Thèses sur le sujet « Information theory in economics – Case studies »

Defence date: 15 January 2007
Examining Board: Pedro Barros (Universidade Nova de Lisboa) ; Tor Iversen (Helath Economics Research Programme at the University of Oslo) ; Massimo Motta (European University Institute) ; Karl Schlag (European University Institute)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
The topic of this thesis is optimal reimbursement of healthcare providers.

Long-term care is the greatest uninsured risk facing the American public today. The failure to plan for long-term care has had a serious, and often devastating, impact on families that are thrust into the role of caregiver to an elderly parent. The failure to plan for long-term care also has very serious consequences for society, which, through public programs such as Medicaid, pays for a huge and unsustainable portion of long-term care supports and services. The impact of the failure to plan for long-term care is becoming more devastating due to the confluence of several factors. People are living longer now than ever before thereby increasing the demand for long-term care services and supports, with the population of senior citizens expected to more than double in the near future. There are far fewer family caregivers available to provide care to elderly parents as a result of lower birth rates, later marriages, and the rapid increase of women participating in the workforce, reducing the available pool of family caregivers. Understanding the dynamics of long-term care planning, and the failure to plan for long-term care, is a necessary step in successfully addressing long-term care planning. Adult children of elderly parents rarely participate in their parents' future planning for long-term care. The purpose of this qualitative, multiple case study, was to explore how adult children's information deficiencies and risk aversion impact how they advise their parents on the purchase of long-term care insurance. The participants for the study were 12 adult children between the ages of 25 and 44, with incomes greater than $75,000 per year, with assets greater than $200,000. These participants were carefully selected from a commercially available demographic list from the New York-Long Island Metropolitan area, to be representative of adult children with similar demographics from other regions of the country. The research findings suggested that the information deficiencies of adult children of elderly parents is the greatest barrier to adult children's participation in the long-term care planning of their elderly parents. The findings indicate that adult children of elderly parents are unaware of the costs of long-term care, the chances of their parents needing long-term care, the burden of caregiving on themselves and their families, and how medical insurance and Medicare play virtually no role in a long-term care event. Other findings indicated that once these adult children were provided with credible updated information on the factors pertaining to long-term care their risk aversion toward such planning was replaced with the willingness to engage in long-term care planning with their parents. From a practical application standpoint, this study is important for adult children of elderly parents, the elderly parents, long-term care advocates, long-term care providers, legislators at all levels of government, and insurance companies in the business of long-term care insurance, as this study provides insights into the perceptions of long-term care by those most affected by the failure to plan for long-term care. Future research is required to expand on these findings by developing appropriate, credible, and understandable awareness campaigns regarding the nature of long-term care and its impact on families and society.

The widely used database technology and more recent developments in networking and Web technologies are encouraging diversity in the utilization of existing data. Data are now routinely pooled from multiple systems and physical locations, and integrated in creative ways for various decision-making purposes. From a managerial perspective, however, there are growing concerns in regard to the quality of the output information, and the economic justification of costly investments in such technologies. The major part of this dissertation addresses these concerns through formal studies on the quality and value of information, based on information economics (IE) theory. The quality and value of information integration is studied from a standpoint that recognizes the fundamental role of information integration in information systems. The objective of this study is to create a domain-independent theoretical framework that can facilitate decision making on information integration. The framework classifies information integration situations using two information quality characteristics--informativeness and dependence--and links different conditions in terms of these characteristics with different predictions on the value of integration. A second, related study centers on the questions of whether improving the accuracy of the input of an information system guarantees higher accuracy and economic value of its output, especially higher accuracy and economic value of forecasts. The study offers sufficient conditions under which the answer to these questions is positive, and also presents counter examples that suggest conditions under which the answer is negative. The results point to a contextual factor that can affect accuracy both ways--positive or negative--which has been ignored by data quality theory. This factor is dependence between errors. A third study considers a question related to software economics. Software economics theory equates software with code and directs that the supply of information be based entirely on demand patterns. However, an increasingly common custom in the software market to bundle the code with services indicates that a different model of cost and price may apply in many cases. Such model combines the information goods cost model with a service cost model. The study focuses on the question of the validity of such alternative model.

In this paper we study parameter estimation via the Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm for a continuous-time hidden Markov model with diffusion and point process observation. Inference problems of this type arise for instance in credit risk modelling. A key step in the application of the EM algorithm is the derivation of finite-dimensional filters for the quantities that are needed in the E-Step of the algorithm. In this context we obtain exact, unnormalized and robust filters, and we discuss their numerical implementation. Moreover, we propose several goodness-of-fit tests for hidden Markov models with Gaussian noise and point process observation. We run an extensive simulation study to test speed and accuracy of our methodology. The paper closes with an application to credit risk: we estimate the parameters of a hidden Markov model for credit quality where the observations consist of rating transitions and credit spreads for US corporations.

This research focuses on the development and study of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) that support religious practices and the use of standpoint theory in ICT evaluation studies. Three phases makeup this work: formative studies to understand how megachurches, their members and leaders use ICT in ways tied to their Protestant Christian faith and the design of a technology probe, a photo sharing website named ChurchShare. The final and most significant phase is the evaluation of this probe in two churches. I deployed ChurchShare in a Christian church comprised of U.S. born individuals and argue this initial deployment took place with â ideal users,â or those I intended to use the application and who represent the traditional targets of HCC (Human-Centered Computing) research. More than 200 photos were uploaded to ChurchShare and findings suggest that the technology probe was successfully integrated into the churchâ s worship services. Standpoint theory guided the second deployment study that was conducted with individuals who are marginalized in HCC researchâ "Kenyan immigrants. Participants rejected ChurchShare and zero pictures were uploaded to the website. I compare findings from both deployments and conclude that conducting ICT evaluation studies with marginalized users leads to more objective findings than conducting such studies with ideal users. I end with a discussion describing how standpoint theory can be incorporated into HCC, focusing on how this approach offers a practical way for researchers to uncover value differences between themselves and the people who interact with their work.

