Thèses sur le sujet « Integrated safety system »

Thesis: S.M. in Engineering and Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, System Design and Management Program, 2017.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
In recent years, the technology in the medical industry has been advancing to provide safe and systematic medical care. However, the system of medical technologies and treatments has become more complicated year by year, which increases the risks of defects in the system. For example, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Center for Devices and Radiologic Health has reported recalls of medical devices that may lead to serious injury or death because of malfunctions. To reduce the risks, developers and makers of medical devices have been applying a wide spectrum of methodologies to improve quality. However, the growing complexity of medical systems, including devices, medical staff, organizations, and regulators, causes problems that the current safety engineering techniques are inadequate to prevent, which can result in tragic medical accidents. Therefore, it is important to apply new approaches to ensure the system safety of medical devices. This thesis compares Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) and System-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA). STPA is one of the analysis techniques based on the systems-theoretic approach of system safety (STAMP) to identify what should be done to establish the design safety of medical systems. Presently, FMEA, as a risk management technique, is widely used as a major methodology to ensure the safety of medical devices; therefore, it is worth comparing with STPA as a fundamental methodology. This thesis identifies the basic design of tomographic treatment and applies STPA to the TomoTherapy system. This tomographic treatment system treats hard-to-reach tumors and reduces radiation exposure to nearby healthy tissues. To ensure the quality of TomoTherapy, STPA is an effective means to conduct hazard analyses because STPA holistically analyzes the safety of this system, considering both human and mechanical factors. After that, I compare the results of STPA and FMEA. STPA analysis found 99 unsafe control actions, 10 causal scenarios, and 29 possible requirements, in contrast with FMEA, which identified a total of 74 failure modes. The potential causes of failure in the results of FMEA include only human factors. However, STPA analyzes the system from various viewpoints, such as the physical system, human factors, organization, management, and so on. Thus, it can be seen that STPA can be used as a technique to identify potential causes as causal scenarios more comprehensively than FMEA.
by Shinichi Yamaguchi.
S.M. in Engineering and Management

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, System Design and Management Program, 2005.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 108-110).
The development of complex, safety-critical systems for aero-engine control is subject to the, often competing, demands for higher safety and reduced development cost. Although the commercial aerospace industry has a general good safety record, and has placed much emphasis on process improvement within a strong safety culture, there continues to be a large number of design and requirements errors found during development and after entry into service. 'The thesis assesses current system safety practice within the aero engine control system industry, including international standards, and reviews the current practice against the research at MIT by Professor Nancy Leveson. The thesis focuses in particular on software safety as this is the area that has proven most challenging and most likely to experience high costs. The particular research topics reviewed are Intent Specifications, the System Theoretic Accident Modeling and Processes (STAMP) technique, and requirements completeness criteria. Research shows that many problems arise from requirements and design errors rather than component failures. Several example incidents from an engine company are reviewed and these show a pattern of common problems which could have been caught by the use of more comprehensive requirements completeness checks and by the use of Intent Specifications. In particular, assumptions are not currently documented in the specifications but are kept separately, and the need to identify assumptions is not emphasized enough in existing processes.
(cont.) It is concluded that the existing development process has significant room for improvement in the coordination between the safety assessment and system development processes. In particular, more could be done by the use of requirements completeness checks, software hazard analysis, the adoption of the Intent Specification approach and in the use of the STAMP models.
by Malvern J. Atherton.
S.M.

Active safety systems for road vehicles make a crucial preventive contribution to road safety. In recent years, technological developments and the increasing demand for road safety have resulted in the integration and cooperation of these individual active safety systems. Traction control system (TCS) is one of these individual systems, which is capable of inhibiting wheel-spin during acceleration of the vehicle on slippery surfaces. In this thesis, design methodology and simulation results of a traction control system for four wheeled road vehicles are presented. The objective of the TCS controller is basically to improve directional stability, steer-ability and acceleration performance of vehicle by controlling the wheel slip during acceleration. In this study, the designed traction control system based on fuzzy logic is composed of an engine torque controller and a slip controller. Reference wheel slip values were estimated from the longitudinal acceleration data of the vehicle. Engine torque controller determines the throttle opening angle corresponding to the desired wheel torque, which is determined by a slip controller to track the reference slip signals. The wheel torques delivered by the engine are compensated by brake torques according to the desired wheel torque determined by the slip controller. Performance of the TCS controller was analyzed through several simulations held in MATLAB/Simulink for different road conditions during straight line acceleration and combined acceleration and steering. For simulations, an 8 DOF nonlinear vehicle model with nonlinear tires and a 2 DOF nonlinear engine model were built.

Active safety systems for road vehicles have been improved considerably in recent years along with technological advances and the increasing demand for road safety. In the development route of active safety systems which started with introduction of digital controlled ABS in the late seventies, vehicle stability control systems have been developed which today, with an integration approach, incorporate ABS and other previously developed active safety technologies. ABS, as a main part of this new structure, still maintains its importance. In this thesis, a design methodology of an antilock braking system controller for four wheeled road vehicles is presented with a detailed simulation work. In the study, it is intended to follow a flexible approach for integration with unified control structure of an integrated active safety system. The objective of the ABS controller, as in the previous designs in literature, is basically to provide retention of vehicle directional control capability and if possible shorter braking distances by controlling the wheel slip during braking. iv A hierarchical structure was adopted for the ABS controller design. A high-level controller, through vehicle longitudinal acceleration based estimation, determines reference slip values and a low-level controller attempts to track these reference slip signals by modulating braking torques. Two control alternatives were offered for the design of the low-level controller: Fuzzy Logic Control and PID Control. Performance of the ABS controller was analyzed through extensive simulations conducted in MATLAB/Simulink for different road conditions and steering maneuvers. For simulations, an 8 DOF vehicle model was constructed with nonlinear tires.

The article identifies the challenges during the system and specifically the software development process for safety critical electro-hydraulic control systems by using the example of the hydrostatic driveline with a four speed transmission of a feeder mixer. An optimized development approach for mobile machinery has to fulfill all the requirements according to the Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC, considering functional safety, documentation and testing requirements from the beginning and throughout the entire machine life cycle. The functionality of the drive line control could be verified in advance of the availability of a prototype by using a “software-in-the-loop” development approach, based on a MATLAB/SIMULINK model of the drive line in connection with the embedded software.

Dizertační práce se zabývá návrhem integrované metody hodnocení bezpečnosti a spolehlivosti palubních leteckých systém za použití teorie grafů a fuzzy logiky. Navržená integrovaná metoda je univerzálně použitelná v oblasti hodnocení bezpečnosti a spolehlivosti, nicméně je primárně navržená pro použití v oblasti General Aviation a civilních bezpilotních prostředků. Současná podoba hodnocení spolehlivosti je téměř výhradně závislá na úsudku analytika. Použití komerčních softwarových nástrojů pro hodnocení spolehlivosti je extrémně nákladné, přičemž možnost přístupu a úpravy použitých algoritmů je minimální. Současný prudký vývoj palubních letecký systému je spojen s jejich zvyšující se komplexností a sofistikovaností. Integrovaná metoda používá teorii grafů, jako nástroj modelování funkčních závislostí mez jednotily prvky systému. Použití teorie grafu současně umožňuje daný systém analyzovat, hodnotit hustotu vzájemné funkční vazebnosti, identifikovat důsledky případných poruchových stavů. Aplikace fuzzy logiky umožňuje manipulovat s expertní znalostí a stanovit kritičnost daného prvku a systému. Kritičnost prvku zohledňuje pravděpodobnost jeho selhání, možnost detekce dané poruchy, závažnost těchto selhání vzhledem k vlivu na alokované funkce.

Thesis: S.M. in Engineering and Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, System Design and Management Program, 2017.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 97-101).
Cloud computing is widely adopted in industry sectors of finance, energy and transportation. Public cloud service providers are able to consistently deliver solutions that meet demanding needs of security, availability, scalability of mission-critical applications. The low cost of compute and storage, combined with expanding coverage of high speed cellular networks, have enabled a wide expansion of telemetry services and consumer applications in automobiles, but safety applications are not leveraging these benefits. The majority of traffic fatalities happens in high-speed multi-vehicle crashes. Causal analysis of multi-vehicle crashes reveal process model inconsistencies that lead the drivers to make wrong assumptions about vehicle capabilities and lead-vehicle separation distances during adverse road conditions. The Spot Weather Impact Warning (SWIW) is a connected vehicle application concept proposed by the US Department of Transportation (DOT) that alerts drivers to unsafe conditions at specific points on the downstream roadway as a result of weather-related impacts. The application is designed to warn drivers about inclement weather conditions that may impact travel conditions using real-time weather information that is collected from roadway infrastructure and vehicle based probe data. The information is processed to determine the nature of the alert or warning to be delivered and then communicated to connected vehicles. The effectiveness of SWIW connected vehicle application depends on the probe coverage and the speed that probe data can be collected, analyzed, and broadcasted to relevant vehicles and roadway signage. To reach a sufficient coverage without high investment in new infrastructure, SWIW applications can be architected to use existing mobile operators and cloud service providers. A deeper Systems Theoretic Process Analysis of the application reveals that varying levels of vehicle-to-cloud communication performance may lead to process model inconsistencies for drivers, resulting in unsafe control actions from driver that ignore warnings and lead to accidents. To validate the vehicle to cloud communication performance, the SWIW application prototype is built using existing cloud service and vehicle platform. The performance of the application is validated across all tier-one cloud and mobile service providers in 10,000 miles of US roadways. The test results reveal the presence of low latency corridors in the US that may support the initial deployment of low latency solution. String stability model showed that significant reduction in probability of accidents is possible even at low penetration rates of the solution. The solution's operational cost analysis also concludes that a limited deployment on commercial vehicles has the potential of saving high value corridors such as the 402-mile Wyoming I-80 corridor as much as $1.5 million per day of socio-economic losses in accidents with an operational cost of $763 per day. This thesis concludes that connected vehicle programs that are addressing multi-vehicle accidents in low latency corridors should consider commercial fleet deployments that use mobile and public cloud service providers to quickly reach minimal penetration rate and socio-economic benefits.
by Ricardo DeMatos.
S.M. in Engineering and Management

The increasing complexity of embedded systems development is becoming difficult to handle with development environments based on disjoint engineering tools. Support for interactions between various engineering tools, especially through automated means, has therefore received an increased amount of attention during the last few years. The subsequent increase in the amount of tool integration is leading to an increased impact of tool integration on non-functional properties of development efforts, development environments and end products. At the same time there is a lack of methods and tools for analysing the relationship between these properties and tool integration. To establish a foundation for analysing this generic relationship, the specific relationship between tool integration and the safety of end products is analysed in this thesis. A survey was conducted to analyze the State of the Art of tool integration as related to safety. This survey specifically identified the lack of an efficient handling of tool integration by modern safety standards as an important concern. In relation to this survey, three theories were identified as of specific importance. These are the school of thought known as Systems Thinking, the Systems-Theoretic Accident Model and Processes (STAMP) causality model and the System-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) hazard analysis technique. Building on these theories, this thesis provides original contributions intended to (1) describe concepts and models related to tool integration and safety (the first and second contribution), (2) link tool integration to safety in a way that reduces complexity during analysis (the third contribution) and (3) propose how to interpret and make use of the implications of the presented theories and the first three contributions (the fourth and fifth contribution). • The first contribution is a new conceptual model of a development effort that emphasizes tool integration. • The second contribution is a new reference model for tool integration in highly heterogeneous environments. • The third contribution consists of nine safety-related tool chain properties, i.e. properties of tool chains that could mitigate at least part of the risks introduced by tool integration. • The fourth contribution is a proposition on how to identify safety implications due to a high level of automation of tool integration. • The fifth contribution is a proposition for a new software tool qualification process.

