duas partes do romance Lavoura arcaica, com destaque para a relação conflituosa de André com seu pai, Iohána. Caracterizado pela revolta e cólera em seu discurso contra os princípios defendidos pelo pai, André retorna ao seio da família, mas, na verdade, vai de encontro a ela, amargando um embate consigo e com aqueles que estão à sua espera em casa, lugar símbolo do conflito interior da personagem. Assim, esta dissertação pretende discutir algumas das construções relacionadas às imagens do pai e do seu filho pródigo (às avessas), André, a partir da interação dos campos da literatura e da psicanálise. Para tanto, serão abordados alguns conceitos referentes ao erotismo, à lei do pai e ao mito, para perceber como o texto apreende a transgressão na narrativa, destacando, assim, o potencial heurístico da obra para a compreensão do profano e do sagrado. Tenta-se entender como o desejo de André se dá, também, por meio do desejo do pai, constituindo-se esse desejo em um dos elementos norteadores da obra

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Este trabalho buscou investigar como se estabelecem e se criam os laços da família recasada a partir da experiência dos filhos a fim de compreender que tipos de interditos aparecem neste contexto e no que se baseiam. Para tal, foi preciso reunir material bibliográfico nacional sobre o recasamento e lançar mão da literatura francesa sobre a fratria neste contexto; foram feitas ainda entrevistas com sete filhos nesta posição; e uma breve ilustração com material midiático acerca do tema do recasamento. Pode-se concluir que as famílias de recasamento pesquisadas vivenciam algumas inconsistências sociais ao reunirem sob um mesmo teto valores ambíguos. O individualismo e o poder da escolha são mais possíveis para os adultos e há uma valorização do casal conjugal, que deve ser preservado. A partir dos estudos apresentados e da variabilidade de experiências de recasamento coletadas nas entrevistas, responde-se que há sim o interdito sexual nas famílias de recasamento com filhos adolescentes. Quer dizer, há também. Pois não é uma estrutura determinista e o surgimento dos interditos depende da combinação de múltiplos e variados fatores, sendo o projeto de família pensado e praticado pelo casal um dos mais relevantes.
This study aimed to investigate how remarried family establish and create ties from the experience of the children in order to understand what kinds of prohibitions appear in this context and in which they are based. To this end, it was necessary to meet national publications on remarriage and make use of French literature on the phratry in this context; interviews were done with seven children in this position; and a brief illustration with media material on the remarriage theme. It can be concluded that the families of remarriage surveyed experience some social contradictions to gather under one roof ambiguous values. Individualism and the power of choice are more likely to adults and there is an appreciation of the married couple, which must be preserved. From the studies submitted and the variability of remarriage experiences collected in the interviews, one responds that there is rather the sexual forbidden in the families of remarriage with teenage children. I mean, there too. It is not a deterministic structure and the emergence of prohibitions depends on the combination of multiple and varied factors, and the family project conceived and practiced by the couple one of the most relevant.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
In this study, we examine ways of production and dissemination of meanings in two portuguese novels of the 60s Maina Mendes (1969), by Maria Velho da Costa, and A noite e o riso (1969), by Nuno Bragança. Produced in a dictatorial period, these works point to this context, although not mentioning it directly, acting as a delicate instrument of combat. To this end, these novels utilize resources that rely on different processes of signification, through which they reveal, in a sinuous and not rarely cynical way, a reality that could not be referred to and much less criticized explicitly. The analysis carried out focuses on these processes in order to observe how they act as triggers of a subtextual level of political nuance, helping to configure what we call tactical discourse . The proposed analysis is supported by literary and linguistic studies, as well as some theoretical formulations form the social science.
Neste estudo examinamos formas de produção e disseminação de sentidos em dois romances portugueses da década de 60 Maina Mendes (1969), de Maria Velho da Costa, e A noite e o riso (1969), de Nuno Bragança. Produzidas num período ditatorial, as obras selecionadas apontam para esse contexto, ainda que sem referi-lo diretamente, atuando como um delicado instrumento de combate. Para tanto, esses romances se utilizam de recursos que se apoiam em variados processos de significação, por meio dos quais revelam, de forma sinuosa e não raro cínica, uma realidade que não poderia ser referida e muito menos criticada explicitamente. A análise que realizamos focaliza esses processos, de modo a observar de que maneira eles atuam como deflagradores de um nível subtextual de matiz político, contribuindo para a configuração do que chamamos discurso tático . A análise proposta busca apoio em estudos literários e linguísticos, como também em algumas formulações teóricas das ciências sociais.

