Articles de revues : « Informal constructio »

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RICHARDS, M., J. HOLLINGWORTH, P. OLIVER et IM SMITH. « INFORMAL DISCUSSION. THE USE OF COMPUTERS IN INTERNATIONAL CONSTRUCTIO N. » Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers 80, n^o 3 (juin 1986) : 805–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/iicep.1986.688.

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Khustenko, A. A., et E. A. Sherina. « DISCURSIVE CONSTRUCTIONS OF PROFESSIONAL IDENTITY IN INFORMAL LEGAL DISCOURSE ». Voprosy Kognitivnoy Lingvistiki, n^o 4 (2021) : 109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.20916/1812-3228-2021-4-109-121.

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The article examines means for constructing identities in legal informal discourse on Internet memes corpus. The aim of our research is to establish the regularities in the ways of identity constructions through the categorical oppositions and the stylistic means. The background of the research is the socio-constructionist and critical discourse-analysis approaches. We applied a methodology that integrates two approaches: a critical discourse analysis, as well as methods of humour analysis developed within the framework of a semantic approach to humour based on scripts (Script-based Semantic Theory of Humour (SSTH)). This involved identifying the subject positions based on linguistic and contextual analysis; examination of universal ways of how identities are expressed in informal legal discourse. The focus of our analysis was on the stylistic means that implement a certain way of professional identity construction. Our analysis indicated that identities appear fragmentary and are constructed with the means of different discourses; the central one is the professional legal, which is compared or contrasted to everyday discourse, informal, advertising and even “mom’s” discourse. The list of linguistic resources varies from legal terminology and neutral vocabulary to colloquial and thieves’ and mothers’ slang and invective vocabulary. The study expands the field of knowledge about the ways, stylistic and linguistic means of constructing professional identity through various possibilities of discursive subjects positioning.

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Mostaghim, Cyrus. « Constructing the Yellow Brick Road : Preventing Discrimination in Financial Services Against the LGBTQ+ Community ». Michigan Business & ; Entrepreneurial Law Review, n^o 11.1 (2021) : 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.36639/mbelr.11.1.constructing.

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The Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, and Questioning (“LGBTQ+”) community lacks explicit statutory protections from discrimination in financial services. After the Supreme Court held in Bostock that employment discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity was illegal, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) issued an informal interpretive rule for the Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA) and Regulation B that made discrimination in the access to credit based on sexual orientation or gender identity illegal. However, this article argues that an informal interpretive rule is easily rescinded and does not provide sufficient protection. Thus, alternative action is needed to create ore durable protection from discrimination against the LGBTQ+ community in the provision of financial services. Additionally, the increased use of AI in the financial industry magnifies the need for more durable protections to prevent the accidental usage of biased data to build and train the industry’s AI algorithms. This article examines the potential and limitations of existing consumer protection laws, possible pathways to create more permanent protection, and potential impacts from regulatory changes. This article also considers additional regulatory changes to other consumer protection statutes that may be needed to enable the identification of discriminatory acts. These changes may require financial institutions to collect sexual orientation and gender identity data – something that must be done with sensitivity because of a data privacy issue unique to the community: accidental outing.

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Fu, Yuan, Gui Ye, Xiaoyu Tang et Qinjun Liu. « Theoretical Framework for Informal Groups of Construction Workers : A Grounded Theory Study ». Sustainability 11, n^o 23 (28 novembre 2019) : 6769. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11236769.

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The current construction industry, which has a high accident rate and declining labor productivity, urgently requires efficient and practical management policies. Research has shown that social norms within informal groups have considerable influence on construction workers, while studies on informal groups of construction workers (IGCWs) have been scarce. Current theories of informal groups have not been analyzed in combination with construction industry characteristics. The purpose of this paper is to develop a theoretical framework of IGCWs, including definitions, types, characteristics, causes, and functions. First, on the basis of existing theoretical research of informal groups, two semistructured interviews were designed to collect data from managers and workers. Then, a qualitative approach using grounded theory with NVivo software was employed to code the interview information, and 25 subcategories were obtained: 5 types, 10 characteristics, 4 causes, and 6 functions of IGCWs. Eventually, a conceptual model was established to explain the definition of IGCWs according to the interview data and subcategories identified. This study not only contributes to improving behavioral science theory, especially group behavior theory and human relations theory, but also contributes to constructing an informal group theory of the construction industry. In practical terms, the targeted identification of IGCWs is useful for managers in taking measures to more effectively manage construction workers.

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Goldwyn, Briar, Amy Javernick-Will et Abbie B. Liel. « Multi-Hazard Housing Safety Perceptions of Those Involved with Housing Construction in Puerto Rico ». Sustainability 14, n^o 7 (23 mars 2022) : 3802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14073802.

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Globally, hazards are increasingly threatening housing each year, and housing constructed outside the formal sector may be particularly vulnerable. Yet, limited studies have investigated the perceptions of those responsible for designing and building this housing. These safety perceptions motivate the informal housing construction practices that ultimately determine housing safety. Thus, this study investigates the multi-hazard housing safety perceptions of individuals involved with housing construction in Puerto Rico. We surveyed 345 builders and hardware store employees across Puerto Rico to understand their perceptions of expected housing damage in hurricanes and earthquakes, important mitigation measures, and barriers to safer housing construction. Our results reveal that prior hazard experience did not influence perceptions of expected housing damage, but previous housing construction experience did. Respondents viewed wood and concrete housing as less safe in hurricanes and earthquakes, respectively. Yet, respondents appeared uncertain about the importance of mitigation measures for concrete houses in earthquakes, likely due to a combination of limited earthquake experience and “hidden” reinforcement detailing in a reinforced concrete house. Interestingly, our results also show that respondents perceive technical construction capacity as a major barrier to safer informal housing construction rather than resource constraints alone. These findings suggest areas for technical construction capacity development for Puerto Rico’s informal construction sector.