Active safety systems that warn automobile drivers of various types of impending collisions have been developed. How these systems alert drivers when integrated, however, is a crucial component to their effectiveness that hinges on the consideration of human factors. Driversâ ability to comprehend multiple alerts presented through a haptic driver seat was investigated in this dissertation. Twenty-four participants, balanced for age and gender, drove an instrumented vehicle on a test-track while haptic alerts (vibrations in the driver seat) were generated. Driversâ ability to transmit the information conveyed by the alerts was investigated through two experiments. The first experiment investigated the effects of increasing the number of potential alerts on driversâ response performance. The second experiment investigated whether presenting haptic alerts through unique versus common locations in the driver seat affects driversâ response performance. Younger drivers (between the ages of 18 and 25 years old) were found to efficiently process the increased information contained in the alerts, while older drivers were not as efficient. However, it is foreseeable that older driver performance decrements may be assuaged when a crash context is provided. A third experiment evaluated the haptic driver seatâ s ability to alert distracted drivers to an actual crash threat. Drivers that received a haptic seat alert returned their gaze to the forward roadway sooner, removed their foot from the throttle sooner, pressed the brake pedal sooner, and stopped farther away from an inflatable barricade than drivers that did not receive a haptic seat alert. No age or gender effects were found in this experiment. Furthermore, half of the drivers that received the haptic seat alert lifted up on the throttle before returning their eyes to the forward roadway. This suggests these drivers developed an automatic response to the haptic seat alerts through their experience with the previous two experiments. A three-alert haptic seat approach, the intermediate alternative tested, is recommended providing specific design requirements are met.
Ph. D.

The United States has the world?s largest road network with over 4.1 million miles of roads supporting more than 260 million of registered automobiles including around 11 million of heavy trucks. Such a large road network challenges the road and traffic management systems such as condition assessment and traffic monitoring. To assess the road conditions and track the traffic, currently, multiple facilities are required simultaneously. For instance, vehicle-based image techniques are available for pavements? mechanical behavior detection such as cracks, high-speed vehicle-based profilers are used upon request for the road ride quality evaluation, and inductive loops or strain sensors are deployed inside pavements for traffic data collection. Having multiple facilities and systems for the road conditions and traffic information monitoring raises the cost for the assessment and complicates the process. In this study, an integrated system is developed to simultaneously monitor the road condition and traffic using in-pavement strain-based sensors, which will phenomenally simplify the road condition and traffic monitoring. To accomplish such a superior system, this dissertation designs an innovative integrated sensing system, installs the integrated system in Minnesota's Cold Weather Road Research Facility (MnROAD), monitors the early health conditions of the pavements and ride quality evaluation, investigates algorithms by using the developed system for traffic data collection especially weigh-in-motion measurements, and optimizes the system through optimal system design. The developed integrated system is promising to use one system for multiple purposes, which gains a considerable efficiency increase as well as a potential significant cost reduction for intelligent transportation system.
USDOT (U.S. Department of Transportation)
MPC (Mountain-Plains Consortium)

The work peruses a study and analysis of integrated management system in the two basic chapters. The first chapter introduction informs the reader about definitions that describe the IMS term the best. An adumbration of developments in approach to quality, environment and the labour safety and protection follows. One part of the work pays attention to developments in numbers of certifications in the Czech Republic and world-wide to show popularity of the IMS as a certificate able instrument. The theoretic part consists of a listing of brief properties of actual standardisation documents valid in the Czech Republic. The most important documents in each area builds so-called criteria standards thus standards defining requests to introduce and maintain the systems properly. Wide part of the work is dedicated to interpretation of such criteria standards. The first part conclusion deals in a method that is a base and resource for the part two. The second part contains characteristics of two analysed companies, description of individual areas using defined criteria and collected information evaluation. The work has been set up on a base of studying lot of information and documents both in electronic and hard copy versions. All of them have been collected from public sources and from said companies in a direct personal cooperation and communication.

Background In 2017, the World Health Organisation (WHO) initiated the third WHO Global Patient Safety Challenge: Medication Without Harm, with two key themes being medication safety and transitions of care [1]. It outlines that improving medication safety requires strengthening the systems for reducing medication errors and avoidable medication- related harm [1]. The Institute of Medicine Quality of Health Care reported that as many as 98,000 Americans die each year from preventable medical mistakes, they experience during hospitalisations [2, 3]. The single leading type of error are medication errors, with estimates ranging from 4% to 20% of all hospitalised patients encountering medication errors [2]. In the Australian context, this is estimated to range from 2.5% to 11% of hospitalised patients [4, 5]. The potential for Electronic Medical Records (EMR) and Electronic Medication Management Systems (EMMS)(the part of the EMR where medications are managed) to vastly decrease the number of preventable medical errors in the health care system [6] is the most important reason to justify the shift away from paper medical records. They have become the focus of efforts for providing information for integrated care that is well coordinated across health and social care settings. Coordinated care is particularly essential when there are intra-hospital transfers of care (TOC) between specialised wards such as the Intensive Care Unit and Oncology Unit and general wards. However, EMMS have the potential to incur unintended consequences. A literature review by Campbell et al described the frequency of the types of unintended consequences associated with EMMS implementation as: (1) extra work for clinicians (19.8%), (2) unfavourable workflow complexities (17.8%), and (3) the persistence of paper (10.8%) [7]. These unanticipated consequences can have downstream effects on the medication management system, user-acceptance, workload and negatively impact patient care. To minimise the risk of these unintended consequences, the evaluation of EMMS has been widely encouraged to measure the systems’ success post-implementation. At the Global eHealth Evaluation Meeting in 2011, the WHO announced that “To improve health and reduce health inequalities, rigorous evaluation of eHealth is necessary to generate evidence and promote the appropriate integration and use of technologies” [8]. Whilst comprehensive EMMS evaluation may be difficult and complex, it is essential to ensure system aligns with work processes. In specialised settings, such the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) or Oncology Unit, patient management is extremely complex and involves interdisciplinary patient care. Their unique workflows, ratios of staff-to-patient and medication prescribing patterns and day-to-day tasks are often the reason for implementing a ‘Best-of-Breed’ system. However, the literature shows that a single vendor hospital wide integrated system decreases the need for interfaces for the applications to communicate with one another [9] . Despite the call for evaluation by the WHO, we found little focus on the evaluation of the safety and usability of an integrated EMMS in specialised settings which have implemented the same EMMS hospital wide. In New South Wales (NSW) Australia, efforts to develop and implement Electronic Medical Records have been part of the eHealth Strategy for NSW Health 2016-2026 [10]. With the aim of improving integration across the hospital, in 2018, a medium sized urban teaching hospital in Sydney New South Wales decided to implement a comprehensive integrated EMMS in the ICU and Oncology unit, to test its large-scale clinical applicability. The integrated EMMS aligned with the same EMMS that had been implemented hospital wide, years earlier. However, there is limited evidence in specialised settings that an integrated system will not introduce unanticipated consequences and can in fact benefit medication safety, usability or workload. Due to the complexity of the EMMS, measuring its success should be multifaceted, encompassing elements of usability, safety, and impact on workload. Despite this, there has been little focus on the evaluation of usability and safety of an integrated EMMS in specialised settings. The overall aim of this thesis was to evaluate the safety, usability and impact on workload of an integrated EMMS in specialised settings. To achieve this, methodological pluralism including a mix of a historical case control study, qualitative and quantitative research was conducted. Methods: Part A: Electronic Medication Management Systems and Medication Safety The aim of part A was to evaluate the effect of a hospital wide integrated EMMS on medication error rates during ICU admission and at transitions of care. A 6-month historical control study was performed before and after implementation of an integrated hospital wide EMMS in the ICU. The study ran between February and July 2017 (Pre-EMMS) and June and November 2018 (Post-EMMS). All the patients admitted to the ICU and reviewed by a pharmacist during the study period were included. Prescribing errors detected by a pharmacist were entered in a dedicated Research Electronic Data Capture Tool (REDCap) under the intervention collection form. Pharmacy services were provided by a full-time pharmacist 8 hours a day Monday to Friday and rotating pharmacists 4 hours a day on a Saturday and Sunday. Prescribing errors detected by pharmacists in the study period were divided into phase 1, (pre-EMMS, 6 months), phase 2 (3 months post implementation after shakedown stage) and phase 3 (next 3 months of post implementation after phase 2). They were first categorised as either a system or clinical error, then the error type category. Two pharmacists from the research team independently classified the errors using the same classification system, then compared results. Inter-rater reliability tests produced a κ score of 0.823. When disagreements arose, a third pharmacist reviewed the differences and classified the error. Descriptive analysis of patients demographics were conducted. Chi Square statistics were used to compare the proportion of patients who had an error at TOC during each phase and to compare the proportion of patients with a system and/or clinical error during their ICU admission. Interrupted time series (ITS) analysis was performed across the three phases of the study. Error rates were plotted over time to examine the data visually, and autoregressive integrated moving average ITS techniques were used to study the effect of the intervention. Logistic regressions were used to determine the relationship between the dependent (error type) and the independent variable (study phase) for errors that occurred during ICU admission and TOC for both clinical and system errors. The odds ratio of a specific error type/mechanism was given as the odds of an error occurring in phase 1, compared to phase 2 or 3. Logistics regression was also used to describe the relationship between phase of the study and the severity of the error. The level of significance was set at 5% for all tests. All analyses were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 24 (SPSS) (IBM Corp. Released 2016, Version 24.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp). Part B: Electronic Medication Management Systems and Usability A survey was developed by the research team; designed against the “Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT)” [11] framework to evaluate the usability and acceptance of the hospital wide EMMS in both the ICU and Oncology Unit . The UTAUT, was chosen as the framework as it has been widely applied and empirically tested to investigate factors that could influence individuals to adopt and use technology in various environments. The survey used a 7-point Likert scale (1 – strongly disagree; 7 – strongly agree). It consisted of 69 questions capturing a range of user feedback questions, with 33 questions specifically relevant to the UTAUT framework. The same survey was used to evaluate the usability and acceptability in both the ICU (setting 1) and Oncology Unit (setting 2). In both settings the evaluators distributed the surveys to the three main user clinical groups (nurses, doctors and pharmacists). Recruitment was via email and distributed hard copies of the survey on the wards. Preliminary analyses of survey results were performed to assess normality. For data analysis, mean, median and distributions for each item were examined. User satisfaction/agreement and the differences between user types (e.g., role type, years of experience,) were analysed with the Chi-Square statistic. Mean scores were calculated for each of the items assessing levels of agreement/satisfaction pertaining to EMMS functionality. The level of significance was set at 5% for all tests. All analyses were performed using SPSS (IBM Corp. Released 2016, Version 24.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp). Semi-structured interviews and focus groups were also conducted in the same ICU. Staff external to the ICU who cared for ICU transferred patients were also interviewed to determine the hospital wide effect of transitioning from a hybrid prescribing hospital environment of paper-based and an EMMS to a homogenous one. It also allowed for the comparison of the impact on teams involved in the direct use of the system with those on the receiving end of patients transitioning in and out of the ICU. Semi-structured interviews and focus groups were also conducted in the same Oncology unit as above. The interview guide was designed against the UTAUT framework. The aim was to extrapolate and build on the findings of the survey. In both settings, purposive maximum diversity sampling was used to recruit staff. The same researcher (a pharmacist research student) interviewed all user groups. Transcripts were thematically analysed via inductive and deductive methods with the assistance of NVivo software (QSR International. Released 2018, Version 12.0. Melbourne, Australia). Part C: The relationship between system usability and workload Part C evaluated the impact of a hospital wide integrated EMMS in the ICU and Oncology unit on workload. The NASA-TLX [12] was used to measure overall workload as well as the dimensions of workload in the three user groups in the ICU and oncology setting. The NASA-TLX measures six dimensions to assess perceived workload and provides a score from 0 to 100 for each scale. The assumption of the instrument is that the combination of these 6 dimensions is likely to represent Overall Workload (OW) experienced by operators [12]. The NASA-TLX was distributed to the same three settings and EMMS users as in part C, ICU (setting A), non-ICU (setting B) and Oncology (setting C) unit’s doctors, nurses and pharmacists. The NASA-TLX was attached to the original quantitative survey described in part C to maximise user- response in the one instance. Due to time constraints before EMMS implementation, participants were asked to report on the elements of workload for pre- and post-EMMS implementation in the one instance. Preliminary analyses of survey results were performed to ensure there was no violation of the assumption of normality and linearity between the constructs. Dimensionality was evaluated by testing several factor models. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 24 (SPSS) (IBM Corp -Released 2016, Version 24.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp) was used to conduct Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) to assess construct convergent and discriminant validity. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to identify and compute composite scores. To assess the validity of the 6-factor mode, the factorability of the six NASA-TLX items were analysed using principal component analysis with Varimax (orthogonal) Rotation Factors [13]. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin was tested to measure the sampling adequacy and the significance of the Bartlett’s test of sphericity was tested. Factors were screened and extracted if they had an eigenvalue of greater than 1.0 [14]. Convergent validity was then assessed within factors. Confirmatory Factor Analysis was conducted using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). This was used to test the models hypothesised based on existing literature. All models were tested for fit, using empirically validated fit indices [15]. Models were also tested for convergent validity and composite reliability using Analysis of a Moment Structures (AMOS) (IBM Corp -Released 2020, Version 27.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp). The impact of the EMMS on workload between each of the user groups survey results was compared between settings. A two-level multivariate analysis with repeated measures examined differences in workload before and after EMMS implementation for each of the settings. The OW was compared before and after EMMS implementation and between user groups. A calculation of the change in mean difference in OW and the individual elements of OW were used to compare pre- and post-EMMS implementation. The unstandardized correlations were used to calculate the impact on effort and performance for each user group. These were compared before and after EMMS implementation using two-level multivariate analysis. Results: Part B: Electronic Medication Management Systems and Medication Safety A total of 762 patients were reviewed by a pharmacist over 6-months in phase 1, 276 patients over 3-months in phase 2 and 271 patients over 3-months in phase 3 and included in the study analyses. Overall, there were 351 (phase 1), 296 (phase 2) and 123 (phase 3) system and clinical errors recorded throughout the study. System related errors occurred during transition of care (TOC) in 42%, 64% and 19% of patients in phase 1, 2 and 3 respectively. There was a significant decline in the proportion of patients with an error between phase 1 and 3 (p < 0.01). During phase 1, the number of patients with an error at TOC were increasing by approximately 4.6 patients per month over the 6-months (p< 0.01). After an initial increase in phase 2, error rates fell by 20% (95%CI= - 31.4 to 7.8, p = 0.20) by the end of phase 2. Errors rates had a further significant reduction of 95% (95%CI= - 103.5 to –46.7, p < 0.01) in phase 3. Of the ten possible system related error types during TOC, two system error categories ‘wrong rate/frequency’ and ‘drug omission’ showed a significant decrease between phase 1 and 3, and no significant change for the eight others. During a patient’s ICU admission, at least one medication error occurred in 28.3%, 62.6% and 25.1% in phase 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Besides procedural errors, the likelihood of a system-related error occurring during an ICU admission was greatest in phase 1, compared to phase 2 and 3 across all system-related error categories. Although there was an increase in the proportion of four clinical errors categories during ICU admission, these had a lower clinical severity than errors identified before the implementation of the integrated EMMS and two clinical error types reduced to zero. Part C: Evaluating Usability The survey was completed by a total of 74 respondents (63% response rate) across both the ICU (setting 1) and oncology (setting 2) settings. Of those, 43 respondents were from setting 1, (response rate: 47%), and 29 respondents from setting 2 (response rate: 79%). Across both settings, there were a total of 19 doctors, 39 nurses and 9 pharmacists. No responders worked in both settings. Results of the survey illustrated that there were no significant overall grouped differences in satisfaction between setting 1 and 2. When comparing individual user groups, nurses in both settings reported highest levels of satisfaction across all UTAUT constructs, compared with doctors and pharmacists. On the other hand, doctors were generally more satisfied in setting 2 compared to setting 1, which contrasts with pharmacists who were generally more satisfied in setting 1. Interviews with ICU (n=18) and non-ICU (n=7) staff revealed multiple reasons that affected clinician’s satisfaction with elements of the EMMS. Across all groups, both within and external to the ICU, there was satisfaction with clarity and legibility of the MAR, and the standardisation of practice via embedded system protocols. Overall, non-ICU staff generally perceived the system as improving effort and performance expectancy. Contrasting with ICU doctors and pharmacists who reported less satisfaction and concern for the increased effort and decreased performance expectancy to achieve end-user satisfaction. Interviews with Oncology staff (n=27) illustrated that doctors and pharmacists were generally satisfied with the facilitating conditions (hardware and training), but had divergent perceptions of performance (automation, standardised protocols and communication and documented) and effort (mental and temporal demand) expectancy. In counterpoint, nurses were generally satisfied across all constructs. Prior experience using an alternative EMMS influenced performance and effort expectancy and was related to early dissatisfaction with the EMMS. Furthermore, whilst not originally designed for the healthcare setting, the flexibility of the UTAUT allowed for translation to the hospital environment. Part D: Evaluating workload Results of the EFA suggested two clear patterns, 5-items loading onto OW, with PE as a separate factor. The model in which OW is measured by five-items (mental, physical, temporal demand, frustration and effort) fit the data best. The model showed that frustration is an innate characteristic of overall workload and has a direct impact on performance. This study also found that both the theoretical and dimensionality aligned. The model assessing the dual relationship of FR with OW and PE fit the data well (CFI =0.99, TLI=0.99, RMSEA =0.04, SRMR=0.05). Composite reliability (0.84) and AVE (0.52) were both above the acceptable thresholds. It showed there is a significant negative direct effect of frustration on performance (path coefficient = -0.31, p<0.05). Using the modified NASA-TLX model, survey respondent in setting B (non-ICU), revealed a significant decrease in OW for both doctors and nurses following EMMS implementation. Setting B doctors reported a mean decrease in OW of 17, (t (10) =4.56, p=0.001) and nurses reported a mean decrease of 15 (t (31) =4.53, p= 0.00) (table 2). Across all other user groups in settings A (ICU) and C (Oncology Unit), there were no significant changes to the OW following EMMS implementation. On the other hand, all other user-groups reported a non-significant mean increase in OW. Setting A doctors reporting the highest mean increase of 18, t (8) =-1.96, p=0.086, followed by setting A pharmacists. Across all groups setting A pharmacists also reported the highest OW (M=71, SD= 8.31) followed by setting C nurses (M= 66, SD=4.82). Conclusion: The research described in this thesis revealed both parallels in requirements between specialised settings as well as unique requirements, following implementation of an integrated hospital wide EMMS. Elements of safety, usability, and workflows surfaced as unique to each setting. It revealed that the EMMS is both a tool that can improve medication safety, communication and coordinated care, yet can hinder workflows, workload and increase effort required to perform tasks in specialised settings. The rigorous evaluation found both facilitators and barriers to acceptance of an integrated hospital wide EMMS. The historical case-control study in the ICU, confirmed the proposition that EMMS can vastly decrease the number of preventable medical errors and is the most important reason to justify the shift away from paper medical records or disconnected electronic records. Despite the concerns around the drawbacks of implementing an integrated EMMS in a specialised setting, system- related medication error rates significantly declined during ICU admission and at patient transitions of care. Despite identified drawbacks of an integrated EMMS, user groups across both settings also identified benefits to their practice. Facilitators of system acceptance include standardisation of protocols and order sentences which promoted patient safety. As the primary aim of the implementation of the EMMS was to improve patient safety, optimising the drawbacks identified could result in better alignment between patient system and usability. Despite the benefits to medication safety and satisfaction with elements of the EMMS, the evaluation found poor user-satisfaction and usability across doctors and pharmacists in ICU and Oncology unit. This dissatisfaction was predominantly attributed to a misalignment between the wards needs and the integrated EMMS. In the ICU, there were concerns with the increased effort and time required for information processing, potentially impacting on performance. Concerns with time and effort could be attributed to the unique nature of ICU patients. As treatment of critically ill patients requires pertinent physiologic and medication data to be readily available for doctors so that quick and accurate decisions can be made in life-threatening situations. Similarly, within the ICU, specific concerns with a lack of flexibility to amend ‘order sets’ as needed for complex Oncology regiments, resulted in user frustration. Furthermore, across all settings, dissatisfaction with poor usability, resulted in an increase in overall workload. Settings and user groups which reported the greatest dissatisfaction, consequently reported the highest increase in overall workload and frustration. Highlighting the interrelated nature of both aspects following implementation, and the need for healthcare organisations to address contributing factors to reduce the risk of user resistance.

