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1
MacIntosh, Elizabeth C. « Italy : defence industries and the arms trade, 1949-1989 ». Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/26707.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Italy became one of the major exporters of arms by the early 1980s, behind only the United States, the Soviet Union, and France. Although its position was later overtaken, it remained one of Europe's main producers and suppliers, without the presence of pronounced military and foreign policy ambitions at the state level. The military industries grew as a result of Italy's close association with other Western and in particular the American defence establishment beginning in the late 1940s. The Italians had access to some of the most advanced military technology through co-production and licence arrangements with its senior allies. By the 1970s, the defence area became the fastest growing sector of the Italian economy when markets were exploited mainly in the Third World. Although about two-thirds of the industry was state-owned, Italian businessmen acted independently in selling arms through Italian trade networks which thrived with very little government direction or intervention. The absence of government assistance actually appeared to favour the export of Italian weapons, because the lack of interest in the sector also meant that Italy maintained perhaps the most lenient export legislation in the West. As the industry expanded, manufacturers availed themselves increasingly of representatives of the foreign trade ministry, the secret services and military attaches abroad in the promotion of Italian war equipment. And as Italy came into the circle of the world's major economic powers, its politicans attempted for a time to adopt the defence industry as a tool of international prestige. However supporters of the industry did not resolve the contradiction between the low priority Italy continued to give to defence and foreign policy, and the success of the country's industrialists in supplying arms to areas of tension. As business began to decline sharply in the late 1980s for Italy's defence firms, industrialists turned to the possibility of reconversion programs.
2
Crosato, Dario <1993>. « Made in Italy hidden champions : an analysis of three growing industries ». Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/12762.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This dissertation will deal with the analysis of Made in Italy hidden champions in the pharmaceutical, cosmetics and chemical industries. These industries have been selected because they have shown the biggest growth rate in the last years. The analysis aims at understanding how these companies faced the challenges inside their sectors and the higher competitiveness which characterized them. The first part is based on Hermann Simon’s studies of hidden champions’ phenomenon and it presents the explanations of their characteristics and the criteria used to classify a company as an hidden champion. The second part is devoted to the analysis of the three selected sectors and to the introduction of Italian hidden champions. Hermann Simon’s criteria have been used to select the companies and other two thresholds, average revenues growth over 10% and average EBITDA growth over 5%, have been added in order to focus on the best hidden champions. Moreover, reports of Farmindustria, Federchimica, Cosmetica Italia and companies’ websites have been taken into consideration to highlight the most important trends. The last part presents the selected companies performances in order to understand how these companies underpinned competitiveness in the selected period.
3
Lucifora, Claudio. « Alternative theories of wage determination : the case of Italy ». Thesis, University of Warwick, 1991. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/108885/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis is an empirical study of wage determination mechanisms in the context of the Italian economy. The research presented here addresses a number of issues concerning theories of wage determination, and investigates their relevance for a better understanding of the functioning of labour markets. In particular, the thesis intends to evaluate the adequacy of traditional competitive theory for the explanation of several labour market phenomena. The approach adopted uses econometric techniques and micro-data (at the individual level) to investigate the determinants of pay levels and the structure of wages in Italian manufacturing industry. The vast literature on wage determination of the post-war era extensively documented the existence of large and persistent wage differentials among industries and workers of comparable skills. The empirical evidence analysed in this work suggests that the structure of relative industry wages is very stable over-time. The results obtained provide no evidence in support of the view that wage dispersion can be explained by either unmeasured workers characteristics or compensating wage differentials. Conversely, the pattern of industry-occupation wage differentials seems to suggest that rent sharing mechanisms and fairness considerations are important determinants of wage levels. A significant wage dispersion was also detected among firms operating in the same sector. Firm size, product market conditions and firm's financial structure, through their effect on ability-to-pay, proved to be central features of firms' pay policies. Firm's profitability, in contrast with the view commonly held, showed a positive impact on wage levels. A common finding of empirical studies on wages is that women are paid less than comparable male workers. Our findings for the Italian economy indicate that, although male/female pay differences - on average - are not large in magnitude, nevertheless women tend to be segregated in low pay jobs with poor advancement prospects. In Italy, wage formation is characterised by a two-stage procedure. In the first stage, negotiation between trade unions and employers set a wage level which can be subsequently modified, in the second stage, by overpayments at the firm level. This second stage originates the so called "wage drift". The analysis in this thesis considers the empirical relevance of wage drift, in pay setting mechanisms, for productivity and bargained wage levels. A positive effect of overpayments on productivity was detected and an efficiency wage interpretation is offered. Finns' discretionary payments were shown to be shaped so as to reduce shirking, increase effort and retain high quality workers. Finally, if labour relationships are characterised by long term employer- employee attachment then the traditional "spot” labour market characterisation does not appear well suited to explain job tenure. A "career" labour market interpretation, where internal rather than external mobility is important, can provide a better framework of analysis. The analysis of the determinants of job duration showed that: high educational attainments, work experience and firm size - ceteris paribus - have a negative impact on the probability of job separation.
4
Moro, Francesca <1991>. « Cultural and Creative industries in North - East Italy - from firm analysis to policies ». Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/11731.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis focuses on some characteristic features of the creative industries located in north-east Italy in order to address them targeted policies.
The first step, in trying to outline a description of creative industries, has been to analyze the literature of different European Countries. The outcome is a confused set of classifications very different from one another which do not permit to create a uniform category. Despite all the studies, a shared convention on the “cultural and creative industry” definition is still missing. This reflects in individualizing those sectors which constitute the “cultural and creative industry” area; consequently the data identified in different Countries are not comparable.
The second part of the thesis, having noticed the absence of a definition has been dedicated to outline a complete description of the Italian north-eastern creative industries. The aim has been achieved by a survey submitted to a panel of 343 selected creative firms located in Veneto, Trentino Alto Adige and Friuli Venezia Giulia regions. In this way a set of data has been collected, regarding the economic and financial structure, sales, business strategy, innovation, competitive advantages and major obstacles.
This analysis has collected high level of agreement on the same answers, allowing to outline a complete identikit starting from the size of the creative firms in terms of turnover and employment until the common competitive advantages and the policies they consider useful for their development.
The third part concerns the analysis of policies addressed to creative industries in different European Countries. In many countries, policies for creative industries are at the top of the political agendas, whereas in Italy it is still absent an explicit strategy for this sector. It could be useful to learn from the successful targeted policies put in place by other countries that precede us.
5
Rodriguez, d’Acri Costanza. « Bridging the divide : firms and institutional variety in Italy ». Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2011. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/159/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The underperformance of Italy’s macroeconomy is common knowledge, yet empirical evidence has shown that a high quality segment of Italian export oriented firms has outperformed international competitors although the country lacks practically all attributes of a coordinated market economy. This thesis shows that the ability of firms to produce high quality goods in Italy is linked to the practice of "capital skill asset pooling" within a novel model of production organisation, "disintegrated hierarchy". "Capital-skill asset pooling" follows from the vertical disintegration of production functions across firms and entails the sharing of production assets between firms governed by heterogeneous institutional frameworks. Through the comparisons of firm-level case studies across three industries, the thesis shows that two simultaneous conditions are necessary for "capitalskill asset pooling" to develop: 1) the presence of lead firms endowed with patient capital, and 2) the presence small suppliers endowed with firm-, industry- and product-specific skills. This finding complements the Varieties of Capitalism literature by showing that firms can produce high or diversified quality goods in the absence of the necessary institutional preconditions by developing functional substitutes to coordinated market economy assets through "capital-skill asset pooling".
6
Leporc, Amandine Assunta Marine. « Des friches industrielles à l’expansion des industries créatives : le rôle du patrimoine industriel dans le développement local en France et en Italie ». Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/29097.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Ce mémoire se concontre sur la construction contemporaine des
villes grâce au rôle des friches industrielles réhabilitées, réutilisées et
intégrées dans les plans d’aménagement urbain et dans les politiques
de développement au niveau local. Il se penchera sur le processus de
régénération urbaine grâce aux friches industrielles qui représentent de
nouvelles ressources économique, sociale, identitaire, culturelle pour
améliorer l’attractivité des territoires qui ont été touchés pendant la
période de désindustrialisation. Et pour ce faire, nous suivrons un
cheminement des années 1980 jusqu’à nos jours en France et en Italie,
deux pays européens en quête d’espaces stimulants pour l’innovation
et la créativité dans le cadre de la valorisation du patrimoine industriel
et d’un processus de développement durable. Il s’agira alors de
s’intéresser au lien entre passé et technologie d’aujourd’hui en
s’attachant au développement des industries culturelles et créatives
comme nouvelle opportunité dans le processus de reconversion des
friches industrielles; Abstract:
This dissertation focuses on the contemporary construction of
cities through the role of brownfield sites that are rehabilitated, reused
and integrated into urban development plans and local development
policies. It will look at the process of urban regeneration thanks to
brownfield sites, which represent new economic, social, identity and
cultural resources to improve the attractiveness of the territories that
were affected during the period of deindustrialization. And to do this,
we will follow a path from the 1980s to the present day in France and
Italy, two European countries in search of stimulating spaces for
innovation and creativity in the framework of the enhancement of
industrial heritage and a process of sustainable development. The aim
will be to examine the link between the past and today's technology by
focusing on the development of cultural and creative industries as a
new opportunity in the process of reconversion of industrial
wastelands.
7
Sánchez, Serra Daniel. « Determinants of the concentration of creative industries in Europe : a comparison between Spain, Italy, France, United Kingdom and Portugal ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/377431.
