Articles de revues sur le sujet « Industrial safety – Europen Union countries »

In 2002 the international community adopted a new system of hazard classification and labeling of chemical products, which is recommended to be implemented by all the Member- countries of the United Nations through national legislation and international acts. Within the frame of the implementation of this decision, in 2015 the amendments were made to the Directive of the European Community of June 24, 1982, № 82/501/EEC on the prevention of major industrial accidents, and to the United Nations Convention onthe prevention of major industrial accidents, and a little later to the national legislation of the European countries establishing measures on preventing major accidents. In 2017, the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union adopted the technical regulation on the safety of chemical products, which establishes classification criteria that are completely identical to the criteria for the system of hazard classification and labeling of chemical products. Entry into force of the technical regulation of the Eurasian Economic Union will lead to the need for amending all theregulatory legal acts and regulations that contain regulations based on the classification of chemical products, including in the Federal Law № 116-FZ of July 21, 1997, On industrial safety of hazardous production facilities. The task of harmonizing the legislation on industrial safety with the international documents in terms of the classification of chemicals was planned to be solved when developing a new law on industrial safety. During the discussion, the developers encountered different approaches to the definition of classes of hazardous substances, the analysis of which became the subject of this article. The authors formulated proposals that can be used at the next round of harmonization of the Russian legislation on industrial safety with the international documents. When preparing proposals with classes and lists of hazardous chemicals for use in the industrial safety legislation, a comparison was made not only of the definitions of classes of chemicals in different documents, but also of their quantities, which are the criteria for qualifying objects as hazardous production facilities. It is noted that the term «flammable liquids», used in 116-FZ, practically does not occur in the international classifications, therefore, when developing new documents, it was proposed not to use it.

Topicality. The urgency of studying the problems and challenges of the European Union's common industrial policy in the post-pandemic is due to the need to overcome the recession caused by the epidemic crisis and find innovative ways and means to transform European economies to rebuild the economy for the welfare of citizens and environmental security. Another prerequisite for the intensification of industrial policy as a driver of development of the EU common market is the realization of competitive advantages over the economies of the United States and China.Aim and tasks. The aim of the work is to analyze the problems and general challenges of the European Union's industrial policy in the new realities after the pandemic. The COVID-19 crisis has created many problems and posed many challenges to the European Union, but this is not the first crisis it has faced. The paper analyzes the challenges that have arisen during the measures taken to correct the economic downturn, as well as plans for the recovery and development of the European Union, including on the basis of digitization of the common industrial policy.Research results. The day, the genesis of the new, the fourth stage of the development of the industrial policy of the European Union has been designated. Established, according to the main method of industrial policy, and at the same time, 24 industrial halls of the 27 countries ЄC to improve the competitiveness of the European industry, as a step towards the development of the age of the mainstream of work. It was approved by the tools for the implementation of the industrial policy and criteria and indicators of evaluation and development. Sectoral analysis of industry, allowing you to camp for 2018 p. advanced development of machinery and equipment for the indicator of additional costs for production of coke and products of naphtha processing, automobiles, hairstyles and applications, industrial production of metal products for machinery. An analysis of the indicator of security to the given variability in the industrial spheres has taken into account the tendency to the concentration of security in the five countries of the world, some of the economies of Nimechchin. Analyzed the Eurocomisin's praise for April 2020. The plan for the development of Europe and the plan for the middle of the initial ones is the concept of industrial ecosystems. The concept of Europe is a light leader and ecology of the economy, realizing the industry and economy of the state government, the energy and economics of the program “Green Ladies”, as well as the economics of the economy.Conclusion. Problems and directions of overcoming challenges, determined by coronary crisis in industry and economy in general are identified: assistance in resumption of activity of industrial enterprises, coordination of partnership principles, limitation of pandemic expansion, preservation of jobs, tax benefits and credit policy of national banks aimed at investment development, financial assistance governments to support small and medium-sized businesses, assistance to relevant sectors of economic activity. The common industrial policy of the European Union covers many areas. Therefore, it is known that in times of the COVID-19 pandemic, the common industrial policy will face many challenges and problems. The article highlights not only the difficulties that the European Union had to overcome, but also the measures and measures it has taken to solve these problems. Putting the safety of its citizens first, the European Union has temporarily suspended its common industrial policy to focus on priorities. The most important aim was to help the most needy Member States and to support the economic sectors most affected. In addition, the Union has also launched a ten- action plan to rebuild Europe. The reconstruction plan for Europe allowed the European Union authorities to focus on the original goals of the Union, thus putting the new industrial strategy for Europe into effect. The European Council plans not only to increase the global competitiveness of its industry as well as its autonomy and resilience, but also to increase the resilience of the single market and ensure the leading role of the EU in the ecological and digital transformation.

Currently, close attention is paid to industrial safety at hazardous production facilities. Compliance with industrial safety requirements is directly related to the risks of accidents that can lead to man-made disasters, negatively affect the health and life of the population. As in any other industry, there are problems in ensuring industrial safety. There are several reasons for this: the backlog of standards from scientific and technological progress, the exclusive competence of state authorized bodies, and the lack of a risk-based approach. After the collapse of the USSR, the requirements of industrial safety in the Republic of Kazakhstan have practically not changed: laws and statutory instruments (hereinafter-the LSI) are approved and put into effect, after which they are constantly changed and supplemented; the presence of national and international standards, which, in fact, are revised on the basis of the USSR standards, taking into account the influence of the realities of the time. It can be concluded that the current standards are not focused on the future, scientific and technological progress, innovation, so they are constantly undergoing changes, thereby adapting to the necessary requirements that dictate modernity. State regulation does not contribute to the effective development of industrial safety. This is due to the fact that the state performs exclusively supervisory functions (thus it is exclusively educational in nature), and there is no dialogue between authorized state bodies, expert organizations, scientific organizations, and testing laboratories. If we consider the experience of the Russian Federation in the field of industrial safety, then it makes no sense to accept even some experience, since: similar to the Kazakhstan’ LSI and regulatory and technical documentation (and their constant dynamics), the development of cooperation with the Russian Federation within the framework of the Eurasian Economic Union. Accordingly, it is advisable to consider the experience in the field of industrial safety in Europe and the United States of America because of the effectiveness of regulation and supervision than in the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation. This article provides information about international experience in the field of industrial safety in the United States and the European Union. The tasks of state regulation in the field of industrial safety in the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation, the United States, and the European Union are described in detail. The analysis of normative-legal acts and normative-technical documentation is carried out. Based on the analysis of international experience, solutions to problems in the field of industrial safety for the Republic of Kazakhstan are essentially presented. The purpose of this article is to reveal the problem in the field of industrial safety in the Republic of Kazakhstan and international experience that the Republic of Kazakhstan can borrow in order to effectively ensure industrial safety. Study of international experience (USA, EU countries, Russia) in the field of industrial safety in terms of: analysis of standards; regulation (control and supervisory functions) to ensure safety. The results of this article will reflect the problems that hinder the effective provision of industrial safety in the Republic of Kazakhstan and essentially suggest ways to solve them.

(1) Background: accident rates prove the uneven development of the member countries in the area of work safety. Remedial actions and structural programmes should take into account, e.g., the level of work safety in all European Union (EU) countries. Aim: the identification of differences in the level of work safety in the production sector of EU countries, especially the so-called “old” and “new” EU countries. (2) Methods: for each country UE (in 2008–2018), the relative risk (RR) of an accident at work was determined and a comparative analysis was conducted. (3) Results: an increase in the RR of an accident at work was observed along with an increase in the GDP of a given country. It was found that the level of occupational safety in Sweden and the United Kingdom is higher than in other countries, and lower in Spain and Portugal. In the three largest economies of the EU, Germany, France, and Italy, the RR of the accident in the industrial sector in relation to the national data is one of the lowest in the entire EU, not exceeding 1.3. In The Netherlands, an increase of 1.7 RR of fatal accidents in the industrial sector was observed between 2008 and 2018. (4) Conclusions: RR in the manufacturing sector of the so-called “old” EU is higher than in the so-called “new” EU, which may result from the implementation of Industry 4.0 assumptions in the “old” EU. The presented results and conclusions may be useful in shaping the EU policy in the field of sustainable development of production sectors of individual member countries.

Worker campaigns for a more direct say in protecting their health and safety are a significant but under-researched subject in labour history. Largely overlooked are the attempts by coalminers in the UK, Australia and Canada to establish mechanisms for representation on health and safety in the 1870s. This push for a voice then spread to New Zealand, France, Belgium and other countries, with unions eventually securing legislative rights to inspect their workplaces a century before workers in other industries gained similar entitlements. In Australia metalliferous miners’ unions followed coalminers in initiating a parallel campaign for the right to appoint their own mine-site and district inspectors (known as “check-inspectors”) from the late nineteenth century. This article examines the struggle for and activities/impact of workmen-inspectors in Australian metalliferous mines, including adoption of the competing UK-Australian and Continental-European models. It finds the development conforms to a resistance rather than mutual-cooperation perspective with check-inspectors performing the role of “knowledge activists.” The article argues this finding is not only relevant to understanding more recent experience of worker involvement in occupational health and safety but also demonstrates the relevance of historical research to contemporary regulatory policy debates and union strategies.

In accordance with the legislative framework of the system for regulating liquid and airborne discharges of radioactive substances into the environment in force in the Russian Federation, this system is equally designed to regulate discharges of the radionuclides of both artificial and natural origin. The mechanisms of radiological impact of the discharges of natural origin radionuclides on the environment and population do not have any specificity in comparison with the ones of artificial origin radionuclides. Nevertheless, to date, the law enforcement of the Russian system for regulating discharges of the radioactive substances is applied only in relation to the discharges of the radionuclides of artificial origin carried out by nuclear facilities. At the same time, regulation of the discharges of natural origin radionuclides, in accordance with the safety standards of the International Atomic Energy Agency, is the best practice in the field of environmental protection, and the levels of radiation exposure, which characterize such discharges, are not low enough to be neglected. Regulation of the discharges of natural origin radionuclides is provided for in the norms of the European Union and is practically applied in the number of countries of the European Union, where the legislation provides for the regulation of activities, in which the raw materials containing radionuclides of natural origin are used, and the types of economic and other activities subject to this regulation are determined. The Russian system of regulation of discharges of the radioactive substances into the environment is built on the same basic principles and criteria that underlie foreign regulation systems, and which are recommended by the International Atomic Energy Agency. The regulatory and methodological base formed to date in the Russian Federation contains all the required legal mechanisms for the regulation of discharges of the radioactive substances from nuclear facilities, is based on the best international practices and fully complies with the standards of the International Atomic Energy Agency.

This paper presents the second part of an analysis aimed to show the reasons for which textiles are among the consumer products most commonly notified as dangerous on the EU market. In the first part, the authors performed a synthetic review of legal regulations regarding safety requirements for clothing and textile products and carried out an analysis of the RAPEX alert system database in order to identify the origin of textiles representing a serious risk and evaluate the activity of EU countries in reporting dangerous textiles in this system. In the present part, the authors have focused on the main threats posed by textiles and analysed the RAPEX notifications mainly in terms of the nature of risk the textiles pose. It was shown that the main sources of serious risks are cords, drawstrings and small accessories in children’s clothes, as well as chemical hazards, attributed mainly to the presence of dangerous aromatic amines and some heavy metals; they are the second most common risk category posed by these products.

Purpose Until now, there has been scant evidence on the proportion and characteristics of employees working without a written contract or terms of employment. To begin to fill this gap, the purpose of this paper is to evaluate the prevalence and distribution of employees without written contracts or terms of employment in the European Union (EU), examining whether they are unevenly distributed across countries and EU regions, and whether it is vulnerable population groups who are more likely to be without such written contracts. Design/methodology/approach A 2013 Eurobarometer survey comprising 11,025 face-to-face interviews with employees in the 28 member states of the EU (EU-28) is reported. Findings The finding is that it is less socio-demographic and socio-economic characteristics, and more firm size, institutional environment and spatial factors that are important in explaining the prevalence of employment without a written contract. Thus, governments should address not individuals but rather the formal institutional failings and asymmetry between civic and state morality, in order to reduce the level of employment without a written contract, and focus their attention on smaller firms, larger towns and Southern European countries, especially Cyprus, Malta and Portugal. Research limitations/implications Future research needs to evaluate whether and how the conditions of employment (e.g. wage rates, health and safety conditions, holiday entitlements) of employees without written contracts or terms of employment differ to their equivalents who have written contracts or terms of employment. This will reveal the implications of workers not being issued with written contracts or terms of employment. Originality/value This is one of the first extensive evaluations of the prevalence and distribution of employees without written contracts or terms of employment.