Thesis: S.M. in Engineering and Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, System Design and Management Program, 2017.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 124-126).
On April 20, 2010, an explosion in the rig Deepwater Horizon performing drilling operations on the Macondo Prospect Well, in the Gulf of Mexico, led to the largest oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry. Eleven crewmembers lost their lives and around 4.9 million barrels of oil were discharged into the ocean until the continuous subsea blowout of the well was contained in September 19, 2010. Given the magnitude and the complexity of the accident, several safety analyses have been proposed by the international community at different levels of the system involved in the accident. Most of these studies use accident analysis techniques based on chain-of-event models, whose main objective is to identify root-causes. However, while this approach describes physical phenomena accurately, it does not explain the role of organizational and socio-economical factors, human decisions, or design inaccuracies in accidents in complex, adaptive, and tightly coupled systems like Macondo. In response to this need, N. Leveson developed the new accident-analysis technique Causal Analysis Based on System Theory (CAST), based on her model System-Theoretic Accident Model and Processes (STAMP). In STAMP accidents are not treated as chain of failure events, but as complex processes that result from a large variety of causes including component failures and faults, system design errors, unintended and unplanned interactions among system components, human operator errors, flawed management decision-making, inadequate controls and oversight, and poor safety culture. This thesis presents management recommendations based on a CAST analysis of the Macondo Accident. The goal is to help the oil and gas offshore drilling community achieve safer operations and understand the value of systems safety in achieving organizational goals.
by María Fernanda Tafur Muñoz.
S.M. in Engineering and Management

Active vehicle safety systems for road vehicles play an important role in accident prevention. In recent years, rapid developments have been observed in this area with advancing technology and electronic control systems. Active yaw control is one of these subjects, which aims to control the vehicle in case of any impending spinning or plowing during rapid and/or sharp maneuver. In addition to the development of these systems, integration and cooperation of these independent control mechanisms constitutes the current trend in active vehicle safety systems design. In this thesis, design methodology and simulation results of an active yaw control system for two axle road vehicles have been presented. Main objective of the yaw control system is to estimate the desired yaw behavior of the vehicle according to the demand of the driver and track this desired behavior accurately. The design procedure follows a progressive method, which first aims to design the yaw control scheme without regarding any other stability parameters, followed by the development of the designed control scheme via taking other stability parameters such vehicle sideslip angle into consideration. A two degree of freedom vehicle model (commonly known as &ldquo
Bicycle Model&rdquo
) is employed to model the desired vehicle behavior. The design of the controller is based on Fuzzy Logic Control, which has proved itself useful for complex nonlinear design problems. Afterwards, the proposed yaw controller has been modified in order to limit the vehicle sideslip angle as well. Integration of the designed active yaw control system with other safety systems such as Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS) and Traction Control System (TCS) is another subject of this study. A fuzzy logic based wheel slip controller has also been included in the study in order to integrate two different independent active systems to each other, which, in fact, is a general design approach for real life applications. This integration actually aims to initiate and develop the integration procedure of the active yaw control system with the (ABS). An eight degree of freedom detailed vehicle model with nonlinear tire model is utilized to represent the real vehicle in order to ensure the validity of the results. The simulation is held in MATLAB/Simulink environment, which has provided versatile design and simulation capabilities for this study. Wide-ranging simulations include various maneuvers with different road conditions have been performed in order to demonstrate the performance of the proposed controller.