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The body of the semi nude Brazilian woman was interdicted in the Brazilian official touristic propaganda, as a way to potentialize the campaigns against the sexual tourism, but this interdiction was not observed in the discourse on Brazilian Carnival, as seen the continuous super exposition of the woman semi nude body in Carnival parades. The general purpose of this dissertation is to analyze the bringing problem, or in other words, to analyze why the nudity of the Brazilian woman body is interdicted in the discourse of the institutional touristic propaganda and the same does not occur in this gender as dealing with Carnival. The specific purposes are: (i) to analyze the action of biopolitical on the body through the meaning effects produced by the relationship between the linguistic and imagetic materialism; (ii) to verify the relationships of power which are established between the revindication, the maintenance, the transformation and the crystallization of identities; (iii) to describe the discursive happenings that helped the changes in the production of knowing the provoked the nudity interdiction of the Brazilian woman body; (iv) to investigate about the disciplinary and control dispositive, above all the interdiction, that act on the body presented in the propagandas; (v) to discuss the intericonicidade (the echoes of the image) in the materiality of the purposed discourse above the perspective of Historical Semiology; (vi) to analyze about the governmentalization in the rules of woman body; (vii) to verify why in the heterotopic space of Carnival the body is not interdicted. As a support to a theoretical foundation, we used the Discourse Analysis (AD), from the ideas of Michel Pêcheux and, above all, the contributions of the works of Michel Foucault, beyond to have a support of the studies realized by Jean-Jacques Courtine on the body and the Historical Semiology of image. Methodologically, the research is characterized as documental and bibliographical, of descriptive and interpretative character. To the corpus analyzing, the arqueogenealogical method of Michel Foucault is used, which is able to dig, of the history, the conditions of possibilities which permit the emergency of discourses, to the analyses of irruption of happenings, of the roles of discursive structures and of ruptures in the memory nets. The corpus is composed by thirty official touristic propagandas of Brazil produced by Brazilian Institute of Tourism (EMBRATUR), in a time memory that goes from the decade of 1970 till the year of 2015. In the results of the research, it was verified that the Carnival is a heterotopic space of passage, due this the nudity is permitted in time and in Carnival space, this is, the systems of control, above all the interdiction, that over whelm every rule of diary life, are revoked during the Carnival, and this permitting holds, inclusive, the discourse of Brazilian official touristic propaganda.
O corpo seminu da mulher brasileira foi interditado na propaganda turística oficial brasileira, como forma de potencializar as campanhas contra o turismo sexual, porém não foi observada essa interdição no discurso sobre o Carnaval brasileiro, tendo em vista a contínua superexposição do corpo seminu da mulher em desfiles carnavalescos. O objetivo geral desta dissertação é analisar o problema elencado, ou em outras palavras, analisar por que a nudez do corpo da mulher brasileira é interditada no discurso da propaganda turística institucional e o mesmo não ocorre nesse gênero quando se trata do Carnaval. Os objetivos específicos são: (i) analisar a ação da biopolítica sobre o corpo através dos efeitos de sentido produzidos pela relação entre as materialidades linguística e imagética; (ii) verificar as relações de poder que se estabelecem no embate entre a reivindicação, a manutenção, a transformação e a cristalização de identidades; (iii) descrever os acontecimentos discursivos que favoreceram a mudança na produção de saber que provocou a interdição da nudez do corpo da mulher brasileira; (iv) investigar sobre os dispositivos disciplinares e de controle, sobretudo a interdição, que agem sobre o corpo apresentado nas propagandas; (v) discutir a intericonicidade (os ecos da imagem) na materialidade do discurso em pauta sob a perspectiva da Semiologia Histórica; (vi) analisar sobre a governamentalidade na normatização do corpo da mulher; (vii) verificar por que no espaço heterotópico carnavalesco o corpo não é interditado. Utiliza-se, para isso, os pressupostos teórico-metodológicos da Análise do Discurso (AD), a partir das ideias de Michel Pêcheux e, sobretudo, das contribuições dos trabalhos de Michel Foucault, além de se apoiar nos estudos realizados por Jean-Jacques Courtine acerca do corpo e da Semiologia Histórica da imagem. Metodologicamente, a pesquisa caracteriza-se como documental e bibliográfica, de caráter descritivo e interpretativo. Para a análise do corpus, utiliza-se do método arqueogenealógico de Michel Foucault (2012a), que