A travers trois études, cette thèse vise à explorer les micro-fondations cognitives de l'économie. Dans une première étude, j'examine le rôle de l'information dans la coordination sur un moyen d'échange unique, c'est-à-dire l'émergence d'une monnaie. En s'appuyant sur les modèles de prospection monétaire (Kiyotaki & Wright, 1989, et Iwai, 1996), l'objectif de cette étude est de remettre en question l'hypothèse selon laquelle une information exhaustive est une condition nécessaire à l'émergence d'une monnaie. Dans une deuxième étude, j'aborde le rôle de l'information dans une situation de concurrence duopolistique. À l'aide d'un modèle à la Hotelling (1929), nous vérifions l'hypothèse selon laquelle la variation de la quantité d'information accessible aux consommateurs influe sur la dynamique du marché. Dans une troisième étude, je m'intéresse à la prise de décision dans le risque chez le macaque rhésus. Prenant appui sur la théorie des perspectives (Kahneman & Tversky, 1989, 1992), l'objectif principal est d'examiner dans quelle mesure les macaques font preuve d'un traitement asymétrique des gains et des pertes similaire à celui des humains
Through three studies, this thesis aims to explore the cognitive micro-foundations of economics. In a first study, I investigate the role of the information for coordination on a unique medium of exchange, that is to say money emergence. Relying on the search theoretical models (Kiyotaki & Wright, 1989, and Iwai, 1996), the goal of this study is to challenge the assumption that an exhaustive information is a necessary condition for money emergence. In a second study, I tackle the role of the information in duopoly competition. Using a model a-la-Hotelling (1929), we test the hypothesis that varying the amount of information available by consumers substantially impacts market’s dynamics. In a third study, I am interested in decision-making under risk in rhesus monkeys. Based on the prospect theory (Kahneman & Tversky, 1989, 1992), the main purpose is to assess to what extent macaques exhibit an asymmetric treatment of gains and losses similar to that of humans

The purpose of this dissertation is to examine to what extent Sen's freedom-centred view of development, with its existing theoretical foundations, offers sufficient theoretical insights for guiding development policies towards the enhancement of human freedoms. The theoretical part of the dissertation focuses on the three foundational building stones of Sen's freedom-centred view of development. First, the capability approach sets the evaluation space of development in the capabilities that people have reason to choose and value, but by doing so, it is argued that Sen's capability approach contains tensions between human freedom and human well-being that can be loosened by thickening this evaluation space with a substantial view of human well-being. Second, the capability approach views individual agency as central in development, but because of the socio-historical dimension of human freedom and agency, it is argued that concepts of collective capabilities and of socio-historical agency are more central in promoting human freedoms. Third, promoting human freedoms cannot be dissociated from democratic policy-making. But because the link between the two is not necessary, it is argued that the capability approach's consequentialist evaluation of human well-being will have to be thickened by a procedural evaluation which assesses the exercise of political freedom through certain normative principles of decision-making. The empirical part of the thesis illustrates these theoretical arguments through the analysis of two case studies, Costa Rica and the Dominican Republic. The case studies particularly point to a country's socio-historical agency, or collective capability in promoting human well-being, through socio-historical narratives. These narratives assess a country's collective capability in promoting human freedoms by looking at the country's socio-historical reality, and how its members have appropriated that reality in the course of the country's history, opening up or closing down opportunities for realising policy decisions towards the removal of unfreedoms.

Corporations are increasingly being expected to be responsible to not only shareholders, but also to employees, society and for the environment. This expectation increases as business crises, such the Exxon Valdez oil spill and the Enron collapse, continue to occur. In New Zealand several umbrella organisations were established to aid organisations in the quest to become sustainable or corporately responsible, such as New Zealand Business Council for Sustainable Development, New Zealand Businesses for Social Responsibility, and the Sustainable Business Network. A number of high profile companies such as Hubbard Foods Ltd, Landcare Research, Fonterra and Telecom belong to these umbrella organisations and have produced reports that reflect not only economic prosperity but also environmental quality and social equity. The aim of this research is to identify how organisations are implementing corporate responsibility issues into the operations, and using this information to construct a maturity model. The value of a maturity model is as an analytic tool, where an organisation can be benchmarked against the best in the field. Developing a maturity model for integrating corporate responsibility into an organisation enables managers to identify at which stage the organisation is currently situated and then provides an action plan of where to progress in the future. A preliminary maturity model is developed based on previous models from the fields of corporate responsibility, environmental management and sustainability. This exploratory study used the case study method to analyse six organisations that are members of the New Zealand Business Council for Sustainable Development and are producing annual sustainability reports. Using the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) guidelines for sustainability reporting, 10 years of annual reports from each case company were analysed and compared against these guidelines. The results were used to identify what corporate responsibility areas businesses are currently reporting on and therefore implementing within the organisation, and identifying if there is an evolutionary pattern applicable to all organisations thereby enabling the construction of a maturity model. The findings show that although there was an increase in the GRI indicators included the reporting is poorly developed. The major areas of change have been in the reporting of governance and management structures, the development and inclusion of vision statements and changes in management policies. There was increased reporting in some environmental and social indicators, but no clear patterns of change emerged. Using the data and analysis a refinement of the proposed maturity model was made.

The dissertation examines a case of industrial espionage by one of the parties involved in a forthcoming international negotiation. We want to know what consequences a burglary has for the actual negotiation. The dissertation consist of five hypothesis, of which the three first were empirically tested. The discussion of thesis four and five is supported basically by research literature, but have also found indirect support in the empirical study. A game theoretical model of four information sets is used.Thesis 1: Pay-offs do not change significantly from one information set to the other. confirmedThesis 2: Behavior do not change significantly from one information set to the other. confirmedThesis 3: The perception of fairness do not change significantly from one information set to the other. confirmedThesis 4: International negotiations is socially so complex that it only makes sense to study the phenomena from an interdisciplinary angle. confirmedThesis 5: A descriptive evolutionary approach can be an alternative to neoclassical economic theory in understanding the study of international negotiations. confirmedThe study also confirms that economic theory is correct in excluding the ethical dimension from their models, as these factors have little influence on the end price. Fairness plays only a minor role in international negotiations.