The rate of injury and death inadvertently caused by medical treatment is too high and exacts enormous human and financial costs. Each year in Britain and the United States alone, hundreds of thousands of patients are injured, ten of thousands are killed and billions of dollars are spent on additional health care due to iatrogenic harm. Health care organisations remain predominately human-centred in their approach to safety-that is, methods of avoiding error rely primarily on the resolve and vigilance of individual clinicians to avoid bad outcomes. However, this approach is becoming increasingly inadequate in the face of the steadily rising complexity of modern health care and the increasing number of procedures carried out each year. In other high-reliability organisations such as aviation and nuclear power generation, safety results not from the sheer effort of “operators”, but from in-depth analysis of problems and the removal and redesign of dangerous aspects of systems-the so-called systems approach. Here I present an evaluation of the integrated drug administration system (IDAS) as an example of the systems approach, intended to reorganise the way in which anaesthetists give drugs to improve performance and facilitate safe practice. The problem of drug error in anaesthesia is an important subset of iatrogenic harm in medicine. From the prospective study of 10806 conventional anaesthetics I define the rate of drug error in anaesthesia as one error in every 133 anaesthetics conducted-a rate five times higher than anything previously reported. In addition, anaesthetists rated the risk of harming a patient through drug error in the course of their career as high. I discuss the principles of safe system design, the psychology of error, and advanced systems safety concepts with respect to the design of the IDAS and the future of safety in medicine. In clinical use, the IDAS saved time before and during anaesthesia, and was rated by anaesthetists as significantly safer and more useable than conventional methods of drug administration. This work supports the hypothesis that error in anaesthesia can be reduced through the systematic analysis of its causes and the implementation of appropriate countermeasure strategies.
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The Mekong Delta, which is considered as the main 'rice bowl and fish basket', is one of seven distinct agro-ecological regions of Vietnam and plays an important role in the economy of the country. Several rice-based farming systems have been developed in various areas of the MD. Rice-shrimp integrated system in brackish areas is a special farming system developed in this delta. It is a profitable system and seems to be environmentally safe on the one hand without the use of pesticides. On the other hand, use of brackish water in this system may result in degradation of land, as some previous studies have found. To understand how this farming system works and to identify the external and internal factors influencing its sustainability, the project 'Sustainability of rice-shrimp farming system in a brackish area in the Mekong delta of Vietnam' was carried out in 1992-1993 by an interdisciplinary team of researchers from the University of Cantho and staff of local district Agricultural Office, representing different fields of sciences. The research methodology was the Farming Systems Research approach with modifications towards soft systems thinking, involving farmers into the research process. One main result of this study is an insight into the rice-shrimp farming system. It includes various physical, biological, technological, economical and sociological aspects of rice production prior to integration and in integrated farm, naturally supplied shrimp growing and giant shrimp rearing, upland crop production as well as off-farm and non-farm work of farm households. Sustainability of the system studied is assessed, in comparison with rice monoculture, through various criteria of the three view points productivity, environmental safety and socio-economic effectiveness. In terms of such points of view, rice-shrimp farming system is rated higher than rice monoculture system. Thus the integrated system so far is considered to be more sustainable than the others.
Master of Science (Hons)

Abstract Several companies work in shared workplaces and each company has different requirements for health (H), safety (S), environment (E) and quality (Q). Many globally operating companies have defined their own corporate requirements. Requirements in local national legislation and insurance policies are creating more challenges. The various requirements affect how HSEQ management is implemented in changing, complex, and heterogeneous working environments. The aim of the thesis was to describe HSEQ management development in Northern Finnish process industry companies (N = 6) and their company network in the shared workplaces context during the past 20 years. The study also describes the current state of HS and partly EQ [HS(EQ)] management practices and tools in a global steel company. An important objective was to make recommendations on how to continuously improve and develop HS(EQ) issues. A mixed methods approach (interview, document study, questionnaire, benchmarking and -learning, SWOT analysis) were used in the case study. HSEQ Assessment Procedure―a type of integrated management system tool―was developed to evaluate supplying companies’ HSEQ performance in shared workplaces. It was selected as the main method on one site of the global steel company. The global steel company’s HS management system was based on OHSAS 18001 with HS vision and principles, development plan, internal standards and performance indicators. Lost time injury frequency rate (LTIFR) and HSEQ AP performance showed positive trends. Both corporate HS requirements and local HS(EQ) practices provided adequate tools for a safety culture and HS(EQ) performance development. Recommendations were made regarding HS(EQ) management tools, practices and indicators in shared workplaces operating globally. The focus should be on preventive actions, such as leading performance indicators and creating a uniform safety culture for shared workplaces with a sustainable foundation. The development should be supported by the commitment and participative development of every organisational level. Learning from internal good practices and external benchmarking are valuable methods for this purpose. HSEQ management, change management, internal and external standardisation and information technology systems should be exploited to support this goal
Tiivistelmä Yhteisellä työpaikalla työskentelee useita yrityksiä, jotka ovat määrittäneet omat vaatimuksensa työterveydelle (H), työturvallisuudelle (S), ympäristölle (E) ja laadulle (Q). Lisäksi kansainvälisillä yrityksillä, kansallisessa lainsäädännössä ja vakuutusyhtiöillä on omat vaatimuksensa, jotka luovat entistä haasteellisemman työympäristön. Monenlaiset vaatimukset vaikuttavat siihen, kuinka HSEQ-johtaminen on toteutettu muuttuvassa, monimutkaisessa ja epäyhtenäisessä työympäristössä. Tutkimuksessa kuvattiin HSEQ-johtamisen kehittymistä pohjoissuomalaisissa prosessiteollisuuden yrityksissä (N=6) ja niiden yritysverkostossa, yhteisellä työpaikalla, viimeisen 20 vuoden aikana. Lisäksi kuvattiin HS ja osittain myös EQ [HS(EQ)] -johtamisen menetelmien ja työkalujen nykytilaa kansainvälisessä terästeollisuuden yrityksessä, sekä kehitystarpeita tavoiteltaessa HS(EQ)-johtamisen huippuosaamista. Tutkimus toteutettiin monimenetelmällisenä tapaustutkimuksena: haastattelu, dokumenttien tutkimus, kysely, esikuva-analyysi, SWOT-analyysi. HSEQ-arviointi on kehitetty yhteisille työpaikoille toimittajayritysten HSEQ-suorituskyvyn arviointiin hyödyntäen integroidun johtamisjärjestelmän periaatetta, ja se valittiin yhdeksi päämenetelmäksi tutkimuksen kohteena olevalle yhteiselle työpaikalle. Tutkimuksen kohteena olevan terästeollisuuden alan yrityksen HS-johtaminen perustui OHSAS 18001-järjestelmään. Visio, periaatteet, toimintasuunnitelma, sisäiset standardit ja suorituskyvyn mittarit muodostivat konsernin HS-järjestelmän. Tapaturmataajuuden ja HSEQ-arvioinnin tulosten perustella kehitys on ollut positiivista. Konsernin HS-vaatimukset ja paikalliset HS(EQ)-käytännöt antoivat kohtuulliset työkalut turvallisuuskulttuurin ja HS(EQ)-suorituskyvyn kehittämiselle. Suositukset koskivat yhteisillä työpaikoilla ja kansainvälisessä työympäristössä toimivien organisaatioiden HS(EQ)-johtamisen työkaluja, käytäntöjä ja mittareita. Pitäisi keskittyä ennakointiin, kuten ennakoiviin turvallisuusmittareihin ja luomaan yhtenäinen kestävä turvallisuuskulttuuri yhteiselle työpaikalle. Jokaisen organisaatiotason tulisi sitoutua kehittämiseen hyödyntäen osallistuvaa kehittämistä. Sisäisillä hyvillä käytännöillä ja ulkoisella esikuva-analyysilla voidaan tukea kehittämistä. HSEQ-johtamista, muutoksenhallintaa, sisäistä ja ulkoista standardointia sekä tietoteknisiä järjestelmiä pitäisi hyödyntää

The Integrated Modular Avionics architecture , IMA, provides means for runningmultiple safety-critical applications on the same hardware. ARINC 653 is aspecification for this kind of architecture. It is a specification for space and timepartition in safety-critical real-time operating systems to ensure each application’sintegrity. This Master thesis describes how databases can be implementedand used in an ARINC 653 system. The addressed issues are interpartitioncommunication, deadlocks and database storage. Two alternative embeddeddatabases are integrated in an IMA system to be accessed from multiple clientsfrom different partitions. Performance benchmarking was used to study the differencesin terms of throughput, number of simultaneous clients, and scheduling.Databases implemented and benchmarked are SQLite and Raima. The studiesindicated a clear speed advantage in favor of SQLite, when Raima was integratedusing the ODBC interface. Both databases perform quite well and seem to begood enough for usage in embedded systems. However, since neither SQLiteor Raima have any real-time support, their usage in safety-critical systems arelimited. The testing was performed in a simulated environment which makesthe results somewhat unreliable. To validate the benchmark results, furtherstudies must be performed, preferably in a real target environment.The Integrated Modular Avionics architecture , IMA, provides means for runningmultiple safety-critical applications on the same hardware. ARINC 653 is aspecification for this kind of architecture. It is a specification for space and timepartition in safety-critical real-time operating systems to ensure each application’sintegrity. This Master thesis describes how databases can be implementedand used in an ARINC 653 system. The addressed issues are interpartitioncommunication, deadlocks and database storage. Two alternative embeddeddatabases are integrated in an IMA system to be accessed from multiple clientsfrom different partitions. Performance benchmarking was used to study the differencesin terms of throughput, number of simultaneous clients, and scheduling.Databases implemented and benchmarked are SQLite and Raima. The studiesindicated a clear speed advantage in favor of SQLite, when Raima was integratedusing the ODBC interface. Both databases perform quite well and seem to begood enough for usage in embedded systems. However, since neither SQLiteor Raima have any real-time support, their usage in safety-critical systems arelimited. The testing was performed in a simulated environment which makesthe results somewhat unreliable. To validate the benchmark results, furtherstudies must be performed, preferably in a real target environment.

O número excessivo de acidentes no setor da construção civil e os grandes desastres mundiais divulgados pela mídia levam as empresas a acreditarem que competitividade e lucro não são suficientes. Assim, elas também devem demonstrar uma atitude ética e responsável quanto à segurança e saúde em seus ambientes de trabalho, além de cuidar das questões ambientais. O Sistema de Gestão da Segurança e Saúde no Trabalho (SGSST), considerado um instrumento eficaz para a melhoria das condições do ambiente de trabalho, é uma das possíveis alternativas para a evolução da gestão nas empresas construtoras, as quais historicamente apresentam baixo desempenho nessa área. Esta pesquisa apresenta informações relevantes que podem ser utilizadas por empresas construtoras durante a concepção e implementação de seu SGSST. Ela estabelece os conceitos do SGSST e discute seus principais elementos e a possibilidade de integração com os sistemas de gestão da qualidade e ambiental, apresentando os principais resultados identificados durante a participação direta deste autor no processo de implementação, que foram obtidos por uma construtora brasileira de edifícios. Os resultados demonstraram que a implementação do SGSST traz melhorias significativas nas condições do ambiente de trabalho, principalmente quando acompanhada da instituição de uma nova cultura, que considera segurança e saúde no trabalho um dos fatores essenciais na avaliação global do desempenho da empresa.
The excessive number of accidents related to the construction sector and the huge worldwide disasters broadcast by the media make the companies believe that being competitive and profitable is not enough. As such, they also shall demonstrate an ethical and responsible attitude towards health and safety in their workplace, besides dealing with environmental concerns. The Occupational Health and Safety Management System (OHSMS), considered an effective tool for the improvement of the workplace conditions, is one of the possible alternatives for the management evolution in construction companies, which have historically shown poor performance in this matter. This research presents relevant information that can be used by construction companies during the development and implementation of their OHSMS. It establishes OHSMS concepts and discusses its main elements and the possibility of integration with quality and environmental management systems, showing the main results achieved by a Brazilian building construction company that were identified during the direct participation of this author in the implementation process. The results demonstrate that OHSMS implementation brings significant improvements in workplace conditions, mainly when it is followed by the establishment of a new culture, which considers occupational health and safety as one essential factor in the global evaluation of the company’s performance.