Since the beginning of 2020, there have been crisis phenomena around the world due to the global slowdown in economic growth and the introduction of quarantine due to the coronavirus pandemic. In this situation, the most vulnerable are developing countries with a small margin of safety, which, unfortunately, also applies to Ukraine, whose economy is open and highly dependent on external markets. Due to the slowdown in the growth of the global economy, the situation in one of the main export industries of Ukraine – industry is deteriorating first of all. The European Union has become one of the important export markets for Ukraine’s industrial products in recent years, which has raised the issue of shaping a relevant state industrial policy in today’s challenging environment. The purpose of the article is to determine the directions of formation and implementation of state industrial policy in the conditions of European integration of Ukraine in modern conditions. In 2020, due to the economic crisis and the pandemic of the coronavirus, the Ukrainian industry may lose even more due to low demand for ferrous metals in world markets, including in EU countries. The Agreement on Conformity Assessment and Acceptance of Industrial Products is a way of eliminating technical barriers to trade between Ukraine and the EU. The Agreement on Conformity Assessment and Acceptance of Industrial Products is a type of mutual recognition agreement that requires a partner country to align its legislation, practices and infrastructure with EU rules.It is envisaged that in the sectors covered by this Agreement, Ukrainian exporters will be able to label their products with the CE mark and to sell them freely on the EU market without additional EU certification. Potentially, the Agreement on Conformity Assessment and Acceptance of Industrial Products could cover up to a fifth of Ukraine’s exports to the EU, notably mechanical engineering products. The formation and implementation of state industrial policy in the conditions of European integration of Ukraine should take place using the following algorithm:1. Study of the new EU Regulation 2019/1020 of 20.06.2019 on market surveillance and conformity of products and elaboration of relevant amendments to the legislation of Ukraine.2. Concentration of the function of legal coordination of draft regulatory acts (including technical regulations) aimed at implementing the Association Agreement and preparation for the Agreement on Conformity Assessment and Acceptance of Industrial Products in one state instance, equipped with specialized personnel with adequate knowledge of EU law and languages.3. Strengthening the requirements for the accreditation and oversight process for accredited bodies, as well as the process of designating and monitoring conformity assessment bodies to ensure that their technical competence is adequate and to prevent fraud and the use of fraudulent practices.4. In the absence of a rapid prospect of concluding an Agreement on Conformity Assessment and Acceptance of Industrial Products, the harmonization of procedures and requirements that are too burdensome for exporters and importers, first and foremost.5. Paying particular attention to capacity building of state market surveillance authorities.6. Raising awareness of business entities and enhancing the role of business associations in raising such awareness.7. Increasing the EU’s interest in providing Ukraine with effective technical assistance for the development of legislation and the proper functioning of quality infrastructure and market surveillance authorities. Introduce the position of Deputy Prime Minister for Industry and launch support programs for the real economy. Thus, Ukraine’s further integration with the European Union is largely linked to the formulation and implementation of relevant industrial policy, which should be to continue reforming all sectors of the economy, in particular, to modernize the industrial complex. And the signing of the Agreement on Conformity Assessment and Acceptance of Industrial Products in the three priority sectors («industrial visa waiver») in the medium term should become one of the main foreign economic priorities of Ukraine’s European integration in the face of the current challenges of today.

The most important raw material needed for food production is phosphorus (P), which cannot be replaced by other elements. P is listed as a Critical Raw Material (CRM) for the European Union (EU). It is an element essential for human nutrition and is used for fertiliser production. The key importance of P for human life is evidenced by the fact that if there were not enough P in fertilisers, we would only be able to feed 1/3 of the world’s population. Unfortunately, in Visegrad Group (V4) countries, Poland, Slovakia, Czech Republic, and Hungary, there is a lack of mineral deposits of phosphate rock. Therefore, there is a strong need to cover the demand for the P by importing from countries of varying stability, both economic and political, such as Russia, China, or Morocco. It is risky; if the borders for deliveries of goods are closed, it may be impossible to meet the needs of P. On the other hand, V4 countries have large secondary P resources in P-rich waste, which are lost due to P is not recovered on an industrial scale. The paper presents the importance of P raw materials in V4, the revision of primary and secondary P sources that can be used in agricultural systems, as well as the structure of import and export of P raw materials in these countries. In addition, examples of good phosphorus recovery practices in the V4 countries are presented. They include a list of initiatives dedicated to the sustainable management of P resources, and examples of P recovery projects. Implementation of P recovery for internal P-rich waste in V4 could ensure the safety of food production in this region. Such and similar initiatives may contribute to faster independence of the V4 countries from the import of P raw materials.

The article deals with the historical tendencies of the formation of food policy, in particular in the context of consumer rights protection in the countries of the European Union. It is emphasized on the necessity of introducing a progressive foreign experience of its formation for Ukraine. The use of measures to ensure food security and quality of food as a basis for raising the social life of the society is substantiated.To characterize the evolution of food policy development, it should be noted that the laws that form the basis of the protection of consumer rights have existed for more than a century, but this process began to develop more actively only at the end of the 19th century in the United States and in Europe. This was the result of an industrial revolution. Most countries in Western Europe began to develop comprehensive legislation in this direction in the post-1950 period. Initially these were legislative acts - specific laws aimed at addressing specific issues, such as advertising, improving consumer information through packaging for industrial and food products, as well as basic safety requirements.For Ukraine, it is necessary to introduce the experience of the EU as an important vector for the formation of modern food policy on an innovative basis.The main drivers of this process should be: development of the National Concept of Food Policy of Sustainable Consumption; formation of the conscious mentality of ecologically balanced consumption and production; intensification of effective levers of transition to sustainable consumption and production; Further development of sectoral partnership and international support in this context.Although the technological base of the economy can not provide an adequate response to the challenges of today, and economic growth in Ukraine faces numerous constraints, the national economy needs to adapt to the requirements of competition in regional and global markets, which means improving production efficiency, increasing the level of knowledge economy through the massive introduction of innovation, the promotion of new types of business, the introduction of environmental production standards.Covering a wide range of national, economic, social, and demographic factors, food policy must be developed through the development and implementation of a set of measures aimed at: expansion of production of own food products.

Based on literature review and own experience, grounds for necessity of toxicological assessment of goods and ecological state are given. As industry and economical activity develops, new chemicals, materials and goods appear, the problem of environmental protection and human chemical safety is becoming increasingly crucial. According to the legislation of most civilized countries, including Russian Federation, all chemicals, materials, goods, industrial waste and consumption residue which are potentially dangerous for humans must pass toxicological expert examination. Classical toxicological study techniques of chemicals, products and goods containing them, are labor-and time-consuming, expensive and as a rule require a lot of laboratory animals of various species. Moreover, the use of mammals is embarrassing from an ethical point of view. Therefore in late decades a search for new alternative techniques and instruments which could reliably reflect the effect of various toxicants on human body is actively being carried out. Sanitary-toxicological methods are shown to be predominantly used for the quality assessment and regulation of the production and environmental objects, especially in perfumes and cosmetics examination due to the prohibition of testing of cosmetics and its ingredients on animals in European Union countries. General characteristics and availability of the determination of the toxicity with the use of alternative testing techniques, such as computer toxicity simulation (in silico techniques), grouping of similar chemicals into categories, laboratory research (in chemico, ex vivo, in vitro methods) are reported. Characteristics of up-to-date alternative techniques which are most widely used in sanitary-toxicological studies are shown.

The concept of the blue economy is a part of a new wave of economic thought that emphasizes the sustainable use of natural resources in the world?s oceans, seas and coastal areas. The blue economy, which is dominated by the principle of sustainability, is directly contrasted with the development of another cycle of linear exploitation of limited planetary resources. In contrast, a sustainable blue economy envisages economic activities such as greening shipping, coastal renewable energy, carbon sequestration, eco-tourism, genetic marine resources, sustainable aquaculture and the development of new seafood as new trends in the decades ahead. The paper analyzes the key postulates of the blue economy concept, as well as European experiences and challenges in this field, using the methods of theoretical analysis. Based on the empirical findings of the paper, the general conclusion is that the oceans, coastal areas and marine activities will play a crucial role for the economic and environmental future of the European Union and its citizens. The European blue economy can and must be a central and solid pillar that contributes to the general resilience of society itself. Overall, the European Union has recognized the importance of the blue economy in generating new jobs and achieving prosperity and security, but its potential has yet to be unlocked. What is important is that the affirmation of the concept of the blue economy takes place in the spirit of the fundamental principles of the 2020 strategy, according to which growth must be smart (with respect to integration of cutting edge science-based, innovative solutions and industrial leadership), sustainable (in economic, social and ecological terms tackling societal challenges) and inclusive (considering the multitude of coastal, marine and maritime activities and trade-offs between them). The general lesson is that the European institutions responsible for ocean health and safety must seriously consider an appropriate framework that allows the blue economy to thrive while maintaining high standards of sustainable development in line with the EU?s vision for a carbon-free society. When it comes to the European Union (and its members), the development of the sustainable and fair blue economy in the coming period should take place in accordance with the principles of the European Green Agreement, as a long-term strategy for sustainable growth, which will require: transformation of value chains of the blue economy in terms of moving away from linear business models to circular ones, with less resource consumption and waste; introduction of stricter measures against marine pollution, coastal waste and plastics; fossil fuel replacement; investing in biodiversity conservation; restoration and protection of ecosystems; promoting nature-based solutions and options and incubating marine renewable energy and innovative blue biotechnology. At the same time, all blue economy sectors have to reduce their climate and environmental impact and contribute to the recovery of marine ecosystems. In achieving overarching goals such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions, increasing resource efficiency and reducing overall environmental impact, the EU should focus on five promising and innovative sectors, namely: blue energy, aquaculture, coastal and maritime 256 tourism, blue biotechnology and seabed mining. To address the previous challenges, special emphasis should be placed on the need for multisectoral, inclusive, transparent and holistic governance (public-private dialogue) to integrate the sustainable use of human resources with environmental protection and social justice. Improving governance processes should primarily be based on: 1. Citizen engagement and ocean literacy, namely, the involvement and empowerment of local communities and 2. ?ffirmation of maritime spatial planning, with the following advantages: protect the environment through early identification of impact and opportunities for multiple use of space; encourage investment by creating predictability, transparency and clearer rules; increase cross-border cooperation between EU countries to develop energy grids, shipping lanes, pipelines, submarine cables and other activities, but also to develop coherent networks of protected areas; and reduce conflicts between sectors and create synergies between different activities.

One of the essential features of the unified European market is the free movement of many industrial products, thanks to the harmonisation of the laws of the European Union countries. The rigour of safety regulations has led to a constant increase in the supply and volume of personal protective equipment. The EU legislation defines “essential requirements” for personal protective equipment but does not do the same for technical specifications. From this point of view, products can be divided into non-regulated and regulated products. Protective products and toys are manufactured in the regulated sector in the textile sector and require formal certification under European Community directives. Products intended for military use (in the regulated area) are subject to special, sometimes top-secret rules. Fashionable clothing belongs to the non-regulated area and does not require formal certification. The protective equipment must ensure compliance with EU regulations, such as absolute individual protection against specific risks; durable protective functions; psychological comfort while wearing it; ease of maintenance. The production of textile garments in the regulated sector requires flawless execution with the help of qualified personnel, who have created the physical conditions for the optimal execution of the operations to achieve a constant level of quality. A factor that determines the constant quality level is efficient production management. Production management in the textile industry refers to structuring processes, setting time rules and ensuring efficient working conditions for the people performing the work (rational design of the workplace makes it possible to achieve greater efficiency and meet occupational safety requirements). Once the requirements are clearly defined from the customer’s point of view, their translation into technical measures is a task for the manufacturing company. With this in mind, the main objective of this paper is to provide an example of streamlining the management of production to facilitate the manufacturing process of a product in a regulated sector that is compliant with European regulations. The case study has been carried out for the manufacturing process of a pistol bag.

Relevance of research topic. The development of a resource-efficient economy has become a natural trend for the development of many developed countries, even those that are rich in natural resources. Ukraine has also started transforming its economic system in response to growing challenges from resource constraints, climate change and competition in international markets. An important push in this direction was the signing of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union, according to which there should be an implementation of the substantive provisions of the EU Directives concerning the "greening" of industry, and in particular those affecting the activity and development of potentially dangerous industries. Hence, there is a need for monitoring of implementation of institutional instruments for ecologization of industrial production and analysis of the implementation of economic reforms, which are provided with a number of strategic state documents in the field of “greening” of the industry. Formulation of the problem. Today there is a need for reforming the existing system of air quality management, water and wastewater management, waste management, since the current one does not allow full implementation of the policy provisions of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union. Comprehensive solution of urgent environmental problems requires coordinated actions of various government institutions and the adoption of managerial decisions on the assessment of technogenic and environmental risks and the monitoring of the environmental impact of industrial enterprises; there is also a need for the introduction of new effective levers of state policy on the management of hazardous production on the basis of the concept of "greening" of the industry. Analysis of recent research and publications. The problems of the disclosure of the transformational changes in the industry in the direction of its "greening" and the role of the state in the modernization of potentially hazardous productions have been given considerable attention in the scientific works of Berzina S., Burkinskyi B., Veklych O., Galushkina T., Ilyashenko I., Kvasha T., Kozachenko T., Kupinets L., Musina L., Omelchenko A., Potapenko V., Harichkov S., Khlobistov Y. and others. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. The new environmental policy is the control of pollution of the environment, primarily, the control of industrial pollution. In this context, the environmental modernization of industrial enterprises is conditioned by changing the state's environmental policy towards polluting enterprises, which will improve the quality of life for modern and future generations, will provide "green" industrial growth, form effective mechanisms for the preservation and restoration of the natural environment. The introduction of new instruments of state policy in the environmental sphere is a large-scale reform that will affect the entire Ukrainian industry, while the formation of a systematic vision of major achievements in the implementation of international requirements for the eco transformation of industrial enterprises is still an insufficiently researched issue in the scientific literature. Setting the task and the purpose of the study. The main task of the publication is the development of effective measures to improve institutional instruments for managing the ecological development of industrial enterprises in order to support the implementation of the Agreement with the EU in the field of greening the Ukrainian economy and assessing the implementation of the EU Directives, the implementation of other international instruments in Ukrainian legislation, including management of hazardous enterprises, which will help minimize the risks of environmental aspects in the process of production, effective prevention and control of industrial pollution, raising the level of environmental safety. Method or methodology for conducting research. The research uses the following methods of scientific knowledge: dialectical method, methods of comparison and observation, methods of economic analysis, analysis and synthesis, ascension from abstract to concrete, system-structural method. Presentation of the main material (results of work). The current state and trends of the development of potentially dangerous industrial enterprises in Ukraine are characterized and the features of their functioning are characterized, which are connected in a certain way with the significant use of potentially dangerous technologies, the growth of environmental problems and territories where there is a high probability of natural and man-made disasters; the analysis of strategic documents of the state in the field of hazardous production management has been carried out; new approaches to environmental modernization of potentially hazardous industries, determined by the priority of environmental safety and subordination of the goals of the development of industrial production to the technology of environmental and ecological safety with the coordination of interests of the ecology and economy, are grounded; recommendations on ecological adaptation of economic growth related to the development of industry have been developed. The field of application of results. Realization of measures of influence of state ecological policy on activity of industrial enterprises. Conclusions according to the article. The proposed measures on ecological adaptation of economic growth in industry allow to improve the mechanism of prevention, reduction and control of industrial pollution in accordance with international environmental requirements and promote the industrialists and entrepreneurs in ensuring the proper level of "greening" of technological processes.