This thesis adopts critical feminist theory, which is a combination of both critical theory and feminist theory, to explore the nature and experiences of Omani women involved in tourism entrepreneurship with particular regard to empowerment. Several studies have identified the potential role of tourism entrepreneurship to empower women due to the many benefits that it provides. However, this potential, and the extent that it empowers women, has been questioned. A review of the literature on women in tourism entrepreneurship reveals that there are several issues that have theoretical and practical implications for women's empowerment through this activity. Furthermore, a review of the development studies literature indicates that there are many prevailing issues and debates surrounding the concept of women's empowerment thatmerit further investigation. The fieldwork for this research took place in Oman during 2013-­‐2014 and included an examination of a hosting group, sewing group and a number of women tourism entrepreneurs. Participant observations and semi-structured/unstructured interviews were conducted to collect information about these women. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the collected information and to develop three ethnographic case studies. The findings of this research reveal that tourism entrepreneurship does not inevitably bring about empowerment for Omani women. It is far from being an activity for women's individual and collective empowerment, given that the scope for such remains dependent on the embedded environment and is influenced by the nature of tourism enterprise work. An empirically informed conceptual framework was developed from the data to present this phenomenon. A grounded conceptualization was also developed from the data to conceptualize the process of women's empowerment for Omani women in tourism entrepreneurship. Theoretical implications of the findings areidentified in relation to the appropriate use of the concept of women's empowerment in tourism research. Practical implications of the findings are also identified in relation to local and international tourism organisations that utilises tourism entrepreneurship opportunities for women's empowerment purposes.

The concept of BIM is nascent but evolving rapidly, thus, its deployment has become the latest shibboleth amongst both academics and practitioners in the construction sector in the recent couple of years. Due to construction clients buy-in of the BIM concept, the entire industry is encouraged to pursue a vision of changing work practices in line with the BIM ideas. Also, existing research recognises that the implementation of BIM affects all areas of the construction process from design of the building, through the organisation of projects, to the way in which the construction process is executed and how the finished product is maintained. The problem however is that, existing research in technology utilisation in general, and BIM literature in particular, has offered limited help to practitioners trying to implement BIM, for focusing predominantly, on technology-centric views. Not surprisingly therefore, the current BIM literature emphasises on topics such as capability maturity models and anticipated outcomes of BIM rollouts. Rarely does the extant literature offer practitioners a cohesive approach to BIM implementation. Such technology-centric views inevitably represent a serious barrier to utilising the inscribed capabilities of BIM. This research therefore is predicated on the need to strengthen BIM implementation theory through monitoring and analysing its implementation in practice. Thus, the focus of this thesis is to carry out a sociotechnical systems (STS) analysis of BIM implementation in construction organisations. The concept of STS accommodates the dualism of the inscribed functions of BIM technologies and the contextual issues in the organisations and allows for the analysis of their interactive combination in producing the anticipated effect from BIM appropriation. An interpretive research methodology is adopted to study practitioners through a change process, involving the implementation of BIM in their work contexts. The study is based on constructivist ontological interpretations of participants. The study adopts an abductive research approach which ensures a back-and-forth movement between research sites and the theoretical phenomenon, effectively comparing the empirical findings with the existing theories and to eventually generate a new theoretical understanding and knowledge regarding the phenomenon under investigation. A two-stage process is also formulated for the empirical data collection - comprising: 1) initial exploratory study to help establish the framework for analysing BIM implementation in the construction context; and 2) case studies approach to provide a context for formulating novel understanding and validation of theory regarding BIM implementation in construction organisations. The analysis and interpretation of the empirical work follows the qualitative content analysis technique to observe and reflect on the results. The findings have shown that BIM implementation demands a complete breakaway from the status quo. Contrary to the prevailing understanding of a top-down approach to BIM utilisation, the study revealed that different organisations with plethora of visions, expectations and skills combine with artefacts to form or transform BIM practices. The rollout and appropriation of BIM occurs when organisations shape sociotechnical systems of institutions, processes and technologies to support certain practices over others. The study also showed that BIM implementation endures in a causal chain of influences as different project organisations with their localised BIM ambitions and expectations combine to develop holistic BIM-enabled project visions. Thus, distributed responsibilities on holistic BIM protocols among the different levels of influences are instituted and enforced under binding contractual obligations. The study has illuminated the centrality of both the technical challenges and sociological factors in shaping BIM deployment in construction. It is also one of the few studies that have produced accounts of BIM deployment that is strongly mediated by the institutional contexts of construction organisations. However, it is acknowledged that the focus of the research on qualitative interpretive enquiry does not have the hard and fast view of generalising from specific cases to broader population/contexts. Thus, it is suggested that further quantitative studies, using much larger data sample of BIM-enabled construction organisations could provide an interesting point of comparison to the conclusions derived from the research findings.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Case Western Reserve University, 2008.
Department of Information Systems, Weatherhead School of Management. Includes bibliographical references. Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center.

The overall purpose of this study is to assess various market-based versus aid based approaches to financial autonomy for Dalit women in rural India and the goals and assumptions of the multiple stakeholders involved in each method (mainly, national and international NGOs, the state, and micro-finance organizations). I argue that approaches to income generation such as entrepreneurship, capital investment, and skill building, are based on similar objectives of economic agency, but ultimately lend to different results because of their varying assumptions about “women’s empowerment.” By separating these approaches into three methods of income generation based on their objective to promote either wages, labor, or capital, the political incentives of each stakeholder becomes more clear. The research presented in my literature review ultimately led me to predict that for Dalit women in India to experience financial autonomy, wage labor that produces immediate outcomes is a more viable route to overall empowerment than entrepreneurship due to its cultural constraints women fact. However, after analyzing my comparative case studies which focused on three different methods of handicraft and textile production facilitated through state, institutional, private stakeholders, I began to see how a a multiple-income generating approach, such as combining the resources of NGOs, micro-finance, and the state, reduces caste and gender barriers to entrepreneurship. Through a feminist and Marxist analysis, I assess the problems that occur when actors determine a blanket approach to empowering all women without considering their diverse contexts, and more specifically, how different identities and standpoints work to inform and oppress notions of empowerment. My interviews with experts in the field have led me to recommend that methods of income generation facilitated through grassroots Self Help Groups is the best way for rural, Dalit women to women to achieve economic agency.