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Malanda, Narcisse, Paul Louzolo-Kimbembe, Louis Ahouet, Jarlon Brunel Makela et Guy-Richard Mouengue. « Concrete Formulation Study for Informal and Semi-Informal Construction Sectors ». Open Journal of Civil Engineering 09, n^o 01 (2019) : 57–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojce.2019.91005.

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Monteiro, Edilene Araújo, Suleimy Cristina Mazin et Rosana Aparecida Spadoti Dantas. « Questionário de Avaliação da Sobrecarga do Cuidador Informal : validação para o Brasil ». Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem 68, n^o 3 (juin 2015) : 421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167.2015680307i.

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RESUMOObjetivo:analisar a dimensionalidade, validade de constructo convergente e consistência interna do Questionário de Avaliação da Sobrecarga do Cuidador Informal (QASCI) após sua adaptação semântica para o Brasil.Método:este estudo metodológico foi realizado com 132 cuidadores informais de idosos com dependência nas atividades básicas ou instrumentais de vida diária, em uma capital do Nordeste. Para análise da validade de constructo convergente do QASCI foram utilizadas medidas de qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde, ansiedade e depressão.Resultados:no geral, os resultados da validação de constructo do instrumento evidenciaram correlações estatisticamente significantes com as três medidas. A análise fatorial confirmatória evidenciou um bom ajuste do modelo teórico de sete fatores (domínios) da versão utilizada no grupo estudado. O alfa de Cronbach para o total da escala foi 0,92.Conclusão:a versão brasileira do QASCI mostrou-se válida e confiável na mensuração da sobrecarga de cuidadores informais de idosos.

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Souza, Gustavo Henrique Silva de, Germano Gabriel Lima Esteves, Jorge Artur Peçanha de Miranda Coelho et Nilton Cesar Lima. « Disposições Valorativas entre Empreendedores Informais Brasileiros ». Revista de Administração da UFSM 11, n^o 4 (23 février 2019) : 1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1983465919401.

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Estudos sobre o comportamento empreendedor vêm negligenciando diversas especificidades psicossociais ligadas ao empreendedorismo informal. Diante disso, este estudo objetivou compreender o comportamento de empreendedores informais por meio das suas disposições valorativas subjacentes. O estudo contou com a participação de 173 empreendedores informais, dos quais 84 (48,6%) homens e 89 (51,4%) mulheres, com idade variando de 14 a 70 anos (M = 39,83; DP = 0,90). Os participantes foram solicitados a responder (1) ao Questionário dos Valores Básicos e (2) ao Questionário Sociodemográfico. Os empreendedores informais apresentaram padrões valorativos com motivador materialista e critério orientador central, sendo a subfunção Existência (m = 6,277) a mais acionada – valores Sobrevivência e Maturidade como prioritários –, associada a uma forte correlação com a subfunção Realização (r = 0,446; p = 0,000), o que se mostra congruente com o que a literatura atribui para o protótipo empreendedor. O estudo permitiu a discussão sobre possíveis explicadores sociológicos e antropológicos para o empreendedorismo informal, acerca da natureza do autoemprego no Brasil, como a dificuldade de inserção no mercado de trabalho, a necessidade de sobrevivência e a cultura da informalidade atrelada ao constructo do Jeitinho brasileiro.

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Kim, Ye-Won, et Ji-Sook Yeom. « A Study on the Gender Construction in the Children’s Play ». Korea Association for Early Childhood Education and Educare Welfare 26, n^o 4 (30 décembre 2022) : 57–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22590/ecee.2022.26.4.57.

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This study is to investigate the gender construction in the children’s play. Data collection was completed through participant observation, journal writing, and informal conversation with children and their teacher in a kindergarten classroom of 4-year-olds for 5 months. The findings are as follows. First of all, the children constructed a typical gender, playing with gender-based play themes and toys. The children also constructed an atypical gender, escaping from gender-based play themes and toys by themselves although there was no teacher’s intervention in play. This study suggested that the teacher recognize children as active agents who are capable of constructing gender with their own free will and provide opportunities and rich environments for children to play in various contexts. The findings of this study will contribute to expanding our understanding of gender for children, building equal and safe classrooms where diverse femininity and masculinity coexist, and stopping the reproduction of stereotyped gender ideas.

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Zhang, Jie. « Informal construction in Beijing's old neighborhoods ». Cities 14, n^o 2 (avril 1997) : 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0264-2751(96)00046-7.

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Gorse, Christopher A., et Stephen Emmitt. « Informal interaction in construction progress meetings ». Construction Management and Economics 27, n^o 10 (octobre 2009) : 983–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01446190903179710.

