Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Intellectual Amphibian »

The term “microbiome” is currently applied predominantly to assemblages of organisms with 16S rRNA genes. In this context, “microbiome” is a misnomer that has been conferred a wide-ranging primacy over terms for community members lacking such genes, e.g., mycobiome, eukaryome, and virome, yet these are also important subsets of microbial communities. Widespread convenient and affordable 16S rRNA sequencing pipelines have accelerated continued use of such a “microbiome”, but at what intellectual and practical costs? Here we show that the use of “microbiome” in ribosomal gene-based studies has been egregiously misapplied, and discuss potential impacts. We argue that the current focus of “microbiome” research, predominantly on only ‘bacteria’, presents a dangerous narrowing of scope which encourages dismissal and even ignorance of other organisms’ contributions to microbial diversity, sensu stricto, and as etiologic agents; we put this in context by discussing cases in both marine microbial diversity and the role of pathogens in global amphibian decline. Fortunately, the solution is simple. We must use descriptive nouns that strictly reflect the outcomes attainable by the methods used. “Microbiome”, as a descriptive noun, should only be used when diversity in the three recognized domains is explored.

Les expériences d’éducation populaire au Chili confrontent les défis d’une société en situation de rupture et les tensions générées par la dépendance de ces expériences à l’égard des sources externes de financement. Le tiraillement entre des exigences incompatibles fait de la « gestion amphibie » une solution instable, qui peut mener à une rupture des intentionnalités et des solidarités au sein des groupes d’action. L’article explore les limites d’une vision dichotomique et signale les pistes prometteuses qui pourraient permettre à l’éducation populaire de conceptualiser son action dans un modèle intellectuel plus dynamique parce que simultanément plus critique et plus proche de la vie concrète des projets.

The article deals with the main directions of correction of emotional and volitional sphere of children of senior preschool and primary school age with disorders of the musculoskeletal system by means of swimming. Emotional and volitional sphere of a child with musculoskeletal disorders has its own peculiarities and requires a specific approach in the correction of disorders and development. It should be noted that the intellectual development of children with musculoskeletal disorders is directly related to the child's ability to experience complex emotions at different age stages. In this regard, it is appropriate to consider the phenomenon of emotions and the human psyche in general. Disorders of the musculoskeletal system is a complex disease of the central nervous system, which leads not only to motor disorders, but also often leads to mental retardation or pathology, speech impairment, emotional and volitional disorders. The use of water environment for correction of emotional and volitional sphere of children can be based on two methodological bases. Firstly, the acquaintance with a relatively new environment (water), being in it, motor and game activities with adults, peers and toys is a kind of return of the child to its primary natural environment both in the phylogenetic sense (evolution of fish, amphibians, reptiles) and in the ontogenetic aspect (the child's presence in the uterus in the amniotic fluid before birth). This process, reinforced by the method of the atricalization (dosed dramatization) of swimming lessons always fills the child with a capacious spectrum of emotions with the dominance of positive ones (satisfaction, joy, pleasure, elation, interest, etc.). Secondly, being in the water, learning to swim involves the systematic overcoming by the child through his volitional manifestations of various psychologically and physically uncomfortable situations for him: the unknown, anxiety, doubts, uncertainty, fears, fatigue, tactile and muscle discomfort, natural physiological reflexes, etc. This will allow the teacher to form the volitional component of the mental development of children of this contingent. The prospects of research in this direction lie in the search for new opportunities to use swimming equipment in the correction of the emotional and volitional sphere of this category of children. Key words: correction, children, disorders, musculoskeletal system, swimming, emotional-volitional sphere.

Dozens of publications, mostly in the last 45 years, have been devoted to nomenclatural problems concerning the status of the zoological nomina Hysaplesia, Hylaplesia, Dendrobates and related nomina. The Commission finally voted on this case in 2009, but this vote shows a misunderstanding of several of the problems at stake, as it contains a double and contradictory decision: the change in the type species of Hysaplesia and its suppression, although one only of these two acts would have been necessary and sufficient to solve this case, whereas taking them both together has other unforeseen and negative nomenclatural consequences. A final comprehensive solution to these nomenclatural problems is presented here, which does not require any more action from the Commission. However, the fact that the Commission, as well as the whole international community, have proved to be unable to understand fully the nomenclatural problems at stake and to solve them truthfully, while ignoring deliberately some contributions to the discussion, calls attention. This case suggests that there is a strong risk that nomenclature might become a domain where intellectual fairness and competence are secondary and where problems are ‘solved’ through the medieval ‘Principle of Authority’, through relying on the ‘opinions’ of a few persons, committees or websites rather than on rational discussions based on a knowledge of taxonomic publications and an understanding of the Code. This course would result in dragging zoological nomenclature so to say outside the field of science and contribute to weakening still more a domain, taxonomy, which is already facing major problems, at the time of the crisis of biodiversity. Additional problems concerning taxonomic databases and websites are pointed out, and suggestions are offered in this respect, including the distinction between the concepts of ‘nomenclatural status’ and ‘taxonomic status’ of nomina.

Abstract Since the 1989 Canterbury congress, we have identified and surmounted some of the numerous challenges associated with the long-term research required to understand amphibian declines. In addressing the question of why some populations and species are declining while others are not, we have identified certain correlates that seem to increase risk of decline. We also have hypothesized six main causes for amphibian population declines. In this chapter, we focus on these three aspects: challenges, correlates, and hypotheses. From the beginning, herpetologists knew that solving the mystery of amphibian population declines would be laborious and complex. Along the way, investigators have encountered intellectual, logistic, and .nancial challenges, many of which persist today.