This study explains the process of how Kista bibliotek, a library in Stockholm, evolves from being an idea to a running activity. The library is created in a time of change, both political and economical and is supposed to meet many different goals set from many different actors. The library is placed in one of Stockholm’s biggest shopping centres, Kista galleria and close to Kista science city which is an important midpoint for international businesses and science. Kista is also an area of segregation and socioeconomic problems and the library want to connect the different ‘worlds’ and together; the local people, businesses and the community create an environment which to be proud of. With new institutionalism as theoretical frameworks and with the use of qualitative interviews and unobtrusive observations, this paper shows how the original idea transforms throughout different levels of the organization. How the library evolves to be both traditional and progressive, how it meets the needs of the locals and work with the commercial environment to fulfil their mission to be a public place in the middle a commercial shopping centre. This study portrays a picture of a library which is moves between different organizational fields, between the private and public sector to achieve the goal of being a modern library in a modern world.

The info1mation society marks a shift from the dominance of the industrial to the rise of the "informational" (Castells, 1996, p. 21 ). The effects of this shift on social arrangements generally have been greeted in diverse ways, ranging from the enthusiasm of Negroponte (1995) to the more cautious scepticism of Postman (1992). While recognised as an inevitable and ongoing process, the wider social imperatives for change have brought people and technology together in ways that are often highly problematic. Older people, as one group among others identified as experiencing the disadvantage in the information society, face challenges of adaptation to a new form of literacy and communicative practice. A large body of research is developing to investigate the needs of older people in the new information society, yet little of this focuses on the full complexity of relationships that exist between the wider institution of communication technologies and the management of these changes in everyday places. Everyday, mundane activities of older people, as they interface with the discourses and practices of the information society, are, therefore, prioritised in this qualitative study. A purposively structured case study applies Bourdieu's concepts of field and habitus (Bourdieu, 1990) in an ethnomethodological investigation. Levels of social phenomena representative of the field in the context of older people's experiences are assembled in the case study. Qualitative methods of data collection bring three elements of the field together. Firstly, discourses of the digital divide set the contextual scene for examining persuasions towards computer literacy for older people. Then observations in settings for older learners provide information about building computer competencies. In addition, interviews with geographically dispersed older people allow a range of users, from novices to experts, to contribute to the study. Data analysis based on the dramaturgical perspective of Goffman (1973a, 1973b) and the grammar of motives advocated by Burke (1969a) produce an interpretive ethnography in which older people's strategies and motives are revealed. The thesis finds that within the full set of relationships in the field of older people's use of ICT, a complex network of influences operates as discursive and interactive strategies. Motives implied in discourses of the digital divide direct attention towards the field of ICT and the settings of older people's active engagement with information and communication technologies. Within such settings a range of dispositions towards technology become obvious. These dispositions are critically important to the ways in which technology is integrated into everyday practices of individuals. In a field of opportunities and constraints computer technology is involved in creating particular communities of interest. Practices with technology promote self-esteem, secure networks of friendship, and connect the person within the home to the world beyond in real and virtual ways. The case study effectively describes the field of older people's engagement with computer technology as a microcosm of strategic everyday practices, a contingent set of experiences that enjoin older people with the process of change to an information society.

This dissertation documents the quality of financial accounting information in a transition economy, the Czech Republic. High quality accounting information decreases the risks for investors, promotes investment activities and increases the ability of companies to raise funds at a reasonable cost of capital. Countries with high quality accounting information have a comparative advantage in attracting financial capital. Transition economies - i.e. countries switching from centrally planned to market economies - are typically in need of capital. Therefore a new accounting regulation had to be developed that would satisfy the needs of new private investors. The quality of financial accounting information depends on accounting quality (an outcome of applied accounting principles) and disclosure quality (an outcome of the amount and characteristics of information provided in the financial statements). Accounting quality is measured as the value relevance of accounting numbers and certain attributes of earnings which promote the value relevance. Disclosure quality is measured in terms of mandatory disclosure requirements, actual disclosures of companies (i.e. the level of compliance with legislation) and additional information provided voluntarily by the companies. Sweden is used as a benchmark for well-developed market economy and the quality of financial accounting information in the Czech Republic is systematically compared to the quality of Swedish financial accounting information throughout the dissertation. The results show that both accounting and disclosure quality in the Czech Republic were inferior in the beginning of the transition period. Over time, the value relevance of accounting numbers has however improved. The change in the value relevance may be attributed in particular to improvements in disclosure quality. The key factors behind the development were improved accounting legislation and control mechanisms, accompanied by changes in the business climate including higher sophistication of both the producers and users of the financial information.
Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2009

Abstract Amidst the worst disaster to impact a major U.S. city in one hundred years, New Orleans’ main trauma and safety net medical center, the Reverend Avery C. Alexander Charity Hospital, was permanently closed. Charity’s administrative operator, Louisiana State University (LSU), ordered an end to its attempted reopening by its workers and U.S. military personnel in the weeks following the August 29, 2005 storm. Drawing upon rigorous review of literature and an exhaustive analysis of primary and secondary data, this case study found that Charity Hospital was closed as a result of disaster capitalism. LSU, backed by Louisiana state officials, took advantage of the mass internal displacement of New Orleans’ populace in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in an attempt to abandon Charity Hospital’s iconic but neglected facility and to supplant its original safety net mission serving the poor and uninsured for its neoliberal transformation to favor LSU’s academic medical enterprise.

Genetic research of complex diseases is a challenging, but exciting, area of research. The early development of the research was limited, however, until the completion of the Human Genome and HapMap projects, along with the reduction in the cost of genotyping, which paves the way for understanding the genetic composition of complex diseases. In this thesis, we focus on the statistical methods for two aspects of genetic research: phenotype definition for diseases with complex etiology and methods for identifying potentially associated Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) and SNP-SNP interactions. With regard to phenotype definition for diseases with complex etiology, we firstly investigated the effects of different statistical phenotyping approaches on the subsequent analysis. In light of the findings, and the difficulties in validating the estimated phenotype, we proposed two different methods for reconciling phenotypes of different models using Bayesian model averaging as a coherent mechanism for accounting for model uncertainty. In the second part of the thesis, the focus is turned to the methods for identifying associated SNPs and SNP interactions. We review the use of Bayesian logistic regression with variable selection for SNP identification and extended the model for detecting the interaction effects for population based case-control studies. In this part of study, we also develop a machine learning algorithm to cope with the large scale data analysis, namely modified Logic Regression with Genetic Program (MLR-GEP), which is then compared with the Bayesian model, Random Forests and other variants of logic regression.