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Subedi, Jishnu, Ram Mani Ghimire, Ram Prasad Neupane et Sweta Amatya. « Cost difference of buildings in Kathmandu constructed with and without earthquake safer features ». International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 7, n^o 5 (14 novembre 2016) : 444–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdrbe-10-2014-0073.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate increase in the cost of reinforced concrete buildings in Kathmandu valley constructed using earthquake safer features in comparison with that of buildings constructed using conventional approach without earthquake safety features. Design/methodology/approach Five buildings constructed using earthquake safer features and five buildings constructed without using these features are selected. A cost comparison of both types of buildings is done, and the total cost is also compared for structural, nonstructural and service components in the buildings. Findings The cost analysis of buildings constructed in Kathmandu valley shows that there is 10 per cent increase in cost for earthquake safer construction in comparison to construction using conventional approach. This increase in cost can be a deterrent factor for house owners to switch to safer construction practices which ultimately leads to lack of compliance from house owners. A successful implementation of building code in a country like Nepal, where most of the buildings are constructed from informal sector, requires compliance of the code from all stakeholders. Awareness raising can be a deciding factor for success in building code enforcement. Research limitations/implications The study is done for only two types of constructions prevalent in Kathmandu: one using simplified codal method and another using conventional method. Only five samples of each types are taken into consideration. The building sample, however, is typical and representative of the two types of the construction practice. Practical implications The information from this study will be useful for making policy decisions for enforcement of building codes and also for assessment of economic loss in future earthquakes. Social implications This research output will help to redesign building code enforcement projects in Nepal and other countries in the region with similar issues. Originality/value The building samples, analysis and output are original contribution of authors, and it contributes to fulfill the gap for such study.

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Polese, Abel. « Building a Ukrainian Identity in Odessa : Negotiation of Markers and Informal Nationalism ». Otoritas : Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan 8, n^o 1 (23 avril 2018) : 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26618/ojip.v8i1.1014.

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A large and established body of literature on nation building in post-socialist spaces has initially put emphasis on state-centred construction of identity references and markers such as language, education or institutions and governance. In contrast, a recent stream of scholarship has attempted to bring agency into identity debates to propose new tools and approaches that can be used in the study of identity construction. This article is a further exploration of the latter position. It looks at the way identities are constructed, and renegotiated, at the everyday level, by ordinary people, by illustrating the competition between Russian and Ukrainian languages in Odessa, a Ukrainian city on the Black sea, to look at the synergy generated by the competition between local and national narratives.

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Yuan, Tangming, et Tim Kelly. « Argument Schemes in Computer System Safety Engineering ». Informal Logic 31, n^o 2 (14 juillet 2011) : 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/il.v31i2.2965.

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Safe Safety arguments are key components in a safety case. Too often, safety arguments are constructed without proper reasoning. To address this, we argue that informal logic argument schemes have important roles to play in safety argument construction and reviewing process. Ten commonly used reasoning schemes in computer system safety domain are proposed. The role of informal logic dialogue games in computer system safety arguments reviewing is also discussed and the intended work in this area is proposed. It is anticipated that this work will contribute toward the development of computer system safety arguments, and help to move forward the interplay between research in informal logic and research in computer system safety engineering.

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Wijayaningtyas, Maranatha, et Kukuh Lukiyanto. « Informal housing construction workers’ perceptions toward the improvement of effective leadership and performance ». MATEC Web of Conferences 258 (2019) : 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201925802004.

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Practically, as other construction projects, the workforce in housing construction projects is still dominated by informal workers who belong to a group and controlled by a leader. Accordingly, developer companies consider that informal worker leaders play an important role in improving the informal workers’ performance in housing construction projects. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the effective leadership style that can improve the performance of informal workers in housing construction projects based on the workers’ perceptions. The implications of this research can be used to improve the informal workers’ performance both of national and multinational developer companies so they can perform more effectively in completing housing construction projects. The research used qualitative method with phenomenological approach to reveal an assessment based on perceptions and perspectives of informal construction workers. Finally, it was found that the effective leadership style according to the informal workers’ perceptions is the transactional leadership which includes being liked by the workers, concerning and appreciating, as well as being consistent with commitments. Thus, effective performance and leadership will be achieved as informal construction workers will work hard under this leadership style.

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Canakis, Costas. « Non-quantifying líγo constructions in Modern Greek ». Constructions and Frames 7, n^o 1 (31 décembre 2015) : 47–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.7.1.02can.

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In this paper I focus on MGr lίγo ‘(a) little’ in non-quantifying constructions codifying affect and argue that it has grammaticalized from a quantifier to an (inter)subjective metalinguistic hedging device: i.e., a positive politeness marker in the hedged directive construction and a marker of attitude to one’s own utterance in the hedged statement construction. Motivation for this development is provided by MGr interactional ethos and the importance attached to the friendly, informal “politeness of involvement”, a factor discussed in the context of universal tendencies in the semantics of diminutives and affective language. I argue that non-quantifying lίγo is a case of semantic change motivated by sociopragmatic considerations which are anchored to specific constructions.

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Maldonado, Juan Diego Ordoñez, et Juan Sebastián Maldonado Noboa. « Seismic Vulnerability Due to Construction Defects ». IOP Conference Series : Materials Science and Engineering 1203, n^o 3 (1 novembre 2021) : 032125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1203/3/032125.

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Abstract In Ecuador, informal construction is a recurrent problem, especially in low-span constructions, as well as in medium-size constructions, in which there is no strict control during their construction and design. This leads to deficient constructions, which diminishes the resilience of the elements, even though they are designed by a professional with experience in structural design, who follows at least all the guidelines of the current standards, and uses the appropriate tools for their conception and design. This generates a false sense of security in the occupants of the building. Failures do not usually occur in the short term, no matter how pitiful the construction method was. In case of anomalies, it is considered something futile, easy to cover up, which only has aesthetic implications. This causes even the most experienced of technicians to trust, making crass mistakes that can lead to the collapse of the structure. Given these problems, the degree of vulnerability due to defects in the building was evaluated.