No cenário competitivo empresarial acontecem mudanças rápidas e constantes. Em função dessas mudanças as organizações devem buscar meios para melhorar o seu desempenho e garantir a sua sobrevivência, principalmente no que tange ao fator concorrência. Dessa forma, é necessário que as organizações otimizem o uso dos seus recursos para que possam tornar-se mais eficientes e competitivas. A implantação dos sistemas de gestão da qualidade, de gestão ambiental, e de gestão de segurança e saúde ocupacional em único Sistema de Gestão Integrado (SGI) tem contribuído para alcançar a melhoria da qualidade dos produtos e serviços, favorecendo a proteção ao meio ambiente e a avaliação dos perigos e riscos relacionados à segurança e saúde do trabalhador, que são requisitos importantes nos sistemas de gestão das organizações. Nesse contexto, procurou-se investigar e analisar os resultados obtidos com a implantação e implementação do Sistema de Gestão Integrado (SGI), relacionado à Gestão da Qualidade, Gestão Ambiental e Gestão de Segurança e Saúde Ocupacional, em uma Empresa Prestadora de Serviços que atua no ramo de Manutenção e Montagens Industriais, situada na região do Vale do Paraíba Paulista, Estado de São Paulo. Para tanto, foram utilizadas as pesquisas bibliográfica, exploratória e documental ao estudo de caso. Verificou-se que a implantação do sistema de gestão integrado foi uma estratégia de negócios para a Empresa que, além de conquistar os seus objetivos, adquiriu boas práticas de responsabilidade social e contribuiu para a sua sobrevivência. Além disso, houve melhoria no desempenho, na eficiência e um crescimento de forma organizada e ordenada, que favoreceu o aumento da sua participação no ambiente competitivo.
In the business competitive scenario changes happen fast and constant. Because of these changes, organizations must seek ways to improve their performance and ensure its survival, especially in regard to the competition factor. Thus, it is necessary for organizations to optimize the use of its resources to enable them to become more efficient and competitive. The deployment of quality management system, environmental management and occupational, health and safety management in a single Integrated Management System (IMS) has helped to achieve improved quality of products and services, encouraging environmental protection and hazard assessment and risks related to safety and health of workers, which are important requirements in the management of organizations. In this context, it was sought to investigate and analyze the results achieved with the implementation of the Integrated Management System regarded to Quality, Environmental and Occupational, Health and Safety Management in a service company, located in the Vale do Paraíba Paulista, Sao Paulo State. To this end, it was used the research literature, documentary and exploratory case study. It was found that the implementation of integrated management system was a business strategy for the company, which not only achieved their objectives, but also acquired good social responsibility practices and contributed to its survival. Besides that, there was improvement in performance, efficiency and growth in an organized and orderly way, which favored the increase of its participation in the competitive environment.

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The number of Building Companies that searches for a certification of their Quality Management Systems (SGQ’s) has risen in recent years, focused mainly on ISO 9001 and PBQP-H. The same trend has been occurring with regard to Management Systems of Environmental, Safety and Health at work in view of the current global socio economic outlook. Although companies suffer a number of difficulties during the process of implementation and certification of SGQ’s and several works in the literature have already studied about that subject, not much is known upon those difficulties of SGI’s (Integrated Management System) implementation, as well as the rate and reasons for dropouts implementation and recertification of those systems, especially in construction. Therefore, the present Study has as objective to evaluate the level potential of implementation of Integrated Management System (SGI’s) covering Quality, Environment, Safety and Health at work at Building Companies that have ever had a Quality Management System (SGQ) implemented. As methodological proposal, it was used the available literature for the preparation of a compatibility matrix among reference standards (ISO 9001, SiAC (2012), ISO 14001 and OHSAS 18001) and the checklist containing the items (requirements and criteria) most relevant to the implementation of SGI’s. Also were developed quantitative indicators which that do references for the degree of implementation of SGI's. The research was conducted in the form of study case, as a way of method validation, from ten civil work of a medium size Building Company. As results, some hypotheses initially proposed was validated in the research that there are significant differences in the implantation potential of SGI's in civil work in the same organization, in addition, it was possible to find that distinct phases of execution of civil works influence about the potential of adherence into implementation to one SGI. The indicators established show as an important tool for the building companies to mark out to achieve the SGI. The elaborate method contributes to the advancement in construction with regard to implementation and maintenance of SGQ’s and, preliminary, of SGI’s. Besides trying to contribute to a better understanding of the evolution of quality, environment, safety and health at work in construction, this Study longed to highlight the benefits and critical issues, not only for the implementation of SGI's, but also for their maintenance and viability in the sector.
O número de empresas construtoras que buscam uma certificação de seus sistemas de gestão da qualidade (SGQ’s) tem crescido nos últimos anos, focadas principalmente na ISO 9001 e no PBQP-H. A mesma tendência vem ocorrendo quanto aos sistemas de gestão ambiental e de segurança e saúde no trabalho tendo em vista o atual panorama sócio-econômico global. Embora as empresas sofram uma série de dificuldades durante o processo de implantação e certificação de SGQ’s e, diversos trabalhos na literatura já tenham estudado sobre este assunto, pouco ainda se sabe sobre as dificuldades de implantação de SGI’s (Sistemas de Gestão Integrados) e sobre o índice e os motivos de desistências de implantação e de recertificação destes sistemas, principalmente, em construtoras. Deste modo, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o potencial de grau de implantação de SGI’s abrangendo Qualidade, Meio Ambiente e Segurança e Saúde no Trabalho em empresa construtora que já fosse detentora de um SGQ. Como proposta metodológica empregou-se literatura disponível para a elaboração de uma matriz de compatibilidade entre as normas de referência (ISO 9001, SiAC (2012), ISO 14001 e OHSAS 18001) e de uma lista de verificação contendo os itens (requisitos e critérios) mais relevantes à implantação de SGI’s. Também foram desenvolvidos indicadores que fazem referências quantitativas ao grau de implantação de SGI’s. A pesquisa foi realizada, sob a forma de estudo de caso, como forma de validação do método, a partir de dez obras de uma construtora de porte médio. Como resultados, foram validadas as hipóteses inicialmente propostas na pesquisa de que existem diferenças significativas de potencial de implantação de SGI’s em obras de uma mesma organização. Ainda foi possível constatar que fases de execução distintas de obras influenciam quanto ao potencial de aderência de implantação a um SGI. Os indicadores estabelecidos mostraram-se importante ferramenta para as construtoras se balizarem para alcançarem o SGI. O método elaborado contribui para o avanço na construção civil no que diz respeito à implantação e manutenção de SGQ’s e, preliminarmente, de SGI’s. Além de tentar contribuir para melhor compreensão da evolução da qualidade, do meio ambiente e da segurança e saúde no trabalho na construção civil, este trabalho almejou ressaltar os benefícios e os aspectos críticos não só para a implantação de SGI’s, mas também para sua manutenção e viabilidade no setor.

The continued rise in accident and ill health statistics throughout the member states of the European Union indicate that the standards of occupational health, safety and environmental control require further improvement to minimise the current level of loss. Management systems are regarded as an effective means of reducing this loss by continuously improving standards. Whilst there is much discussion and debate about the possibilities of integrating management systems, at present, there are no national or international published integrated management standards, although some multi-national companies have introduced their own internal integrated standards. The research explored the development of an integrated health, safety and environmental (HSE) management system within a range of industrial organisations. This included the development of tools for successful implementation of integrated systems, specifically for significance review, risk assessment and auditing. Resources and accreditation constraints precluded exhaustive testing of all clauses within the proposed integrated management standard. However, analysis of key aspects of the standard revealed: 1. The introduction and use of separate health, safety and environmental (HSE) management systems improved the standards of risk control within organisations. 2. Organisations perceived that there were clear business advantages in some form of integration of existing standards. 3. The developed integrated HSE standard was technically possible in the area of policy development, process operations, working instructions and documentation. However, the integration of risk assessment and audit tools gave limited advantages compared to existing separate systems. 4. The proposed integrated HSE standard complied with both individual European member states national legislative requirements and European/World-wide management standard criteria. In summary this thesis represents an original contribution to the field of integrated management systems. The thesis also identifies areas of further work that will increase the knowledge base, scope of application of the work carried out.

The use of certification is considered a facilitating tool in demonstrating the company's commitment to all the stakeholders, and how organizations today are increasingly under pressure to perform more with less, the search for the junction of these standards in an integrated management system is seen as an opportunity. As the work program this management need the cooperation of everyone involved, this idea infiltrate into the company culture is necessary. This study aimed to propose a system of integrated management of ISO 14001 and OHSAS 18001 standards from the ISO 9001 implemented in leather tanning company, based on the adaptation and use of organizational culture. In this sense, the research is classified as applied qualitative and quantitative approach and procedure as a case study. The main results obtained highlight the relevance of this study for both academia and for the business sector, which reported that the merits of an integrated management arising from a system of standards facilitates the process. The conceptual model used in this study found that there is a significant interaction between the quality systems, environmental and OHS thus from a rigorous analysis of the ISO 9001 standard implemented in the company of this study may suggest actions which have created competence to harmonize understanding the business and subsystems that most influence on your performance, it is expected that by using the suggestions proposed the organization deliberately turn for the better and as a result, disseminate gains in perceived quality of its products and brand reliability internally and externally. It was concluded that with some adjustments in the Gobba Leather enterprise system, it can integrate their quality processes, environment and safety as well as to guarantee such certifications, noting that the proposed action adaptation of the organizational culture of the company in order to that everyone understands the many benefits of this procedure will ensure the success of management.
A utilização de certificações é considerada uma ferramenta facilitadora na demonstração do comprometimento da empresa perante todos os stakeholders, e como as organizações atuais estão sendo cada vez mais pressionadas a executarem mais com menos, a busca pela junção destas normas em um sistema de gestão integrada é observada como oportunidade. Visto que o trabalho de programar essa gestão necessita da colaboração de todos os envolvidos, infiltrar esta ideia na cultura da empresa se faz necessário. Este trabalho teve como objetivo propor uma sistemática de gestão integrada das normas ISO 14001 e OHSAS 18001, a partir da certificação ISO 9001 implementada na empresa de curtimento de couro, com base na adaptação e utilização da cultura organizacional. Neste sentido a pesquisa classifica-se como aplicada com abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa, tendo como procedimento um estudo de caso. Como principais resultados obtidos, destaca-se a relevância deste estudo tanto para o meio acadêmico como para o âmbito empresarial, onde registrou-se que a procedência de uma gestão integrada advinda de uma das normas do sistema facilita o processo. O modelo conceitual utilizado nesta pesquisa considerou que há uma significativa interação entre os sistemas da qualidade, ambiental e SST, dessa forma a partir de uma análise rigorosa da norma ISO 9001 implantada na empresa deste estudo pode-se sugerir ações as quais criaram competência ao harmonizar o entendimento do negócio e dos subsistemas que mais influenciarão no seu desempenho, espera-se que ao utilizar as sugestões propostas a organização se transforme deliberadamente para melhor e em consequência, dissemine ganhos na qualidade percebida de seus produtos e confiabilidade da marca internamente e externamente. Concluiu-se que com alguns ajustes no sistema da empresa Gobba Leather, esta poderá integrar seus processos de qualidade, meio ambiente e segurança do trabalho além de poder garantir tais certificações, lembrando que a ação proposta de adaptação da cultura organizacional da empresa a fim de que todos compreendam os inúmeros benefícios deste procedimento garantirá o sucesso da gestão.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Para que as organizações sejam competitivas e aumentem as chances de sobrevivência no mercado competitivo, é necessária a gestão do processo produtivo cada vez mais eficiente. Nesta gestão são utilizados sistemas focados em qualidade, meio ambiente, segurança e saúde no trabalho, entre outros. A integração desses sistemas otimizam recursos, processos e melhoram a imagem da organização, influenciando, assim, a lucratividade. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo formular diretrizes para o planejamento e implementação de sistema de gestão integrada em empresas da construção civil. Para a elaboração deste trabalho, foi adotada a pesquisa qualitativa, exploratória, bibliográfica com a realização de dois estudos de caso sobre os elementos do sistema de gestão integrada de duas construtoras certificadas em ISO 9001, ISO 4001 e OHSAS 18001 fazendo com que o pesquisador, se ambiente ao universo de estudo. Um referencial teórico foi apresentado sobre as características do processo produtivo, sistema de gestão da qualidade, meio ambiente, saúde e segurança no trabalho e integração desses. Conclui-se que, o objetivo traçado, foi devidamente alcançado, pois foram apresentados os elementos do sistema de gestão integrada nas duas construtoras, sendo identificadas as boas práticas e pode-se propor, diretrizes para o planejamento e implamentação do sistema de gestão integrada em empresas da construção civil
To ensure that organizations are competitive and increase the changes of survival in competitive market, it is necessary to management of the productive process ever more efficiently. This management systems are used raised in quality, environment, health and safety at work, among others. The integration of these systems optimize resources, process, and improve the image of the organization, influencing, thus, the profitability. This dissertation has like objetctive, formulate guidelines for the planning and implementation of integrated management system in civil construction companies. For this work was adopted the qualitative research, exploratory, bibliographic with the achievement of two case studies about the elements of the integrated management system of two construction companies certifieds in ISO 9001, ISO 14001, and OHSAS 18001 making the researcher, environment the universe of study. A theoretical reference was presented about the characteristics of the production process, a system of quality management, environment, health and safety at work and integration of these. It concludes that, the outlined objective was duly achieved, because the elements of integrated management system were submitted in the two construction companies, being identified the good practices and could propose, guidelines for the planning and implementation of integrated management system in civil construction companies

