Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Intensificazione di processo »

CACCIA E ALLEVAMENTO NELL'ITALIA PREISTORICA: CAMBIAMENTI DI PROSPETTIVA SUL TERRITORIO E SULLA SOCIETÀQuest'articolo riassume come due decadi di ricerca sull'Italia preistorica abbiano cambiato la nostra comprensione della natura degli antichi sistemi di caccia e di allevamento, della transizione dall'uno all'altro sistema, dei territori che queste attività hanno aiutato a creare e delle società di cui esse facevano parte. Per quanto riguarda la preistoria più antica, è ora più chiaro che per un lungo periodo l'umanità dell'epoca si fosse basata su un sistema di ‘scavenging’, vale a dire di nutrimento basato sull'utilizzo di carogne di animali morti. La variabilità dei sistemi di caccia che funsero da complemento allo ‘scavenging’, e che infine lo sostituirono, si è andata anch'essa man mano chiarendo. L'evidenza di un protaersi del processo di transizione nell'Olocene dalla caccia, pesca e raccolta all'agricoltura si è andata accumulando in maniera ancora più evidente, sebbene i motivi di questa transizione ci rimangono oscuri. Le società agricole del tardo neolitico furono sempre più caratterizzate da competizione sociale, in particolare tra gli uomini, mentre il commercio a lunga distanza e gli elementi rituali fmirono con lo svolgere un ruolo sempre più importante nei meccanismi di riproduzione sociale. L'età del rame vide un incremento nella specializzazione agricola e nella produzione artigianale mentre famiglie rivali erano in competizione per il controllo delle risorse. La prima parte dell'età del bronzo rappresenta un periodo di espansione degli insediamenti e di intensificazione della sussistenza, ma probabilmente anche di frammentazione sociale. Nel tardo bronzo e nell'età del ferro alcune regioni divennero centri significativi di poteri locali, nonchè il fulcro di reti di scambi locali e regionali di prodotti agrieoli e artigianali che sostenevano la struttura di queste società attraverso il mantenimento di debiti ed altri vincoli.

Neste trabalho, compreendemos a expansão da fronteira extrativista minerária no Rio Grande do Sul à luz do movimento atual do capital, vinculando a crise de sobreacumulação do capitalismo à decorrente intensificação da acumulação por despossessão, tendo o land grabbing como um dos seus principais ajus­tes tempo-espaço. Nosso objetivo consistiu em apontar as contradições e ameaças sobre os territórios dos agricultores assentados em Hulha Negra e Candiota-RS, considerando os sujeitos diretamente atingi­dos pelo empreendimento, bem como o impacto sobre o processo de reterritorialização como um todo na região, levando em consideração a dinâmica de mobilização e desmobilização de mão-de-obra e os impactos nas estruturas públicas dos municípios. Por meio de revisão teórica marxista e demais fontes secundárias, analisamos criticamente o EIA/RIMA (2020) apresentado pela empresa proponente. Para subsidiar a pesquisa, também foram realizadas entrevistas por ligações e reuniões virtuais com morado­res e representantes das organizações locais, levando em conta i) a Geração de expectativas e incertezas na população; ii) Mobilização e desmobilização de mão-de-obra; iii) Pressão e interferências sobre infra­estruturas e serviços públicos; iv) Dinamismo na economia; v) Aumento/diminuição de arrecadação mu­nicipal, entre outros. Considerando os impactos sobre os assentamentos, a geração de energia por meio de matéria-prima já rejeitada e os danos ambientais já encontrados na região causados pela mineração do carvão pretérita, identificamos que esse empreendimento não se vincula ao desenvolvimento susten­tável local, mas ao land grabbing tão importante à acumulação por despossessão. Palavras-chave: extrativismo; crise de valor do capital; acumulação por despossessão; Assentamentos rurais; Land grabbing. Abstract In this paper, we understand the expansion of the mining extractive industry’s frontier in Rio Grande do Sul (the southernmost state in Brazil) in light of the current movement of the capital, linking the overaccumulation crisis in capitalism to the resulting intensification of accumulation by dispossession, where land grabbing plays a major role in its time-space adjustments. Our goal is to point out the contradictions and threats on the territories of the peasants settled in two municipalities (Hulha Negra and Candiota), considering the subjects directly affected by the undertaking, as well as the impact on the re-territorialization process as a whole in the region, taking into consideration the dynamics of mobilizing and demobilizing labor force and the impacts in the public structures of the municipalities. Through a Marxist Theoretical review and secondary sources, we critically analyze the EIA/RIMA (2020) presented by the proposing company. To support the research, interviews were also conducted through calls and virtual meetings with residents and representatives of local organizations, taking into account i) the generation of expectations and uncertainties in the population; ii) Mobilization and