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GOODFELLOW, JV, et GA PATERSON. « INFORMAL DISCUSSION. PATENTS IN RELATION TO CONSTRUCTION. » Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers 80, n^o 2 (avril 1986) : 601–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/iicep.1986.752.

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POTTER, JF, R. FRANKLIN, K. HADDOCK, DJ MACLEOD et DG COOK. « INFORMAL DISCUSSION. PFA USE IN PAVEMENT CONSTRUCTION. » Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers 86, n^o 3 (juin 1989) : 589–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/iicep.1989.1984.

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DITE, RV, et J. TATTERSFIELD. « INFORMAL DISCUSSION. ENERGY AUDIT OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT. » Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers 86, n^o 3 (juin 1989) : 594–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/iicep.1989.1985.

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Mkenda, Beatrice, et Jehovaness Aikaeli. « Informal Construction Employment, Earnings and Activities : A Boon or Bane for Tanzania ? » Tanzanian Economic Review 4, n^o 1-2 (31 décembre 2014) : 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.56279/ter.v4i1-2.8.

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This paper assesses whether the growth of informal construction employment and activities in Tanzania are a boon or bane for informal workers. It examines the importance of employment and income provision, employment conditions, and linkages between formal and informal firms. It also examines the determinants of earnings of workers and the challenges faced by the informal construction sector. The study finds that informal construction activities are important in providing employment and income to people, although a significant number of employees work without contracts and pensions. The level of informal sector earnings is also lower than that of the formal sector. The statistically significant results from regression analysis of the determinants of earnings, which are positively related to earnings are: age, education level, and number of years of experience. The policy implications of this study include: the need for informal construction employees to be affiliated to pensions and health insurance benefits; requirement of a mechanism to enable them to formalize easily in order for them to access credit and to expand their operations; improvement in their skills to enhance their income levels so as to reduce poverty; and to empower them to share in the growth of construction activities.

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Chen, Huihua, Cong Chen, Hujun Li, Jianshe Zhang et Zengke Yang. « A Simulation Study on the Processes of Intra-Group Informal Interaction Affecting Workers’ Safety Behaviors ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n^o 16 (15 août 2022) : 10048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610048.

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The construction industry across the world is characterized by a high safety risk, and the occurrence of these safety accidents has led to substantial economic and social losses. The workers’ unsafe behaviors are considered to be a main cause. Thus, recently, scholars in the construction industry have shifted their attention to the investigation of the influencing factors (or antecedents) and their impact on workers’ safety behaviors (WSBs), hoping to provide insight into useful management policies. The existing literature has identified many society-level, cooperation-level, project-level, and individual-level concepts influencing WSB, but ignores the influence of intra-group informal interaction (IGII) on WSB. This study constructed a conceptual model for IGII, group knowledge sharing (GKS), and group identification (GI) to determine their influence on construction workers’ safety behaviors, and then conducted simulation analysis using the software of NetLogo. The results show that IGII, GKS, and GI can positively influence workers’ safety behaviors, and IGII can also positively influence WSB through GKS and GI. This study enriches the theoretical knowledge on the causation of construction workers’ safety behaviors, provides references for project managers to carry out proper safety management, and offers a theoretic foundation for the formulation of industry regulations.

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Ndlangamandla, Musawenkosi Gcinumuzi, et Carin Combrinck. « Environmental sustainability of construction practices in informal settlements ». Smart and Sustainable Built Environment 9, n^o 4 (18 mars 2019) : 523–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sasbe-09-2018-0043.

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Purpose Construction practices used in the development of self-help housing and upgrade of informal settlements are believed to have negative effects on the natural environment. The purpose of this paper is to examine this idea by conducting a study on purposely selected informal settlements located in Mbabane, Kingdom of Eswatini, to determine the environmental sustainability of construction practices used in these areas and to offer an approach that can mitigate the environmental degradation witnessed in informal settlements. Design/methodology/approach The study comprised of three major components – literature review, situational analysis and research output. A literature review informed the extent of the problem and served to identify categories of assessment. A situational analysis of construction practices in informal settlements was done through the use of a structured checklist tool. Pattern matching was used as an analysis to evaluate the environmental sustainability of the identified construction practices. Findings Empirical results indicate a lack of environmental sustainability in the identified construction practices used. The challenges identified included the wrong choice of building material, inefficiency in energy use, a threat to biodiversity, poor planning and a lack of construction control measures. The research output was a framework encouraging affordable, sustainable and regenerative construction practices believed to be a viable solution to the environmental challenges within informal settlements. It was concluded that current construction practices used within informal settlements lead to negative environmental effects. Originality/value The framework offered in this study is believed to mitigate the negative effects on the natural environment in informal settlements.

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Wang, Yan Li, et Yun Cheng. « Construction of Online Informal Learning Environment Based on Digital Bloom ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 241-244 (décembre 2012) : 2996–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.241-244.2996.

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Informal learning is an important learning form in today’s knowledge society. This article introduced the concept of Digital Bloom, and discussed its great guiding significance for informal learning, then proposed an informal learning environment model based on the research of Digital Bloom, and illustrated the model detailedly from its composition, the learning model and the support system so as to provide some reference for improving informal learning quality.