This thesis work builds on the concept of reconfiguring the antenna properties (frequency, polarization, radiation pattern) using Radio Frequency (RF) Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS). This is a part of the overall research performed at the RF Micro/Nano Electro Mechanical Systems (uNeMS) Laboratory at Utah State University, which includes design, microfabrication, test, and characterization of uNeMS integrated cognitive wireless communication systems (Appendix A). In the first step, a compact and broadband Planar Inverted F Antenna (PIFA) is designed with a goal to accommodate reconfigurability at a later stage. Then, a Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna (FRA) is designed using MEMS switches to switch between the Public Safety (PS) bands, 152-162 MHz and 406-512 MHz, while maintaining the integrity of radiation pattern for each band. Finally, robust mechanical designs of the RF MEMS switches accompanied by different analyses have been performed. These analyses are instrumental in obtaining high yield, reliable, robust microfabrication processes including thin film metal deposition and patterning.

The aim of this thesis is to find out the financial gain of the integrated system of management quality, human safety and environment by the valuation of the company. My thesis includes the evaluation of the efficiency of integrated system of management quality, human safety and environment and after that there is included the valuation of the company in two versions. The first version reflects the real situation, the company has implemented the integrated system of management quality, human safety and environment. The second version reflects the hypothetical situation, in this settings the company wouldn't have the integrated system. The difference between these two valuation is the financial gain of this system.

Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Homeland Security and Defense))--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2006.
Thesis Advisor(s): Christopher Bellavita. "September 2006." Includes bibliographical references (p. 51-52). Also available in print.

Orientador: Otávio José de Oliveira
Banca: Márcio Minto Fabricio
Banca: Adilson Renofio
Resumo: Para que as organizações sejam competitivas e aumentem as chances de sobrevivência no mercado competitivo, é necessária a gestão do processo produtivo cada vez mais eficiente. Nesta gestão são utilizados sistemas focados em qualidade, meio ambiente, segurança e saúde no trabalho, entre outros. A integração desses sistemas otimizam recursos, processos e melhoram a imagem da organização, influenciando, assim, a lucratividade. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo formular diretrizes para o planejamento e implementação de sistema de gestão integrada em empresas da construção civil. Para a elaboração deste trabalho, foi adotada a pesquisa qualitativa, exploratória, bibliográfica com a realização de dois estudos de caso sobre os elementos do sistema de gestão integrada de duas construtoras certificadas em ISO 9001, ISO 4001 e OHSAS 18001 fazendo com que o pesquisador, se ambiente ao universo de estudo. Um referencial teórico foi apresentado sobre as características do processo produtivo, sistema de gestão da qualidade, meio ambiente, saúde e segurança no trabalho e integração desses. Conclui-se que, o objetivo traçado, foi devidamente alcançado, pois foram apresentados os elementos do sistema de gestão integrada nas duas construtoras, sendo identificadas as boas práticas e pode-se propor, diretrizes para o planejamento e implamentação do sistema de gestão integrada em empresas da construção civil
Abstract: To ensure that organizations are competitive and increase the changes of survival in competitive market, it is necessary to management of the productive process ever more efficiently. This management systems are used raised in quality, environment, health and safety at work, among others. The integration of these systems optimize resources, process, and improve the image of the organization, influencing, thus, the profitability. This dissertation has like objetctive, formulate guidelines for the planning and implementation of integrated management system in civil construction companies. For this work was adopted the qualitative research, exploratory, bibliographic with the achievement of two case studies about the elements of the integrated management system of two construction companies certifieds in ISO 9001, ISO 14001, and OHSAS 18001 making the researcher, environment the universe of study. A theoretical reference was presented about the characteristics of the production process, a system of quality management, environment, health and safety at work and integration of these. It concludes that, the outlined objective was duly achieved, because the elements of integrated management system were submitted in the two construction companies, being identified the good practices and could propose, guidelines for the planning and implementation of integrated management system in civil construction companies
Mestre

Optimizing supply chain is the most successful key for manufacturing systems to be competitive. Supply chain (SC) has gotten intensive research works at all levels: strategic, tactical, and operational levels. These levels, in some researches, have integrated with each other or integrated with other planning issues such as inventory. Optimizing inventory location and level of safety stock at all supply chain partners is essential in high competitive markets to manage uncertain demand and service level. Many works have been developed to optimize the location of safety stock along supply chain, which is important for fast response to fluctuation in demand. However, most of these studies focus on the design stage of a supply chain. Because demand at different horizon times may vary according to different reasons such as the entry of different competitors on market or seasonal demand, safety stock should be optimized accordingly. At the planning (tactical) level, safety stock can be controlled according to each planning horizon to satisfy customer demand at lower cost instead of being fixed by a decision taken at the strategic level. On the other hand, most studies that consider safety stock optimization are tied to a specific system structure such as serial, assembly, or distribution structure. This research focuses on formulating two different models. First, a multi- echelon safety stock optimization (MESSO) model for general supply chain topology is formulated. Then, it is converted into a robust form (RMESSO) which considers all possible fluctuation in demand and gives a solution that is valid under any circumstances. Second, the safety stock optimization model is integrated with tactical supply chain planning (SCP) for manufacturing systems. The integrated model is a multi-objective mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP) model. This model aims to minimize the total cost and total time. A case study for each model is provided and the numerical results are analyzed.

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The steady growth of the fruit juices sector is a significant factor strengthening the Brazilian economy; the richness of the tropical fruits, the quality of juices they are processed into and the luring presentation to consumers expanded the internal market and helped conquer demanding markets abroad. All this happened as a result of meeting stringent and assorted requirements, since food fruit juices included quality and safety are a must today. The purpose of this paper is to present a proposal to integrate management systems involving quality, good manufacturing practices and related legal requirements, as well as HACCP, in a small fruit juices company in the State of São Paulo. The proposal includes integrated cost-effective actions to implement the various standards. The research carried out concludes that the integration of management systems involving quality, good manufacturing practices and related legal requirements, as well as HACCP, is feasible. A relationship matrix of the respective requirements was designed during the research, which allowed conducting an initial joint and revealing assessment to evaluate the degree of fulfillment of those requirements. Bearing in mind the company´s scenario where the research was performed and the first application of this Integrated Management System took place, the proposal was not totally implemented. The necessity was perceived to test the Integrated Management System and monitor its operation in other food sector companies, thus not only evaluating the consistency of the proposal but also its flexibility to meet local specific requirements and detect improvement opportunities.
O crescimento do setor de produção de sucos de frutas vem contribuindo ao fortalecimento da economia brasileira; a rica variedade de frutas tropicais, a diversidade de formas de apresentação e a qualidade dos sucos ampliaram o mercado interno e conquistaram mercados externos, atendendo exigências cada vez mais rígidas. As empresas do setor estão submetidas a crescentes exigências de qualidade e segurança de seus produtos. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma proposta para integrar os sistemas de gestão da qualidade, das boas práticas de fabricação e requisitos legais correlatos, bem como da APPCC, em uma pequena empresa de sucos de frutas situada no interior do Estado de São Paulo, submetida às crescentes exigências dos clientes. A proposta inclui ações integradas contribuindo para racionalizar os recursos aplicados ao processo de adequação aos diferentes referenciais normativos. O trabalho conclui que é viável a integração dos sistemas de gestão da qualidade, das boas práticas de fabricação e requisitos legais correlatos e da APPCC. A matriz de correspondência entre requisitos respectivos, desenhada durante a pesquisa realizada, permitiu a avaliação conjunta do grau de atendimento dos mesmos, facilitando o processo de implementação a partir dos resultados obtidos. Tendo em vista o cenário da empresa em que foi desenvolvida a pesquisa e realizada a primeira aplicação da proposta do Sistema Integrado de Gestão, não foi possível implementar a proposta integralmente. Foi percebida a necessidade de testar sua implementação e operação em outras empresas do setor de alimentos, para avaliar não só a consistência da mesma, senão também sua flexibilidade para se ajustar às especificidades locais e detectar oportunidades de melhoria. Palavras-chave: qualidade do alimento, segurança do alimento, BPF, ISO 9001 (2000) e APPCC, Resolução ANVISA RDC 275/01, indústria de sucos, sistema integrado de gestão.

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The objective of the research was to evaluate the performance of management of health care waste systems in hospitals organizations, in view of their managers. Indicators were created and developed a performance evaluation tool for the management of healthcare waste integrated with environmental management systems, occupational health and safety; to further identify the predominant model RSS management in each organization investigated. We used the method of multiple case study, through exploratory research, qualitative in nature. The main sources of evidence in the triangulation of data were: a semi-structured interview and the identification form the predominant model for assessing the RSS management systems in the hospital; structured questionnaires; documentary research, and direct non-participant observation conducted in selected health organizations. There was a content analysis, which had the category and subcategory dimensions (operational, administrative, environmental and financial) and parameters of the assessment tool proposed. The results indicated that all hospitals need improvement. The operational dimension presented greater relevance, while the financial dimension is the lowest maturity by limitations on resources. All hospitals investigated were classified as organizations with an RSS management, but need improvement. The RSS management goes beyond the implementation of an ideal management system for the proper management of RSS, as it is also necessary that the individual has commitment and values of citizenship and ethics, responsibility and solidarity in the exercise of their daily activities in this process. It is believed that this evaluation can help improve the GRSS, serving as instrumental for managers assess the management system of the RSS, with the support of prevailing models, favoring strategic decisions to improvements in all worked dimensions in an integrated way.
O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar o desempenho dos sistemas de gerenciamento de resíduos de serviços de saúde em organizações hospitalares, na visão de seus gestores. Foram criados indicadores e desenvolvido um instrumento de avaliação de desempenho do gerenciamento de resíduos de serviços de saúde integrado com os sistemas de gestão ambiental, de saúde e segurança ocupacional; para posteriormente identificar o modelo preponderante de gerenciamento de RSS em cada organização investigada. Utilizou-se o método estudo de casos múltiplos, por meio de pesquisa tipo exploratória, de natureza qualitativa. As principais fontes de evidência na triangulação dos dados foram: a entrevista semiestruturada e o formulário de identificação do modelo preponderante para avaliação dos sistemas de gerenciamento de RSS no hospital; os questionários estruturados; a pesquisa documental e a observação direta não participante realizadas nas organizações de saúde selecionadas. Fez-se uma análise de conteúdo, que teve como categoria e subcategoria as dimensões (operacionais, administrativas, ambientais e financeiras) e parâmetros do instrumento de avaliação proposto. Os resultados indicaram que todos os hospitais necessitam de melhorias. A dimensão operacional apresentou maior relevância, enquanto que a dimensão financeira é a de menor maturidade pelas limitações dos recursos. Todos os hospitais pesquisados foram classificados como organizações que possuem um gerenciamento de RSS, mas necessitam aperfeiçoamento. O gerenciamento de RSS vai além da implantação de um sistema de gestão ideal para o manejo adequado dos RSS, pois é necessário também que o indivíduo tenha comprometimento e valores de cidadania e ética, responsabilidade e solidariedade no exercer de suas atividades cotidianas neste processo. Acredita-se que a presente avaliação possa auxiliar na melhoria do GRSS, servindo de instrumental para os gestores avaliarem o sistema de gerenciamento dos RSS, com o apoio dos modelos preponderantes, favorecendo decisões estratégicas, para a melhoria de todas as dimensões trabalhadas de forma integrada.