Texte intégralRésumé :
La tesis analiza los determinantes de la localización de las industrias creativas utilizando microdatos de empresas. Se utiliza un modelo adaptado para distinguir el efecto de las fuerzas económicas generales y de las fuerzas específicas creativas sobre la localización de las industrias creativas. El modelo se aplica a los sistemas locales de trabajo de cinco países europeos: Francia, Italia, Portugal, España y Reino Unido. Los resultados revelan que las economías externas tradicionales (economías de localización y de urbanización) afectan a la localización de las industrias creativas y se complementan con fuerzas específicas creativas. Además, se observan diferencias a nivel nacional y supra-nacional con relación a los principales determinantes de la localización de las industrias creativas. El estudio constituye así pues una base empírica para el diseño de políticas destinadas a estimular la capacidad de los territorios para atraer la creatividad y la innovación, según los objetivos definidos por la Comisión Europea.This thesis examines the determinants of localisation of creative industries by using plant-level microdata. The thesis proposes a model tailored to differentiate the effect of general-economic and specific-creative forces on the localisation of creative industries. The model is applied to the local labour systems of five European countries, namely, France, Italy, Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom. On the one hand, the results show that traditional external economies (localisation and urbanisation externalities) affect the location of creative industries, complemented by the effect of specific creative forces. On the other hand, differences are observed at the national level and at the supra-national level with regard to the main drivers fostering the localisation of creative industries. The results offer a novel insight into the determinants of location of creative industries. The work provides thus some empirical basis for the design of policies that may boost the capacity of territories for creativity and innovation, in line with the objectives set out by the European Commission.
8
Giugliano, Ferdinando. « Industrial policy and productivity growth in Fascist Italy ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:982ff041-a460-4d62-9973-d6431b6b3092.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The first chapter - Crisis? Which Crisis? - constructs a new series of industrial value added at constant (1938) prices for Italy, for the period between 1928 and 1938. The data employed are shown to be better indicators of the dynamic of the Great Depression than those used by Carreras and Felice (2010) and allow to substantially revise the profile of the Crisis. The contraction appears to be more pronounced and persistent, placing the Italian experience more in line with that of other industrialised countries. The second chapter - The Italian Climacteric - presents new estimates of total factor productivity growth for Italy over the Fascist era and compares them with analogous ones for the pre-World War One period and for Germany and Britain. Because of the absence of a fully reliable GDP series, a dual growth accounting framework is employed. This approach permits the incorporation of new data on land rents and of new evidence on the returns to human capital. Results show that during the interwar era Italy experienced a “climacteric", defined as a cessation of TFP growth, which compares poorly with the coeval performance of Britain and Germany. This disappointing result contrasts vividly with what occurred in the late liberal Italy, when TFP grew less quickly than in Germany, but faster than in Britain. The third chapter - A Tale of Two Fascisms - offers the first quantitative assessment of labour productivity dynamics within the Italian industrial sector and of their links with Fascist competition policy. We argue that the institutional context in which Italian firms operated and, in particular, changes in the level of product market competition had a significant effect in determining their productivity performance. By relying on a new dataset and on new labour productivity estimates, we show that the earlier more liberal period of the Fascist era was characterised by a true productivity boom, which ended following the switch to a more interventionist industrial policy. Panel data evidence shows that reductions in the level of competition in the industrial sector were associated with lower productivity growth, while changes in industrial structure were a less significant factor.
9
Hnizda, Marek. « Re-inhabiting an industrial ruin Castellammare di Stabia, Italy / ». College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/8336.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Thesis (M. Arch.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2008.Thesis research directed by: School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
10
Belussi, Fiorenza. « Industrial innovation and firm development in Italy : the Veneto case ». Thesis, University of Sussex, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297118.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In recent years there has been a considerable interest, both theoretical and empirical, on the analysis of the nature, sources, and speed of diffusion of technological change, stemming from the importance of technological activities in determining the economic performance of the most industrialised market economies. During the last decade, at the international level, two models in particular have attracted attention for their dramatic path of growth: the Japanese system and the "Third Italy" model, the latter based on small firm development and on an extensive inter-firm division of labour. This thesis explores "empirically" the nature of technological capacities in a selected sample of more than 100 firms located in one of the regions more representative of the "Third Italy" model - the Veneto region - and shows the (partially achieved) process of technological catching-up. It develops a rich range of indicators for testing the innovative capability of firms, which derive from an ample reflection on the nature of the industrial innovation and the determinants of industrial organisation, conducted in the first two (theoretical) chapters. Links to strategy, organisation, and firm competitiveness are also highlighted. The author examines in chapters 3~ 4, 5, and 6 the performance of the industrial structure analysed, where R&D activities scores very low, showing the various models of firms' technological learning, the importance of innovation acquisition, and the weight of internal improvements in driving the, evolutionary strategy of each individual firm. In the light of the "Third Italy" debate, which emerged after the Piore and Sabel publication in 1984, the thesis challenges the over-simplistic explanation of the ,existence of small-based industrial structures. This research illustrates the main factors structuring growth and size, and the recent tendency found towards the re-centralisation of the industrial structure. This work follows the seminal contribution of Pavitt (1984), where some regularities were found, within specific groups of firms ("science based", "scale intensive", "specialised suppliers", "scale intensiveltraditional", and "traditional"). In our sample, the prevailing small-size of firms appeared strongly correlated to the diffused presence of fIrms belonging to "traditional sectors" and to "specialised suppliers". In this perspective, the firms' evolution does not seem to be related at all to the adoption of non-Fordist techniques, but it derives from: a) the origin and rate of growth of the industrial structure, b) the influence of the firm's "governance", c) the sectoral inter-firm division of labour, d) the extent of the market, and, e) dynamically, the exploitation of technological change. In chapter 7, an econometric test has been applied to verify the positive relationship between innovation and firm growth.
11
Marangoni, Francesca <1989>. « INDUSTRIAL TOURISM:THE SHOW OF LABOUR, A NEW CHANCE FOR ITALY ». Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/7867.
Texte intégralRésumé :
THIS PAPER IS MEANT TO CLARIFY THE ROLE OF INDUSTRIAL TOURISM IN ITALY. THIS IS DONE BY AN OVERVIEW ON DIFFERENT COUNTRIES AROUND THE WORLD, TO UNDERSTAND WHAT HAS BEEN DONE AND HOW WE CAN IMPROVE OUR NATIONAL SITUATION. THE LAST CHAPTER WILL SHOW THE CASE OF AN ITALIAN START-UP, "ITALIANSTORIES", THAT IS PROMOTING THIS NEW CULTURE AMONG THE COUNTRY IN THE MOST UNIFORM WAY POSSIBLE.
12
Burlina, Chiara. « Industrial Districts, Inter-firm networks and Internationalisation. Evidence from Italy ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3427162.
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This thesis is composed of three chapters developed within international business, industrial districts and network theories. The debate on internationalisation and location of manufacturing activities has been widely analysed in the literature, however I think there is still room for improvement by adapting the general scenario to the specific context of industrial districts or networks as well. Furthermore, firms should be considered not just as single entities isolated form the local context, but regional and local factors could influence their behaviours and their profitability. For these reasons, it is important to take into consideration the surrounding environment where social capital and value creation through innovation might impact firm’s performances (domestically and internationally). The framework of industrial districts and local characteristics is commonly recognised as a key feature of the Italian scenario, where small and medium size firms are closely located and can take the advantages of sectoral specialisation to foster productivity and knowledge spillovers. After revising the literature on these themes, the Thesis aims to deeper investigate the link between the location of manufacturing activities at the national and global scale and its effects over firm’s performances, empirically testing this relation for industrial district firms and networks in Italy.Questa tesi è composta da tre saggi focalizzati principalmente sui temi di Internazionalizzazione, Distretti Industriali e Reti di Imprese. Il dibattito sull’internazionalizzazione e la localizzazione delle attività manifatturiere è stato scrupolosamente approfondito dalla letteratura, ma risultano di interesse, sia a livello teorico che empirico, studi relativi all’adattamento della teoria generale al contesto specifico dei distretti industriali e delle alleanze tra imprese. Le imprese non devono essere considerate solamente come strutture atomistiche isolate dall’ ambiente circostante. Caratteristiche regionali e locali possono interessare il loro comportamento e la loro profittabilità. Per questo motivo, è importante considerare anche alcuni fattori a livello locale come il capitale sociale e la creazione di valore (attraverso l’innovazione) e il loro impatto sulla performance di impresa, sia sul mercato domestico che internazionale. I distretti industriali, così come alleanze e gruppi di impresa, sono riconosciuti su scala internazionale quali peculiarità del panorama economico Italiano, dove piccole e medie imprese condividono lo stesso territorio e specializzazione industriale. Alla prossimità geografica e settoriale sono a loro volta legati l’aumento della produttività di impresa e una più rapida diffusione della conoscenza. Dopo aver approfondito la letteratura relativa ai temi appena riportati, l’obiettivo che questa Tesi si pone è di investigare la connessione tra la localizzazione delle attività manifatturiere sia a livello locale che globale, cogliendo l’impatto di questa sulla performance aziendale delle imprese dei distretti industriali e di quelle aderenti ai contratti di rete.