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Sanga, Samwel Alananga, et Justine Mselle. « Informal Construction Practices as Knowledge Incubators : A Conceptual Framework ». Business and Economic Research 8, n^o 1 (13 décembre 2017) : 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ber.v8i1.12096.

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Informal learning in construction projects offers opportunities for learning in a manner that could be likened to conventional incubation. However, whether the two concepts are similar or closely related in terms of their intended/unintended outcome is not well investigated. A guided literature review based on 20 pre-specified incubation issues has revealed that conventional incubators and informal learning-by-doing practices in construction projects in developing countries are likely to be similar on three issues; “rationale for their existence”, “their employment prospect” and their respective characteristics of “graduates and graduation qualifications”. As learning mechanism the two, differ substantially in the remaining 17 issues specifically on those relating to support services that accompany learning. Conventional incubators provide services and functions that facilitate the growth of firms and entrepreneurs while actors involved explicitly understands the learning objectives while informal learning-by-doing practices do not require the double-coincidence of learning intentions between the mentor and the mentee. Furthermore, unlike conventional incubators which are physical or virtue spaces, informal learning-by-doing, utilises physical spaces (informal construction sites) only as tools in the knowledge transfer process and skilled craftsmen, social networks and knowledge development are integrated as incubators. It is therefore, imperative for governments in developing countries to nurture informal construction practices so as to incubate innovative skills thus creating an incubator-like environment within the informal setting.

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Henriques, Gonçalo Castro, et Juarez Moara Franco. « Gridshells : integrating design with structural performance in early design stages, using formal and informal knowledge ». Gestão & ; Tecnologia de Projetos 17, n^o 1 (12 novembre 2021) : 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/gtp.v17i1.183507.

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Gridshell has long interested the enthusiast of lightweight construction. The most popular examples date back to the 1960s; gridshell development requires mathematical, technical and material resources. These requirements limit gridshell development to special buildings, and their design to specialists requiring considerable time and budget to construct them. Digital processes of design, fabrication and assembly offer renewed possibilities to tackle these difficulties and to deepen the interaction among form, material and structural performance. This article documents a didactic experience regarding architectural and engineering gridshell design aimed at relative beginners, considering structural behaviour from early design stages. The research is included in a broader research about gridshells that seeks to gradually integrate formal and informal knowledge about form-finding, including empirical and theoretical research. The didactic experience is framed in a series of empirical constructions we are developing, and contributing to the collective debate about how to expand gridshell construction further.

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Vasilyeva, Alena L. « The facilitator’s communicative actions to construct meetings in a semi-informal educational context ». Language and Dialogue 8, n^o 3 (2 novembre 2018) : 414–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ld.00024.vas.

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Abstract The study examines how interactivity is constructed in the course of multi-person interaction in a semi-informal educational context. The audio-recordings of seven meetings of a female discussion club in Belarus and their transcripts serve as interactional data. The club was organized with a goal of providing a platform for females to engage in intellectual discussions in an informal setting. The study takes the communication design approach and uses discourse analysis. The analysis of the audio recordings and the transcripts is guided by the following question: how the participants’ use of linguistic and interactional resources contributes to the construction of a meeting. The particular attention is paid to the facilitator’s communicative actions to shape interaction and their local context.

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Kellett, Peter. « The construction of home in the informal city ». Journal of Romance Studies 2, n^o 3 (décembre 2002) : 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/jrs.2.3.17.

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MARCHANT, S., G. WREN et R. LAMB. « TOP-DOWN CONSTRUCTION AND ITS IMPLICATIONS. INFORMAL DISCUSSION. » Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Geotechnical Engineering 107, n^o 2 (avril 1994) : 123–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/igeng.1994.26380.

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ROOLEY, R. H., et T. BASKETT. « INFORMAL DISCUSSION. DATA CONTROL IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY. » Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers 88, n^o 6 (décembre 1990) : 1123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/iicep.1990.11642.

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Maybin, Janet. « Children’s informal talk and the construction of meaning ». English in Education 25, n^o 2 (juin 1991) : 34–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-8845.1991.tb00106.x.

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Kinney, Jennifer M. « Under Construction : Bridging Informal and Formal Caregiving Systems ». Contemporary Psychology : A Journal of Reviews 39, n^o 10 (octobre 1994) : 977–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/034181.

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Olusanya, Olasunmbo Ayanfeoluwa. « Subcontracting Systems and Social Protection in the Informal Building Construction Industry in Lagos, Nigeria ». Journal of Construction Business and Management 2, n^o 1 (3 janvier 2018) : 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15641/jcbm.2.1.91.