Problem statement. The article presents the research results of the workplace training process for workers hired for the first time or repeatedly in the field of construction production. The problem of traumatism high level in construction has been revealed. The main approaches to determining the effectiveness of the labor protection system at the existing construction sites were highlighted. An analysis of the industrial injuries occurrence, the possibilities of its elimination, and the main directions that should be developed in the future to preserve the lives of workers in the construction industry were given. The authors have studied the developments and articles of other scientists, both foreign and Ukrainian. Factors of safety, which must be included in the complex process of the building project management are given. The analysis of the main accidents’ causes at work is carried out, and it is shown that the probation at the workplace is the most important element in the integral system of workers’ training using safe methods and techniques of work. The purpose of the article was to analyze the adverse factors influencing the increase in workplace injuries. In addition, it becomes obvious that the construction industry will be the most in demand in the future. The analysis of the European Union’ countries was carried out with the goal of creating a healthy and safe working environment. The importance of improving the theory and innovative approaches to the complex system of labor protection, the introduction of creative and new methods and approaches was emphasized. The given scheme of apprenticeship and its consolidation at the state level with regular inspections will help to cope with this. It has been proved that by creating a flexible algorithm for testing employees' knowledge of safe work practices, it is possible to consolidate the own system at the state level and reduce the level of industrial injuries in the construction production. The idea of the unified system for apprenticeship is offered. Examples of the use of effective systems in foreign practice in the construction industry are given.

In this study we introduce a comparative analysis of the current situation in the sector of small yield agriculture in Ukraine and some countries belonging to the Community of Portuguese Language Countries, such as Portugal, Brazil, and Cape Verde, in the context of the international policies for the Strategy of Nutritional and Food Security (Estratégia de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional). We used materials from the United Nations on Food Security, secondary sources from Ukrainian, Portuguese, Brazilian, and Cape Verdean researchers on the characteristics of the sector, as well as, the results from personal experience and research during the stay in those countries. Portugal and Ukraine are both European countries, Portugal is a member European Union and Ukraine is on its way to joining. Portugal, Brazil and Cape Verde are characterized by their common history, dating back to the days of colonialism, and belong to The Community of Countries of Portuguese Language. All these countries are located in different economic-geographical zones and because of their levels of development they belong to different worlds in economy. It is noticeable, in any of them, that small rural agricultural businesses have an important role in ensuring sustainable food security. Also shared by all three is the fact that small agricultural producers suffer from being invisible to public policy, in comparison with larger industrial agriculture, taking into account the different factors from each country in particular. As such, one of the main goals of the present study is to reflect on the importance of small agriculture, or family agriculture, on providing for society and ensuring nutritional and food security in those countries. According to Ukrainian researchers, the per capita consumption of food products has significantly decreased over the past two decades, which is reflected in a steady decrease in the amount of milk and meat in the daily consumption of dietary products. This is a very important factor for the food safety of the entire population and, above all, the preservation of the health of the most vulnerable groups, including children. The Community of Countries of Portuguese Language (Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa, CPLP), to which Brazil, Cape Verde and Portugal belong to, has approximately 250 million of inhabitants. It is predicted that that number will increase up to 323 million in 2050. Today, in absolute terms, and considering the CPLP as a whole, around 28 million people are malnourished. In general, from all the countries in the CPLP, Portugal is the only country free from problems having to do with food security, but the level of dependence from imports has risen in the last decade, especially of cereals (from 55.6% to 82.8%). Brazil reduced the prevalence of malnutrition to less than half, in comparison with the levels from 1990 and the dependence on imports of cereals in this country remains the lowest compared to other countries and stands at 14.2%. Cape Verde maintains a high level of dependence on imports of food products, including cereals (94.3%). It turns out that in all the countries studied it is common ground that, despite their importance for sustainable food security, small family farms do not receive the necessary support from the state authorities for their technical and technological progress, in order to produce and sell on equal conditions with large enterprises its products in competitive markets. The lack of competitiveness from national food products, which is also seen in all countries, is one of the first factors that cause the objective necessity of an innovative transformation of the field of small agricultural production.

There have been 13 major inquiries completed during the past few years that have addressed the issue of hydraulic fracture stimulation (fraccing) in Australia. There are two inquiries due to report before mid-2016; namely in SA (Natural Resources Committee, Parliament of South Australia, 2015), and the Senate Inquiry (Parliament of Australia, 2015). These inquiries are in addition to many others conducted in overseas jurisdictions including various states of the US, Canada, and in countries in the European Union, including the UK. Concerns are usually concluded around ensuring there is a proper regulatory environment to confirm that the use of fraccing is conducted using international best practices, and the risk to the environment is minimised. In each and every responsible inquiry the conclusion has been that there is no scientific or public policy reason that would justifiably prevent the use of fraccing as a pre-well completion stimulation technique. This paper attempts to synthesise basic data about fraccing—why the ability to fracture stimulate wells is no longer a luxury but a necessity in deep oil and gas production—to convey factual information and summarise the results of inquiries in Australia to date. Comparisons between hydraulic fracture stimulation operations and results in the US and Australia are intended to provide comfort that some of the potentially more intense (massive) hydraulic fracture stimulation operations routinely conducted in the US (and Canada) on an individual well basis are not contemplated in the immediate future in Australia. The scale of North American fraccing activities may bear little resemblance to what may be proposed or occur in Australia owing to fundamental differences in geology, basin stress regimes, infrastructure, and cost and logistics, among other factors. The author’s conclusion is that fraccing in Australia can and will be carried out in a sphere of safety and regulation that many other countries are likely to aspire to copy. It would, however, be foolish to suggest hydraulic fracturing operations are not without some risk, as with many industrial and other daily activities, but the risks can be managed or mitigated with sound engineering and scientific practices. This is irrespective of the messages by opponents of hydraulic fracture stimulation in oil and gas wells. The modern practice of fraccing has been used now for more than 65 years, albeit with increasing scale commensurate with technological advances, which has caught the public’s imagination. Indeed, the results of inquiries have given no credence to demonising the technology.

Ensuring industrial safety, labor protection, health of workers, including in the field of electricity, is an urgent task today. This task is set out in the development strategies of the European Union, the United States, Canada and others. This position of the states is aimed at reducing the level of occupational injuries and occupational diseases, which is high, especially in the field of electricity in almost all countries. Analysis of the state of the solution of this problem shows that the working conditions of the staff of the power supply system, especially in the central control points, in many cases need to be improved. The study of the relationships in the system «dispatcher of the main control point of power supply systems - production environment» confirms the importance of solving the problem of improving their working conditions. The peculiarities of power supply system managers are revealed, which are due to the following two main facts. 1 - production activity of dispatchers of the central dispatching points is characterized by the considerable list of tasks which differ in character of the performed work. This necessitates frequent switching of their activities. This mode of operation causes significant psychophysiological loads in their body. 2 - the state of health directly affects the health and well-being of dispatchers during the work shift. This is especially true in emergencies, which require the maximum concentration of professional knowledge, the attention of dispatchers in developing the necessary solution to restore power. Thus, the task of ensuring proper (regulatory) working conditions, regulated by regulations, is complemented by the need to develop measures to optimize the regime «work – rest» during the work shift, ergonomics of the workplace. In this case, for example, while ensuring proper microclimatic conditions, it is necessary to ensure their optimal parameters, and the design or improvement of artificial lighting systems should be based on the qualitative characteristics of light flux. That is, the organization of the production environment should be improved not only taking into account changes in regulations, but also taking into account the latest advances in ergonomics, other areas in the field of providing a comfortable working environment. Based on this, the solution of the problem requires a comprehensive system approach. This approach is proposed to be implemented using the developed adaptive management system of working conditions, ergonomics, ie in general, the production environment in the central control point of the power supply system. A software algorithm for such a management system is presented. The presented methodology for developing an adaptive management system is universal. It can be implemented in power supply systems for various purposes. Keywords: power supply systems, central control point, labor protection, management, reliability of power supply.

Introduction. The industrial sector of Russia is the most important segment of the country’s economy. Until the beginning of the 21st century, large chemical enterprises in Russia were focused on the domestic market. There was a so-called supply strategy formed back in the USSR for the Union Socialist republics. The products of the chemical industry were mainly transported by road around the city and to neighboring regions, the main cargo traffic for longer distances was mastered by rail and river transport. Currently, the largest chemical industry enterprise in the Volgograd region, AO Kaustik, is actively exporting to Europe, South America and Asia. To carry out international transportation of the company’s products, hired tractors with semi-trailers that meet all modern standards of environmental safety are used. The interaction of road transport with rail, river, and sea is actively taking place, effective logistics multimodal systems for the delivery of chemical products are being organized. Road and rail transportation of products is organized with Asian countries, with European countries – by road, rail and sea, with South American countries – by sea. Today, the company’s transport carries out international multimodal transportation to the near and far abroad. The issue of improving the efficiency of road transport is relevant. The paper considers the links of the logistics system of transportation of chemical products of the enterprise between the countries, along the routes: Russia – Netherlands and Russia – Kyrgyzstan. The comparison of road and rail transportation by time and cost on Volgograd – Bishkek route is carried out. The full loading of the vehicle with transport packages according to the calculation takes place in compliance with the loads on the axles of the tractor and semi-trailer. Improving the efficiency of transportation depends on the organization of loading and unloading points, customs control points, movement along routes, and the work of drivers. The statistical regularities of the distribution of the execution time of elements and operations in the loading point of the enterprise are investigated. The ways of organizing the work of motor transport drivers on the international Volgograd – Bishkek – Volgograd route are considered, the calculation of the duration of the elements of the transportation process and their cost is presented.Materials and methods. The paper uses methods of statistical and economic analysis of data on the functioning of the chemical industry in the region. Graph-analytical methods are used to form transport packages and ensure that the car is fully loaded. Methods for determining the shortest distances and drawing up routes on the transport network are used. Methods of organizing the work of drivers are used to ensure single and tour work on the international route. The effectiveness of the proposed measures is evaluated by economic methods.Results. It is revealed that the chemical industry of the region has a stable economic situation that allows it to develop new international markets. The links of the multimodal logistics system for the delivery of the company’s products along Volgograd – Bishkek and Volgograd – Netherlands international routes are investigated. Improving the efficiency of transportation depends on the organization of loading and unloading points. A statistical analysis of the elements and stages of the transportation process of caustic soda was carried out. A scheme for placing transport packages with bags of caustic soda in a semi-trailer of a motor vehicle has been developed. International routes of transportation of products of AO Kaustik using road transport have been developed: Volgograd – Bishkek and Volgograd – Netherlands routes. The mode of operation of motor transport when performing international transportation using tour and single organization of drivers’ work is calculated. We recommend a tour trip as the most effective way to organize the work of drivers. Tour riding is recommended as the most effective way of organizing the work of road transport in the organization of international transportation to near and far abroad. The final price of 1 ton of transported products on the Volgograd – Bishkek route has been determined. The effective functioning of road transport in the international logistics system for the delivery of caustic soda allows you to reduce transport time, transport costs and reduce the cost of a unit of production for the end user.Conclusions. The article develops measures to improve the organization of international transportation of products of JSC «Caustic» using road transport. The final price of 1 ton of products in the Bishkek warehouse, taking into account the initial cost of granular caustic soda and transportation costs in the case of organizing a single driver’s ride, will be 83246 rubles/ton, and for tour driving, respectively, 81355 rubles/ton.

Summary The promotion of systematic occupational health and safety management (SOHSM) represents a comparatively recent but significant realignment of regulatory strategy that has been embraced by many, if not most, industrialized countries. As yet there has been little critical evaluation of the origins and implications of this shift, and to what extent the experience of these measures differs between countries. This article seeks to start the process of answering these questions by comparing SOHSM in Norway and Australia. We identified a number of common challenges (problems of “paper” compliance, limited union input and the growth of precarious employment). In particular, the article highlights the interdependence of OHS and industrial relations regulatory regimes and argues the move away from inclusive collectivist regimes places significant constraints on independent vetting of SOHSM—a crucial element in their effectiveness.