[EN] Nowadays, biomedical research and decision making depend to a great extent on the data stored in information systems. As a consequence, a lack of data quality (DQ) may lead to suboptimal decisions, or hinder the derived research processes and outcomes. This thesis aims to the research and development of methods for assessing two DQ problems of special importance in Big Data and large-scale repositories, based on multi-institutional, cross-border infrastructures, and acquired during long periods of time: the variability of data probability distributions (PDFs) among different data sources-multi-source variability-and the variability of data PDFs over time-temporal variability. Variability in PDFs may be caused by differences in data acquisition methods, protocols or health care policies; systematic or random errors during data input and management; demographic differences in populations; or even falsified data. To date, these issues have received little attention as DQ problems nor count with adequate assessment methods. The developed methods aim to measure, detect and characterize variability dealing with multi-type, multivariate, multi-modal data, and not affected by large sample sizes. To this end, we defined an Information Theory and Geometry probabilistic framework based on the inference of non-parametric statistical manifolds from the normalized distances of PDFs among data sources and over time. Based on this, a number of contributions have been generated. For the multi-source variability assessment we have designed two metrics: the Global Probabilistic Deviation, which measures the degree of global variability among the PDFs of multiple sources-equivalent to the standard deviation among PDFs; and the Source Probabilistic Outlyingness, which measures the dissimilarity of the PDF of a single data source to a global latent average. They are based on the construction of a simplex geometrical figure (the maximum-dimensional statistical manifold) using the distances among sources, and complemented by the Multi-Source Variability plot, an exploratory visualization of that simplex which permits detecting grouping patterns among sources. The temporal variability method provides two main tools: the Information Geometric Temporal plot, an exploratory visualization of the temporal evolution of PDFs based on the projection of the statistical manifold from temporal batches; and the PDF Statistical Process Control, a monitoring and automatic change detection algorithm for PDFs. The methods have been applied to repositories in real case studies, including the Public Health Mortality and Cancer Registries of the Region of Valencia, Spain; the UCI Heart Disease; the United States NHDS; and Spanish Breast Cancer and an In-Vitro Fertilization datasets. The methods permitted discovering several findings such as partitions of the repositories in probabilistically separated temporal subgroups, punctual temporal anomalies due to anomalous data, and outlying and clustered data sources due to differences in populations or in practices. A software toolbox including the methods and the automated generation of DQ reports was developed. Finally, we defined the theoretical basis of a biomedical DQ evaluation framework, which have been used in the construction of quality assured infant feeding repositories, in the contextualization of data for their reuse in Clinical Decision Support Systems using an HL7-CDA wrapper; and in an on-line service for the DQ evaluation and rating of biomedical data repositories. The results of this thesis have been published in eight scientific contributions, including top-ranked journals and conferences. One of the journal publications was selected by the IMIA as one of the best of Health Information Systems in 2013. Additionally, the results have contributed to several research projects, and have leaded the way to the industrialization of the developed methods and approaches for the audit and control of biomedical DQ.
[ES] Actualmente, la investigación biomédica y toma de decisiones dependen en gran medida de los datos almacenados en los sistemas de información. En consecuencia, una falta de calidad de datos (CD) puede dar lugar a decisiones sub-óptimas o dificultar los procesos y resultados de las investigaciones derivadas. Esta tesis tiene como propósito la investigación y desarrollo de métodos para evaluar dos problemas especialmente importantes en repositorios de datos masivos (Big Data), basados en infraestructuras multi-céntricas, adquiridos durante largos periodos de tiempo: la variabilidad de las distribuciones de probabilidad (DPs) de los datos entre diferentes fuentes o sitios-variabilidad multi-fuente-y la variabilidad de las distribuciones de probabilidad de los datos a lo largo del tiempo-variabilidad temporal. La variabilidad en DPs puede estar causada por diferencias en los métodos de adquisición, protocolos o políticas de atención; errores sistemáticos o aleatorios en la entrada o gestión de datos; diferencias demográficas en poblaciones; o incluso por datos falsificados. Esta tesis aporta métodos para detectar, medir y caracterizar dicha variabilidad, tratando con datos multi-tipo, multivariantes y multi-modales, y sin ser afectados por tamaños muestrales grandes. Para ello, hemos definido un marco de Teoría y Geometría de la Información basado en la inferencia de variedades de Riemann no-paramétricas a partir de distancias normalizadas entre las PDs de varias fuentes de datos o a lo largo del tiempo. En consecuencia, se han aportado las siguientes contribuciones: Para evaluar la variabilidad multi-fuente se han definido dos métricas: la Global Probabilistic Deviation, la cual mide la variabilidad global entre las PDs de varias fuentes-equivalente a la desviación estándar entre PDs; y la Source Probabilistic Outlyingness, la cual mide la disimilaridad entre la DP de una fuente y un promedio global latente. Éstas se basan en un simplex construido mediante las distancias entre las PDs de las fuentes. En