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Subcontracting systems are entrenched in the building construction process in Nigeria. However, the implications for informal building construction industry workers' access to social protection measures are a cause for concern. This study examined the influence of subcontracting systems on access to social protection measures by workers in the informal building construction industry in Lagos, Nigeria, based on a cross-sectional research design, agency theory and the general theory of employment. The secondary and primary data used for the study were derived from a systematic review of relevant literature, a questionnaire administered to 908 respondents and 50 key informant interviews among informal building construction workers and subcontractors. The structured questionnaire was subjected to internal and external validity; the Cronbach's Alpha reliability test of the survey stood at 0.722. Data extracted from the structured questionnaire and interviews were analysed through the use of descriptive statistics, correlational analysis and narrative analysis. Findings revealed that workers got financial and health assistance from employers and government respectively. Results also show that informal building construction workers perceived provision of social protection as inadequate. The results of Pearson Correlation indicate that subcontracting systems have an inverse and statistically significant relationship with access to free or subsidised medical care, the remedy to accident on site and pattern of savings. Therefore, subcontracting systems influenced the availability of social protection measures significantly. Based on the findings and the important roles of subcontractors in the building construction industry, it is recommended that appropriate legislative instrument should be developed to address the challenges posed by subcontracting concerning access to social protection measures in the informal building construction industry. It is also suggested that steps should be taken by the government to promote formalisation of employment in the informal sector and support community-based social insurance schemes in Nigeria. Keywords: Building construction, Informal economy, Lagos, Social protection, Subcontracting systems.

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Vahidi, H., et W. Yan. « Towards Spatially Explicit Agent-based Model for Simulation of Informal Transport Infrastructure Indirect Growth Dynamic in Informal Settlements ». ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-2/W3 (22 octobre 2014) : 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-2-w3-273-2014.

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The informal construction of dwellings (housing) and the informal growth of transport infrastructure are two main dynamics of an informal settlement growth phenomenon that may influence each other over time. Some studies have been done to understand the growth mechanisms of informal settlements, but not enough attention has been paid to study the informal growth of transport infrastructure dynamic. In this study, the morphology and spatial pattern of different types of informal settlements have been reviewed and categorized to clearly define and formulate the mechanisms of informal transport infrastructure formation in the context of informal settlement. To this end, two different dynamics have been suggested in this study for modelling of the growth of informal transport infrastructure. In the first suggested dynamic, the infrastructure is extended directly as the result of consolidation of the physical signs of dwellers’ movement (foot prints) on the environment over time. In the second proposed dynamic that is the main focus of this study, the informal infrastructure growth could be considered as the function of dwelling construction (housing) dynamic in the settlement. In this context, informal transport infrastructure is extended based on an indirect dynamic by consideration of the void spaces by dwellers as the accessibility corridors in the settlement during the construction process of the settlement. Finally, to study the validity of the second proposed dynamic for modelling of the indirect growth of informal transport infrastructure, a simple conceptual model was developed and tested and the results were evaluated and discussed.

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Shahzad, Ghafer. « INFORMAL & ; FORMAL DEVELOPMENTS ON THE PREMISES OF SUFI SHRINES IN PUNJAB ». Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning 12, n^o 1 (30 juin 2012) : 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.53700/jrap1212012_4.

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Built environment of Muslim shrines in the province of Punjab, Pakistan is incessantly changing. This phenomenon is gone faster from the year 1980 onward with the re-construction of Data Darbar Complex1 in Lahore. It has set new trends for extension of Sufi shrines and their attached buildings, under administrative control of the Auqaf & Religious Affairs Department, Government of Punjab2 . This paper focuses the process of development works taken up on the premises of Muslim shrines in Punjab. For convenience, the developments in the built environment of Sufi shrines have been categorized into two main heads i.e. Informal & Formal. Informal developments are contributions of the both; devotees and the gaddi nashins, whereas Formal developments are carried out by the administrative department i.e. Auqaf, after going through the process of proper designing and construction. The impetus and motives behind such interventions and additions vary in nature depending upon the Sufi, location and scale of shrine, number of visitation, income received, political standing etc. Studying these Informal and Formal developments, a modus operandi was devised based on the data available with the Punjab Auqaf Department and the mutawallies. After identifying such shrines in Punjab, studies were carried out to reach the conclusions. Transformation of such sacred spaces was sensitively evaluated to trace out the changed ambience of newly constructed shrines. Finally, the impact of these informal and formal developments on the socio-religious and built environment of shrines has been delved. Keywords: Shrine, environment, interventions, heritage, restoration, sacred space, mosque, waqf properties.

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Oktavianti, Ikmi Nur. « REALISASI PEMENTINGAN INFORMASI PADA KALIMAT DALAM BAHASA INGGRIS ». Adabiyyāt : Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 13, n^o 2 (31 décembre 2014) : 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/ajbs.2014.13203.

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To achieve the goal of using language, the speaker of a language is structuring the linguistic construction as effective as possible. Moreover, he is able to modify the linguistic construction based on the prominence of the information. By so doing, language will meet its function, serving as the tool of delivering message to the interlocutor. However, there are many ways to mark the important information, such as supra-segmental, morphological, and syntactic ways. Syntactic marking of information packaging is called syntactic choice. Thus, this paper aims at describing the ways to package important information in English as one of widely spoken languages worldwide. This study belongs to descriptive qualitative study. The data were taken from realiable sources, written or spoken by native speakers. From the analysis, it is evident that English has several ways of structuring prominent information and resulting in some noncanonical constructions, namely topicalization, dislocation, cleft, existential, and so forth.

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Korabaev, Nuriddin. « Prospects Of The Prognosis For The Legalization Of Informal Employment In Uzbekistan ». American Journal of Interdisciplinary Innovations and Research 03, n^o 05 (7 mai 2021) : 168–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajiir/volume03issue05-28.

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On the basis of the constructed econometric model on the factors that determine the degree of employment in the informal sector, forecast indicators of the prospects for the development of the national labor market have been developed.

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Spencer, J. William. « Making “Suitable Referrals” : Social Workers' Construction and Use of Informal Referral Networks ». Sociological Perspectives 36, n^o 3 (septembre 1993) : 271–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1389246.