13
De, Felice Annunziata. « Social capabilities and innovation : a case of industrial district in southern Italy ». Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/social-capabilities-and-innovationa-case-of-industrial-district-in-southern-italy(dcd4b813-d419-4ba9-8c54-a7f04067b961).html.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The aim of this research is to analyze the key role that knowledge, Social Capabilities and innovations play in the transfer and diffusion of tacit knowledge in an industrial district and how this creates new knowledge and innovation. The study is also focused on a measure of Social Capabilities within a district using a composite indicator and we investigate the effective role of these inputs in stimulating innovative activity in an industrial district performance. The analysis, measuring Social Capabilities, requires data collection using a questionnaire designed to obtain information which permit the development of qualitative and quantitative indicators. In contrast with the neoclassical production function, where economic growth depends only on traditional resources such as capital, labour and technology, which is an exogenous datum, in the cognitive approach we must consider the residual variables of Social Capabilities and knowledge. These, in fact, represent the key variables to understand the recent structural changes and competitiveness of an industrial district. In this work, the peculiarity of knowledge rests on Social Capabilities or social abilities to increase the process of the accumulation of knowledge and of the network broadening. The former depends on the degree of cumulativeness, and appropriability, represented by the capacity of new knowledge to generate further new knowledge and innovation. The greater is the degree of appropriability of knowledge and in particular of tacit knowledge, the smaller becomes the capacity for its diffusion in a district and its growth. A higher level of knowledge and Social Capabilities corresponds to a higher degree of innovation. The diffusion of the network depends on the degree of cooperation and on the positive externalities of an industrial district. In the theoretical part, the discussion focuses on the concept of knowledge and of Social Capabilities, on the different typologies of knowledge, its creation and diffusion in firm networks utilizing Nonaka and Takeuchi’s model, on the nature and definition of Social Capabilities in the industrial district and on the relationship among these and innovation. The empirical aspect is based upon original results of surveys carried out on a sample of entrepreneurs in Southern Italy specializing in a special industrial district composed of wedding dresses and baby dresses utilizing a multi-method approach. To highlight the relationship existing between innovation and Social Capabilities, we chose our sample within three categories, classical, innovative and traditional/fashion utilizing the academic classification. We measure Social Capabilities, we describe the Social Capabilities diffusion in the case study and finally we present our empirical analysis estimating an innovation equation.
14
Angelini, Simone <1993>. « Industrial relations between Italy and Chongqing : A focus on Liangjiang New Area ». Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/13582.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The aim of this master’s degree thesis is to provide an overall description of the existing industrial relations between Italy and Chongqing, with a particular attention to those ones located in the Liangjiang New Area, the third national development new area after Shanghai Pudong New Area and Tianjin Binhai New Area. The thesis is divided into three chapters. The first describes the present situation of Chongqing taking into consideration its geographical position, the modern and contemporary history, its strategic orientation in the “Belt and Road Initiative”, as well as the policies that allowed Chongqing to become an important city for foreign investments in China. The second chapter provides an exhaustive description not only of the existing Italian investments in Chongqing, but also of the investments of Chongqing enterprises in Italy, analyzing which are the main kinds of investment preferred by Italian companies investing in Chongqing and Chongqing companies who have chosen Italy as a connection bridge with Europe. The third chapter focuses on the present situation of Chongqing Liangjiang New Area, its establishment, preferential policies for foreign investments, and main industrial sectors. The last part of the chapter will focus on the recent establishment of the Sino-Italy Industrial Park and Sino-Italy Investment Promotion Center, both located within Liangjiang New Area. The investment made by UFI Filters, Italian leading global manufacturer of filtration systems, after the establishment of the above mentioned industrial park, will be the closing part of the last chapter.
15
Michelotti, Marco 1970. « Changing employment protection systems : the comparative evolution of labour standards in Australia and Italy 1979 to 2000 ». Monash University, Dept. of Management, 2003. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/5612.
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Rabellotti, Roberta. « External economics and cooperation in industrial districts : a comparison of Italy and Mexico ». Thesis, University of Sussex, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262629.
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17
Mariotti, Ilaria. « Firm relocation and regional policy : a focus on Italy, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom / ». Utrecht [u.a.] : Royal Dutch Geographical Society [u.a.], 2005. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0707/2007385398.html.
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18
Missiaia, Anna. « Industrial location, market access and economic development : regional patterns in post-unification Italy ». Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2014. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1078/.
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What accounts for the differences in the economic performance across Italian regions in the post-Unification period? This thesis seeks to explain the regional patterns of economic development and industrialization in Italy in the period 1871-1911 by applying various Economic Geography models. The first part follows Overman and Puga (2002) and studies the distribution of industrial employment across regions. The aim is to test the effect of regional borders on the distribution of industrial employment. The existence of this border effect, tested through the use of provincial data, suggests that the Italian regions in this period represented meaningful economic entities. By testing the effect of pre-1861 borders we link this result to the persistence of pre-Unification institutional arrangements. The second part follows the methodology by Head and Mayer (2011) and investigates the relationship between economic performance and market access. Here market access is captured through market potential, a measure of the centrality of a region based on GDP and transport costs. The main result is that domestic market potential is a strong determinant of GDP per capita while all the formulations of market potential that include trading partners give more mixed results. The last part seeks to explain the location of industries in Italy in the period 1871–1911. The analytical framework takes into account both the Heckscher-Ohlin (H-O) theory on factor endowment and the New Economic Geography (NEG) theory on access to markets. The methodology used here is based on Midelfart-Knarvik et al. (2000). The location of industries, measured through employment per region per sector, is explained with interactions between characteristics of the regions and characteristics of the sectors, of both H-O and NEG-type. The main findings of this chapter are that endowments, and in particular human capital, were the driving force behind the first Italian industrialization while access to markets had a more limited effect.
19
Hultquist, Andy. « An evaluation and comparison of geographically targeted economic development programs in Ohio and Piedmont, Italy ». Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1180463786.
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20
Moses, Julia Margaret. « Industrial accident compensation policies, state and society in Britain, Germany and Italy, 1870-1925 ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609115.
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21
Clara, Michele. « The establishment of cooperative institutions in the chair-manufacturing industrial district of Manzano (Italy) ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.624988.
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22
Michelotti, Marco 1970. « Changing employment protection systemsthe comparative evolution of labour standards in Australia and Italy 1979 to 2000 / ». Monash University, Dept. of Management, 2003. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/7618.
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23
Serri, Niccolò. « The Cassa Integrazione Guadagni, unemployment welfare and industrial conflict in post-war Italy, 1941-1987 ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2019. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/290300.
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This PhD thesis tracks the history of the Italian unemployment welfare during the second half of the twentieth century, offering an account of why the Italian system of social security never established a universal safety net against unemployment, choosing instead a social policy system targeted on the core industrial workforce. During the post-war period, Italian unemployment insurance remained severely lacking compared to other European countries. To compensate, the country relied on the Cassa Integrazione Guadagni (CIG), a short time work scheme providing a wage replacement allowance to compensate employees in the industrial sector for a temporary reduction of their working time. Starting from the late 1960s, the scope and duration of the CIG were progressively expanded to tackle manpower redundancies, catering for the weakness of other forms of support. During the 1970s and the 1980s, short time emerged as the chief instrument to cushion the economic and social consequences of the industrial crisis of the country. This thesis explains the peculiar characteristics of the Italian unemployment welfare model as a consequence of the country's pattern of labour conflict, showing how industrial relations and social policy influenced one another. In the early postwar decades, while the unions were organisationally weak, the CIG emerged as a less expensive alternative to general unemployment insurance. This engendered a path dependent effect. Following the rise of industrial unrest and the strengthening of organised labour in the early 1970s, unions and employers favoured the increasing use of the CIG so as to protect their respective interests for job security and manpower flexibility, at the expense of the weaker strata of the labour market. Far from being a simple instrument of income maintenance, the CIG played a key role in shaping social relations of production at the work-place level and was used to diffuse industrial conflict on the shop floor. With the onset of deindustrialisation, during the 1980s, the CIG became a powerful tool for the demobilisation of organised labour.
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Galea, Salvatore. « Recycling industrial architecture into the city fabric : the "Progetto-Bicocca" Pirelli International Competition, Milan, Italy ». Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/66344.
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Jiménez, Zehnder Georgina Noemi. « Industrial districts and innovation systems. the case of agricultural machinery industry in Argentina and Italy ». Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/243069.
Texte intégralRésumé :
L'obiettivo della mia tesi è stato quello di condurre un'analisi congiunta dei distretti industriali e dei sistemi d'innovazione da un punto di vista empirico.
Il mio lavoro è stato impostato su uno studio comparativo di un distretto industriale di macchine agricole in Argentina ed uno in Italia rilevando i loro punti deboli e di forza e contribuendo ad un'analisi comparativa del sistema d'innovazione in un paese sviluppato (Italia) ed in un altro in via di sviluppo (Argentina).
A tal fine ho condotto una disamina dell'industria metalmeccanica e dell'industria mondiale delle macchine agricole confrontando i settori italiani e argentini.
Infine ho considerato, il conglomerato industriale della città di Las Parejas (Santa Fe-Argentina) e della Regione Marche (Italia) osservando come essi siano due distretti industriali in un sistema innovativo influenzati dalla sua storia, dalla sua cultura e dal suo contesto giuridico ed istituzionale, variabili, queste, che attraverso la loro influenza hanno ritardato o spinto lo sviluppo del settore.The purpose of the thesis was to conduct an analysis of industrial districts and innovation systems de manera conjunta desde un punto de vista empírico. I made a comparative study of an industrial district of agricultural machinery in Argentina and one in Italy; noting weaknesses and strengths, thus contributing with a comparative analysis of the innovation system, applied in a developed country (Italy) and another in a developing country (Argentina). For this I conducted a study of the metal-mechanic industry, the global agricultural machinery industry, in contrast with Italian and Argentine sectors. For it I considered, the industrial conglomerate of the city of Las Parejas (Santa Fe-Argentina) and Marche Region (Italy), observing that are two industrial districts in an innovative system, that are influenced by its history, its culture, and its legal and institutional context; variables that through their influence, have delayed or driven the development of the sector.
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Brachi, Paola. « Fluidized Bed Torrefaction of Agro-Industrial Residues : the Case Study of Residues from Campania Region, Italy ». Doctoral thesis, Universita degli studi di Salerno, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10556/2187.