demobilization of labor; iii) Pressure and interference on infrastructure and public services; iv) Dynamism in the economy; v) Increase/decrease in municipal collection; between others. Considering the impacts on the settlements, the generation of energy through raw material that has already been rejected and the environmental damage already found in the region caused by past coal mining, we identified that this undertaking is not linked to local sustainable development, but to land grabbing that is so important to the accumulation by dispossession. Keywords: extractivism; capital value crisis; accumulation by dispossession; rural settlements; land grabbing. L'espansione delle miniere di carbone minerale nel Rio Grande do Sul e la crisi del capitalismo contemporaneo: Un’analisi socioeconomica dello EIA/RIMA della centrale termoelettrica Nova Seival negli insediamenti di riforma agraria in Candiota e Hulha Negra Astratto In questo articolo analisiamo l'espansione della frontiera estrattiva mineraria nel Rio Grande do Sul alla luce dell’attuale movimento di capitale, congiungendo la crisi di sovraaccumulazione del capitalismo alla conseguente intensificazione dell'accumulazione per espropriazione, avendo il fenomeno land grabbing come uno dei suoi principali aggiustamenti spazio-temporali. Il nostro obiettivo era di evidenziare le contraddizioni e le minacce sui territori degli agricoltori insediati nei lotti in Hulha Negra e Candiota-RS, considerando i soggetti direttamente impattati dall'impresa, nonché l'impatto sull’intero processo di ri-territorializzazione nella regione, portando a considerare le dinamiche di coinvolgimento e smobilitazione del lavoro e gli impatti sulle strutture pubbliche nei comuni. Con una rassegna teorica marxista e altri dati di campo, analizziamo criticamente lo EIA/RIMA (2020) presentata dall’impresa proponente. A supporto della ricerca sono state realizzate interviste tramite call e incontri virtuali con residenti e rappresentanti delle organizzazioni locali, tenendo conto i) della generazione di aspettative e incertezze nella popolazione; ii) Surgimento e smobilitazione del lavoro; iii) pressioni e interferenze su infrastrutture e servizi pubblici; iv) Dinamicità nell'economia; v) Aumento/diminuzione della riccetta comunale; tra altri. Considerando gli impatti nei lotti di riforma agraria, la generazione di energia attraverso materie prime già scartate e i danni ambientali già riscontrati nella regione causati dalle attività estrattive del carbone fossile passate, abbiamo identificato che questo progetto non è coerente allo sviluppo sostenibile locale, ma al land grabbing che è il fenoeno importante per l’accumulazione per espropriazione. Parole-chiave: estrattivismo; crisi del valore del capitale; accumulazione per espropriazione; lotti agricoli; land grabbing.

2011 - 2012
Purpose of the PhD thesis was to develop a novel microencapsulation process, designing and building a single-pot semi-continuous bench scale apparatus. The novel process is based on the coupling of two emerging techniques, involving ultrasound and microwave, used in atomization and heating operations, respectively. The process has been designed to respond to the needs for process intensification, i.e. improvement of process efficiency and cutting down of energy consumption. With this aim, a review of the main processes used for microencapsulation was first performed: conventional processes showed a number of drawbacks, such as high energy consumption, batch configuration, use of solvents and long times of production. On the basis of the state of the art, the idea of an intensified apparatus for particles production, exploiting alternative resources, such as ultrasound and microwave, was formulated. The apparatus was composed of three main sections: feeding, atomization, separation/stabilization. The feeding and atomization sections were built connecting a double channel ultrasonic atomizer to a system for feeding solutions in a purposely designed separation/stabilization section, thus realizing a semi-continuous apparatus. Separation section consisted of a wet-collector, i.e. a sort of hydrocyclone, which allowed a uniform distribution of the hardening solution and the consequent contact with the atomized drops, a filtering device, and a microwave oven. The wet-collector was placed into the microwave oven to obtain an “on-line” drying. Recirculation of the hardening solution, to renew contact surface between droplets and cross-linker, was guaranteed by a system of centrifugal pumps. In this configuration, when atomization occurred, drops were harvested in the wet-collector. After atomization, the obtained suspension was collected in the cross-linker tank, then the filtering device was inserted in the lower part of the wet-collector, so that hardening solution was recovered and particles settled on the filter, when the suspension was brought again to the wet-collector and after its complete emptying. An eventual following washing step can be done in a similar way to the previous hardening step. Finally, particles were