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The extant literature on the referral process in human service delivery has been examined as either a “micro,” intra-organizational activity or a “macro,” interorganizational phenomenon. The negotiated-order perspective is used to bridge this gap by examining how interorganizational and other contextual-level factors shape the routine accomplishment of the referral process. The data come from a case study of the referral-related activities of social workers in a human service agency serving homeless clients. Social workers' ***referral-related activities largely comprised the construction, maintenance, and use of informal referral networks. These activities, which centered around a concern for making “suitable referrals,” comprised constructing referral sets, conducting advocacy work, and negotiating referral agreements. Aspects of how the client population and the interorganizational context facilitated or constrained each of these networking activities are delineated. Results of the analysis are used to offer observations on the micro-foundations of interorganizational referral networks.

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Venter, Anita, Lochner Marais et Heidi Morgan. « Informal Settlement Upgrading in South Africa : A Preliminary Regenerative Perspective ». Sustainability 11, n^o 9 (10 mai 2019) : 2685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11092685.

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Informal settlement upgrading is commonly practised worldwide, but often in technical ways, paying little attention to the physical environment. Regenerative development provides an ecological response and emphasises human development concerns. In this paper, we adopt a social constructivist approach to investigating the meaning of construction processes and the value of regenerative development in an informal upgrading process in South Africa. We used data from 18 projects and five in-depth interviews. Our findings show how waste can be used in this process, and that regenerative development delivers houses that are better insulated and avoid some of the risks associated with houses constructed by informal settlers. The value of the project lies in the acceptance of eco-building and the development of an attachment to the physical environment. Regenerative development facilitates self-help, which in turn supports the user value of these houses. We found considerable human development linked to regenerative development. Our findings show that, in addition to providing shelter, regenerative development encourages artistry and imagination, gets members of the community to work together, promotes social empowerment, improves physical and mental health, and fosters enjoyment.

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Kuklina, Vera, Andrey N. Petrov, Natalia Krasnoshtanova et Viktor Bogdanov. « Mobilizing Benefit-Sharing Through Transportation Infrastructure : Informal Roads, Extractive Industries and Benefit-Sharing in the Irkutsk Oil and Gas Region, Russia ». Resources 9, n^o 3 (26 février 2020) : 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources9030021.

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Road infrastructure development is an existing, but not a frequent element of extractive industry benefit-sharing frameworks in remote northern regions. However, it is often at the center of extractive activity and inflicts major impact on environment and communities. This paper examines the benefits and impacts derived from development of informal roads, i.e., vehicular roadways beyond the current publicly-governed road networks constructed, maintained and/or used by various entities and individuals based on private, special purpose and/or informal practices and regulations. Based on several field studies, GIS analysis of road networks and examination of secondary sources, the article investigates the use of informal roads as a form of benefit-sharing and details their impact on mobilities, environment and livelihoods of local and indigenous communities in the Irkutsk Oil and Gas region, Russia. We argue that construction, maintenance and use of the industry-built roads can be a part of benefit-sharing agreements, albeit mostly semi-formal and negotiated. The gains and problems stemming from ‘trickle-down’ (i.e., unintended) effects of the road networks are the most significant. The community-relevant implications of informal roads go far beyond immediate impacts on surrounding environment, but deeply affect subsistence activities, mobility, food security, personal safety and even consumer preferences of the indigenous residents.

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Bygballe, Lena Elisabeth, Maria Endresen et Silje Fålun. « The role of formal and informal mechanisms in implementing lean principles in construction projects ». Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 25, n^o 10 (19 novembre 2018) : 1322–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ecam-07-2017-0138.

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Purpose Previous research shows that implementing lean construction is not a straightforward task. The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of formal and informal mechanisms in implementing lean principles in construction projects. Design/methodology/approach The paper draws on a single case study of the implementation of innovative lean principles in a public construction project in Norway. The study is based on qualitative data, including 17 semi-structured interviews with 21 individuals, document analysis, and observations in meetings and seminars, in addition to informal conversations. Findings Formal mechanisms, including contractual arrangements, have the potential to both facilitate and hamper the implementation of innovative lean principles in a construction project. They might create coherence, but at the same time they might limit the scope of the concept in such a way that others do not accept it. Informal mechanisms, including social and lateral relationships and trust aid implementation, both directly by creating commitment and by modifying the challenges that the formal mechanisms potentially incur. Formal mechanisms may, in turn, nurture the informal ones. Research limitations/implications The research is based on a single case study within the Norwegian public sector, which is dependent on specific public procurement regulations and subject to strong contractual traditions. Originality/value The research extends the existing knowledge of implementation of lean construction in the construction industry. It helps refining the understanding of the role played by formal and informal mechanisms, and the interplay between them in the implementation process. This knowledge is also relevant for process innovations in construction in general.

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Terry, Travis N., Pablo S. Burneo, Claudia M. Martinez, Juan Riofrio et Tonya Smith-Jackson. « Construction Safety and Informal Training : A Two Part Study ». Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 52, n^o 21 (septembre 2008) : 1723–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120805202107.

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Astrakhantsev, N. A., et D. Yu Turdakov. « Automatic construction and enrichment of informal ontologies : A survey ». Programming and Computer Software 39, n^o 1 (janvier 2013) : 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0361768813010039.

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Lewis, Jeffrey. « Informal integration and the supranational construction of the Council ». Journal of European Public Policy 10, n^o 6 (décembre 2003) : 996–1019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1350176032000148405.