Texte intégralRésumé :
2014 - 2015The purpose of this Ph.D. project was to investigate the potential of the torrefaction treatment for upgrading low-value agro-industrial residues into useable solid fuels to be employed as high-quality energy carriers. The first phase of the project involved a screening of the agro-industrial residues available in Campania region (Italy) with good potentiality for energy applications. As a result of this analysis, tomato processing residues and olive mill residues, which have stood out as those in need of a more sustainable and environmental friendly disposal solution, were at first selected as biomass feedstocks for this Ph.D. project. However, practical difficulties encountered in the pre-treatment of the virgin olive husk (i.e., specifically in reducing the size of olives stone fragments which compose olive mill residues together with the olive pulp) led afterwards to discard such residue as a potential feedstock for the subsequent lab-scale torrefaction tests... [edited by author]
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Rezazadeh-Khamnei, Fariba. « The administration of the arts in Great Britain, the United States of America and Italy ». Thesis, City University London, 1990. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/7764/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The following discourse takes three countries, each well known in its for its artistic treasury and arts, looks at the way each handles the administration of its arts, and tries to draw lines of similitude as well as disparity between each and the other two. Reference has been made to as many works of research as available to the writer, but a considerable amount of field work has also been undertaken to find facts and examples at first hand. In the case of each country, specific attention has been paid - in the area of supporting, maintaining and providing for the arts - to the public sector with its various tentacles and the private sector in its different forms and with itsdifferent motives. This has been done in such a manner as to make an overall comparison possible and, where applicable, to show where one country could benefit from a practice prevalent in another or how one country's meat could turn out to be another's poison. The ultimate purpose behind the study is not, however, merely to document statistical facts and figures or to look at the business of administering the arts as a rigid set of rules, regulations or even requirements, but to use the facts and figures obtained in the study and the practical applications observed in the three countries studied to investigate the nature of the quandary in which many seem to find the arts, and to examine the possibility of yet another attempt at resolving it. History is for others to write after the fact; any one generation's contribution to - it can at best be the notation of instances and a description of influences brought to bear upon them. The present work is not trying even to do that. To the writer, the arts are a world unto themselves and even though they have to be made to face. Economic reality and suffer administrative discipline, this should be done in such a manner as not to curb the artist himself; for as Keynes said, the true artist 'walks where the breath of the spirit blows him: he cannot be told his direction.' It is with that attitude that the writer looks at the subject of arts administration and tries to assess its possibilities, and impossibilities.
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Clark, Royston. « The Mesolithic hunters of the Trentino : a case study in hunter-gatherer settlement and subsistence from Northern Italy / ». Oxford : British archaeological reports, 2000. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37199141d.
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Marfella, Claudia. « Art, industrial design, science and popular culture : modernism and cross-disciplinarity in Italy and Great Britain, 1948-1963 ». Thesis, Kingston University, 2015. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/33746/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Conceived inside a chronological frame, which starts in 1948, the year the Institute of Contemporary Arts in London founded, and ends in 1963, when Gillo Dorfles wrote a crucial essay on industrial design, concluding more than a decade of discussions, the thesis aims to examine some artistic and cultural phenomena identified in Italy and Great Britain, and seen as the acknowledgement or as the reaction to modernity. Topics and fields taken in consideration within the thesis are technology, science (fact and fiction), vision of the future, the relationship between arts and the awareness of industrial design as a new discipline. All these aspects, that might seems unusual in relationship with visual arts, are perceived as the expression of a second phase of Modernism. The British personalities included in the thesis are Reyner Banham, Richard Hamilton, Nigel Henderson, John McHale, Eduardo Paolozzi, Alison and Peter Smithson, all members of the Independent Group. With the presence of architects, visual artists, photographers, critics and, in a broader sense, designers, the group encompassed a variety of popular interests, with the inclusion of mass‐produced goods. The Italian figures presented in the thesis – Gillo Dorfles, Bruno Munari, Ettore Sottsass and Giuseppe Pinot‐Gallizio – focused on industrial design objects, viewed as a new artistic branch, to promote, to plan or to question. Other recurring figures analysed in the thesis are Max Bill, Asger Jorn and Tomás Maldonado, who give international connections to the themes and British and Italian personalities examined. In order to provide a wider understanding of the 1950s and their crucial function in the story of post‐war Europe, the thesis aims to emphasise the role played at different level by British and Italian visual artists, designers and critics, and explain the reasons that, in the following decade, would push Italy in its industrial miracle and Great Britain at the peak for its popular culture, pop music and fashion creativity.
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Turk, Mustafa. « Substituting Natural Gas with Solar Energy in Industrial Heating Applications : A Multiple Case Study within Italy and Spain ». Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Industriell teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-447350.
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With the increasing awareness of global warming and the need for limiting greenhouse gas emissions, several sectors are witnessing comprehensive transformations towards sustainable generation and consumption. The European Union can be considered the home for most of these transformations given the union’s efforts to enable decarbonization through regulatory frameworks and initiatives. However, one overlooked source of carbon emissions is the industrial heating sector which is heavily dependent on fossil fuel. Emerging technologies such as solar thermal could provide a solution for limiting the greenhouse gases emitted by this sector. This study examines the factors influencing the diffusion of solar thermal technology and its potential for substituting natural gas in the industrial heating sector. Specifically, the study examines the thermal energy supply side as being a potential facilitator for the diffusion of solar thermal technology. Certain elements from Everett Rogers’ (1995) work on the diffusion of innovations are applied to solar thermal technology along with the concept of lead users by Hippel (1986). The study follows a qualitative approach in collecting and analyzing data through interviews and document analysis. Experts from the energy sector were interviewed along with examining public documents of two major utility companies. The findings suggest that utility companies examined, despite their evident decarbonization efforts, do not represent a suitable vehicle for the diffusion of solar thermal technology. Instead, a business model based on energy efficiency could be the possible breakthrough for this technology. Finally, the study concludes with suggestions for possible actions to expedite the diffusion of solar thermal in the industrial sector.
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Asquer, Alberto. « Implementing regulatory reforms in multi-level governance systems : the case of the reform of the water sector in Italy (1994-2006) ». Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2012. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/543/.
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Within the field of regulation policy and politics, various scholarly works have examined policy reforms intended to change the regulation of large-scale infrastructure-based public service industries. Relatively little attention has been placed, however, on the jagged and ineffectual implementation of regulatory reforms that especially takes place when the implementation context includes features of a multi-level governance system. For reasons especially related to the technical, economic, and territorial characteristics of infrastructure and sub-national governments' political responsibilities towards local communities, within this type of scenario the implementation of regulatory reforms tends to exhibit high levels of political confrontation between actors of the reformed infrastructure industry, with respect to what is ordinarily experienced when a regulatory reform is implemented by public agencies or any body of the executive at the central level. This thesis aims to contribute furthering our understanding of the political economy of implementing regulatory reforms by conducting an exploratory case study whose episode is the implementation stage of the 12 year long (1994-2006) policy cycle to liberalise, re-regulate, and privatise Italy’s (drinking water and waste) water sector. The main explanatory issues at stake relate to why the implementation trajectory changed over time (i.e., a period of obstructed implementation was followed by one of accelerated execution of the policy reform content) and across space (i.e., implementation progressed faster in Alto Valdarno in Tuscany than elsewhere in the country). The analysis of the case is conducted by following two alternative theoretical approaches in turn, namely institutional rational choice and institutional processualism. Answers to these questions provide some evidence for qualifying existing generalised arguments about the policy. process of implementing regulatory reforms and for assessing the relative strengths and weaknesses of alternative theoretical perspectives.
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JEQUIER, Camille Anne. « Techno-economy of hard osseous materials between Middle and Upper Palaeolithic in Norhern Italy and Slovenia ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2389048.
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PARODI, LUCA. « Design & ; Crafts in Italia : l'altra origine degli oggetti. Gli scenari futuri dell'handmade. Tra artigianato, industria e Made in Italy ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Genova, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11567/1091898.
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La ricerca, un viaggio tutto italiano intorno alla relazione contemporanea tra design e handmade, vuole essere il risultato di una condivisione di intenti e contributi incrociati che ha permesso di costruire attorno ad un ambito importante quale la disciplina del design, una linea di pensiero trasmissibile e aperta ad ulteriori sviluppi, con l’obiettivo di proporre una possibile analisi del panorama attuale mettendo a sistema una selezione ragionata di autori e progetti che, negli ultimi dieci anni, hanno lasciato una traccia significativa anche a livello internazionale, riconducibili ad un fenomeno-movimento identificato come Design & Crafts. Un lavoro coinvolgente, che ha avuto come premessa alcune considerazioni circa il sistema del design italiano, la relazione tra artigianato e industria del secolo scorso, il ruolo della cultura manifatturiera e lo sconfinamento che sta segnando la diffusione di una tendenza pronta a tracciare traiettorie alternative del design Made in Italy. Tali valutazioni sono basate sull’esistenza di un nuovo tipo di percorso, parallelo all’industrial design, che appare assolutamente contemporaneo e frutto di trasformazioni concettuali e formali in sintonia con la cultura internazionale.
La ricognizione prende il via da una indagine attorno all’allargamento di campo di cui è stato protagonista negli ultimi dieci anni il mondo del progetto, e alla conseguente evoluzione della figura del designer, nel tentativo di capire come è cambiato, e sta cambiando, l’approccio alla progettazione degli oggetti.