Recombinant bovine growth hormone (rbGH) is produced in large quantities and widely used in a number of countries worldwide to stimulate milk production in dairy animals. The use of this compound in animal production is strictly regulated by food safety directives in force, in particular in the European Union (EU). Although analytical strategies for the detection of rbGH in blood have been successfully reported over the past 15 years, they do not fully answer the expectations of either competent authorities or industrials that would expect measuring its occurrence directly in the milk. As a matrix of excretion but also of consumption, milk appears indeed as the matrix of choice for detecting the use of rbGH in dairy animals. It also allows large volumes to be collected without presenting an invasive character for the animal. However, rbGH detection in milk presents several challenges, mainly related to the sensitivity required for its detection in a complex biological matrix. This review article presents the specific difficulties associated with milk and provides an overview of the analytical strategies reported in the literature and whether they concern indirect or direct approaches to the detection of rbGH administration to animals, with applications either for screening or confirmation purposes.

Current situation in the environmental sector for the EAEU countries it is one of the most burning topics. One of the priority areas of the country’s sustainable development policy The Eurasian economic Union recognizes ensuring the welfare of the population living in the Eurasian space and introducing environmental technologies, creating environmentally friendly industries, and much more. Important changes have taken place in the environmental safety sector, and positive dynamics are beginning to be determined not only by intentions, but also by real actions aimed at improving the quality of the environment and health. In the context of globalization, the nature of the market–plan relationship in environmental management is changing dramatically. On the one hand, the influence of market forces and competition that stimulate the development and implementation of environmental policies by each individual state is increasing. On the other hand, the impact of international economic institutions on national relations is increasing, resulting in the creation of a system of supranational environmental management. Joint solution of issues related to prevention of negative impact on the environment is possible only through: contractual actions, investment policies, and planned activities aimed at maintaining environmental balance. Kazakhstan, being a full member of the EAEU actively participates in the formation of a regulatory framework aimed at reducing industrial risks, identifying the scale of anthropogenic pollution and implementing environmental monitoring.

Today, more than 3.9 billion people live in urban areas, that is, more than 54% of the world population. According to scientists from New York State University, urbanization will continue in the coming years, increasing the urban population to 6.0 billion. people by 2045 A significant increase in the urban population increases the demand for energy, mobility, water and other urban services in cities. Therefore, cities should become smarter in providing urban services. In addition, cities are the largest environmental pollutants responsible for more than 80% of greenhouse gas emissions, 75% of waste generation and 70% of global energy consumption. Due to global awareness of the negative impacts of such pollution on the environment, cities are under greater pressure to improve environmental performance while improving the level of services. All these trends converge at the moment when a new trend is being formed: digitalization. The growing demand for sustainable, comprehensive, reliable and efficient urban service puts enormous pressure on our urban infrastructure, but digitalization provides a powerful tool for solving these issues and creates a paradigm shift in our concept of cities – creating the Smart City concept. The use of information technologies in the management of a modern city has long been relevant. Since the 2000s, progressive companies have mentioned Smart City as an effective way to manage urban resources and recommended it for use by officials. However, then it is only possible to talk about it, and today every city that considers itself modern wants to be Smart City. It is also worth introducing smart technologies in the public administration sector, and not only in the field of infrastructure, security and tourism. This is due to both the globalization processes, the increase in the population in cities and the growing role of the cities themselves and the systematic growth of urbanization, and the change in the role of the city itself – their transformation into modern information centres using information and communication technologies in many spheres of life of residents. Modern cities face constant contradictions every day: the combination of social attractiveness of the city and the comfort of residents' living, the rapid growth of production and environmental norms and the growth of industrial waste, transport and production infrastructure and modern information technologies. At the same time, it is worth noting that cities are the driving engines of the economy, platforms for creating and implementing social innovations, technological innovations, centres of education and culture. Smart cities today become the basis of social progress and economic growth, as information technologies help transform traditional functions in the classical sense through the use of smart technologies. These technologies make it possible to solve the problems that arise and qualitatively change the system of the city administration. As a result, conditions for the development of each resident of the community and the city as a whole are ensured. Smart decisions of the city authorities produce an increase in the value of the city itself due to additional emerging opportunities, as well as increasing the investment attractiveness of the city itself. The growth of modern solutions using the latest technologies, primarily in the field of municipal management, increases the efficiency of resource use, ensures the development of economic potential, the launch of new individual business areas, and also improves the quality and comfort of citizens' living in the city. At the same time, modern city development and management systems should include smart technologies and information systems for the transformation of life in urban processes, better management and improvement of life in the city. It is also worth noting that today with the spread of infections, such as covid-19 infection, which has become a global pandemic, the role of Smart City smart technologies is not so much in demand in the world and Ukraine in particular. The role of such technologies will increase from year to year. Also, taking into account globalization and integration processes in the world, the Smart City system has long begun to gain popularity among leading countries with developed economies and the European Union. Smart City affects both everyday life in the city and the sphere of state and local administration, public safety, industry, transport, ecology, medicine, energy, mobility and other spheres of life of citizens, both at the national and local levels. Keywords: globalization, smart technologies, digitalization, digitalization, development, Smart City.

In the conditions of globalization, the intensification of relations between different States is taking place; the formation of a common market of capital, technologies and goods is formed. In this merged market there is a segment of the labor market, in which intellectual migration plays an extremely important role. At the present phase, migration processes attract more and more attention of scientists in all leading countries of the world. A special place takes intellectual migration. Human bieng, the human factor, especially their intellect, the educational potential has become a real capital. And migration itself forms the bulk of this capital. Migration is becoming more and more differentiated in terms of educational, qualification and professional characteristics, constantly involving new categories and groups of people in the staffing exchange. From ancient times, intellectual migration has been characterized by the constant movement of scientific staff between universities, which, obviously, determined the growth of prestige and the scientific, educational level of a university. Even in the history of Ukraine we can mention Yury Drohobych (Kotermak), professor and rector of the University of Bologna, professor of the Jagiellonian University, Mykhailo Drahomanov, professor at the Higher School in Sofia (now - Sofia University), etc. The present dictates similar needs in intelligence, which is addressed by promising scientists in the search for self-realization. Disproportionately smaller is the "flow" of scientific personnel to Ukraine. But such examples also take place. James Mace, a well-known historian, political scientist, researcher of the Holodomor, moved to Ukraine for scientific research and linked his scientific and livelihood with our country. In Ukraine, such migration processes are characterized by dynamism, diversity and a set of causes, not only of internal scientific, but also socio-economic nature. Over the past decades, part of the scientists who were unable to adapt to the new socio-economic conditions of post-Soviet Ukraine and could not "stay in science" by migrating to other areas of human activity, for example, in business or migrating to other countries. This, in turn, led to an imbalance in the scientific and educational spheres, and created new challenges and threats to the national educational and scientific sector, which affected the level of technical and technological development of Ukraine. The main goals of this paper is to determine the specifics of migration processes in the intellectual sphere, to identify their causes and social mechanisms, to analyze general and special factors of intellectual migration, to identify trends in intellectual migration and to create the appropriate conditions for the development of intellectual potential of Ukraine. Modern international intellectual migration is made up of two parts: highly qualified specialists who migrate from one developed country to another (mainly within Europe) and from specialists from Asia, Africa, Latin America and Eastern Europe. Developing countries (this group can be safely attributed to Ukraine), as a result of the "outflow of intelligence" are experiencing great complications due to the lack of high-skilled and secondary education. That is why the "outflow of intelligence" is seen as the migration of highly skilled and talented specialists from poor and / or isolated countries to industrial centers. This process is permanent, and is steadily gaining momentum, increasing the flows of highly skilled migrants to the European Union States, and especially the United States of America.

Due to the sanctions policy of some foreign countries, there was a decrease in the share of imported seed products. This reduction will allow us to improve the market position of domestic seeds, as most of them are not inferior in quality to foreign ones. The current situation will also allow scaling existing developments. A free niche can be filled with seeds of its own production, and most of them are not inferior, but in some crops superior to foreign ones in quality. The country has enough acreage, qualified specialists and scientific organizations for the sustainable development of seed production. What needs to be done so that our agriculture finally overcomes dependence on imported seeds. In the new circumstances, the words "industrial safety of the country" have become particularly relevant. On the one hand, everything is fine: we bake bread from domestic grain, we produce sugar from our beetroot, sunflower oil from our sunflower seeds. That's only 90% of potato seeds and almost 100% of sugar beet seeds we import from abroad.

This article analyses the infrastructure projects in Central Asia, which are being financed by two major international organisations, two multilateral banks: the Eurasian Development Bank (EDB) and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB). The article aims to evaluate the activity of these two institutions in the region and to compare their priorities and the probable efficiency of their projects for the development of Central Asian countries. The choice of the region for the study is conditioned by the fact that Central Asian states are Russia’s close neighbours, and the whole region is characterised by its critical strategic value for Russia’s foreign policy. The methodology of the study is based on the use of discourse analysis of the organisations’ documents, accessible for public: agreements, plans, reports, project-related documentation. In addition, the authors have monitored and analysed the relevant news archives of Russian and foreign mass media. The article consequently analyses the typology of both organisations through the lens of the international integration studies, the institutional structure of the EDB and the AIIB, the specific features of their functioning as international relations actors, and the actual infrastructure projects financed by these institutions in Central Asia. The study demonstrates that the policies and the priorities of the two international banks differ considerably. While the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank prefers to finance the construction of roads and energy infrastructure, the Eurasian Development Bank remarkably credits production more and finances projects aimed at the industrial cooperation of Eurasian countries. Obviously, in the view of the long-term development, all areas of infrastructure expansion are worth financing; however, one can note that projects, approved by the EDB, can be characterised as more significant both at the present stage and in the long-term perspective. In addition, they contribute to the development of regional economic cooperation and Eurasian integration. If we look at the environmental and social safety of the infrastructure projects, the activities of the AIIB, regardless of its declarations on sustainable development, bear certain risks due to the existing cases of violation of environmental rules by the bank’s founder and major operator – the People’s Republic of China – in its infrastructure projects abroad. This circumstance highlights the critical importance of elaboration of national and multilateral mechanisms of control and inspection of major international infrastructure projects, as well as the necessity to fulfill the obligation of demanding their approval by the citizens of the recipient countries.