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Appleton, Lynda, et Elizabeth Perkins. « The construction of help during radiotherapy : Redefining informal care ». Psycho-Oncology 26, n^o 12 (5 avril 2017) : 2057–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pon.4420.

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Burlotos, Christianos, Tracy L. Kijewski-Correa et Alexandros A. Taflanidis. « The Housing Market Value Chain : An Integrated Approach for Mitigating Risk in Informal Residential Construction in Haiti ». Sustainability 12, n^o 19 (28 septembre 2020) : 8006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12198006.

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Access to dignified housing represents a critical challenge for many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Technical and economic constraints frequently lead homeowners in these countries toward incrementally-constructed homes, which are often proven deadly when exposed to seismic or meteorological hazards. This paper offers a holistic analysis of the informal residential construction industry contextualized in Léogâne, Haiti, the effective epicenter of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, and offers an implementation framework geared towards integrating the housing delivery process to accommodate more resilient typologies. First, the concept of the housing ecosystem is introduced, and a thorough analysis of the technical, economic, and political factors that constrain this ecosystem in Haiti is presented. The defining elements of the resulting residential construction industry are then discussed: An informal blend of Design-Build and Master Builder methods of project delivery for incrementally-constructed (and largely masonry) permanent homes. The housing ecosystem is then redefined as a seven-step housing market value chain, and interventions to further strengthen and integrate this value chain are presented for each of the seven steps. Interventions are grounded in analogous contexts and refactored specifically for the Haitian case study scenario through extensive co-creation with stakeholders in Haiti. Particular focus is given to the Léogâne Community Building Fund, a concept designed to democratize housing finance for low to middle-income groups. When implemented in an integrated fashion, risks across this housing market value chain are effectively mitigated to sustainably deliver dignified housing through a market-based approach suitable for Haiti and extensible to other LMICs.

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YEBOAH, IAN E. A. « WHAT'S INFORMAL ABOUT THE INFORMAL SECTOR ? CULTURE AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF DEVELOPMENT IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA ». East African Geographical Review 20, n^o 1 (mars 1998) : 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00707961.1998.9756255.

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Grainger, Alan. « Uncertainty in the construction of global knowledge of tropical forests ». Progress in Physical Geography : Earth and Environment 34, n^o 6 (décembre 2010) : 811–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133310387326.

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Knowledge of tropical forest change remains uncertain, affecting our ability to produce accurate estimates of globally aggregated parameters to support clear global statements about ‘the tropical forests’. This paper reviews current methods for constructing global knowledge of changes in tropical forest area, carbon density, biodiversity and ecosystem services. It finds a deficiency in formal institutions for global measurement and constructing global knowledge. In their absence, informal institutions have proliferated, increasing the spread of estimates. This is exacerbated by dependence on inaccurate official statistics, which has limited construction of knowledge about forest area change through modelling. Employing the new concept of the Knowledge Exchange Chain shows the interdependence of different disciplines in constructing composite information. Limitations linked to compartmentalization and scale are present, as predicted by the ‘post-normal hypothesis’. Disciplinary compartmentalization has impeded construction of information about forest carbon and biodiversity change. There is growth in interdisciplinary research into modelling forest change and estimating carbon emissions using remote sensing data, but not in studying biodiversity. Continuing uncertainty has implications for implementing the Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) scheme. Uncertainty could be reduced by expanding formal scientific institutions, e.g. by establishing an operational scientific global forest monitoring system, and devising formal generic rules for constructing global environmental knowledge.

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Presswood, Rebecca, H. L. Thadani, Y. I. Go, Sheida Afshan et A. K. Rweyora. « Construction and energy aspects of affordable housing developments for formal settlements ». Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Urban Design and Planning 174, n^o 4 (novembre 2021) : 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jurdp.21.00025.

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Nearly one-quarter of the world's urban population lives in informal settlements or encampments, most in developing countries but increasingly also in the most affluent countries. Many residents live in overcrowded, insecure dwellings, without water and sanitation, fearful of eviction and subject to preventable life-threatening illnesses. UN Sustainable Development Goal 11: ‘Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable’ is committed to ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and upgrade slums by 2030. There is therefore an urgent need for more affordable and permanent housing to be developed. This paper presents a review of the construction and energy aspects of affordable housing developments for informal settlement dwellers. The conditions of existing informal settlements in Global South countries have been researched and various case studies of informal settlement upgrading programmes are presented. The potentials of solar energy technologies in development of green affordable houses in case study countries Uganda and Indonesia are assessed.

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Shahid, Amal. « Re ‘constructing’ Informality ». Journal of Labor and Society 24, n^o 1 (19 avril 2021) : 16–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24714607-20212001.

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Abstract In the latter half of the 19th century the Indian subcontinent was wrought with frequent famines. The colonial state provided relief to the affected population through employment on public works such as roads, canals and railways, in addition to charitable relief. Discussing working conditions, wages, and recruitment, this paper argues that famine labour was characterized by informality under a state regulated employment system, and explores how informality can be conceptualized in a historical context. Coinage of and the distinction between the terms formal and informal is fairly recent, being defined by degrees of state regulation and precarity. This paper, through the case of famine construction workers, offers evidence of practice and adds to the corpus of literature that challenges the distinction between the two terms. Therefore, the paper holds implications for current discussions on interpenetrations between formal and informal economies in the global south.

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