Il fenomeno è ancora in fieri, e anche se provare a sintetizzare lo svolgersi di un’operazione che si ha ancora sotto gli occhi può risultare un’impresa rischiosa, o peggio presuntuosa, il volume intende offrire un aggiornamento del significato e del ruolo dell’artigianato italiano e individua il filo rosso che lo lega al sistema del design contemporaneo. Lo scenario preso in considerazione viene descritto attraverso un’interessante operazione di mappatura che coinvolge la generazione dei progettisti under 40. I protagonisti vengono individuati con l’obiettivo di mettere a sistema i lavori e le opere che si sono riappropriati di quel settore tecnico e pratico fondato sull’uso colto dei materiali, sullo sviluppo delle relazioni tattili e sulla valorizzazione delle abilità manuali che rappresentano il fiore all’occhiello dell’eccellenza italiana. La campionatura prende forma grazie al contributo di alcuni curatori ed esperti di design, abili osservatori e interpreti dei cambiamenti in atto.The research, an all-Italian journey around the contemporary relationship between design and handmade, is intended to be the result of a sharing of intents and cross-contributions that has made it possible to build around an important field such as the discipline of design, a line of thought that is transmissible and open to further development, with the aim of proposing a possible analysis of the current panorama by systematizing a reasoned selection of authors and projects that, in the last ten years, have left a significant trace also at the international level, traceable to a phenomenon-movement identified as Design & Crafts. An engaging work, whose premise was some considerations about the Italian design system, the relationship between craftsmanship and industry in the last century, the role of manufacturing culture and the encroachment that is marking the spread of a trend ready to trace alternative trajectories of Made in Italy design. These assessments are based on the existence of a new type of path, parallel to industrial design, which appears to be absolutely contemporary and the result of conceptual and formal transformations in tune with international culture. The reconnaissance begins with an investigation around the widening of the field in which the design world has been protagonist in the last decade, and the consequent evolution of the figure of the designer, in an attempt to understand how the approach to the design of objects has changed, and is changing. The phenomenon is still a work in progress, and although trying to summarize the unfolding of an operation that is still in front of one's eyes may be a risky undertaking, or worse presumptuous, the volume intends to offer an update of the meaning and role of Italian craftsmanship and identifies the red thread that binds it to the contemporary design system. The scenario considered is described through an interesting mapping operation involving the generation of designers under 40. The protagonists are identified with the aim of systemizing the works and works that have reappropriated that technical and practical field founded on the cultured use of materials, the development of tactile relations and the enhancement of manual skills that represent the flagship of Italian excellence. The sampling takes shape thanks to the contributions of a number of curators and design experts, skilled observers and interpreters of the changes taking place.
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Cremon, Martina <1991>. « LE CAMERE ITALIANE DI COMMERCIO, INDUSTRIA, ARTIGIANATO ED AGRICOLTURA NELLE RELAZIONI INTERNAZIONALI. Il caso : La Camara de Industria y Comercio Italo-Costarricense ». Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/9571.
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Il mio elaborato analizza il ruolo delle camere di commercio, industria, artigianato ed agricoltura italiane nelle relazioni internazionali siano esse di tipo economico, sociale o politico. Per meglio analizzarle, nel mio documento le dividerò in Camere operanti in Italia e all’estero in quanto sebbene abbiano molto in comune, sul campo affrontano sfide differenti. Nel caso specifico, analizzerò la Camera Italo-costaricana per la quale ho svolto un tirocinio tramite il progetto Desk in the World dell’Università Cà Foscari. Questo è un periodo interessante perché si sta rivalutando il ruolo delle Camere all’interno dell’economia italiana, ma contemporaneamente difficile, causa i tagli annunciati dalla nuova Riforma della Pubblica Amministrazione (legge Madia 2016). Credo nel ruolo indispensabile di questi enti pubblici, perché essi sono la vetrina del MADE IN ITALY all’estero e la loro buona attività influisce in modo molto positivo sull’economia italiana.
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Paolillo, Costanza. « Ferrania. Un’impresa, una rivista : industria fotografica e lavoro culturale dagli albori della società dello spettacolo italiana ». Doctoral thesis, Scuola Normale Superiore, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11384/85764.
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Mele, Valentina. « Dynamics of policy change : three Italian cases ». Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2014. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/953/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The common research interest of this thesis’s chapters is the dynamics of policy change in the context of the Italian governmental system. The collection of three published papers each included as a chapter in the core of the thesis is preceded by an introduction explaining the theoretical approach and research strategy. The chapters are consistent in following a middle-range processual theory of the politics of public policy decisions in a country case, an event-centric approach to explaining policy choice and an elite-interviewing approach to data collection. The first two chapters, respectively entitled “Government Innovation Policy in Italy (1993-2002): Understanding the Invention and Persistence of a Public Management Reform” and “Dynamics of Electronic Government Policies: The case of Italy (1992-2003)”, examine the dynamics of public management policy change in Italy over the period of a decade, employing the case of the Policy for Government Innovation and the case of the Electronic-Government Policy. The analysis of these two newly reported cases of enduring public management reform is suited to question the argument set by previous literature; that the country’s legalistic administrative culture inevitably suppresses meaningful reform. In particular, the chapters set forth two significant reservations about this argument, namely that the outcomes of public management reform initiatives are more varied than the current literature shows and the theoretical approach in the established literature attributes exagerate causal influence to the governmental system’s legalistic traditions. The third chapter, entitled “Explaining the Unexpected Success of the Smoking Ban in Italy: Political Strategy and Transition to Practice”, analyzes the episode that unfolds in a domain that addresses a general interest reform, very visible to public opinion, unlike public management reform. The chapter follows the issue beyond the pre-decisional stage, uncovering the dynamics of transition to practice: a phase between the formal passage and the full application of a law. A concluding section compares the three chapters, explores the interactions between analytically significant features of the Italian context and the policy cycle, and distils analytical refinements to the notion of policy entrepreneurship.
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Khosravian, Carolin, et Moa Bengtsson. « The industrial district of Prato : : An analysis of the textile industry 1991 - 2001 ». Thesis, Jönköping University, Jönköping International Business School, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-797.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The aim of this thesis has been to analyse the textile industry of Prato between the years 1991 and 2001. The district has been examined in terms of population, employment, firms and international trade and we have examined the industry in the region weighted against the whole Italy. Moreover, the Location quotation has been used to measure the degree of specialization. Theories about cluster and industrial districts have been utilized to give a background to agglomeration of firms. The conclusions from our analysis are that Prato consists of a large group of firms acting in similar industry in a specific location. The district is highly dominated by small firms, which are engage in the production of a homogenous product through different stages. In terms of international trade, Prato has been able to increase its exports between the years 1995 to 2001. Furthermore, our examination of Prato shows a reduction of employment and number of firms operating within the textile sector, while the degree of specialization has increased. Our inference is that this contradiction is due to the decrease of the total textile industry in the whole country.
Syftet med denna uppsats har varit att analysera textilindustrin i Prato mellan åren 1991 och 2001. Regionen har analyserats i termer av befolkning, sysselsättning, företag och internationell handel, och vi har undersökt industrin i regionen i jämförelse med hela Italien. Dessutom har en lokaliseringskvot använts för att mäta graden av specialisering. Teorier om kluster och industriella distrikt har använts för att ge en bakgrund till hopsamling av företag. Slutsatsen vi har dragit från vår analys är att Prato består av en stor grupp företag som verkar inom en liknande industri på en specifik plats. Distriktet är till stor del dominerat av små företag vilka är sysselsatta i produktionen av en homogen produkt inom olika steg av produktionen. Gällande den internationella handeln har Prato lyckats öka sin export mellan åren 1995 och 2001. Vår undersökning av Prato har även visat en minskning av sysselsättningen och antalet företag inom industrin, men samtidigt en ökad grad av specialisering. Vår slutsats är att detta något motsägelsefulla beror på en minskning av den totala textilindustrin i hela landet.
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Vecchi, Alessandra. « The influence of network structures on the adaptive efficiency of industrial districts : a comparison of the footwear industry in Italy and the UK ». Thesis, University of Bath, 2006. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.432401.
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Delpal, Franck. « Analyse des pratiques d'intégration verticale par les entreprises du luxe en France et en Italie. Illustration dans le secteur textile-habillement-cuir ». Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLED018.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Contrairement au mouvement d’externalisation constaté depuis plusieurs décennies dans le secteur textile-habillement-cuir, les entreprises appartenant au segment du luxe affichent un degré d’intégration verticale de plus en plus poussé. Ce travail de thèse s’attache à mettre en lumière les causes et les conséquences de cette stratégie en mobilisant les concepts et les méthodes de l’économie industrielle.Le fonctionnement spécifique de l’industrie du luxe nous amène à privilégier une approche micro-économique basée sur des données qualitatives et quantitatives recueillies sur 21 entreprises, ainsi que des modèles économétriques menées sur 18 d’entre elles.Cette thèse montre que la stratégie d’intégration verticale mise en œuvre par les entreprises répond en premier lieu à une recherche d’efficience productive et de captation de rente. Elle a eu pour effet de renforcer les barrières à l’entrée existantes sur le segment du luxe et contribué à accroître les performances des acteurs installésUnlike the outsourcing trend stated during the last decades in the textile-apparel-leather sector, luxury-fashion firms show in increasing degree of vertical integration. This thesis’ aim is to reveal the objectives and effects of this strategic move using the concepts and methods of industrial economics.The specific behavior of the luxury industry lead us to choose a microeconomic approach, based on quantitative and qualitative data gather on 21 luxury companies, and empirical statistical tests carried out on 18 firms.Results show that the main justification for a greater level of integration is the search for efficiency and rent-seeking strategies. This strategy led to higher barriers to entry on the luxury market and increased performances for installed firms
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Cozzolino, Federica <1993>. « The protection of industrial design as works of applied art in Italy and China : the case of Ikea Systems b.v. v. Taizhou Zhongtian Plastic co., l.t.d ». Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/13780.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Industrial design is increasingly playing a significant role in every national industry and gives the product and the company a competitive advantage in the global market. For this reason, it is essential for international companies to equip themselves with instruments that, on one hand, offer legal protection to their design works and, on the other, represent an incentive for innovation, creativity, research, and development. If companies fail in giving an appropriate protection to their design works, the economic losses can be heavy. The following thesis intends, therefore, to analyse the legal doctrine dedicated to the works of industrial design both in Italy, in the first chapter, and in China, in the second chapter, and the differentiation between Patent and Copyright, focusing on the requirements needed by design works to be protectable by Copyright as works of applied art. The third chapter presents a case study regarding the famous ready-to-assemble furniture enterprise Inter Ikea Group and the Chinese Company Taizhou Zhongtian Plastic Co., Ltd for a dispute over copyright infringement. The case study is supported by the translation and analysis of the original text of the Court judgment.