é capaz de escavar, da história, as condições de possibilidade que permitem a emergência de discursos, a partir da análise da irrupção dos acontecimentos, das regras das formações discursivas e das rupturas nas redes de memória. O corpus é composto por trinta propagandas turísticas oficiais do Brasil produzidas pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Turismo (EMBRATUR), em um recorte temporal que vai desde a década de 1970 até o ano de 2015. Dentre os resultados da pesquisa, constatou-se que o Carnaval é um espaço heterotópico de passagem, por isso a nudez é permitida no tempo e no espaço carnavalesco, ou seja, os sistemas de controle, sobretudo a interdição, que perpassam toda a ordem da vida cotidiana, são revogados durante o Carnaval, e essa permissividade abrange, inclusive, o discurso da propaganda turística oficial brasileira.

Mot propre au langage juridique, l’illicéité signifie la contrariété au droit. Oscillant entre l’illégalité et l’injustice, elle est une catégorie juridique souvent rejetée par les pénalistes. En réalité, l’illicéité aborde les interdits posés par le droit pénal à partir de leurs essences. Elle peut ainsi apparaître inutile et même dangereuse – en droit pénal la contrariété au droit est synonyme d’illégalité et le juge pénal n’a pas à se demander si le comportement poursuivi est en outre injuste. Néanmoins, il convient de ne pas oublier que « même pénale, la loi n’a pas tous les droits » et que les dispositions pénales n’ont pas comme unique destinataire le juge. À l’heure où il est de plus en plus question de regénéralisation et de rethéorisation du droit pénal, l’illicéité mérite en effet d’être placée au centre des réflexions pénalistes, car elle invite à s’intéresser à ce qui est essentiel dans les interdits pénalement consacrés en fonction des besoins et capacités du destinataire principal des dispositions pénales – le profane. En mesure de recouvrir ce qu’on peut réellement attendre d’un non-spécialiste, l’illicéité indique ainsi ce qui doit guider la détermination et la définition des infractions pour que le droit pénal soit légitime et effectif. Dans cette perspective, pour saisir ce que constitue l’essence des interdits pénalement consacrés, il ne suffit pas de se référer aux dispositions pénales mais il faut exploiter entièrement les normes et valeurs révélées par la conscience sociale qui exercent une influence déterminante sur le droit pénal. Car si les repères proprement pénaux ne sont pas en mesure de dévoiler à eux seuls l’essence des interdits, la conscience sociale fournit des critères de justice objectifs et opérationnels adaptés au profane permettant d’aborder adéquatement le droit pénal dans le cadre de l’ensemble normatif dans lequel il s’insère
Illicitness, a word particular to the legal language signifies the defiance of the law. Oscillating between illegality and injustice, it is a legal category often rejected by French criminal lawyers. In reality, illicitness touches the essence of the prohibitions posed by the criminal law. It can thus appear unnecessary and even dangerous – in criminal law the defiance of the law is synonymous with illegality and the criminal judge does not have to wonder if the continued behaviour is also unjust. Nevertheless, we should not forget that “even criminal, the law does not have all the rights” and that criminal provisions are not only intended for the judge. At a time when it is increasingly a question of re-generalisation and re-theorisation of the criminal law, illicitness merits being placed in effect at the centre of the criminal lawyers’ reflections, for it invites interest in what is essential in the prohibitions enacted as criminal by reference to the main recipient of the criminal provisions – the layman. Able to cover what you can really expect from a non-lawyer, illicitness indicates in this way what must guide the determination and the definition of the offences in order that the criminal law is legitimate and effective. In this perspective, in order to grasp what animates deeply the restrictions laid down as criminal, it is not enough to refer to the provisions but it is necessary also to fully exploit the norms and values revealed by the social conscience which exerts a decisive influence on the criminal law. For if the strictly criminal bench marks are not by themselves able to reveal what gives meaning to the forbidden, social awareness provides the objective and operational criteria of illicitness adapted to the layman to adequately address the criminal law in the framework of the normative set in which it fits