stabilized by microwave drying, and then recovered. The steps for building the microencapsulation apparatus were accurately shown. Then, criteria used for components selection, in order to obtain the best performances from the plant, were highlighted. After building the plant, the process parameters were defined. First, the research for the best combination of feeding parameters, such as type of materials, composition, concentration and feed rate, that assure the encapsulation of the core material in the shell, was carried out. Then, the parameters of the ultrasonic atomizer (atomization section), essentially power, were tuned. Finally, for stabilization/separation section, fundamental was the relevant stabilization step, where microwave power was set to avoid too high temperatures that could degrade molecules... [edited by Author]
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Enzyveba, a partially characterized complex consortium of not-adapted microorganisms developed through prolonged stabilization of organic wastes, was found to markedly intensify the aerobic remediation of aged PAH- and PCB-contaminated soil by acting as a source of exogenous specialized microorganisms and nutrients. Thus, Enzyveba was tested in the bioremediation of Diesel (G1) and HiQ Diesel (G2) contaminated soils under aerobic slurry-phase conditions by means of a chemical, microbiological, ecotoxicological integrated analytical procedure. The addition of Enzyveba resulted in a higher availability of cultivable specialized bacteria and fungi but this resulted in a slight intensification of soil remediation, probably because of the high content of nutrients and specialized microorganisms of the soil. In many cases, the biotreatability of soils impacted by diesel fuel is limited by their poor content of autochthonous pollutant-degrading microorganisms. Thus, bioaugmentation with stable and reproducible cultures with the required broad substrate specificity might be the solution for a successful remediation. Two microbial consortia, ENZ-G1 and ENZ-G2, were enriched from Enzyveba on G1 and G2. Both consortia consist of a similar composition of bacterial and fungal species. They exhibited a comparable and significant biodegradation capability by removing about 90% of 1 g/l of diesel fuel under liquid culture conditions. Given their remarkable biodegradation potential, richness of quite diverse microbes, stability and resistance after cryopreservation at -20 °C for several months, both consortia appear very interesting candidates for bioaugmentation on site. The mycoflora of a soil historically contaminated by high concentration of PCBs was characterised before, at the beginning and at the end of the biotreatment mentioned above. Several mitosporic fungi isolated from soil grew in presence of a mixture of three PCBs congeners when also glucose was provided. This is the first study in which 5 strains of mitosporic species able to biodegrade PCB are reported in the literature.

Enzyveba, a partially characterized complex consortium of not-adapted microorganisms developed through prolonged stabilization of organic wastes, was found to markedly intensify the aerobic remediation of aged PAH- and PCB-contaminated soil by acting as a source of exogenous specialized microorganisms and nutrients. Thus, Enzyveba was tested in the bioremediation of Diesel (G1) and HiQ Diesel (G2) contaminated soils under aerobic slurry-phase conditions by means of a chemical, microbiological, ecotoxicological integrated analytical procedure. The addition of Enzyveba resulted in a higher availability of cultivable specialized bacteria and fungi but this resulted in a slight intensification of soil remediation, probably because of the high content of nutrients and specialized microorganisms of the soil. In many cases, the biotreatability of soils impacted by diesel fuel is limited by their poor content of autochthonous pollutant-degrading microorganisms. Thus, bioaugmentation with stable and reproducible cultures with the required broad substrate specificity might be the solution for a successful remediation. Two microbial consortia, ENZ-G1 and ENZ-G2, were enriched from Enzyveba on G1 and G2. Both consortia consist of a similar composition of bacterial and fungal species. They exhibited a comparable and significant biodegradation capability by removing about 90% of 1 g/l of diesel fuel under liquid culture conditions. Given their remarkable biodegradation potential, richness of quite diverse microbes, stability and resistance after cryopreservation at -20 °C for several months, both consortia appear very interesting candidates for bioaugmentation on site. The mycoflora of a soil historically contaminated by high concentration of PCBs was characterised before, at the beginning and at the end of the biotreatment mentioned above. Several mitosporic fungi isolated from soil grew in presence of a mixture of three PCBs congeners when also glucose was provided. This is the first study in which 5 strains of mitosporic species able to biodegrade PCB are reported in the literature.