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Visentin, Davide. « Sauveterrian hunter-gatherers in Northern Italy and Southern France : evolution and dynamics of lithic technical systems ». Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU20024/document.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Le Sauveterrien représente l'une des principales traditions culturelles du Premier Mésolithique européen. L'uniformité présumée de ce complexe était basée surtout sur la présence dans la France méridionale et l'Italie septentrionale de pointes à dos fusiformes (pointes de Sauveterre) et de microlithes triangulaires. Le but principal de ce travail est celui de mettre en discussion et vérifier cette association en utilisant une approche technologique ample des assemblages lithiques appartenant à 23 contextes stratigraphiques de 12 sites français et italiens de référence. En particulier, ces assemblages ont été analysés avec l'objectif de reconstruire les chaînes opératoires dans leur totalité, de l'approvisionnement des matières premières à l'utilisation et à l'abandon des éléments ayant servi comme outils. Plusieurs techniques d'analyse ont été intégrées afin de comprendre et caractériser les assemblages sauveterriens à partir de points de vue différents et complémentaires. De plus, l'évaluation de l'uniformité du complexe sauveterrien dans son territoire central par rapports aux groupes culturels des régions voisines a permis d'aborder de façon préliminaire la question de la réelle nature du Premier Mésolithique de l'Europe occidentaleThe Sauveterrian represents one of the main cultural aspects of the European Early Mesolithic. It was at first identified and described in southern France during the 1920ies. Following the discovery of similar lithic assemblages in north-eastern Italy (Adige Valley), during the 1970ies it was proposed that this culture had developed over a large territory whose central areas are represented by southern France and northern Italy. The presumed uniformity of this complex was based, in particular, on the presence in both regions of needle-like backed points (Sauveterre points) and triangular microliths. In the following years a first typological attempt to verify the actual homogeneity of the Early Mesolithic of this region arose some doubts regarding the appropriateness of this unification. Following this line of research the main aim of this work was, thus, to question and verify this association, by applying a broad technological approach to the study of the lithic assemblages belonging to 23 stratigraphic contexts from 12 French and Italian reference sites. More specifically these assemblages were investigated with the aim of reconstructing the entire reduction sequences, from the procurement of lithic raw materials to the use and discard of tools. Different analytical techniques were thus combined in order to understand and characterize the Sauveterrian assemblages from different and complementary viewpoints. Besides, the evaluation of the uniformity of the Sauveterrian complex in its central area with respect to the neighbouring cultural groups, allowed tentatively approaching the investigation of the very nature of western European Early Mesolithic
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BERNER, MARTINA. « KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER : VERO VANTAGGIO COMPETITIVO DELLE ORGANIZZAZIONI ORIENTATE AL FUTURO. UN'INDAGINE NELL'AMBITO DELLE INDUSTRIE CREATIVE DELL'ARTIGIANATO D'ECCELLENZA ». Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/2894.
Texte intégralRésumé :
La presente tesi si propone di comprendere come le organizzazioni chiamate ad agire in mercati complessi siano in grado di produrre, sedimentare, utilizzare, condividere e rendere disponibile la propria conoscenza.
La ricerca si focalizza sulle organizzazioni creative legate all'artigianato d’eccellenza in quanto realtà ancora poco esplorate e all'interno delle quali il tema proposto è percepito in misura crescente.
Dallo studio emergono due risultati significativi raggiunti grazie all’elaborazione di una review della letteratura e di un’indagine qualitativa condotta sul campo.
Il primo risultato è la constatazione di un recente interesse da parte degli studi accademici per il tema della conoscenza e del suo trasferimento con riferimento alle industrie creative dell’artigianato d’eccellenza.
Il secondo risultato mette in risalto la relazione tra trasferimento del saper fare e creazione di manufatti d’eccellenza, e riconosce il maestro d’arte come figura cruciale di questo processo di trasferimento della conoscenza (knowledge transfer) in quanto detentore di un sapere che costituisce ed alimenta il valore unico ed esclusivo dei manufatti.
Il lavoro proposto riconosce quindi nel sapere dei maestri d’arte una risorsa cardine da valorizzare e trasmettere, in quanto leva di sviluppo di sistemi produttivi basati sulla qualità, sull’eccellenza e sulla differenziazione.The goal of this study is to understand how organizations operating in a complex market are able to produce, leave sediment, use, share and make available their knowledge. The focus is on arts & crafts creative industries as still insufficiently investigated organizations, although the proposed theme is increasingly perceived. This study presents two significant results achieved thanks to a literature review and a qualitative field research. The first result is the identification of a unprecedented interest of academic studies for the issue of knowledge and its transfer relevant to arts & crafts creative industries. The second result focuses on the relationship between knowledge transfer and creation of artifacts of excellence. In this second part of the study, the craftsman is a critical factor in the process of knowledge transfer as holder of a knowledge which constitutes and nurtures the sole and the exclusive value of the products. In the present dissertation the knowledge of these craftsmen emerges as a key resource that must be valued and transmitted as lever of development of production systems based on quality, excellence and differentiation.
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BERNER, MARTINA. « KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER : VERO VANTAGGIO COMPETITIVO DELLE ORGANIZZAZIONI ORIENTATE AL FUTURO. UN'INDAGINE NELL'AMBITO DELLE INDUSTRIE CREATIVE DELL'ARTIGIANATO D'ECCELLENZA ». Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/2894.
Texte intégralRésumé :
La presente tesi si propone di comprendere come le organizzazioni chiamate ad agire in mercati complessi siano in grado di produrre, sedimentare, utilizzare, condividere e rendere disponibile la propria conoscenza.
La ricerca si focalizza sulle organizzazioni creative legate all'artigianato d’eccellenza in quanto realtà ancora poco esplorate e all'interno delle quali il tema proposto è percepito in misura crescente.
Dallo studio emergono due risultati significativi raggiunti grazie all’elaborazione di una review della letteratura e di un’indagine qualitativa condotta sul campo.
Il primo risultato è la constatazione di un recente interesse da parte degli studi accademici per il tema della conoscenza e del suo trasferimento con riferimento alle industrie creative dell’artigianato d’eccellenza.
Il secondo risultato mette in risalto la relazione tra trasferimento del saper fare e creazione di manufatti d’eccellenza, e riconosce il maestro d’arte come figura cruciale di questo processo di trasferimento della conoscenza (knowledge transfer) in quanto detentore di un sapere che costituisce ed alimenta il valore unico ed esclusivo dei manufatti.
Il lavoro proposto riconosce quindi nel sapere dei maestri d’arte una risorsa cardine da valorizzare e trasmettere, in quanto leva di sviluppo di sistemi produttivi basati sulla qualità, sull’eccellenza e sulla differenziazione.The goal of this study is to understand how organizations operating in a complex market are able to produce, leave sediment, use, share and make available their knowledge. The focus is on arts & crafts creative industries as still insufficiently investigated organizations, although the proposed theme is increasingly perceived. This study presents two significant results achieved thanks to a literature review and a qualitative field research. The first result is the identification of a unprecedented interest of academic studies for the issue of knowledge and its transfer relevant to arts & crafts creative industries. The second result focuses on the relationship between knowledge transfer and creation of artifacts of excellence. In this second part of the study, the craftsman is a critical factor in the process of knowledge transfer as holder of a knowledge which constitutes and nurtures the sole and the exclusive value of the products. In the present dissertation the knowledge of these craftsmen emerges as a key resource that must be valued and transmitted as lever of development of production systems based on quality, excellence and differentiation.
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Grinover, Marina Mange. « Uma idéia de arquitetura : escritos de Lina Bo Bardi ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16133/tde-01062010-113936/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Este trabalho de pesquisa refere-se à documentação da obra escrita da arquiteta ítalo-brasileira Lina Bo Bardi (1914-1992). A partir do levantamento de seu acervo escrito, estrutura o banco de dados para organizar a catalogação de seus textos com informações bibliográficas, dados das revistas e resumo de conteúdos, bem como faz a indicação dos acervos onde é possível encontrar os textos. Em paralelo, a pesquisa descortina o cenário intelectual das publicações nas quais a arquiteta trabalhou na Itália e no Brasil. Através do levantamento das ideias fundamentais de seus colegas na Itália racionalista de 40 a 46, do debate nas revistas e jornais como Domus, Casabella, Lo Stile, Grazia, apresenta-se o contexto no qual a arquitetura moderna se consolidou no país. Os discursos transitavam entre as definições estéticas e técnicas do racionalismo e as posições político-sociais. Lina Bo Bardi, recém formada, absorveu este debate de modo estrutural para a atividade profissional desenvolvida no Brasil. O trabalho aborda também o panorama das ideias de arquitetura no Brasil modernista e pós Brasília percorrendo o período de 1947 a 1985 para estruturar o percurso do trabalho escrito da arquiteta imigrada. Elaborando sua ideia de arquitetura nas revistas Habitat, Mirante das Artes, Malasartes, ou jornais da época, Lina Bo Bardi colaborou para a difusão da arquitetura moderna nacional valorizando a construção de uma cultura urbana ancorada nas experiências das vanguardas modernas europeias e de um sentido desalienado para o léxico popular. A pesquisa publica ainda, fac-similares de artigos ao longo do texto sobre este estado de questões no campo da arquitetura na Itália e no Brasil. Eles estão articulados ao panorama de conceitos e debates no qual forjou-se a ideia de arquitetura de Lina Bo Bardi.This work refers to the written documentation about the Italian-Brazilian architect Lina Bo Bardi (1914-1992). It is the result of a survey of the archives of her written works. It structures the data bank to organize the catalog of her texts which contain bibliographic information, data from magazines and abstracts, and it indicates the archives where the texts are. Also, this research unveils the intellectual scene of the publications in which the architect worked both in Italy and in Brazil. Through the survey of her colleagues fundamental ideas in the 1940-46 rationalist Italy and the debate in magazines and newspapers such as Domus, Casabella, Lo Stile, and Grazia, the context in which modern architecture consolidated in the country presents itself. The discourse variegated between the aesthetic and technical definitions of rationalism and the social-political positions. Lina Bo Bardi, newly graduated then, absorbed this debate in a structural fashion into her professional activities in Brazil. The research also addresses the panorama of ideas on architecture in modernist Brazil post-Brasília from 1947 to 1985 to structure the pathway of the written works of the immigrant artist. Elaborating her ideas on architecture either in magazines such as Habitat, Mirante das Artes, Malasartes, or in newspapers from that period, Lina Bo Bardi collaborated with the diffusion of the national modern architecture, emphasizing the construction of an urban culture based on the state of the art experiences in modernist Europe, and on a non-alienated sense for the popular lexicon. The research also publishes facsimiles of articles about this state of questions in the architectural field both in Brazil and in Italy. They are articulated to the scenery of concepts and debates in which Lina Bo Bardis idea of architecture was steadily built.