Molts dels problemes i obstacles que més freqüentment han d’encarar les empreses constructores durant el procés d’implementació i ús de sistemes integrats de gestió mediambiental i de seguretat i salut estan relacionats amb les peculiaritats pròpies del sector de la construcció. D’acord amb investigacions prèvies realitzades per diferents autors, una de les qüestions que tradicionalment comporta un major grau d’incertesa és la integració dels instruments de planificació i control, on s’inclouen els elements per a la identificació i l’avaluació dels impactes ambientals i dels riscos de seguretat i salut i l’aplicació de les subseqüents mesures de control. Aquesta tesi doctoral contribueix a la implementació i ús de sistemes integrats de gestió mediambiental i de seguretat i salut en empreses constructores amb un enfocament orientat al procés i emprant el risc com a factor d’integració. A nivell de projecte constructiu, aquesta recerca proposa una metodologia quantitativa per tal d’identificar i avaluar aquells riscos de salut i seguretat i impactes ambientals potencialment adversos que poden originar-se en obres residencials o d’altres tipologies similars durant les etapes pre-constructives. La metodologia desenvolupada facilita als dissenyadors la consideració de forma explícita dels impactes ambientals i la seguretat dels treballadors a l’obra durant el procés de disseny d’edificis residencials. Els dissenyadors poden comparar diferents alternatives de disseny i determinar, per a cada una de les solucions, el corresponent nivell d'impacte ambiental global així com el nivell de risc de seguretat i salut global, sense limitar el seu talent creatiu. La metodologia és especialment útil per a aquells dissenyadors menys experimentats que presenten una manca d’habilitats i coneixements per al reconeixement d’aspectes mediambientals i de riscos de seguretat i salut, ajudant-los a desenvolupar dissenys més òptims des d’aquestes perspectives. La metodologia també serveix com a eina d'avaluació per a que les empreses constructores puguin mesurar el comportament mediambiental i en termes de salut i de seguretat dels projectes constructius que duran a terme i les subseqüents activitats constructives, proporcionant una base consistent per a realitzar comparacions i per a l’establiment de futures etiquetes en termes mediambientals i de seguretat i salut entre diferents projectes de construcció i empreses constructores. La metodologia proposada també permet a les empreses constructores la optimització del seu comportament a l’obra en termes mediambientals i de salut i seguretat durant les etapes de planificació i preparació. La metodologia desenvolupada no només proporciona als dissenyadors un forma d’avaluar el comportament mediambiental i en termes de seguretat i salut dels seus dissenys residencials sinó que també ajuda a les empreses constructores a millorar el seu comportament mediambiental i en termes de seguretat i salut a l’obra. Una vegada s’ha assolit el disseny final, la metodologia subratlla aquells impactes ambientals i riscos de seguretat i salut que encara són significatius. Una millor identificació d'impactes ambientals i de riscos de seguretat i salut porta indubtablement a una gestió mediambiental i de seguretat in situ més exitosa. D’aquesta manera, es poden implementar a l’obra un conjunt d’instruccions de treball orientades a eliminar o reduir fins a un nivell acceptable els impactes ambientals i els riscos de seguretat i salut restants. Per tal de promoure el control operacional integrat a l’obra dels impactes ambientals i riscos de salut i seguretat, aquesta tesi doctoral proposa una aproximació basada en les ontologies. Entendre les relacions existents entre impactes ambientals, riscos de salut i seguretat, processos constructius i instruccions de treball proporciona una aproximació integrada que pot ajudar als contractistes a gestionar i controlar els impactes ambientals i els riscos de seguretat i salut relacionats amb el procés constructiu. Amb l’objectiu d’incrementar l'ús d'aquesta recerca, la metodologia desenvolupada s'ha implementat en un sistema web de gestió del coneixement i la informació. Per una banda, aquesta aplicació permet significativament reduir el temps dedicat a l'avaluació de cada projecte de construcció. D'altra banda, la formalització i visualització de l’aproximació basada en ontologies que s’ha desenvolupat durant la tesi confereix una guia per als contractistes en la gestió de moltes de les incidències mediambientals i de seguretat i salut que poden tenir lloc a les obres de construcció. Finalment, aquesta tesi doctoral documenta la verificació i la validació de la metodologia desenvolupada i de la corresponent eina d’implementació. La tesi doctoral conclou subratllant les principals contribucions d'aquesta investigació. Aquells temes que sobrepassen l’abast d’aquesta tesi són comentats i proposats com a futurs treballs.
Most common challenges and obstacles encountered by construction organizations during the implementation process and use of integrated environmental and health and safety management systems are related to the inherent peculiarities of the construction sector. According to several research authors, one of the issues involving a higher level of uncertainty is the integration of planning and control instruments, including elements for identifying and assessing environmental impacts and health and safety risks and implementing subsequent necessary control measures. This dissertation contributes to the implementation of environmental and health and safety management systems in construction companies by proposing a process-oriented approach and using risk as an integrating factor. At a project level, this research proposes a quantitative methodology for dealing with potential adverse environmental impacts and health and safety risks during the pre-construction stages of residential buildings and other similar typologies. The strength of this methodology lies in the fact that it helps designers to explicitly consider on-site environmental impacts and construction worker safety during the design process. Designers can compare several design alternatives during the design phase and determine corresponding overall environmental impact level and overall safety risk level of a construction project without their creative talents being restricted. The methodology is especially worthwhile for those less-experienced designers who lack the skills and knowledge required to recognize environmental aspects and safety hazards, developing optimal designs. The methodology also serves as an assessment tool for construction companies to measure the environmental and health and safety performance of construction projects and its subsequent construction activities, providing a consistent basis for comparisons, future labelling and environmental and safety benchmarking among construction projects and construction companies. The suggested methodology also allows construction companies to optimize its on-site performance in the environmental and the health and safety domains during the planning and preparation stages. The developed methodology not only provides designers with a risk-analysis-based way of evaluating the environmental and safety-related performance of their residential construction designs, but also helps construction companies improve their on-site environmental and safety performance. Once a final design is reached, the methodology highlights the significant remaining environmental impacts and health and safety risks. Improved levels of environmental impacts and safety risks identification undoubtedly lead to successful on-site environmental and safety management. A range of measures can then be implemented at the construction site to eliminate the remaining impacts and risks or reduce them to an acceptable level. In order to promote the integrated operational control of on-site environmental impacts and health and safety risks, this research proposes an ontology-based approach. Understanding relationships between environmental impacts, health and safety risks, construction processes and work instructions provides an integrated approach to help contractors managing and controlling environmental impacts and health and safety risks related to the construction process. In order to increase the usability of this research, the developed methodology has been implemented in a web-based information-and knowledge-management system. On one hand, this application allows significantly reducing the time devoted to the assessment of each construction project. On the other hand, formalizing and visualizing the developed ontology-based approach offers guidance to contractors on the integrated management of many of the environmental and health and safety incidences at the construction site. Finally, this dissertation documents the verification and validation of the developed methodology and corresponding web-based implementation tool. The dissertation concludes by outlining the main contributions of this research. Those subjects that exceed this dissertation scope are commented and proposed as future work.

Объект исследования – система менеджмента безопасности труда и охраны здоровья АО «ИРМ». Цель данной работы является актуализация документации интегрированной системы менеджмента в соответствие с требованиями международного стандарта ISO 45001:2018. Методология проведения исследования – в работе использованы такие методы, как: изучение СМИ и литературы, анализ данных от предприятия, сравнение. Полученные результаты и их новизна – в работе раскрыта актуальная на сегодняшний день тема перехода предприятия на стандарт ISO 45001:2018. Новая версия стандарта была опубликована не так давно и вопрос перехода на новый стандарт является насущным для многих предприятий. В дипломной работе произведен сравнительный анализ прошлой и настоящей версии стандартов ISO 45001 и OHSAS 18001, что позволяет оценить предприятию возможные изменения в системе менеджмента безопасности труда и охраны здоровья. Область применения – при сертификации или ресертификации на стандарт ISO 45001:2018. Значимость работы – теоретическое и практические вопросы, исследуемые в работе, являются значимыми, так как затрагивают актуальную тему перехода на ISO 45001:2018.
The object of study is the management system for labor safety and health protection of JSC INM. The purpose of this work is to update the documentation of the integrated management system in accordance with the requirements of the international standard ISO 45001:2018. The methodology of the study – the methods used are: the study of the media and literature, analysis of data from the enterprise, comparison. The results obtained and their novelty – the topic of the enterprise’s transition to the ISO 45001: 2018 standard is disclosed in the current work. A new version of the standard was published not so long ago and the issue of transition to a new standard is urgent for many enterprises. In the thesis, a comparative analysis of the past and present versions of the ISO 45001 and OHSAS 18001 standards is made, which allows the company to evaluate possible changes in the system of labor safety management and health protection. Scope – in the certification or recertification to the standard ISO 45001: 2018. Significance of the work – theoretical and practical issues studied in the work are significant, as they touch on the current topic of the transition to ISO 45001: 2018.

A new model was developed to enhance the understanding of the full context of work associated hazards, to explore the connection between OHS performance and a systematic approach to safety, and to simplify approaches to OHS management. This Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems model was derived from the literature and used as the basis for the development of a framework, consisting of 60 elements which was transformed into an assessment tool. This assessment tool was trialled with a pilot study on a medium sized manufacturing plant in the plastics industry, and the tool and Preliminary Report peer reviewed by an expert panel using the Nominal Group Technique. After refinements were made to the assessment tool it was applied to eight case studies that were drawn from advertisements. This qualitative study consisted of two parts: firstly the assessment using the Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems framework; and secondly a controlled self assessment exercise to target improvements to three of the elements over a period of four months. The study illustrated that the Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems framework could be successfully applied in a range of industries to promote OHS improvements and to provide a systematic, planned approach to fulfilling OHS responsibilities. The application of this framework highlighted that: there is a need for further education on the correct application of the risk assessment process and the responsibilities owed to contractors; techniques such as dynamic risk assessments are more suitable where the place of work is variable and hazards are unpredictable; more focus is needed on the appropriate management of hazardous substances with long term health consequences; and that the level of formality invoked for treating hazards does not necessarily equate to improved risk reduction outcomes. The Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems framework was found to be applicable to small, medium and large organisations provided the assessment was scoped to a small division of relatively homogeneous activity to ensure a more representative hazard profile. This approach has provided a way forward to simplify OHS management and also offers practical direction for implementing a targeted OHS improvement program.