2,2'-Dichloro-4,4'-methylenedianiline (MOCA) is an aromatic amine. It is produced commercially by the reaction of formaldehyde and 2-chloroaniline. It is not produced in Europe and its import to Europe is estimated at 1000-10000 t/year. MOCA is mainly used as a curing agent in the production of polyurethane elastomers. Occupational exposure to MOCA occurs during production, distribution and use of this compound. In Poland in 2016, 14 people were exposed to this compound, including 10 women. Under occupational exposure conditions, MOCA is mainly absorbed through the skin; absorption in the respiratory tract is of secondary importance. Available literature does not provide data on chronic MOCA poisoning under occupational conditions. No methemoglobinogenic effect typical for aromatic amines was found in exposed subjects. MOCA has a moderate toxic effect on animals; median lethal doses after oral administration to rodents are 400 ÷ 1140 mg/kg of body weight. It also has a moderate irritant effect on the skin and eyes, but no allergenic effect. Data on subchronic and chronic animal toxicity indicate multiorgan toxicity. MOCA shows mutagenic and genotoxic potential, both in vivo and in vitro. In bacterial tests, it requires the presence of metabolic activation. It causes DNA damage and formes DNA adducts both in vitro and in vivo. MOCA also forms adducts with other macromolecules such as haemoglobin, globin or plasma albumin. No data are available on the effects of MOCA on human reproduction or on the embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of this compound. The only rat experiment showed that MOCA has no influence on the reproductive potential of parents and the growth and of pre- and postnatal development of offspring. There are no epidemiological studies in the literature that clearly indicate that occupational exposure to MOCA is the cause of cancer in workers. However, there are reports of bladder cancer, usually found in cystoscopic examination in young men occupationally exposed to MOCA. Animal studies have provided sufficient evidence for the carcinogenic effects of MOCA. It was shown that this compound administered to rats in the diet induces a dose-dependent increase in the number of lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinomas, hemangiosarcomas, mammary gland adenomas and Zymbal gland carcinomas. MOCA administered in capsules to dogs induced tumors of the bladder and urethra. The mechanism of carcinogenic action of MOCA is related to the potential of this compound and/or its metabolites to bind with macromolecules, mainly DNA. MOCA has a harmonised classification as Carc.1B. IARC considered that there was insufficient evidence of MOCA carcinogenicity in humans and that there was sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals. In the overall assessment IARC classified MOCA into group 1 – compound carcinogenic to humans. SCOEL (2010) included MOCA to genotoxic carcinogens with non-threshold effect (group A). MOCA is absorbed into the body by inhalation, ingestion and dermal routes, the latter is the main route of absorption under occupational exposure conditions. There is no quantitative data on efficiency or absorption rate. In animals, regardless of the route of administration, the highest MOCA concentrations are in the liver, lower in the lungs, kidneys, adipose tissue and blood. MOCA is metabolized mainly in the liver by CYP3A4. Metabolism may proceed along the pathways of N-acetylation, N-hydroxylation/N-oxidation and ring hydroxylation. The main and the most reactive and directly carcinogenic metabolite is N-hydroxy-MOCA. MOCA is excreted from the body with urine and faeces. The relative share of these excretion routes in animals depends on both the species and the route of administration. Based on the MOCA measurement in the urine of an employee who accidentally sprayed with molten MOCA, the biological half-life was set at 23 hours. Since the main route of absorption of MOCA in occupational exposure conditions is the dermal route, biological monitoring, usually based on measurement of the total MOCA concentration in urine, is necessary for the assessment of total exposure. Modern monitoring studies have found that although the MOCA concentration in air was low, a significant percentage of urine samples exceeded the detection limit of the method, which for most methods is 0.5 µmol MOCA/mol creatinine. In addition, some studies have shown that the MOCA level in urine correlated with the amount of glove contamination, not the working surfaces. The values of the current hygiene standards in the various countries range from 0.22 mg/m3 to 0.005 mg/m3 and are usually labelled "skin" and "carcinogen". Furthermore, in many countries, no limit values have been set for MOCA due to its carcinogenic effects. Also in the EU, SCOEL did not set a standard value for MOCA. In 2018. The European Commission has proposed to include a limit value of 0.01 mg/m3 as a binding value (BOELV) with the simultaneous notation of 'skin' in Annex III to the proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2004/37/EC on the protection of workers from the risks related to exposure to carcinogens or mutagens at work. At the same time, it was proposed to set the urinary MOCA concentration at 5 µmol MOCA/mol creatinine as the Biological Guidance Value (BGV), in line with the list of recommended values of the Biological Exposure Limits (BEIs) based on the health effects and Biological Guidance Values (BGVs) provided by SCOEL, which however takes the detection limit of the method as the BGV without giving a specific numerical value for this indicator. The basis for proposing a MAC value was the carcinogenic effect of MOCA. Since MOCA is a genotoxic carcinogen with non-threshold effect, the values of hygiene standards should be based on the cancer risk assessment for this compound. All existing risk assessments are based on the results of an experiment on rats receiving MOCA in the diet under chronic exposure conditions. The MAC value currently in force in Poland of 0.02 mg/m3 was derived on the basis of the linear model with the assumed risk of 10-4. The cancer risk assessment using the two-step model gave the risk values accordingly: 4.6 - 10-4 for MOCA concentration 0.02 mg/m3 and 1.7 - 10-4 for 0.01 mg/m3. A similar risk value of 9.65 - 10-5 (≈ 1 - 10-4) for inhalation exposure to 0.01 mg/m3 was assigned by RAC using a linear model. In view of the fact that the risk assessments presented above gave compatible values for 0.01 mg/m3 and that the European Union proposed this value as a binding concentration, it was proposed to use a MOCA concentration in air of 0.01 mg/m3 as the MAC value in Poland. The main route of exposure to MOCA at occupational condition is the dermal route. MOCA levels in workers' urine samples are a better indicator for overall exposure assessment than measuring MOCA concentrations in air. MOCA is not detected in the urine of subjects not occupationally exposed, i.e. it remains below the detection limit of the method. Therefore, the Biological Guidance Value (BGV) for MOCA should correspond to the detection limit of the biomonitoring method. However, for practical reasons, it was proposed to use 5 µmol MOCA/mole creatinine in urine collected at the end of the shift as an equivalent to BEI. Under industrial conditions, total MOCA concentrations below 5 µmol/mol creatinine can be achieved under appropriate hygienic working conditions. Moreover, according to the risk assessment presented by SCOEL, this MOCA concentration in urine leads to a cancer risk of 3 ÷ 4 - 10-6. Biomonitoring should be supplemented by air monitoring and, where appropriate, measurements of dermal contamination, gloves and work surfaces contamination to identify sources of exposure. Since dermal exposure accounts for a significant proportion of the MOCA taken by workers, a 'skin' notation is required. This article discusses the problems of occupational safety and health, which are covered by health sciences and environmental engineering.

The 1954, May 4th disaster of the Ribolla mine is one of the worst mine accidents ever happened in Italy. Italian mine activity has never been comparable to that in the most important industrialised countries. The lack of minerals has always been one of the greatest problems hindering industrial development. However, in the first half of the twentieth century and until the ‘70s, mineral extraction was a significant part of the national economy, employing many thousands of workers. More specifically, at first copper mines, later mainly pyrite ones, represented the basis for the development of Montecatini, the big Italian chemical monopoly. The Ribolla lignite mine was owned by the Montecatini company. The mine had a remarkable development during the Second World War and 1200 miners still worked there in 1954. The firedamp explosion caused 43 deaths and was matter of huge controversy and debate among trade unions and left political parties on the one hand and the Montecatini company on the other. Before the disaster, the miners' union had reported serious safety problems with regard to working methods. A deeper insight into the event began to emerge only many years later. In particular, studies based on part of the documents made available from the trial against Montecatini were published in 2005. After the disaster, Montecatini was forced to adopt safety measures and to invest money to improve the working conditions, particularly ventilation in the tunnels. However, the mine’s life had come to an end and some years later it was closed. My study will show how the mining company, trade unions, political parties and local governments acted after the mining disaster. For example, how industrial relations changed in the still open mines. In a social environment dominated by the left, the Montecatini had to abandon the authoritarian behaviour, which was probably derived from the fascist era. The left, on the other hand, had to renounce the most radical elements of their programmes, such as the nationalization of the mines. La actividad minera italiana nunca ha sido comparable a la de los países industrializados más importantes. La falta de minerales siempre ha sido uno de los mayores problemas que han obtaculizado el desarrollo industrial. Sin embargo, en la primera mitad del siglo XX y hasta los años 70, la extracción de minerales fue una parte importante de la economía nacional, empleando a miles de trabajadores. Más específicamente, al principio las minas de cobre, luego principalmente las de pirita, representaron la base para el desarrollo de Montecatini, el gran monopolio químico italiano. La mina de lignito Ribolla, en la parte sur de la Toscana, también era propiedad de la Compañía Montecatini. La mina tuvo un desarrollo notable durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial y en mayo de 1954 todavía trabajaban 1.200 mineros. El desastre del 4 de mayo de 1954 en esa mina es uno de los peores accidentes mineros jamás ocurridos en Italia. La explosión de grisú provocó 43 muertos y fue motivo de gran polémica y debate entre sindicatos y partidos políticos de izquierda, por un lado, y la empresa Montecatini, por otro. Antes del desastre, el Sindicato de Mineros había denunciado serios problemas de seguridad por los métodos de trabajo. Una visión más profunda del evento comenzó a surgir solo muchos años después. En particular, en 2005 se publicaron estudios basados en parte de los documentos disponibles del juicio contra Montecatini. Después del desastre, Montecatini se vio obligado a adoptar medidas de seguridad e invertir dinero para mejorar las condiciones de trabajo, en particular la ventilación de los túneles. Sin embargo, la vida de la mina había llegado a su fin y algunos años después se cerró. Mi estudio mostrará cómo la empresa minera, los sindicatos, los partidos políticos y los gobiernos locales actuaron después del desastre minero. Por ejemplo, cómo cambiaron las relaciones laborales en las minas aún abiertas. En un ambiente social dominado por la izquierda, los Montecatini tuvieron que abandonar el comportamiento autoritario, que probablemente se derivaba de la era fascista. La izquierda, en cambio, tuvo que renunciar a los elementos más radicales de sus programas, como la nacionalización de las minas.

The article is dedicated to the history of the Department of Mining Engineering establishment and development. The Department of Mining Arts used to be its original name. The department has been reformed several times over its centennial history. In 1931 the country was in urgent need in engineers with narrow specializations and the department was divided into 6 departments: sheet deposits development, ore mining, mine construction, mine aeration and work safety, mine transport, and industrial management. Each of the departments still exists making its contribution to high-skilled mining engineers training. The departments of sheet deposits development and ore mining were an exception, as soon as they amalgamated 78 years later to establish the Department of Mining Engineering in 2009. Over the entire period of its existence, the departments of mining art-mining engineering have trained more than 10 thousand mining engineers, including 52 thousand specialists for foreign countries. The graduates have been working successfully in all regions of the Soviet Union and still work for mining enterprises in Russia and abroad. There are 2 academicians, 18 Doctors of Science, more than 60 PhDs, 3 Lenin and State Prize laureates, 6 Heroes of Socialist Labour, 2 Deputy Ministers of the Government of the Russian Federation, local Government Chairmen, and Governors of the regions of the Russian Federation among the graduates of the department.

The homeland of Myrthus communis L. is Mediterranean region, in the countries of which its wild-growing and cultivated varieties grow. In the collection of the Nikitsky Botanical Gardens – National Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences the economic-valuable and morphological features of nine cultivars of this species have been studied. The plant is considered as a promising industrial medicinal culture. Contamination of medicinal plants with heavy metals and other toxic elements is an existing problem, which is associated with serious concern of international organizations on the quality and safety of medicinal raw materials. It is now established that trace constituents, entering into connection with chemical regulators of metabolism, including amino acids, participate in various biochemical processes, stimulate and normalize metabolism. The objective of this work is to study the elemental and amino acid composition of leaves of Myrthus communis L., cultivated in the Nikitsky Botanical Gardens. The study of Myrthus communis L. ultimate composition has been done with due regard to General Monograph requirements "The identification of heavy metals and arsenium in medicinal raw materials and plant preparations" for State Pharmacopeia of XIII edition. The research of the amino acid profile has been done subject to State All-Union Standard 32195-2013 (ISO 13903:2005). As a result of research it has been established that leaves of Myrthus communis L. accumulate 28 elements and 16 amino acids. The content of heavy metals and arsenium in the studied samples did not exceed the maximum permissible values for medicinal plant raw materials established by the Russian State Pharmacopoeia. The total content of amino acids in the leaves of myrtle was 11.65%. Among the amino acids found, glutamic and aspartic acids prevailed. The least in the leaves was methionine. The obtained results will be used for follow up standardization of myrtle raw materials as a promising source of medicinal plant raw material.

Mass disasters with multiple thermal injuries are an actual topic of safety management of patients in an actual safety situation in Eastern Europe. Availability of highly specialized burn centers complies with geographic borders of countries, but from an international perspective it is reasonable usage of nearby burn centers in neighboring countries. The aim of the report is to describe the actual needs of coordinating national programs for mass burn disasters. Actual situation reflects recommendations of WHO and European Union authorities and allows to ratify them to national plans. But it is also needed step-back coordination of individual national plans to set the highest possible safety of management of burned patients in the European Union despite geographical borders of countries.

The statistical reporting system in the Russian Federation, based on the forms and indicators approved by the Federal State Statistics Service, allows monitoring current situation and dynamics of changes in occupational safety and working conditions of employees per industries and types of economic activity of production plants. At the same time, the Russian system of monitoring labor safety protection is ineffective for research, analysis, control, transmission, dissemination and use of information about the causes, circumstances and consequences of occupational injuries on the scale of a plant and a workplace. The comparison of the analysis results in the countries of the European Union and in the Russian Federation shows that focusing on reducing the number of industrial accidents by collecting detailed information allows using this information to identify the main health problems at production sites, as well as developing corrective long-term prevention programs for injuries and diseases. This should be preceded by the theoretical analysis, including development and justification of the structure of the monitoring system, as well as its strategies, goals and objectives that must be solved during implementation.

The challenges and dangers posed by the Russian Federation’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine have provoked major international issues. Among them, food security in the countries of the European Union has become particularly acute. The aim of the study is to identify the theoretical and applied aspects of the impact of the Russian-Ukrainian war on food security in the European Union. The methodological basis of the research consists of general scientific and special methods of economic analysis, in particular: observation and system analysis; historical-logical; statistical analysis and comparison; functional-system approach; analysis and synthesis; cluster analysis; generalization and systematization; graphic. According to the results of the study, it has been established that ensuring food security in the European Union includes unhindered access to food, ensuring quality, environmental friendliness and safety of goods. The Russian-Ukrainian war has been proven to have a major impact on food security in the European Union, as evidenced by the significant decline in the Global Food Security Index. It is revealed that highly developed countries, in particular: Austria (GFSI: 73–82), Ireland (GFSI: 78–84), Belgium (GFSI: 74–81), The Netherlands (GFSI: 78–82), Finland (GFSI: 75–85), France (GFSI: 75–80), Germany (GFSI: 77–82) and Denmark (GFSI: 75–81) are able to ensure a higher level of food security than countries with lower socio-economic development: Bulgaria (GFSI: 66-71), Romania (GFSI: 67-74), Hungary (GFSI: 69-73) and Slovakia (GFSI: 67-69). The main directions of strengthening food security in the European Union countries have been proposed: strengthening financial support to the agro-industrial complex of EU member states, ensuring the stable functioning of the EU food market, providing financial support to Ukraine for the recovery of the agro-industrial complex.