base a éste, se ha definido el Multi-Source Variability plot, visualización que permite detectar patrones de agrupamiento entre fuentes. El método de variabilidad temporal proporciona dos herramientas: el Information Geometric Temporal plot, visualización exploratoria de la evolución temporal de las PDs basada en la la variedad estadística de los lotes temporales; y el Control de Procesos Estadístico de PDs, algoritmo para la monitorización y detección automática de cambios en PDs. Los métodos han sido aplicados a casos de estudio reales, incluyendo: los Registros de Salud Pública de Mortalidad y Cáncer de la Comunidad Valenciana; los repositorios de enfermedades del corazón de UCI y NHDS de los Estados Unidos; y repositorios españoles de Cáncer de Mama y Fecundación In-Vitro. Los métodos detectaron hallazgos como particiones de repositorios en subgrupos probabilísticos temporales, anomalías temporales puntuales, y fuentes de datos agrupadas por diferencias en poblaciones y en prácticas. Se han desarrollado herramientas software incluyendo los métodos y la generación automática de informes. Finalmente, se ha definido la base teórica de un marco de CD biomédicos, el cual ha sido utilizado en la construcción de repositorios de calidad para la alimentación del lactante, en la contextualización de datos para el reuso en Sistemas de Ayuda a la Decisión Médica usando un wrapper HL7-CDA, y en un servicio on-line para la evaluación y clasificación de la CD de repositorios biomédicos. Los resultados de esta tesis han sido publicados en ocho contribuciones científicas (revistas indexadas y artículos en congresos), una de ellas seleccionada por la IMIA como una de las mejores publicaciones en Sistemas de Información de Salud en 2013. Los resultados han contribuido en varios proyectos de investigación, y facilitado los primeros pasos hacia la industrialización de las tecnologías
[CAT] Actualment, la investigació biomèdica i presa de decisions depenen en gran mesura de les dades emmagatzemades en els sistemes d'informació. En conseqüència, una manca en la qualitat de les dades (QD) pot donar lloc a decisions sub-òptimes o dificultar els processos i resultats de les investigacions derivades. Aquesta tesi té com a propòsit la investigació i desenvolupament de mètodes per avaluar dos problemes especialment importants en repositoris de dades massius (Big Data) basats en infraestructures multi-institucionals o transfrontereres, adquirits durant llargs períodes de temps: la variabilitat de les distribucions de probabilitat (DPs) de les dades entre diferents fonts o llocs-variabilitat multi-font-i la variabilitat de les distribucions de probabilitat de les dades al llarg del temps-variabilitat temporal. La variabilitat en DPs pot estar causada per diferències en els mètodes d'adquisició, protocols o polítiques d'atenció; errors sistemàtics o aleatoris durant l'entrada o gestió de dades; diferències demogràfiques en les poblacions; o fins i tot per dades falsificades. Aquesta tesi aporta mètodes per detectar, mesurar i caracteritzar aquesta variabilitat, tractant amb dades multi-tipus, multivariants i multi-modals, i no sent afectats per mides mostrals grans. Per a això, hem definit un marc de Teoria i Geometria de la Informació basat en la inferència de varietats de Riemann no-paramètriques a partir de distàncies normalitzades entre les DPs de diverses fonts de dades o al llarg del temps. En conseqüència s'han aportat les següents contribucions: Per avaluar la variabilitat multi-font s'han definit dos mètriques: la Global Probabilistic Deviation, la qual mesura la variabilitat global entre les DPs de les diferents fonts-equivalent a la desviació estàndard entre DPs; i la Source Probabilistic Outlyingness, la qual mesura la dissimilaritat entre la DP d'una font de dades donada i una mitjana global latent. Aquestes estan basades en la construcció d'un simplex mitjançant les distàncies en les DPs entre fonts. Basat en aquest, s'ha definit el Multi-Source Variability plot, una visualització que permet detectar patrons d'agrupament entre fonts. El mètode de variabilitat temporal proporciona dues eines: l'Information Geometric Temporal plot, visualització exploratòria de l'evolució temporal de les distribucions de dades basada en la varietat estadística dels lots temporals; i el Statistical Process Control de DPs, algoritme per al monitoratge i detecció automàtica de canvis en les DPs de dades. Els mètodes han estat aplicats en repositoris de casos d'estudi reals, incloent: els Registres de Salut Pública de Mortalitat i Càncer de la Comunitat Valenciana; els repositoris de malalties del cor de UCI i NHDS dels Estats Units; i repositoris espanyols de Càncer de Mama i Fecundació In-Vitro. Els mètodes han detectat troballes com particions dels repositoris en subgrups probabilístics temporals, anomalies temporals puntuals, i fonts de dades anòmales i agrupades a causa de diferències en poblacions i en les pràctiques. S'han desenvolupat eines programari incloent els mètodes i la generació automàtica d'informes. Finalment, s'ha definit la base teòrica d'un marc de QD biomèdiques, el qual ha estat utilitzat en la construcció de repositoris de qualitat per l'alimentació del lactant, la contextualització de dades per a la reutilització en Sistemes d'Ajuda a la Decisió Mèdica usant un wrapper HL7-CDA, i en un servei on-line per a l'avaluació i classificació de la QD de repositoris biomèdics. Els resultats d'aquesta tesi han estat publicats en vuit contribucions científiques (revistes indexades i en articles en congressos), una de elles seleccionada per la IMIA com una de les millors publicacions en Sistemes d'Informació de Salut en 2013. Els resultats han contribuït en diversos projectes d'investigació, i han facilitat la industrialització de les tecnologies d
Sáez Silvestre, C. (2016). Probabilistic methods for multi-source and temporal biomedical data quality assessment [Tesis doctoral]. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/62188
TESIS
Premiado