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The current dissertation presents an analytical reading upon the translation process of the book O Filho Eterno (2007), by Cristovão Tezza, whose translation to the English language is given the title The Eternal Son (2013), by the translator Alison Entrekin. To do so, we aim at establishing a comparative perspective between the Original Text (OT) and the Translated Text (TT), identifying the path followed along the translation process. The Translation Studies, from 1980s on, consolidates itself as an autonomous research and intellectual production field, not anymore as a branch of the Comparative Liteature or Linguistics. Literature scholars, for too long, focused themselves on a defensive posture, upon fidedignity aspects of the OT and the TT. Linguistics, yet, very poorly has explored the cultural aspects of the translation analysis. This comparative study between the O Filho Eterno and The Eternal Son broadened the literary analysis possibilities as it permitted a reflection on the understanding the creative expression lines used in the book through the double, the autofiction and the silence. The interdicts and the vertigo feeling from the original narrative are suppressed on the translation throughout a simplification of the creative resources, such as punctuation, word omissions and explanatory insertions; furthermore, a lexical and semantic diversification of the recurrent use of the original Filho for preferable terms of the translator as son, child, baby and Felipe, that, along the plot, turn out to be a guideline for the foreign reader. The TT simplification can be analyzed from four settled moments of the book: waiting the messianic son as a prize (son), not-acceptance of the child with Down Syndrome (child), the rising empathy with the stimulus sessions (baby) and the identity construction of Felipe with talents, tastes and features, beyond his Syndrome. The whole process is interweaved by the construction of the father and son double, established with feedbacks and reflections from the father-character, under the lens of a selective omniscient narrator that also ensured the narrative distance and the autofictional aspect of the book. Under such perspective, language is continuously challenged as the comfortable values of the symbolic plan categorization is doubted, such as comprehension, apprehension and valuation measures of the world’s narrator from O Filho Eterno come down to the experience of helplessness, inexpressible and of full meaningful silence. This study is based upon the theorical and critical approaches by Mona Baker (1993, 1995, 1996), Itamar Even-Zohar (1978), Susan Basnnett (2005), Philippe Lejeune, (2008), Diana Klinger (2006), Santiago Kovadloff (2003), Roland Barthes (1977, 2004), among others.
A presente dissertação apresenta uma leitura analítica do processo de tradução da obra O Filho Eterno (2007), de Cristovão Tezza, cuja obra em língua inglesa recebe o título de The Eternal Son (2013), na tradução de Alison Entrekin. Para isso, buscamos estabelecer uma perspectiva comparativa entre o Texto Original (TO) e o Texto Traduzido (TT), com a identificação do caminho adotado no processo tradutório. Os Estudos da Tradução, a partir da década de 1980, consolidam-se como uma área de pesquisa autônoma e de produção intelectual, não mais como um desmembramento da Literatura Comparada ou da Linguística. Teóricos da literatura, por muito tempo, pautaram-se, em uma postura defensiva, em questões de fidedignidade entre o TO e o TT. Já a Linguística, pouco explorou os aspectos culturais nas análises tradutórias. O estudo comparado entre O Filho Eterno e The Eternal Son ampliou as possibilidades da análise literária ao permitir refletir sobre a compreensão das linhas de expressão criativas, pautadas na obra pelo duplo, pela autoficção e pelo silêncio. Os interditos e o sentimento de vertigem do original são suprimidos na narrativa traduzida por meio de uma simplificação de recursos criativos, como pontuação, supressão de palavras e inserções explicativas; também, por uma diversificação lexical e semântica do recorrente uso no original da lexia Filho, por vocábulos preferenciais da tradutora como son, child, baby e Felipe, que, no enredo, tornam-se guia no contexto narrativo ao leitor estrangeiro. A simplificação no TT pode ser analisada a partir de quatro momentos da obra: à espera do filho messiânico como um prêmio (son), a não-aceitação da criança com Síndrome de Down (child), a crescente empatia com as sessões de estímulo (baby) e a configuração da identidade de Felipe, com talentos, gostos e características, para além da Síndrome. Todo o processo é perpassado pela construção de um duplo entre pai e filho, estabelecido com flashbacks e reflexões do personagem pai, sob a lente de um narrador onisciente seletivo, que assegura um distanciamento narrativo e o aspecto autoficcional da obra. Sob tal perspectiva narrativa, a linguagem é desafiada à medida que os valores confortáveis da categorização no plano simbólico, como medidas de compreensão, apreensão e valoração do mundo do narrador de O Filho Eterno, culminam em uma experiência de desamparo, do indizível e de um silêncio pleno de significado. Este estudo ancora-se em abordagens teóricas e críticas advindas de Mona Baker (1993, 1995, 1996), Itamar Even-Zohar (1978), Susan Basnnett (2005), Philippe Lejeune, (2008), Diana Klinger (2006), Santiago Kovadloff (2003), Roland Barthes (1977, 2004), entre outros.