Based on comparative analysis of the industrial accident causes in Ukraine and EU countries this article establishes that the main accident reasons are organizational ones (50 to 70% of the total number of cases), however such indicators as the registered in Ukraine fatal cases frequency coefficient (per 1 thousand of employees) and the fatal accidents-total accidents number ratio are greater than the similar indicators in Europe by about 2- and 100-fold, respectively. It is noted that the issues of improving the work safety in Ukraine towards the association with the European Union should be considered in the context of two main planes, which are associated with changes in the legislative and educational systems. Within this article, the authors analyse the main inter-sectoral and sectoral regulatory legal acts on labour protection, in particular in the field of providing for fire, explosion and electrical safety, and relevant documents relating to the creation and maintenance of a comfortable environment at work. Based on the conducted analysis, the problems of adapting the national legislation in the field of labour protection and industrial safety to the legal framework of EU, the problems concerning the unsystematic character and selective approach to the implementation of appropriate changes, and potential hazards that can occur at all stages of the life cycle of technical systems in the event of their introduction are determined. The main differences in the systematic approach to the professional training of students in higher educational institutions (HEI) of Ukraine and EU countries (Poland, for example) in the field of labour protection and industrial safety are singled out. It is noted that in the Republic of Poland numbering the population correlative with Ukraine the quantity of special educational institutions preparing specialists in the field of labour protection in relation to the total number of higher educational establishment is 1.9 fold greater than the corresponding figure in Ukraine, and the number of subjects with regard to the issues of the labour protection and industrial safety, which are taught to students in fulfilling the work programmes at nonspecialised Polish higher educational establishments is greater than that in Ukrainian several fold. The statistical data regarding the dynamics of the accident number increase in Ukraine and their causes within a period of  “Зернові продукти і комбікорми”, 201643 http://www.grain-mixedfodders.com Зернові продукти і комбікорми Vol.64, I.4/ 2016 2015 and 2016 are presented and analysed in the context of recent negative changes including the reduction of class hours for students learning the disciplines of "Sectoral Labour Protection", "Basics of Labour Protection", "Foundations of Life Activity Safety" and "Civil protection", merging such subjects, and cancellation of the graduation project relevant sections in most HEI of Ukraine On the grounds of the research, priority directions for developing the labour protection and industrial safety in Ukraine on the stage of European integration are proposed.Based on comparative analysis of the industrial accident causes in Ukraine and EU countries this article establishes that the main accident reasons are organizational ones (50 to 70% of the total number of cases), however such indicators as the registered in Ukraine fatal cases frequency coefficient (per 1 thousand of employees) and the fatal accidents-total accidents number ratio are greater than the similar indicators in Europe by about 2- and 100-fold, respectively. It is noted that the issues of improving the work safety in Ukraine towards the association with the European Union should be considered in the context of two main planes, which are associated with changes in the legislative and educational systems. Within this article, the authors analyse the main inter-sectoral and sectoral regulatory legal acts on labour protection, in particular in the field of providing for fire, explosion and electrical safety, and relevant documents relating to the creation and maintenance of a comfortable environment at work. Based on the conducted analysis, the problems of adapting the national legislation in the field of labour protection and industrial safety to the legal framework of EU, the problems concerning the unsystematic character and selective approach to the implementation of appropriate changes, and potential hazards that can occur at all stages of the life cycle of technical systems in the event of their introduction are determined. The main differences in the systematic approach to the professional training of students in higher educational institutions (HEI) of Ukraine and EU countries (Poland, for example) in the field of labour protection and industrial safety are singled out. It is noted that in the Republic of Poland numbering the population correlative with Ukraine the quantity of special educational institutions preparing specialists in the field of labour protection in relation to the total number of higher educational establishment is 1.9 fold greater than the corresponding figure in Ukraine, and the number of subjects with regard to the issues of the labour protection and industrial safety, which are taught to students in fulfilling the work programmes at nonspecialised Polish higher educational establishments is greater than that in Ukrainian several fold. The statistical data regarding the dynamics of the accident number increase in Ukraine and their causes within a period of 2015 and 2016 are presented and analysed in the context of recent negative changes including the reduction of class hours for students learning the disciplines of "Sectoral Labour Protection", "Basics of Labour Protection", "Foundations of Life Activity Safety" and "Civil protection", merging such subjects, and cancellation of the graduation project relevant sections in most HEI of Ukraine On the grounds of the research, priority directions for developing the labour protection and industrial safety in Ukraine on the stage of European integration are proposed.

In this article it was found that the importance of agricultural development is due to the direct impact of this area on the living standards of citizens, which largely depends on the welfare of the population, including per capita income and social living conditions. It is proved that providing organizational, legal and economic measures for sustainable development of agricultural production will provide an opportunity to increase production of relevant products, improve its quality and safety, and, consequently, its competitiveness, both domestically and internationally. It is analyzed that despite the focus on the development of other sectors of the economy, in particular, technology, in most developing countries much of the territory is occupied by the agro-industrial sector, and among the population from 70 to 90% are employed in agriculture. Therefore, it was proved that the development of agriculture will always be relevant and require attention from scientists in various fields of science. This article noted that the structure of the agricultural sector, as well as the specific set of mechanisms of state regulation in different countries is different. At the same time, it is noted that some countries seek intensive development of this sector of the economy, while others suffer losses. In the presented article we have analyzed the current state of agriculture in Ukraine and identified problems that stand in the way of its development; In order to solve the existing problems, the experience of advanced foreign countries, including the United States, the European Union, Canada and Japan, was analyzed, and the factors due to which these countries managed to achieve stable growth in agriculture were identified. Based on the research, practical recommendations were provided, which we propose to take into account in the formation of state regulation of the agricultural sector in Ukraine.

In this paper conventional and innovative phyto-technologies, applied on different kinds ofpolluted waters to obtain their safe reuse, are showed. Today, the last frontier ofenvironmental recovery in the world is: Water Reclamation. Most important targets of waterreclamation are: recover and reuse wastewaters in safety, freshwater aquifer recharge, publichealth protection, and new economic viable source. There are a lot of technologies to treatdifferent kinds of wastewaters (urban, industrial, zootechnical, etc), but conventionaltechnologies able to treat, recover and reuse wastewaters in the same time, are very few and soexpensive that the cost of recovered water is no sustainable by public administrations; overallin the developing countries in Africa, Asia, South and Centre America (F AO-WHO).In the latest years, phyto-technologies proved their efficiency in the wastewater reclamationand their cheap and easy way to be built and maintained. The phyto-technologies experiencesshown in this paper are applied on polluted waters from industries and agroindustries, pigfeedlot, towns, and polluted water of rivers and/or lakes. The paper is completed withanalytical data and results; compared with national and/or international (F AO-WHO) lawlimits for reclaimed waters; and building and maintenance costs, compared with conventionalactivated sludge systems.We speak about projects financed by public administrations or international organizations(F AO-European Union) and realized to reclaim and reuse treated wastewaters usingconventional and/or advanced phytoremediation technologies. All this has opened a newcheap and easy way, to reuse in safety treated waters, to protect environment, and to controlfresh water pollution.

The purpose of the research is to summarize the trends of legislative, regulatory and legal regulation of the EU regarding the admission to the market of agricultural vehicles. Research methods - used methods of systematization and analysis of regulatory and legislative documents of the European Union on the admission to the market of agricultural and forestry vehicles. Research results. EU countries are taking a number of measures to increase the safety of cars at the legislative level. Such conditions are updated as the requirements for the development and manufacture of new models of agricultural and forestry vehicles, new technical and technological solutions of safety requirements are updated and the number of components, systems, technical units to which the requirements are established is expanded. For agricultural vehicles, the result was a new Regulation 167/2013 which applies to EU approval of agricultural and forestry tractors, their trailers and trailers, systems, components and individual technical units. In 2019, the EU countries submitted reports to the EU Commission on the operation of the regulation, which in turn must submit a report by 31.12.2022 with proposals for changes and updates of legislation, if necessary. Other agricultural machinery falls within the scope of Directive 2006/42 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on machinery, which also applies to mobile machinery and covers safety aspects of agricultural vehicles not covered by Regulation 167/2013. From 2019, the Machinery Directive is under revision. A draft regulation on mechanical engineering products was published in Brussels on 21.04.2021 (After the draft regulation of the European Commission was issued, discussions were held in parallel in the European Council and the European Parliament. Compromise amendments to the revision of the Machinery Directive 2006/42 / EU were voted and approved on 02.05.2022. The next step will be to start discussions and deliberations between the Commission, the Parliament and the Council of the EU to reach an agreement on the differences in mid-June 2022. Harmonization of road safety requirements for off-road mobile vehicles (NRMM) in the EU has been an important topic among politicians and other stakeholders for decades. A number of activities were carried out, in particular: A study commissioned by the Executive Agency for Small and Medium Business (EASME) in 2016 and published a report of the European Commission "EU study on harmonization of mobile traffic requirements" prepared by EASME consultant in 2019. In October 2021 A bilateral meeting was organized between the Industrial Working Group on Off-Road Mobile Technology (ITF NRMM) and representatives of the Commission of the Directorate General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and Small and Medium Business (DG GROW) to clarify some aspects of drafting proposals for establishment road requirements for NRMM. In the second quarter of 2022, the DG GROW Commission plans to prepare draft proposals for further discussion. Conclusions. EU countries are taking a number of measures to increase the safety of cars at the legislative level. This gives both producers and consumers of agricultural and forestry machinery a number of advantages: - no need for duplication / additional tests and / or documentation for placing machines on the market in several EU countries; - reduction of costs of manufacturers due to reduction of tests and terms of administration; - reduction of technical barriers to access to other EU markets with a small number of machines; - providing buyers with a wider range of goods to choose from; - reduction of supply chain costs, for example, in the absence of the need to add special kits for lighting and signaling, turning them into a burden for end users; - introduction of modern technical requirements in countries where this is not the case. Key words: safety requirements, EU directive, legislative acts, normative legal acts, EU regulations, agricultural and forestry vehicles, trends.

Abstract Background Phthalates are known endocrine disruptors used in a wide range of industrial and household products. With globalization and interdependency of the supply chain, the control of toxic substances in daily use products has become more challenging. Many countries have implemented laws and policies to limit their use, although these regulations are neither unified nor seem adequate, as studies suggest that more vulnerable populations (children, pregnant women) are exposed to phthalates that should be restricted. Methods For seven of the most used phthalates - bis(2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), Butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP), Dibutyl phthalate (DBP), Diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP), diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP), Di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP) - we performed an online research on institutional sites and dedicated Agencies of the three largest world economies (European Union (EU), United States of America (USA), China) to analyze their uses and bans, focusing on Food Contacts Materials (FCM), cosmetics, toys and childcare articles. Results In the EU area DEHP, BBP, DBP and DIBP are not allowed in toys and childcare articles above 0,1% by weight. All the seven phthalates are also severely restricted in FCM, and mostly banned as cosmetic components. In the USA, there is no formal prohibition to their use in cosmetics but phthalates are mostly limited in FCM. In China, the limit for DBP, BBP, DEHP, DNOP, DINP, DIDP in plastic toys is 0,1% of the material composition; regarding cosmetics DEHP, BBP and DBP are prohibited. Conclusions We found substantial differences in the international legislation. Though there is essential agreement on toys and childcare articles legislation, there are many discrepancies about FCM and cosmetics. Further research is needed to compare the regulation with data about concentrations of these ubiquitous elements, to underline the real exposure and risk in different populations and to improve knowledge and safety on this matter. Key messages • Phthalates, known endocrine disruptors, in daily use products are a matter of concern. • Coordinated international laws to prevent exposure, especially in vulnerable populations, are needed.

In the paper, on the basis of the conducted analysis of the dynamics of the spread of dangers in the context of evolutionary development of society, it is determined that the global problems have become complex, which appears in interdependence of natural, technogenic, socio-political, economic, scientific-technological and other risks. The main source of danger, at the present stage of development of society, is an industrial environment.The analysis of known theoretical studies to appearance of dangerous is carried out and it is defined that none of considered theories can be treated as absolutely correct and generally accepted. First of all the conceptuality of given theories that is, limited practical usage, second of all the insufficient attention and underestimation of the role of the "human factor" as a fundamental factor in the process of creating dangers are the meanest drawbacks. Notice, that in the European Countries exist around 100 differents methods of assessment of the risk of occurrence dangers, according them quantitative measurement of the risks is carried out by the three meanest methods: statistical, expert and analog.British Standard BS-8800 (GB), risk assessment based on probability-loss matrix (GB, France, Latvia, the USA, Australia), construction of risk assessment scales (Germany, Finland), the methodology of the National Research Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NRIOS) in Ukraine, risk score (the USA), risk assessment code (GB), method of verbal functions (European Union),assessment of occupational risks by the Elmer system, risk assessment based on requirements level ranking (OIR index) are the most often used methods for the risks evaluation. On basis of the analysis of the above mentioned methods, two main problems were identified. The first problem that exists in the risks evaluation of occurrence dangerous is the lack of a unique unified methodology.The second problem is the underestimation of the significance of the "human factor" in the "man-machine" system. It is pointed out that due to underestimating the role of the "human factor" as a key component of risk one cannot consider any of the known risk assessment methods to be effective and universally accepted. Based on conducted research, the need for a principallynew universal and effective methodology for quantitative risk assessment is identified.