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Mallone, G. « BACK TO THE FUTURE. COMPANY-LEVEL OCCUPATIONAL WELFARE IN THE ITALIAN CHEMICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL SECTOR ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/390177.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The research aims at deepening into the analysis of some of the many determinants of the introduction of company-level welfare provisions as well as of their main features and the relation between the actors and interests involved. Previous literature started identifying a set of possible factors shaping welfare outcomes; some of them concern industrial relations, while others take into account the company’s origin and culture, the production and the characteristics of the workforce. In order to single out such elements, the analysis of a large number of company-level agreements signed in the Lombardy region for the chemical and pharmaceutical sector has been complemented by a case study analysis of nine multinational groups with different characteristics. Aside from investigating such relevant aspects, the study proposes causal relations and unveils a set of mechanisms working behind them.
The first chapter of this work presents the general context and discusses in detail the most relevant contributions in the literature, in order to frame the research and define the object. The second chapter deepens into the Italian case and retraces historical developments and legislative advancements, with particular focus on industrial relations. Chapter three opens up the empirical analysis through the discussion of methods, source of data and research questions. This work is composed of two complementary steps built around a different number of cases: step one aims at framing the analysis with the study of 80 chemical and pharmaceutical companies operating in the Lombardy Region through reading the contents of their over 100 company-level agreements signed since the mid-2000s; step two narrows down the research to nine case studies that are thoroughly examined through at least two in-depth interviews for each case, with the national management and union representatives. Chapter five and six display the detailed retracing of the development of welfare provision, together with processes and preferences of the selected companies of – respectively – the industrial chemical and the pharmaceutical sectors. Chapter seven concludes the research with the summary of the main findings of the two- step analysis and the systematic comparison of the different experiences in order to draw a set of more general findings elaborated on the basis of the previously identified variables and the mechanisms that link them with one another. Conclusive remarks recall the most significant insights gathered so far and open up to future perspectives and possible developments of the research.
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Maestrello, Chadia Chahud. « Produção de celulases e xilanases pelo fungo Aspergillus labruscus ITAL 22.223 cultivado em fermentação em estado sólido utilizando resíduos agroindustriais / ». Araraquara, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/153200.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Orientador: Luis Henrique Souza GuimarãesBanca: Daniela Alonso Bocchini
Banca: Valéria de Carvalho Santos Ebinuma
Resumo: A prospecção de enzimas fúngicas tem sido amplamente estudada nos ultimos anos, principalmente utilizando a Fermentação em Estado Sólido (FES). A procura por enzimas microbianas, principalmente de fungos filamentosos, capazes de degradar material lignocelulósico, tem despertado grande interesse para processos biotecnológicos como, por exemplo, na produção de bioetanol, a partir do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar. Fungos do gênero Aspergillus são reconhecidos como ótimos produtores de enzimas do complexo celulolítico e hemicelulolítico, e a busca por novas linhagens com potencial de produção destas torna-se um grande desafio. Aspergillus labruscus ITAL 22.223 é um fungo filamentoso recentemente isolado no sul do Brasil e, por este motivo, não há estudos na literatura sobre seu potencial de produzir enzimas celulolíticas e hemicelulolíticas. Diante do exposto, este estudo visou a produção e quantificação de enzimas do complexo celulolítico (celulase total, endoglucanase e β-glicosidase) e hemicelulolítico (xilanase), a partir de fermentação em estado sólido utilizando resíduos/produtos agroindustriais como substratos. Neste contexto, a maior atividade enzimática de xilanase foi obtida na presença de farelo de trigo (74,83 U/g de substrato) e de β-glicosidase em farelo de aveia (6,35 U/g de substrato) como substratos/fontes de carbono. Sendo a produção de xilanase em FES a que mais se destacou, algumas características da enzima contida no extrato bruto foram determinadas. Apresentou te... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Prospecting of fungal enzymes has been largely studied in recent years, especially by means of Solid-State Fermentation (SSF). The search for microorganisms' enzymes able to degrade lignocellulosic material, mainly those of filamentous fungi, has attracted interest for application in biotechnological processes, such as in production of cellulosic ethanol from sugarcane bagasse. Aspergillus species are well known for their capability to produce cellulosic and hemicellulosic enzymes complex and the search for strains with this potential is an important challenge. Aspergillus labruscus ITAL 22.223 is a filamentous fungus recently isolated in south of Brazil with unknown potential to produce cellulolytic or hemicellulolytic enzymes. This study aimed the production and quantitation of enzymes of the complex cellulolytic (total cellulose, endoglucanase and and β-glucosidase) and hemicellulolytic (xylanse) obtained under solid-state fermentation using agroindustrial waste and product as substrates. According to this, the greatest enzymatic productions of xylanase (74.83 U/g of substrate) and β-glucosidase (6.35 U/g of substrate) were obtained using wheat bran and oat bran as substrates during SSF fermentation, respectively. Taking in account the best production of xylanase in SSF, some biochemical characteristics were determined for the enzyme contained in the crude extract. Optimal of temperature for enzyme activity was 55ºC and optimal pH was 5.5. Regarding its thermal stability, ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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COLLINETTI, SIMONE. « RETHINKING THE CRYSTAL PALACE. Adaptive reuse of an abandoned warehouse ». Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-276827.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This Master Thesis work is about the rebirth of a warehouse, once part of Innocenti S.p.A. Located in the district of Lambrate, Milano, the factory used to cover an area of nearly 800.000 sqm back in the Nineties, it nowadays presents itself as a fragmented scenario. This work aims to be a testimony of the past, by first showing all the available official materials that were recovered right before everything shut down. As a second part, it suggests a proposal for one of the most iconic buildings left to a state of complete abandonment and self extinction: the warehouse now known as the Crystal Palace because of its present conditions. Accepting the conditions of one thing and enhancing them in a programmatic way, is probably a solution for dealing with our industrial archaeology, for an innovative, engaging and sustainable approach. An extension of the already existing park finds a new place under the original roof structure. In order to integrate the project in the surrounds from a sociological point of view, the community will be provided with new spaces for exhibition galleries and, moreover, the city of Milano will benefit of the first botanical garden in history.