碩士
國防大學管理學院
法律學系
100
Interdict Executing Assignment is widely used in the personnel administration , but interdiction system of operation and the principle of rule of law there are many the clash between. For example, in Legal Reservation, the right to relief, due process of law, retroactive to the previous principle of forbidding processing, interdiction system often rely on the terms of non-delegated administrative legislation; even if reservation of law in interdict executing assignment principles, fairly summarized abstract interdiction Subject to retain the existing law. I think that here should have a law expressly or expressly authorized by law. Secondly, whether the interdicted person have filed relief and how to file should be qualitative nature of the existing regulations interdiction. Then, Scrutiny legislator makers whether they intend to give the officer in charge interdiction rights, to determine the contentious subject of whether the case, and thus to clarify the scope of the review of the court on the contentious subject of review. Furthermore, the relief program of the interdict executing assignment often staggered with the other programs for the case. In order to avoid the judgment of discrepancy, the court is often not actively trying interdiction events. I think that staggered situation not must be accompanied by the judgment of the discrepancy between the results that should be to distinguish between interdiction events point of contention. Filter those which dispute the point that there is no overlap, and then urge the court to actively seized of them.Meanwhile, the revocation of the interdict executing assignment often happens to conditions that can not be back in interdiction relief. Unable to back the infringement of rights caused the problem. The interdicted person how to filed relief, the law also owes remedise. It has yet to legislator amending the law to improve Finally, the interdicted subject of eradication of relief, I think that practical operation is distinguish disciplinary procedures start or not. Disciplinary procedures is running, officer loss interdiction rights also contributed to the loss of reinstatement rights. I think that such practices designed to avoid the judgment discrepancy. However, in order to avoid the criticism that expense of the right to reinstatement of the interdicted person to pay in exchange for a decision consistent, we should keep the law clearly stipulates the interdiction exercise of the jurisdiction and boundaries. At the same time, the reinstatement of the applicable associated with the program re-opened, I think when disciplinary procedures isn’t started, re-opened the program is beneficial to abstraction interdiction Subject be interdicted. However, interdiction of abstraction the subject has the doubt of law, so get to the root of the Road, legislator should be amend the abstraction Interdiction of the subject in the existing law, rather than re-open the application procedures for the relief.

63 Acquisition and Protection of Possession in Roman Law The purpose of the thesis is to analyse and describe acquisition and protection of possession in Roman Law in detail. Both aspects are closely related and it is appropriate to examine them together. Regulation of acquisition of possession would not be necessary if possession was not protected, protection of possession would be indeterminate if there was not any rules in relation to its acquisition. Description of Roman Law regulation is supported by authentic texts, especially the Corpus Iuris Civilis, the body of law issued under emperor Justinian. The thesis is composed of two fundamental chapters. The first chapter consists of four parts and focuses on acquisition of possession in Roman Law. Firstly, it deals with classification of acquisition of possession as the control intentionally exercised toward a thing, especially the division on occupation and tradition of possession. Then, description of acquisition through an agent according to Roman law follows as well as cases of legal disability to manifest the intention to acquire possession. The second chapter is composed of three parts and deals with protection of possession in Roman Law. It examines the origin of possession and its historical roots, especially interdicts used in relation to public...