The beginning of the 21st century supplemented the list of modern challenges and threats with a new concept of “hybrid war”. As stated by the author of the article, hybrid war uses all types of state power and tools available to it, including disinformation, to impose its will on another state, attacking the weakest points of society's development, and, accordingly, to achieve its results. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, and especially with the beginning of Russian aggression against the Ukrainian state, the issue of “political rusynism” as an element of hybrid war has today become an effective tool for Russia to blackmail many countries of Central and Eastern Europe. According to the author of the article, this applies not only to Ukraine, but also to Slovakia, Poland, Romania as well as Moldova, where a large Ukrainian-Rusyn community lives. The issue of countering modern challenges and threats, including political rusynism, requires a more careful study of this problem. The purpose of the presented article is to briefly highlight the main reasons for the revival of political rusynism on the territory of Ukraine, to clarify modern neo-rusynism movements and their leaders of thought, as well as to outline the main measures to institutionalize the basic ideas of neo-rusynism in Ukraine as elements of a massive Russian hybrid war. The author shows the historical connection between Russia's use of rusynism and the current situation in the region. The author's opinion is that deep understanding of the nature of political rusynism will allow various interested institutions of Ukraine, in particular state bodies, to effectively neutralize and prevent, including within the framework of multi-format international platforms, the attempts of certain neighboring states, primarily Russia, to destabilize the situation in Ukraine using this phenomenon as one of the effective tools of hybrid warfare

Ireland ranks 21st out of 36 countries for its healthcare system. Emergency department (ED) waiting times in Ireland are the worst in Europe (Edwards 2018). Since 2000, overcrowding in the ED has become critical, with nursing unions becoming involved in industrial action and trolley counts, to highlight the crisis (Doran 2003). Byrne and Heyman (1997) state that nursing staff in ED are focused on offering vital physical care and, in busy departments, those needs regarded as non-urgent, non-physical are sometimes overlooked. Interventions such as the implementation of an AMP service and designated obstetric ED would aid in lightening the obstetric burden on these ever-expanding ED queues, while facilitating improved patient safety and quality care.

Since last decades world, predominantly urban areas, is experiencing huge voluminous road traffic growth, resulting in heavy congestion, air pollution, accidents, and poor efficiency. Many people every day are the victims of this poor management of tremendous traffic. Since many years, there had been some automation in managing the traffic namely Electronic Toll Collection (ETC), Electronic parking payment, normal traffic information etc. However, there are little efforts for making the system more advanced. Recently, several kinds of research are being launched by many countries to develop Intelligent Transport System (ITS), with the objectives to minimize congestion, ensure better safety, reduce air pollution etc. ITS are planned to establish robust communication between vehicle to vehicle (V2V), vehicle to pedestrian (V2P), vehicle to infrastructure (V2I), and vehicle to network (V2N). Initially, for communication links ITS, deploys Wi-Fi network, but because of limited capacity and huge requirement, some links use 5.8 GHz radio frequency for such purposes. IEEE, International Telecommunications Union (ITU) and other advanced research organisations are studying 700 MHz band and mm frequency bands for advanced ITS. ITS is poised to use Information & Communication Technology (ICT) networks for such purposes. ITU has established Study Groups/study questions for addressing ITS issues. The World Radio Conference (WRC-2019) has made a Recommendation 208 regarding harmonization of frequency bands for ITS applications. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of ITS, its applications and analysis etc. The radio frequency spectrum aspects and role of 5 G in ITS are also described in detail.