The hypothesis that this thesis explores is that the evolutionary transition process undertaken in China has contributed to sustained growth in part by facilitating learning, both government learning and learning by other participants in the economy, in terms of innovation and institutional change. Learning by doing, especially by the government in its role of driving strategic innovation and institutional change, has been central to China's achievement. This is not possible in an abrupt transition process, but has been a key feature of China's evolutionary process of transition from plan to market.

This study was conducted at the National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN) and it considered the information literacy and lifelong learning skills of the students in the University. The National Open University is an Open and Distance Learning (ODL) system that encompasses education for all, education for life, lifelong learning, life-wide education, adult education, mass education, media-based education, self-learning and part-time studies. The ability to recognise the need for the available information, retrieve, evaluate and use this information is a hallmark towards the direction of information literacy in any society. Developing lifelong learners is central to the mission of higher education institutions like universities, especially for distance learners. The purpose of the study was to investigate information literacy skills amongst the students in the National Open University. This study utilized the case study method of quantitative research mixed with a qualitative strand in its data collection process. The dominant quantitative approach (questionnaire) was used to investigate the information literacy and lifelong learning skills of the students in the National Open University whilst the qualitative approach (interview and document analysis) was used to collect qualitative data needed to clarify areas that were not adequately covered in the quantitative data collection phase. This study used the questionnaire, interview and document analysis as its data collection methods. The study was conducted in five selected study centres out of the seventy-two centres of the National Open University. This study utilized the Krejcie and Morgan (1970) formula, where the sample size of 384 was chosen because the total number of the sampled students’ population was 170 830. From the quantitative perspective of the study, data analysis involved the use of simple frequency and percentage distribution, mean, median and standard deviation. The descriptive statistics were generated on all the variables in the instrument and this was accomplished with the aid of a computer software programme known as the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. A thematic method of data analysis was used for this qualitative strand of the study. The results of the study revealed that the information literacy library facilities available at NOUN were course materials and University websites. The study confirmed that there were no facilities in relation to information literacy development in all the schools and there was no form of information literacy integration curriculum in the University. The study established that there were no information literacy programmes put in place to support, promote and create awareness of information literacy for lifelong learning and no methods were put in place to assess or measure the information literacy competency levels of the students in the National Open University of Nigeria. The study revealed that the link of collaboration between the academics in the school and the professional librarians was weak and not coordinated. The documents analysed brought to light information that provided insights on information literacy development in the University. In the documents analysed, University documents were in place concerning information literacy development but these resources only stated in print, the development processes towards information. The results of the study revealed that there was still so much work to be done with regards to the implementation of policies by the University management and staff towards information literacy development. The students in the University also have a role to play in developing their information literacy skills for lifelong learning. A recommendation that was made from this study was for the University management to integrate information literacy to become part of the university curriculum for all students. Information literacy (IL) policies should be formulated and channelled to support IL education in the University so that students will attain the necessary competencies and skills needed to access, process and assess information. Arising from the results gained from this study, it was recommended that information literacy educators should be trained in the area of information resources and ICT in order to enhance job performance. There is a serious need for the University to engage the librarians through regular training and re-training through professional development workshops. The library staff in conjunction with the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) unit of the University should create seminars and workshop for students and staff towards the improvement of information literacy instruction. For effective IL implementation in a distance learning environment, the University should work towards developing an information literacy course that is designed for asynchronous online delivery. A further empirical study on the development and implementation of information literacy skills for students in the University is also recommended.
Information Science
D. Litt. et Phil. (Information Science)

The purpose of the research underpinning this thesis is to develop and test a framework for understanding whether, how and under what circumstances information and communication technologies (ICT) can contribute to development.

The Information Technology (IT) as subject taught in South African secondary schools is considered to be a very perplexing subject. The IT as a subject has four learning outcomes which are E-Communication (weight 10%), Social and Ethical Issues (weight 10%), Hardware and Systems Software (weight 20%) and Programming and Software Development (weight 60%). The Programming and Software Development enjoys the highest weight as outcome of IT and it is believed to be the main cause of the difficulty of IT. The number of Grade 9 learners willing to offer IT as a subject in Grade 10 is decreasing and the number of learners pursuing IT until Grade 12 is declining in every school in South Africa annually. The aim of this research is to investigate methods that enhance teaching and learning Information Technology at a selected high school focusing on Grade12 learners. Although this work investigated many teaching and learning methods, it has come to be known that the hybrid system or method is the best to adopt and apply in teaching and learning of IT in high schools especially in the relevant target high school. Thirty (30) participants were sampled. Three (3) data collection instruments, which were questionnaires, interviews and observations were used. Results that were obtained from the use of these data collection instruments were recorded and analysed. Results from these instruments were compared and conclusions drawn. A major finding was that the hybrid system that combines both teacher-centered and learner-centered teaching approaches was able to enhance the teaching and learning of IT.
Science and Technology Education
M. Ed. (Natural Science Education)

Financial services institutions invest in self–service technologies for various reasons. These include the demands to rationalise costs and to meet the channel preferences of a „technology- savvy‟ client base. Some advantages of self–service technologies (“SSTs”) include the optimisation of staff activities and faster and improved customer services. Retail banks experience various migration-related costs when migrating customers to an SST environment; in terms of both branch infrastructure and the development of employee skills. Some customers continue to favour face-to-face service interactions, which necessitates an identification and evaluation of the necessary skills required by employees to facilitate this migration process. This study aims to both identify and classify the requisite skills needed by financial services professionals to enable them to migrate customers from physical to electronic service channels; including ATMs. With the appropriate training and competencies, employees can guide customers more effectively through the migration process in a non-judgemental way. This would, in turn, address the lack of self-service technology understanding among customers in the longer term. The lack of support from skilled service employees has, in many instances, led to customers paying higher transactional fees and experiencing inconvenience at physical channels, thereby resulting in overall lower self-service usage.
Business Management
DBL

Poor health care delivery in rural communities is a major problem facing the health sector in Namibia. Patients who visit rural communities often wait on queues for several hours every day before they can be examined by a medical practitioner. This is detrimental to the health care process and impacts negatively on the efficiency and effectiveness of the sector. Mobile phones can however be employed as tools to improve work processes in such hospitals and as a result improve health care delivery in rural communities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the health care services provided to patients at Outpatient Departments (OPDs) in rural hospitals through the use of data collection instruments such as interviews, questionnaires, document analysis, expert validation and photographs in order to compile a Mobile Health Service Framework (MHSF) to improve healthcare delivery processes in OPDs. From an interpretive paradigm perspective, the qualitative design was used together with a case study approach. Three hospitals in rural communities were used as case studies. These were Okuryangava Hospital, Katutura Hospital and Khomasdal Hospital. Interviews were conducted and questionnaires distributed to the participants. The findings revealed that there is a high concentration of mobile phone usage in rural communities and there is a high usage of the SMS feature on such mobile phones.
Computing
M. Sc. (Computing)

Small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) play a crucial role in the socio-economic development of a country through business opportunities, employment generation and poverty alleviation. However, constraints on the provision of finance to SMEs is a key challenge faced by developing countries. Most of the empirical studies on SME financing constraints are based in developed economies, with limited applicability to developing countries like Bhutan with a different level of economic and financial development. Though the SME financing constraint is widely recognised by the Royal Government of Bhutan (RGoB), academic research has not been carried out on the Bhutanese SME sector. The primary aim of this study is to investigate the cause and nature of the SME financing constraint, in terms of accessibility to bank loans, in Bhutan.