Interdict protection The aim of this thesis is to cover the complex institute of possession and its protection by means of law, by so called interdict protection. The emphasis is laid on contextual explication and introduction into doctrine of possession. Following topics are explicated: the law of possession in Roman law, doctrine of von Savigny and Ihering, as well as consequent development of doctrine of possession represented by Randa and Krčmář. For the focal point of section regarding substantive law the current legislation on possession is set. The conclusion of this part of the thesis implies that possession is an absolute right not a mere actuality. In the second section of this thesis development of interdict protection is explicated with emphasis laid on protection of possession in the Allgemeines bürgeliches Gesetzbuch and dissatisfactory legislation on possession in the previous civil code. The core of this section of this thesis is descprition of pratical use of interdict protection which is based on analysis of court decisions made since 2014. Related stats provide the answer to the question whether and how the interdict protection of possession is made use of. Keywords Possession, interdict protection, protection of possession, disturbance of possession, interdict proceedings

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of the Built Environment
Alexandra Township located north of Johannesburg was established in 1912. It has an infrastructural capacity of 70 000 people and is now populated by an estimated 400 000 residents. It covers 800 hectares including Alexandra Proper (Old Alexandra) and the East Bank. The Alexandra Renewal Project (ARP) was initiated in 2001 with an initial budget of R1.3 billion to be used over 7 years in furtherance of a programme that would improve infrastructural shortcomings in housing, roads, water supply and sanitation. It would also facilitate the upgrade of housing and create new housing opportunities. Arising from discussions held between the City and two organizations representing the residents, Alexandra Land and Property Owners’ Association (ALPOA) and the Alexandra Property Owners’ Rights Organization (APOR), an amount of R50 000 was paid to some of the residents. A dispute then arose and ALPOA and APOR obtained an interdict against the City of Johannesburg to prevent the expropriation of their land without appropriate compensation. This court order has had the effect of restricting redevelopment in Old Alexandra thus preventing high density and mixeduse development, in situ upgrading and the roll out of rental stock. Despite an arbitration forum being set up and various proposals being considered by both sides, no solution has yet been reached. The purpose of the study is to examine through a qualitative approach, the underlying causes leading to the dispute between the city and the residents, the basis for the granting of the court order, the impact this court order has had on the property owners, and the underlying reasons as to why the dispute has not been resolved. This study also seeks possible solutions to the dispute and makes certain recommendations in this regard. The main research question will be ‘What underlying factors created the environment that compelled ALPOA and others to seek a court interdict?’ The research method will involve interviews with several stakeholders including City and Provincial officials, ALPOA and APOR executives as well as property owners and residents affected by the court interdict. The expected finding will be that government has failed to deal with the problem, has failed to effectively bring the private sector on board, has systemic governmental problems and is beset with incompetence and corruption. The research is underpinned by the inhumane and unacceptable living conditions in Alexandra and the motivation for the ARP project and its challenges. Key concepts of the research will be to pose the main research questions, to identify the problem and examine its underlying causes, to follow a systematic and organized procedure in collecting information, to analyze the information gathered and to determine whether the findings tie in with the hypothesis set out above
GR2018

Little attention is paid to the civil remedies available when infringement of a trade mark or the right to goodwill occurs. Yet, for the owners of ~uch rights, these remedies are of much greater importance than theoretical considerations regarding the nature of the rights or what constitutes their infringement. This thesis analyses the civil remedies for trade mark infringement granted by the South African Trade Marks Act 194 of 1993. In the South African context, any consideration of civil remedies is rendered problematic by the attempted graft of English remedies onto a legal system with a different common-law background. It is, therefore, essential first to trace the English origin and application of these remedies, and then to determine whether each remedy is acceptable in terms of the South African common law. This is necessary, as our courts have previously rejected or adapted English remedies which were unknown to our common law but which Parliament introduced in legislation. The remedies of interdict (or injunction) in final and interlocutory form, compensatory damages, reasonable royalties, and delivery up are analysed from a substantive law and a procedural perspective. The procedural innovation of an inquiry as to damages is also considered. In respect of each remedy, (1) the English roots and development of the remedy are traced; (2) differences of approach in two other Commonwealth jurisdictions, Australia and Canada, are highlighted; (3) the development of the South African equivalent is detailed; and (4) suggestions for the future implementation of the remedy in South Africa are made. In the penultimate chapter, our common law and legislation (including the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 108 of 1996 ) are measured against the requirements of the Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Recommendations for the effective utilization of each remedy in South Africa are then made. They include suggestions for legislative amendment in respect of delivery up and an inquiry as to damages, and the introduction of statutory damages as an further civil remedy.