An already calibrated and validated VISSIM model for Simplified Dynamic Lane Merge System (SDLMS) in accordance with the real life work zone was modified with a VSL through Vehicle Actuated Programming (VAP) code. Three different logics were coded each for VSL alone, early SDLMS+VSL and late SDLMS+VSL. All these logics were fine tuned with several test runs before finalizing it for the final simulation. It is found through the simulation of above mentioned scenarios that for low and medium volume levels (V0500, V1000 and V1500), there is no significant difference between the Maintenance of Traffic (MOT) plans for mean throughputs. However, for higher volume levels (V2000 and V2500), late SDLMS with and without VSL produced higher mean throughputs for all compliance rates and truck percentages except when the demand volume was 2,500 vph and compliance of 60%, where it produces the significantly lower mean throughputs. In terms of travel time through the work zone, results indicated that there is no significant difference between MOT types for demand levels of V0500 and V1000 when compliance is 40% or less but for compliance of 60% and more, only demand volume level that is not significantly different from other MOT types is V0500. This study revealed that VSL increases travel time through the work zone. This might be due to non-compliant vehicles that follow the compliant vehicle ahead unless they find a sufficient gap in adjacent lane to pass the compliant vehicle. It is also found out that VSL makes the system safer at higher volumes (2,000 vph and 2,500 vph). This was observed through safety surrogate measures selected for this study.; Another outcome of this study is that the addition of VSL to the dynamic merge systems helps in improving the overall safety of the system by lowering speed variances and deceleration means of the vehicles travelling through the work zone. The passage of traffic through the work zone is made safer when a speed control is integrated to a dynamic merge system. It can be inferred from the simulation results that integrated SDLMS and VSL systems have better performance in terms of traffic mobility and safety than existing individual controls and also show that the integrated SDLMS and VSL system has more potential than each individual systems.; In recent years, there has been a considerable increase in the amount of construction work on the U.S. national highways. Most of the work undertaken is the reconstruction and rehabilitation of the existing transportation networks. Work zones in the United States are likely to increase in number, duration and length due to emphasis on repair and highway reconstruction as a significant portion of all federal-aid highway funds are now geared toward highway rehabilitation. The challenge of mobility is particularly acute in work zone areas as road repair and construction intensifies traffic issues and concentrates them in specific locations and at specific times. Due to the capacity drop, which is the result of lane closure in work zone area, congestion will occur with a high traffic demand. The congestion increases number and severity of traffic conflicts which raise the potential for accidents; furthermore traffic operational properties of roadway in work zone area become worse. Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) technologies have been developed and are being deployed to improve the safety and mobility of traffic in and around work zones. In several states in the US, the use of Dynamic Merge Controls also known as Dynamic Lane Merge (DLM) system has been initiated to enhance traffic safety and to improve traffic flow in work zone areas. The DLM usually takes two forms; dynamic early merge and dynamic late merge. The use of variable speed limit (VSL) systems at work zones is also one of those measures. VSL systems improve safety by helping the driver in determining the maximum speed that drivers should travel. Besides adding improvement to safety, they are also expected to improve mobility at the work zones.; The main goal of this study is to evaluate the safety and operational effectiveness of the dynamic merge systems i.e. the dynamic early lane merge and dynamic late lane merge, in the presence of VSL system. More specifically, the VISSIM model is utilized to simulate a two-to-one lane configuration when one out of the two lanes in the work zone is closed for traffic. Six different scenarios were adopted to assess the effectiveness of these scenarios under different traffic demand volumes and different drivers' compliance rates to the messages displayed by the systems. These scenarios are; bullet] Work Zone without VSL and without SDLMS or the current Motorist Awareness System (MAS) bullet] Work Zone with VSL and without SDLMS bullet] Work Zone with VSL and Early SDLMS bullet] Work Zone with VSL and Late SDLMS bullet] Work Zone with early SDLMS and without VSL bullet] Work Zone with early SDLMS and without VSL
ID: 029050385; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (M.S.)--University of Central Florida, 2010.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 189-192).
M.S.
Masters
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science

Ce travail porte sur une approche multi perspectives pour la conception des systèmes interactifs critiques appelée « Generic Integrated Modelling Framework ». Le but est de proposer des techniques, méthode et outils pour une conception basée sur des modèles prenant en compte les comportements erronés du système et des utilisateurs. Notre recherche se concentre sur la modélisation des tâches et du système qui, comme d'autres modèles, sont souvent développés pour des cas d'utilisation normale, sans prendre en compte ni les erreurs humaines ni les comportements erronés du système. Ces modèles sont souvent réalisés par des experts de compétences et de cultures différentes, et il est peu probable qu’ils soient substituables. Nous avons conçu une approche permettant d'intégrer au moyen de modèles (principalement tâches et système) des informations sur les comportements incorrects des utilisateurs et du système. Cette perspective repousse les frontières du développement basé sur des modèles, du fait que ces informations additionnelles permettent de prendre en compte des expériences d'échec. Le but final est l'amélioration du processus de conception dans le but de produire des systèmes interactifs plus fiables. Cette approche est appliquée à deux études de cas : Etude d’un accident mortel impliquant un système de gestion de carburant dans une usine de ciment. Etude d’une application interactive issue d’un cockpit interactif répondant à la norme ARINC 661. L’idée fondamentale est de rassembler dans un cadre unique des principes issus de la conception centrée utilisateur et du domaine des systèmes critiques
This thesis presents a multi-perspective approach for the design of interactive safety-critical systems called the « Generic Integrated Modelling Framework ». The goal is to propose techniques, methods and tools for the model-based design while taking into account human and system-related erroneous behaviour. Our research focuses on task and system modeling, which like other models, are often developed from an error-free perspective, without taking into account human or system errors. These models are often developed by experts with different backgrounds and cultures. It is thus unlikely that the data gathered, analysed and documented will be represented in the same way. We have developed an approach which allows the integration of erroneous behaviour of both the users and the system via models (notably the task and system model). This perspective extends the boundaries of model based design since this additional information allows us to take into account previous failures. The main aim is to improve the design process in order to produce safer safety-critical interactive systems. This approach has been applied to two case studies : A fatal mining accident involving a gas management system within a cement plant An interactive cockpit application meeting the requirements of the ARINC 661 specification. The fundamental idée is to bring together within a single framework principle issues of user centred design within the safety-critical domain

Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse concernent l'implantation des protocoles de communication de niveau bas sur silicium. Cette approche tient compte des exigences de vitesse, de débit, de coût et de «versatilité» d'interfaces hôte dont témoignent les nouveaux protocoles et réseaux. Nous nous intéressons ici à la conception de circuits de communication destinés aux réseaux de contrôle-commande. Dans cette classe, les spécifications du protocole MAC présentent des ressemblances significatives; une architecture cible générique (paramétrable) peut alors être définie et utilisée comme modèle d'implantation. L'idée de la généricité d'une architecture conduit à l'emploi des méthodes de conception automatique. L'architecture cible se basant sur un ensemble de modules asynchrones interconnectés, nous avons appliqué la technique de génération de modules qui permet de produire ces différentes composantes à partir des paramètres du protocole à implanter. Les travaux de cette thèse ont été supportés par le projet européen PROMETHEUS/PRO-CHIP. Dans le cadre de ce projet, nous nous sommes intéressés par l'analyse des différents protocoles intra-véhicule existants, par la génération de circuits de communication destinés à ces protocoles et par la réalisation d'un réseau embarqué sur automobile conçu pour faire communiquer les équipements d'un système distribué de détection d'obstacles

It is not unusual that software systems are redeveloped when the systems environment changes or new requirements to functionality are found. The reason for this is that system evolution is usually not considered during the initial development of a system.

In this report we propose a development process focusing on modifiability in security-safety critical systems. The process is based on the standard IEC 61508 Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related systems and the CORAS framework for model-based risk assessment. We focus on integrating modifiability as a non-functionality and extend the development process with an architecture and design phase. Modifiability is addressed using Architecture Tradeoff Analysis Method (ATAM) and Attribute Driven Design (ADD). An evaluation of this process is given by redeveloping a prototype for an already existing security-critical system using the approaches given by the process. The main result from the evaluation showed that we where able to obtain a higher level of modifiability than the original prototype, without compromising the functionality and safety level required.

Nowadays, occupant safety becomes one of the most important research area and the automotive industry increased their efforts for enhancing the safety of the vehicles. The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of vehicle dynamics control systems (VDCS) on both the collision of the vehicle body and the kinematics behaviour of the vehicle's occupant. In this work, a novel vehicle dynamics/crash mathematical model is proposed and developed to co-simulate the crash event with the VDCS. This model is achieved using the novel approach of integrating front-end structure and vehicle dynamics mathematical models. The proposed mathematical model integrates both anti-lock braking systems (ASS) and active suspension control (ASC) systems alongside with crash structure modelling. This model is developed by generating its equations of motion and solving them numerically, this approach is used due to its quick and accurate analysis. In addition, a new multi-body occupant mathematical model is developed to capture the occupant kinematics before and during the collision. Validations of the proposed mathematical models are achieved to ensure their accuracy by comparing the simulated results with other real crash test data and former models results. The validation analysis of the vehicle and occupant models shows that the comparison results are well matched and the models are valid and can be used for different crash scenarios. The numerical simulation results are divided into two parts for vehicle and occupant models, respectively. Related to the vehicle model, it is shown that the mathematical model is flexible and useful for optimization studies. The results show that the deformation of the front-end structure is reduced, the vehicle body pitching and yawing angles are notably reduced, and the vehicle pitching acceleration is greatly reduced. Related to the occupant model, it is shown that the VDCS does have a significant effect on the rotations of the occupant's chest and head owing to its effect on the vehicle pitching. In addition, the occupant's deceleration is also slightly decreased and the occupant safety is improved.

A introdução de software em sistemas de aplicações críticas traz consigo questões relacionadas à segurança (safety) que, durante muito tempo recaíram predominantemente sobre o desenvolvimento do hardware que compunha tais sistemas. Atualmente, padrões relacionados à segurança de software avaliam qualitativamente o impacto do seu uso sobre sistemas suscetíveis a falhas de natureza randômica. A pesquisa aqui desenvolvida visa, em complemento a outras investigações já realizadas, avaliar quantitativamente diversas técnicas de programação defensiva em função de sua representatividade no quesito segurança de sistemas de aplicação crítica tolerantes a erros. Como objetivo essencial, buscou-se avaliar o comportamento adquirido por um sistema tolerante a erros quando submetido a um processo de injeção de falhas por software. A tolerância a erros do sistema de aplicação crítica em estudo é alcançada, através de técnicas de programação defensiva aplicadas ao software original. Foram aplicadas diversas técnicas de programação defensiva e diversas combinações entre elas, de modo que foi possível avaliar quantitativamente e identificar possíveis padrões de níveis de segurança adquiridos em cada caso.
The introduction of software systems for critical applications raises safety issues that have long fell predominantly on the development of the hardware composing such systems. Currently, standards related to safety software qualitatively assess the impact of their use on systems sensitive to random errors. The research developed here seeks, in addition to other previous investigations, to quantitatively evaluate different techniques of defensive programming in function of their safety level in fault-tolerant safety critical systems. As a key objective, we sought to evaluate the behavior acquired by a fault-tolerant system when subjected to a software fault injection process. The fault-tolerance system, in a typical critical application under study, is achieved through the application of defensive programming techniques over the original software. Many defensive programming techniques and various combinations among them were applied, hence making it possible to quantitatively assess and identify possible patterns of safety levels acquired in each case.

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Com o desenvolvimento deste trabalho, procurou-se conhecer as limitações do setor da Indústria da Construção Civil em relação à integração de sistemas de gestão. Esta pesquisa, de natureza qualitativa, teve como objetivo geral apresentar diretrizes para a integração de Sistemas de Gestão Ambiental, de Segurança e Saúde no Trabalho e da Qualidade em pequenas e médias empresas de Construção Civil, pautada na questão problema: Como integrar Sistemas de Gestão em pequenas e médias empresas da Construção Civil? Como forma de aproximação dos objetivos ao problema, inicialmente foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo, através de questionários aplicados às empresas de grande porte de vários ramos de atividade que implantaram o Sistema Integrado de Gestão. Foi apresentada uma proposta para a implantação de sistemas de gestão na forma integrada em pequenas e édias empresas da Construção Civil, na qual são descritas todas as etapas do método de implantação. A implantação parcial dessa proposta em uma pequena empresa na cidade de Salvador, evidenciou facilidades e dificuldades. Dentre as facilidades cita-se a motivação dos empregados. Como dificuldade destaca-se a sazonalidade das atividades e conseqüentes dificuldades financeiras. Em função desta implantação parcial, foi desenvolvida uma segunda pesquisa, através de formulários, em empresas de pequeno e médio porte da Construção Civil na cidade de Salvador, com o objetivo de avaliar a proposta de integração, bem como a percepção das empresas em relação aos sistemas integrados de gestão. As poucas alterações sugeridas pelas empresas permitiram a avaliação de que a proposta atende às necessidades e peculiaridades desse segmento da Construção Civil. Concluiu-se que as limitações financeiras e a ausência de legislação que as obrigue a implantar um Sistema de Gestão integrado, bem como a falta de exigência dos órgãos financiadores desestimula o cumprimento de procedimentos que visem à melhoria da Qualidade dos produtos e serviços, bem como a preservação do Meio Ambiente e da Segurança e Saúde no Trabalho e, deste modo, desabilitam-nas à competitividade mercadológica e limitam a sua expansão e desenvolvimento globalizado.
Salvador