This thesis, Utilising Open Educational Resources in support of curriculum transformation at Africa Nazarene University: A participatory action research approach, derives from a multi-year project implemented by OER Africa, and funded by the Hewlett Foundation, to explore the potential of Open Educational Resources (OER) in support of pedagogic transformation in African universities. The project involves four institutions: Africa Nazarene University (ANU) in Kenya, the Open University of Tanzania (OUT), and the Universities of Pretoria and the Free State (UP and UFS) in South Africa. This study centred on ANU only in the period 2013 to 2016, with a focus on the period 2015-2016, and was timed to inform ANU’s new strategic planning process from 2017. The wider project adopted a participatory action research process in its engagement with the four core institutions. Within this over-arching project methodology, this study made use of an analytical autoethnographic approach to capture and analyse data and to make recommendations, to acknowledge the researcher’s dual role as both a co-participant and an institutional project lead. The approach was informed primarily by hermeneutics and systems thinking and involved multiple in-country engagements with ANU and the triangulation of information derived from document review, observation and iterative focus group discussions and individual interviews. An OER Maturity Index and Planning Tool was also developed and used to inform planning and reflection and to provide a barometer of changing attitudes and activities regarding engagement with OER. Initially the engagement focused on developing a supportive policy and capacity-building environment for individuals to integrate OER into specific Open, Distance and e-Learning (ODeL) courses and to publish revised course materials under an open licence. However, as the initiative progressed, it became apparent that there was need to revisit the institution’s overall business model considering increased competition, new regulatory requirements and a growing demand from students for more flexible forms of provision. In fact, the key finding of this study is the suggestion that engagement with OER is unlikely to move from being an individual to an institutional focus unless such engagement is aligned with the overall vision, mission and business model of the university.
Curriculum and Instructional Studies
D. Ed. (Curriculum Studies)

Invasive alien plants have widespread ecological and socioeconomic impacts throughout many parts of the world, including Swaziland where the government declared them a national disaster. Control of these species requires knowledge on the invasion ecology of each species including how they interact with the invaded environment. Species distribution models are vital for providing solutions to such problems including the prediction of their niche and distribution. Various modelling approaches are used for species distribution modelling albeit with limitations resulting from statistical assumptions, implementation and interpretation of outputs. This study explores the usefulness of Bayesian networks (BNs) due their ability to model stochastic, nonlinear inter-causal relationships and uncertainty. Data-driven BNs were used to explore patterns and processes influencing the spatial distribution of 16 priority invasive alien plants in Swaziland. Various BN structure learning algorithms were applied within the Weka software to build models from a set of 170 variables incorporating climatic, anthropogenic, topo-edaphic and landscape factors. While all the BN models produced accurate predictions of alien plant invasion, the globally scored networks, particularly the hill climbing algorithms, performed relatively well. However, when considering the probabilistic outputs, the constraint-based Inferred Causation algorithm which attempts to generate a causal BN structure, performed relatively better. The learned BNs reveal that the main pathways of alien plants into new areas are ruderal areas such as road verges and riverbanks whilst humans and human activity are key driving factors and the main dispersal mechanism. However, the distribution of most of the species is constrained by climate particularly tolerance to very low temperatures and precipitation seasonality. Biotic interactions and/or associations among the species are also prevalent. The findings suggest that most of the species will proliferate by extending their range resulting in the whole country being at risk of further invasion. The ability of BNs to express uncertain, rather complex conditional and probabilistic dependencies and to combine multisource data makes them an attractive technique for species distribution modeling, especially as joint invasive species distribution models (JiSDM). Suggestions for further research are provided including the need for rigorous invasive species monitoring, data stewardship and testing more BN learning algorithms.
Environmental Sciences
D. Phil. (Environmental Science)

This study, the effects of computer simulations on the teaching and learning of Atomic Combinations was carried out in the Tshwane North District of Gauteng Province in South Africa. The study employed a non-randomized control-group pre-test and post-test quasi-experimental design involving two grade 11 Physical Science classes; one as an experimental (52) and the other as a control group (53). An Achievement Test consisting of 30 multiple-choice questions and a Structured Questionnaire designed for teacher and learner participants were the principal data collection tools used. The questionnaire was developed to answer research questions two and three that guided this study. The questionnaire tested how much learners and teachers were familiar with the use of computers and if there were any hindrances to computer usage. The achievement test instrument was administered as a pre-test and post-test to answer research question one. The experimental group received computer-assisted teaching and the control group was taught using traditional teaching method (lecture) on the same topics. The intervention took two and a half weeks for each of the schools involved in the study. Analyses of scores of the two groups in post-test were compared using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) independent t-test version 16.0. The results showed that t = 0.467, df = 103, p = 0.048 and the Sig. (2-tailed) value is 0.641. Since sig. (2-tailed) value is greater than 0.05, it can be concluded that there is no statistical significant difference between the experimental group and the control group.
Science and Technology Education
M. Sc. (Mathematics, Science & Technology Education)

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)
The emergence of information exchange and act of offering features through external interfaces is a vast but immensely valuable challenge, and essential elements of learning environments cannot be excluded. Nowadays, there are a lot of different service providers working in the learning systems market and each of them has their own advantages. On that premise, in today's world even large learning management systems are trying to cooperate with each other in order to be best. For instance, Instructure is a substantial company and can easily employ a dedicated team tasked with the development of a video conferencing functionality, but it chooses to use an open source alternative instead: The BigBlueButton. Unfortunately, different learning system manufacturers are using different technologies for various reasons, making integration that much harder. Standards in learning environments have come to resolve problems regarding exchanging information, providing and consuming functionalities externally and simultaneously minimizing the amount of effort needed to integrate systems. In addition to defining and simplifying these standards, careful consideration is essential when designing new, comprehensive and useful systems, as well as adding interoperability to existing systems, all which subsequently took part in this research. In this research I have reviewed most of the standards and protocols for integration in learning environments and proposed a revised approach for app stores in learning environments. Finally, as a case study, a learning tool has been developed to avail essential functionalities of a social educational learning management system integrated with other learning management systems. This tool supports the dominant and most popular standards for interoperability and can be added to learning management systems within seconds.