Mercentile Law
LL. D. (Laws)

Bank demand guarantees have become an established part of international trade. Demand guarantees, standby letters of credit and commercial letters of credit are all treated as autonomous contracts whose operation will not be interfered with by courts on grounds immaterial to the guarantee or credit itself. The idea in the documentary credit transaction/demand guarantee transaction is that if the documents (where applicable) presented are in line with the terms of the credit/guarantee the bank has to pay, and if the documents do not correspond to the requirements, the bank must not pay. However, over the years a limited number of exceptions to the autonomy principle of demand guarantees and letters of credit have come to be acknowledged and accepted in practice. In certain circumstances, the autonomy of demand guarantees and letters of credit may be ignored by the bank and regard may be had to the terms and conditions of the underlying contract. The main exceptions concern fraud and illegality in the underlying contract. In this thesis a great deal of consideration has been given to fraud and illegality as possible grounds on which payment under demand guarantees and letters of credit have been attacked (and sometimes even prevented) in the English, American and South African courts. It will be shown that the prospect of success depends on the law applicable to the demand guarantee and letter of credit, and the approach a court in a specific jurisdiction takes. At present, South Africa has limited literature on demand guarantees, and the case law regarding the grounds upon which payment under a demand guarantee might be prevented is scarce and often non-existent. In South Africa one finds guidance by looking at similar South African case law dealing with commercial and standby letters of credit and applying these similar principles to demand guarantees. The courts, furthermore, find guidance by looking at how other jurisdictions, in particular the English courts, deal with these issues. Therefore, how the South African courts currently deal/should be dealing/probably will be dealing with the unfair and fraudulent calling of demand guarantees/letters of credit is discussed in this thesis.
Jurisprudence
LL.D

Money laundering involves activities which are aimed at concealing benefits that were acquired through criminal means for the purpose of making them appear legitimately acquired. Money laundering promotes criminal activities in South Africa because it allows criminals to keep the benefits that they acquired through their criminal activities. It takes place through a variety of schemes which include the use of banks. In this sense money laundering control is based on the premise that banks must be protected from providing criminals with the means to launder the benefits of their criminal activities. The Financial Intelligence Centre Act 38 of 2001 (‘FICA’) in aggregate with the Prevention of Organised Crime Act 121 of 1998 (‘POCA’) form the backbone of South Africa’s anti-money laundering regime. Like its international counterparts FICA imposes onerous duties on banks seeing that they are most often used by criminals as conduits to launder the benefits of crime. In turn, POCA criminalises activities in relation to the benefits of crime and delineates civil proceedings aimed at forfeiting the benefits of crime to the state. This study identifies the idiosyncrasies of the South African anti-money laundering regime and forwards recommendations aimed at improving its structure. To this end nine issues in relation to money laundering control and banks are investigated. The investigation fundamentally reveals that money laundering control holds unforeseen consequences for banks. In particular, a bank that receives the benefits of crimes such as fraud or theft faces prosecution if it fails to heed FICA’s money laundering control duties, for example, the filing of a suspicious transaction report. However, if the bank files a suspicious transaction report, it may be sued in civil court by the customer for breach of contract. In addition, if the bank parted with the benefits of fraud or theft whilst suspecting that the account holder may not be entitled to payment thereof, it may be sued by the victim of fraud or theft who seeks to recover loss suffered at the hand of the fraudster or thief from the bank. Ultimately, this study illustrates that amendment of some of the provisions of South Africa’s anti-money laundering legislation should enable banks to manage the aforementioned and other unforeseen consequences of money laundering control whilst at the same time contribute to the South African anti-money laundering effort.
Criminal and Procedural Law
Mercantile Law
LL.D.