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Ruffoni-Trez, Janaina. « Proximidade geografica e inovação tecnologica de firmas = uma analise para o segmento produtor de maquinas para calçados da Italia e do Brasil ». [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/287694.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Orientador: Wilson SuziganTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T17:13:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ruffoni-Trez_Janaina_D.pdf: 2602237 bytes, checksum: c31c9dc855a9d26f6748778594ffe484 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010
Resumo: A Tese objetiva contribuir para a compreensão da dinâmica inovativa de firmas que possuem uma organização industrial específica. Essa organização é caracterizada pela proximidade geográfica entre firmas de um mesmo setor e de setores correlatos e instituições constituintes de um Sistema Local de Produção (SLP). Entende-se que, para compreender o processo de geração de inovações tecnológicas de firmas pertencentes a SLPs, é fundamental considerar tanto as características dos elementos internos à firma - que conferem uma compreensão a respeito do quão específico à firma é o processo de inovação - quanto dos elementos externos - relações entre firmas e instituições e fluxos para troca de informações e conhecimentos. Assim, a questão central é: 'quais são e que características têm os elementos influenciadores do processo de geração de inovações tecnológicas de firmas de um mesmo segmento produtivo pertencentes a um Sistema Local de Produção?' Para responder ao problema de pesquisa, optou-se pela realização de uma investigação de campo comparativa entre dois aglomerados do segmento produtor de máquinas para calçados, que são: Vigevano, na Itália, e Vale do Rio dos Sinos, no Brasil. A partir da realização das pesquisas de campo, foi possível observar que as empresas utilizam, de forma bastante intensa, suas estruturas próprias para a realização das atividades de melhoria e desenvolvimento de novos produtos, sendo que não faz parte das suas rotinas o compartilhamento de estruturas com outras empresas ou instituições. A respeito dos elementos internos à firma, é o desenvolvimento do conhecimento especializado dos técnicos que impacta, em grande medida, no processo de geração de inovações tecnológicas. Além dos elementos internos à firma, também receberam importante destaque os elementos externos representados pelas relações informais e verticais estabelecidas entre os produtores de máquinas para calçados e seus clientes e fornecedores. Foi, principalmente, por meio dessas relações que se constatou a importância da proximidade geográfica entre firmas para o processo de mudança tecnológica do setor. Diferentemente do que se supunha, os fluxos de conhecimentos estabelecidos pelas empresas nas relações horizontais e informais são pouco densos, sendo considerados rarefeitos em ambos os aglomerados investigados. Entretanto, igualmente a outros estudos semelhantes, os fluxos de informações e conhecimentos apresentaram dinâmicas distintas, são estabelecidos por grupos específicos de firmas, reforçando a percepção de que o local é formado por um grupo de firmas com comportamentos heterogêneos, e que o conhecimento tecnológico não está "difuso no ar" nem flui livremente entre as empresas. É importante destacar a contribuição dos resultados para desmistificar a supervalorização do local, por meio das relações horizontais interfirmas para troca de conhecimento tecnológico. Não são essas relações que conferem destaque ao papel da proximidade geográfica interfirmas para a geração de inovações tecnológicas, mas sim as relações estabelecidas pela lógica da cadeia produtiva, ou seja, as relações entre clientes e fornecedores. A especialidade tecnológica das firmas, somada à baixa apropriabilidade privada do conhecimento tecnológico existente no setor, desestimula a troca de conhecimento interfirmas do mesmo segmento. Acredita-se que o trabalho aponta para o fato de que as peculiaridades setoriais precisam ser consideradas quando da análise dos elementos influenciadores do processo de geração de inovações tecnológicas de empresas pertencentes a Sistemas Locais de Produção. De outra forma, o trabalho reforça que é fundamental investigar separadamente os fluxos de informação e conhecimento, pois apresentam lógicas distintas, seja pelo grau de densidade que apresentam, seja pelas características dos atores envolvidos
Abstract: This Thesis aims to contribute to the understanding of the innovative dynamics of firms that have a specific industrial organization. This organization is characterized by geographical proximity between firms within the same sector and related industries and institutions constituting the Local Production System (LPS). To understand the innovation process of firms belonging to LPS, it is essential to consider both the characteristics of internal factors to the firm - which give an understanding about how specific to the firm is the innovation process - and the external elements - relationships among firms and institutions and flows to exchange information and knowledge. So the research question is: 'what are the elements and what features they have that influence the innovation process of firms in the same productive sector belonging to a LPS?" To answer the research problem, a field investigation was done comparing two clusters in the shoe-manufacturing machinery segment, namely: Vigevano, Italy, and Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Brazil. Field research results show that companies make an intense use of their own structures for implementing product improvements and for developing new products, and also that they do not routinely share their structures with other companies or institutions. As to the internal components of the firm, the greatest impact in the process of technological innovations comes from the development of specialized knowledge by the firm's technicians. In addition, strong emphasis was also given to the external elements represented by vertical and informal relationships established between the manufacturers of shoe-machinery and their customers and suppliers. Such relationships offer evidence of the importance of geographical proximity among firms in the process of technological change in the industry. Contrary to what was previously assumed, knowledge flows among firms in horizontal relationships are informal and not dense, being considered sparse in both clusters investigated. However, also similar to other studies, the flow of information and knowledge have distinct dynamics and are determined by specific groups of firms, reinforcing the perception that the local is formed by a group of firms with heterogeneous behavior, and that technological knowledge is not "diffuse in the air" or freely flowing between companies. It is important to point out that the results contribute to demystify the usual overvaluation of the local in the horizontal interfirm exchange of technology knowledge. What gives prominence to the role of interfirm geographical proximity for technological innovation are not those relationships, but the relationships established by the logic of the production chain. The technology specialization of firms and the low level of appropriability of technological knowledge in the sector discourage interfirm exchange of knowledge. The results of the research work done in this thesis show strong evidence that sector specifics need to be considered when examining factors influencing the process of technological innovation in firms belonging to LPS. The study also stresses the essential need to investigate separately the flows of information and knowledge, which are fueled by different logics and in which the degrees of density flows and the actors involved are also different
Doutorado
Doutor em Política Científica e Tecnológica
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Mori, A. « OUTSOURCING IN PUBLIC SERVICES. IMPACTS ON WORKING CONDITIONS AND EMPLOYMENT RELATIONS IN A THREE-COUNTRY TWO-SECTOR COMPARISON ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/274489.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Over the past three decades, public administrations have been subject to a far-reaching restructuring towards outsourcing in a wide range of tasks and services. Under the pressure of increasing public debt, stricter spending constraints, shifting consumer preferences and the demand for higher value for money in an era of austerity, these organisations have differentiated the provision of services, opening the traditional public production and delivery to competition. The picture that emerged following these processes is strikingly various and patchy: public administrations across Europe, indeed, have adopted a wide set of market-type mechanisms, including public-private partnership, voucher system and contracting out (OECD 2011).
The restructuring process of public services provision towards outsourcing represents a tile within a broader mosaic of public administration reform, an ‘unending wave of reforms’ (Pollitt 2002) that has expanded progressively since the 1980s across all European governments under the label of New Public Management (NPM) (Hood 1991), suggesting uniformity and communality. This doctrine aimed to remove any difference between the public and the private sector as a way of increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of public services: thus governments imported in their public bureaucracies business-like tools and values, alongside with market-type mechanisms from the private sector.
Outsourcing stems precisely from NPM-inspired reform stream, as a market-type mechanism for saving government public funds (Savas 2000): opening service provision to market competition might achieve a cost reduction, since private providers in a competitive regime are expected to realize economies of scale and to raise effort or productivity with a given input/workforce-combination. Unquestionably, outsourcing has promoted a model of competition, but that is often largely based on the reduction of labour costs and not on the improvement of quality and innovation: empirical evidence increasingly emerged, arguing that cost savings may simply correspond either to reduced employment or to a fall in employment terms and conditions (Flecker and Hermann 2009).
This process, leading to complex changes in the organisation of work and employment conditions has been subject to growing scrutiny mainly across private sector firms (Flecker et al. 2005, Marchington et al. 2005, Flecker 2009, Perraudin et al. 2009). It has been assumed that external restructuring of companies, involving the dispersion of activities across organisational boundaries, has led to a degradation of working terms and conditions (Doellgast and Greer 2007, Flecker and Meil 2010), since it may trigger competition with a cheaper labour-supply, shifting work from highly unionized and better sheltered organisations to more vulnerable companies, subjects to market fluctuations, where trade union power is low or inexistent. The vertical disintegration presents substantial challenge to employment relation structure as well (Doellgast and Greer 2007), weakening the bargaining power of union while the dependency relations between companies along the value chain can be expected to translate into increased disparities and instability in terms of employment and working conditions (Flecker 2009).
Thus, drawing on varying approaches in the literature, the research aims to discuss the impacts of outsourcing on working conditions and employment relations structure in the public sector at a double comparative level: across countries and between public administration sub-sectors within each country. This multi-level comparative research design, indeed, enables to address the second main research question, that is whether implications following outsourcing process display convergent or divergent internal trajectories on the one side between different sectors within national frameworks and on the other side across different countries; and finally to identify which factors do intervene in explaining these patterns.
The underlying theoretical hypothesis is that national institutional arrangements and industrial relations regimes featuring each country may intervene in mediating the implications over labour and employment relations structures following outsourcing. Likewise, different legislative pressures, economic constraints affecting the sectors under scrutiny and sector-specific characteristics may lead to divergent implications between sub-sectors.
Hence I explore these issues through a case-study analysis of public services outsourcing across three countries ˗ Italy, England and Denmark as they each answer to a different industrial relations model ˗ and two sectors: health care sector and local government. Findings are based on an in-depth qualitative analysis carried out across the six case studies through 75 semi-structured interviews (25 conducted in Italy, 24 in England and 26 in Denmark): all the interviews were recorded, literally transcribed and content-analysed using the software tool ATLAS.ti and complemented by a documental analysis based on a wide range of secondary sources – such as academic literature, legislation, annual reports, internal PowerPoint presentations, collective agreements, practitioners’ reports, related surveys, employers’ associations and unions internal documents and newspaper articles.
Empirical evidence shows an overall picture dominated by growing fragmentation of employment conditions (Flecker 2010) and a deterioration of work. Employment has generally become more insecure (Huws and Podro 2012) and flexible, in terms of both working hours and workplace flexibility. Greater demands are placed on work tasks, including increasing workload due to understaffing, work intensification, higher speed in the work and the use of piecework (Flecker and Hermann 2009, Hasle et al. 2014).
Moreover, public administrations have deliberately exploited private sector regulations in order to escape expensive widely encompassing public-sector collective agreements under the pretext of raising competition: outsourcing was to a large extent driven by the search for lower wage rate paid by external contractors (Flecker and Herman 2011, Grimshaw, Rubery and Marino 2012).
Despite these convergent tendencies, implications for labour and industrial relations display clear national distinctiveness, mediated by the industrial relations model adopted in each country: thus evidence regarding Italian and Danish cases is less unambiguously negative since a system of employment relations with high collective bargaining coverage and strong union membership works as a buffer in protecting job terms and conditions during contracting out process (Petersen et al. 2011, Jaehrling 2014). Conversely, a regime which puts emphasis mainly on market adjustments and self-regulation, reducing in this way the role of employment regulation and organized labour institutions might pave the way to detrimental consequences for labour, since workforce is let free to compete in a market regime featured by weakness of employment relations structure and devoid of strong job protection as in England.
Divergent trajectories emerge between sectors as well: municipalities are more likely to outsource services with detrimental consequences for labour, compared to health care sector, because of the inherent pressure exercised by growing budget cut, legislative constraints to reduce public employment size, austerity measures and raising number of services to provide.
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Hrbáčková, Adéla. « Malé a střední podniky v Itálii - páteř ekonomiky nebo zastaralý systém ? Analýza významu a predikce vývoje ». Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-165124.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Small and medium-sized companies in Italy --the backbone of the economy or an obsolete production system? Analyse and prediction of the future development. This thesis is focused on the problems of small and medium-sized companies in Italy in the actual context of globalization and strong competion, especially in the traditional italian industries. Moreover, the political situation in the country is quite unstable and together with the omnipresent bureaucracy the everyday life is more difficult for the companies. In the first part I introduce the history backgrounds of the small and middle-sized companies and also the italian phenomenon "distretti industriali" -- indutrial districts. I also dedicated the first chapter to the specific features of family companies. In the second part the main social-economic problems of the country are described as well as some possible strategies in the context of the state export-focused programmes coordinated on the EU level. With the help of some companies that agreed to answer my questionary I tried to analyse the situation in state assistance to these companies In the last part, the reactions and answers of the companies are summed-up.