Photo by Ishan @seefromthesky on Unsplash ABSTRACT A strike to highlight the plight facing contract doctors which has been proposed has received mixed reactions from those within the profession and the public. This unprecedented nationwide proposal has the potential to cause real-world effects, posing an ethical dilemma. Although strikes are common, especially in high-income countries, these industrial actions by doctors in Malaysia are almost unheard of. Reviewing available evidence from various perspectives is therefore imperative to update the profession and the complexity of invoking this important human right. INTRODUCTION Contract doctors in Malaysia held a strike on July 26, 2021. COVID-19 cases are increasing in Malaysia. In June, daily cases ranged between 4,000 to 8,000 despite various public health measures. The R naught, which indicates the infectiousness of COVID-19, remains unchanged. During the pandemic, health care workers (HCWs) have been widely celebrated, resulting in a renewed appreciation of the risks that they face.[1] The pandemic has exposed flawed governance in the public healthcare system, particularly surrounding the employment of contract doctors. Contract doctors in Malaysia are doctors who have completed their medical training, as well as two years of internship, and have subsequently been appointed as medical officers for another two years. Contract doctors are not permanently appointed, and the system did not allow extensions after the two years nor does it offer any opportunity to specialize.[2] Last week, Parliament did decide to offer a two-year extension but that did not hold off the impending strike.[3] In 2016, the Ministry of Health introduced a contract system to place medical graduates in internship positions at government healthcare facilities across the country rather than placing them in permanent posts in the Public Service Department. Social media chronicles the issues that doctors in Malaysia faced. However, tensions culminated when and contract doctors called for a strike which ended up taking place in late July 2021. BACKGROUND Over the past decade, HCW strikes have arisen mostly over wages, work hours, and administrative and financial factors.[4] In 2012, the British Medical Association organized a single “day of action” by boycotting non-urgent care as a response to government pension reforms.[5] In Ireland, doctors went on strike for a day in 2013 to protest the austerity measures implemented by the EU in response to the global economic crisis. It involved a dispute over long working hours (100 hours per week) which violated EU employment laws and more importantly put patients’ lives at risk.[6] The strike resulted in the cancellation of 15,000 hospital appointments, but emergencies services were continued. Other major strikes have been organized in the UK to negotiate better pay for HCWs in general and junior doctors’ contracts specifically.[7] During the COVID-19 pandemic, various strikes have also been organized in Hong Kong, the US, and Bolivia due to various pitfalls in managing the pandemic.[8] A recent strike in August 2020 by South Korean junior doctors and medical students was organized to protest a proposed medical reform plan which did not address wage stagnation and unfair labor practices.[9] These demands are somewhat similar to the proposed strike by contract doctors in Malaysia. As each national health system operates within a different setting, these strikes should be examined in detail to understand the degree of self-interest involved versus concerns for patient’s welfare. l. The Malaysia Strike An anonymous group planned the current strike in Malaysia. The group used social media, garnering the attention of various key stakeholders including doctors, patients, government, and medical councils.[10] The organizers of the strike referred to their planned actions as a hartal. (Although historically a hartal involved a total shutdown of workplaces, offices, shops, and other establishments as a form of civil disobedience, the Malaysian contract doctors pledged no disturbance to healthcare working hours or services and intend a walk-out that is symbolic and reflective of a strike.)[11] The call to action mainly involved showing support for the contract doctors with pictures and placards. The doctors also planned the walk-out.[12] Despite earlier employment, contract medical doctors face many inequalities as opposed to their permanent colleagues. These include differences in basic salary, provisions of leave, and government loans despite doing the same job. The system disadvantages contract doctors offering little to no job security and limited career progression. Furthermore, reports in 2020 showed that close to 4,000 doctors’ contracts were expected to expire by May 2022, leaving their futures uncertain.[13] Some will likely be offered an additional two years as the government faces pressure from the workers. Between December 2016 and May 2021, a total of 23,077 contract doctors were reportedly appointed as medical officers, with only 789 receiving permanent positions.[14] It has been suggested that they are appointed into permanent positions based on merit but the criteria for the appointments remain unclear. Those who fail to acquire a permanent position inevitably seek employment elsewhere. During the COVID-19 pandemic, there have been numerous calls for the government to absorb contract doctors into the public service as permanent staff with normal benefits. This is important considering a Malaysian study that revealed that during the pandemic over 50 percent of medical personnel feel burned out while on duty.[15] This effort might be side-lined as the government prioritizes curbing the pandemic. As these issues remain neglected, the call for a strike should be viewed as a cry for help to reignite the discussions about these issues. ll. Right to strike The right to strike is recognized as a fundamental human right by the UN and the EU.[16] Most European countries also protect the right to strike in their national constitutions.[17] In the US, the Taft-Hartley Act in 1947 prohibited healthcare workers of non-profit hospitals to form unions and engage in collective bargaining. But this exclusion was repealed in 1947 and replaced with the requirement of a 10-day advanced written notice prior to any strike action.[18] Similarly, Malaysia also recognizes the right to dispute over labor matters, either on an individual or collective basis. The Industrial Relations Act (IRA) of 1967[19] describes a strike as: “the cessation of work by a body of workers acting in combination, or a concerted refusal or a refusal under a common understanding of a number of workers to continue to work or to accept employment, and includes any act or omission by a body of workers acting in combination or under a common understanding, which is intended to or does result in any limitation, restriction, reduction or cessation of or dilatoriness in the performance or execution of the whole or any part of the duties connected with their employment” According to the same act, only members of a registered trade union may legally participate in a strike with prior registration from the Director-General of Trade Unions.[20] Under Section 43 of the IRA, any strike by essential services (including healthcare) requires prior notice of 42 days to their employer.[21] Upon receiving the notice, the employer is responsible for reporting the particulars to the Director-General of Industrial Relations to allow a “cooling-off” period and appropriate action. Employees are also protected from termination if permitted by the Director-General and strike is legalized. The Malaysian contract healthcare workers’ strike was announced and transparent. Unfortunately, even after legalization, there is fear that the government may charge those participating in the legalized strike.[22] The police have announced they will pursue participants in the strike.[23] Even the Ministry of Health has issued a warning stating that those participating in the strike may face disciplinary actions from the ministry. However, applying these laws while ignoring the underlying issues may not bode well for the COVID-19 healthcare crisis. lll. Effects of a Strike on Health Care There is often an assumption that doctors’ strikes would unavoidably cause significant harm to patients. However, a systematic review examining several strikes involving physicians reported that patient mortality remained the same or fell during the industrial action.[24] A study after the 2012 British Medical Association strike has even shown that there were fewer in-hospital deaths on the day, both among elective and emergency populations, although neither difference was significant.[25] Similarly, a recent study in Kenya showed declines in facility-based mortality during strike months.[26] Other studies have shown no obvious changes in overall mortality during strikes by HCWs.[27] There is only one report of increased mortality associated with a strike in South Africa[28] in which all the doctors in the Limpopo province stopped providing any treatment to their patients for 20 consecutive days. During this time, only one hospital continued providing services to a population of 5.5 million people. Even though their data is incomplete, authors from this study found that the number of emergency room visits decreased during the strike, but the risks of mortality in the hospital for these patients increased by 67 percent.[29] However, the study compared the strike period to a randomly selected 20-day period in May rather than comparing an average of data taken from similar dates over previous years. This could greatly influence variations between expected annual hospital mortality possibly due to extremes in weather that may exacerbate pre-existing conditions such as heart failure during warmer months or selecting months with a higher incidence of viral illness such as influenza. Importantly, all strikes ensured that emergency services were continued, at least to the degree that is generally offered on weekends. Furthermore, many doctors still provide usual services to patients despite a proclaimed strike. For example, during the 2012 BMA strike, less than one-tenth of doctors were estimated to be participating in the strike.[30] Emergency care may even improve during strikes, especially those involving junior doctors who are replaced by more senior doctors.[31] The cancellation of elective surgeries may also increase the number of doctors available to treat emergency patients. Furthermore, the cancellation of elective surgery is likely to be responsible for transient decreases in mortality. Doctors also may get more rest during strike periods. Although doctor strikes do not seem to increase patient mortality, they can disrupt delivery of healthcare.[32] Disruptions in delivery of service from prolonged strikes can result in decline of in-patient admissions and outpatient service utilization, as suggested during strikes in the UK in 2016.[33] When emergency services were affected during the last strike in April, regular service was also significantly affected. Additionally, people might need to seek alternative sources of care from the private sector and face increased costs of care. HCWs themselves may feel guilty and demotivated because of the strikes. The public health system may also lose trust as a result of service disruption caused by high recurrence of strikes. During the COVID-19 pandemic, as the healthcare system remains stretched, the potential adverse effects resulting from doctor strikes remain uncertain and potentially disruptive. In the UK, it is an offence to “willfully and maliciously…endanger human life or cause serious bodily injury.”[34] Likewise, the General Medical Council (GMC) also requires doctors to ensure that patients are not harmed or put at risk by industrial action. In the US, the American Medical Association code of ethics prohibits strikes by physicians as a bargaining tactic, while allowing some other forms of collective bargaining.[35] However, the American College of Physicians prohibits all forms of work stoppages, even when undertaken for necessary changes to the healthcare system. Similarly, the Delhi Medical Council in India issued a statement that “under no circumstances doctors should resort to strike as the same puts patient care in serious jeopardy.”[36] On the other hand, the positions taken by the Malaysian Medical Council (MMC) and Malaysian Medical Association (MMA) on doctors’ strikes are less clear when compared to their Western counterparts. The MMC, in their recently updated Code of Professional Conduct 2019, states that “the public reputation of the medical profession requires that every member should observe proper standards of personal behavior, not only in his professional activities but at all times.” Strikes may lead to imprisonment and disciplinary actions by MMC for those involved. Similarly, the MMA Code of Medical Ethics published in 2002 states that doctors must “make sure that your personal beliefs do not prejudice your patients' care.”[37] The MMA which is traditionally meant to represent the voices of doctors in Malaysia, may hold a more moderate position on strikes. Although HCW strikes are not explicitly mentioned in either professional body’s code of conduct and ethics, the consensus is that doctors should not do anything that will harm patients and they must maintain the proper standard of behaviors. These statements seem too general and do not represent the complexity of why and how a strike could take place. Therefore, it has been suggested that doctors and medical organizations should develop a new consensus on issues pertaining to medical professional’s social contract with society while considering the need to uphold the integrity of the profession. Experts in law, ethics, and medicine have long debated whether and when HCW strikes can be justified. If a strike is not expected to result in patient harm it is perhaps acceptable.[38] Although these debates have centered on the potential risks that strikes carry for patients, these actions also pose risks for HCWs as they may damage morale and reputation.[39] Most fundamentally, strikes raise questions about what healthcare workers owe society and what society owes them. For strikes to be morally permissible and ethical, it is suggested that they must fulfil these three criteria:[40] a. Strikes should be proportionate, e., they ‘should not inflict disproportionate harm on patients’, and hospitals should as a minimum ‘continue to provide at least such critical services as emergency care.’ b. Strikes should have a reasonable hope of success, at least not totally futile however tough the political rhetoric is. c. Strikes should be treated as a last resort: ‘all less disruptive alternatives to a strike action must have been tried and failed’, including where appropriate ‘advocacy, dissent and even disobedience’. The current strike does not fulfil the criteria mentioned. As Malaysia is still burdened with a high number of COVID-19 cases, a considerable absence of doctors from work will disrupt health services across the country. Second, since the strike organizer is not unionized, it would be difficult to negotiate better terms of contract and career paths. Third, there are ongoing talks with MMA representing the fraternity and the current government, but the time is running out for the government to establish a proper long-term solution for these contract doctors. One may argue that since the doctors’ contracts will end in a few months with no proper pathways for specialization, now is the time to strike. However, the HCW right to strike should be invoked only legally and appropriately after all other options have failed. CONCLUSION The strike in Malaysia has begun since the drafting of this paper. Doctors involved assure that there will not be any risk to patients, arguing that the strike is “symbolic”.[41] Although an organized strike remains a legal form of industrial action, a strike by HCWs in Malaysia poses various unprecedented challenges and ethical dilemmas, especially during the pandemic. The anonymous and uncoordinated strike without support from the appropriate labor unions may only spark futile discussions without affirmative actions. It should not have taken a pandemic or a strike to force the government to confront the issues at hand. It is imperative that active measures be taken to urgently address the underlying issues relating to contract physicians. As COVID-19 continues to affect thousands of people, a prompt reassessment is warranted regarding the treatment of HCWs, and the value placed on health care. [1] Ministry of Health (MOH) Malaysia, “Current situation of COVID-19 in Malaysia.” http://covid-19.moh.gov.my/terkini (accessed Jul. 01, 2021). [2] “Future of 4,000 young doctors who are contract medical officers uncertain,” New Straits Times - November 26, 2020. https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2020/11/644563/future-4000-young-doctors-who-are-contract-medical-officers-uncertain [3] “Malaysia doctors strike, parliament meets as COVID strain shows,” Al Jazeera, July 26, 2021. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/7/26/malaysia-doctors-strike-parliament-meets-as-covid-strains-grow [4] R. Essex and S. M. Weldon, “Health Care Worker Strikes and the Covid Pandemic,” N. Engl. J. Med., vol. 384, no. 24, p. e93, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2103327; G. Russo et al., “Health workers’ strikes in low-income countries: the available evidence,” Bull. World Health Organ., vol. 97, no. 7, pp. 460-467H, Jul. 2019, doi: 10.2471/BLT.18.225755. [5] M. Ruiz, A. Bottle, and P. Aylin, “A retrospective study of the impact of the doctors’ strike in England on 21 June 2012,” J. R. Soc. Med., vol. 106, no. 9, pp. 362–369, 2013, doi: 10.1177/0141076813490685. [6] E. Quinn, “Irish Doctors Strike to Protest Work Hours Amid Austerity,” The Wall Street Journal, 2013. https://www.wsj.com/articles/no-headline-available-1381217911?tesla=y (accessed Jun. 29, 2021). [7] “NHS workers back strike action in pay row by 2-to-1 margin,” The Guardian, 2014. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2014/sep/18/nhs-workers-strike-pay-unison-england (accessed Jun. 29, 2021); M. Limb, “Thousands of junior doctors march against new contract,” BMJ, p. h5572, Oct. 2015, doi: 10.1136/bmj.h5572. [8] J. Parry, “China coronavirus: Hong Kong health staff strike to demand border closure as city records first death,” BMJ, vol. 368, no. February, p. m454, Feb. 2020, doi: 10.1136/bmj.m454; “MultiCare healthcare workers strike, urging need for more PPEs, staff support,” Q13 FOX, 2020. https://www.q13fox.com/news/health-care-workers-strike-urging-need-for-ppes-risks-on-patient-safety (accessed Jun. 29, 2021); “Bolivia healthcare workers launch strike in COVID-hit region,” Al Jazeera, 2021. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/9/bolivia-healthcare-workers-strike-covid-hit-region (accessed Jun. 29, 2021). [9] K. Arin, “Why are Korean doctors striking?” The Korea Herald, 2020. http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20200811000941 (accessed Jun. 29, 2021). [10] “Hartal Doktor Kontrak,” Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/hartaldoktorkontrak. [11] “Hartal,” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/hartal (accessed Jun. 29, 2021). [12] “Hartal Doktor Kontrak,” Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/hartaldoktorkontrak. [13] R. Anand, “Underpaid and overworked, Malaysia’s contract doctors’ revolt amid Covid-19 surge,” The Straits Times, 2021. [14] Anand. [15] N. S. Roslan, M. S. B. Yusoff, A. R. Asrenee, and K. Morgan, “Burnout prevalence and its associated factors among Malaysian healthcare workers during covid-19 pandemic: An embedded mixed-method study,” Healthc., vol. 9, no. 1, 2021, doi: 10.3390/healthcare9010090. [16] Maina Kiai, “Report by the Special Rapporteur on the Right to Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and Association,” 2016. [Online]. Available: http://freeassembly.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/A.71.385_E.pdf. [17] ETUI contributors, Strike rules in the EU27 and beyond. The European Trade Union Institute. ETUI, 2007. [18] National Labor Relations Board, National Labor Relations Act. 1935, pp. 151–169. [19] Ministry of Human Resources, Industrial Relations Act 1967 (Act 177), no. October. 2015, pp. 1–76. [20] Article 10 of the Federal Constitution states that all citizens have the right to form associations including registered trade or labor unions. A secret ballot with two-third majority will suffice to call for a strike required for submission to the DGTU within 7 days as stated in Section 25(A) of the Trade Union Act 1959. [21] Ministry of Human Resources Malaysia, Guidelines on Strikes, Pickets and Lockouts in Malaysia. Putrajaya, 2011. [22] Ordinance Emergency which was declared in Malaysia since 12 January 2021. Under the Ordinance Emergency, the king or authorized personnel may, as deemed necessary, demand any resources. [23] “Malaysia doctors strike, parliament meets as COVID strain shows,” Al Jazeera, July 26, 2021. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/7/26/malaysia-doctors-strike-parliament-meets-as-covid-strains-grow [24] S. A. Cunningham, K. Mitchell, K. M. Venkat Narayan, and S. Yusuf, “Doctors’ strikes and mortality: A review,” Soc. Sci. Med., vol. 67, no. 11, pp. 1784–1788, Dec. 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.09.044. [25] M. Ruiz, A. Bottle, and P. Aylin, “A retrospective study of the impact of the doctors’ strike in England on 21 June 2012,” J. R. Soc. Med., vol. 106, no. 9, pp. 362–369, 2013, doi: 10.1177/0141076813490685. [26] G. K. Kaguthi, V. Nduba, and M. B. Adam, “The impact of the nurses’, doctors’ and clinical officer strikes on mortality in four health facilities in Kenya,” BMC Health Serv. Res., vol. 20, no. 1, p. 469, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1186/s12913-020-05337-9. [27] G. Ong’ayo et al., “Effect of strikes by health workers on mortality between 2010 and 2016 in Kilifi, Kenya: a population-based cohort analysis,” Lancet Glob. Heal., vol. 7, no. 7, pp. e961–e967, Jul. 2019, doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X (19)30188-3. [28] M. M. Z. U. Bhuiyan and A. Machowski, “Impact of 20-day strike in Polokwane Hospital (18 August - 6 September 2010),” South African Med. J., vol. 102, no. 9, p. 755, Aug. 2012, doi: 10.7196/SAMJ.6045. [29] M. M. Z. U. Bhuiyan and A. Machowski, “Impact of 20-day strike in Polokwane Hospital (18 August - 6 September 2010),” South African Med. J., vol. 102, no. 9, p. 755, Aug. 2012, doi: 10.7196/SAMJ.6045. [30] M. Ruiz, A. Bottle, and P. Aylin, “A retrospective study of the impact of the doctors’ strike in England on 21 June 2012,” J. R. Soc. Med., vol. 106, no. 9, pp. 362–369, 2013, doi: 10.1177/0141076813490685. [31] D. Metcalfe, R. Chowdhury, and A. Salim, “What are the consequences when doctors strike?” BMJ, vol. 351, no. November, pp. 1–4, 2015, doi: 10.1136/bmj.h6231. [32] D. Waithaka et al., “Prolonged health worker strikes in Kenya- perspectives and experiences of frontline health managers and local communities in Kilifi County,” Int. J. Equity Health, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 1–15, 2020, doi: 10.1186/s12939-020-1131-y. [33] The study has shown that there were 9.1% reduction in admissions and around 6% fewer emergency cases and outpatient appointments than expected. An additional 52% increase in expected outpatient appointments cancelations were made by hospitals during that period. D. Furnivall, A. Bottle, and P. Aylin, “Retrospective analysis of the national impact of industrial action by English junior doctors in 2016,” BMJ Open, vol. 8, no. 1, p. e019319, Jan. 2018, doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019319. [34] D. Metcalfe, R. Chowdhury, and A. Salim, “What are the consequences when doctors strike?” BMJ, vol. 351, no. November, pp. 1–4, 2015, doi: 10.1136/bmj.h6231. [35] R. Essex and S. M. Weldon, “Health Care Worker Strikes and the Covid Pandemic,” N. Engl. J. Med., vol. 384, no. 24, p. e93, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2103327. [36] M. Selemogo, “Criteria for a just strike action by medical doctors,” Indian J. Med. Ethics, vol. 346, no. 21, pp. 1609–1615, Jan. 2014, doi: 10.20529/IJME.2014.010. [37] Malaysian Medical Association, “Malaysian Medical Association Official Website.” https://mma.org.my (accessed Jun. 29, 2021). [38] M. Toynbee, A. A. J. Al-Diwani, J. Clacey, and M. R. Broome, “Should junior doctors strike?” J. Med. Ethics, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 167–170, Mar. 2016, doi: 10.1136/medethics-2015-103310. [39] R. Essex and S. M. Weldon, “Health Care Worker Strikes and the Covid Pandemic,” N. Engl. J. Med., vol. 384, no. 24, p. e93, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2103327. [40] M. Selemogo, “Criteria for a just strike action by medical doctors,” Indian J. Med. Ethics, vol. 346, no. 21, pp. 1609–1615, Jan. 2014, doi: 10.20529/IJME.2014.010; A. J. Roberts, “A framework for assessing the ethics of doctors’ strikes,” J. Med. Ethics, vol. 42, no. 11, pp. 698–700, Nov. 2016, doi: 10.1136/medethics-2016-103395. [41] “Malaysia doctors strike, parliament meets as COVID strain shows,” Al Jazeera, July 26, 2021. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/7/26/malaysia-doctors-strike-parliament-meets-as-covid-strains-grow

Este trabajo realiza un estudio de los procesos de gestión del riesgo que se desarrollan en dos empresas de producción de celulosa, de origen internacional, que han tenido alto impacto en la realidad industrial uruguaya. Ambas plantas, de origen internacional, pero con diferencias importantes en el funcionamiento de sus casas matrices, son consideradas, en términos de seguridad, como ejemplos de modelos H.R.O. (High Reliability Organizations) de la producción industrial nacional. Las hipótesis que se propone discutir en este trabajo es que, como ocurre con la implementación de las Nuevas Formas de Organización del Trabajo, los nuevos modelos de gestión del riesgo, cuyo paradigma es el modelo HRO, deben adaptarse, en los países latinoamericanos, a las características de su fuerza de trabajo, de sus culturas laborales locales y a las estrategias de los actores empresariales y sindicales. Estos procesos de adaptación entre diferentes dimensiones de la organización producen inevitablemente contradicciones y desajustes, por lo que la implementación del modelo HRO adquiere, en estos contextos, contornos específicos en función de las diferentes realidades locales. La metodología utilizada es cualitativa sobre el base de entrevistas a jerarcas y trabajadores de ambas empresas SEGURIDAD CONFIABILIDAD PRODUCCION CELULOSA URUGUAY Limites e contradições de empresas de alta confiabilidade na produção de celulose do Uruguai Este trabalho realiza um estudo sobre os processos de gerenciamento de riscos que ocorrem em duas empresas de produção de celulose, de origem internacional, que tiveram alto impacto na realidade industrial uruguaia. Ambas as plantas, de origem internacional, mas com diferenças importantes no funcionamento de suas matrizes, são consideradas, em termos de segurança, como exemplos de RH. (Organizações de Alta Confiabilidade) da produção industrial nacional. Hipóteses pretende discutir neste artigo é que, como a implementação de novas formas de organização do trabalho, novos modelos de gestão de risco, cujo paradigma é o modelo HRO deve ser adaptada, em países da América Latina, as características de sua força de trabalho, suas culturas locais de trabalho e as estratégias dos atores empresariais e sindicais. Esses processos de adaptação entre diferentes dimensões organizacionais produzem inevitavelmente contradições e desequilíbrios, de modo que a implementação do modelo HRO adquire, nesses contextos, contornos específicos em função das diferentes realidades locais. A metodologia utilizada é qualitativa, baseada em entrevistas com gerentes e trabalhadores das duas empresas SEGURANÇA CONFIABILIDADE PRODUÇÃO CELULOSE URUGUAI Limits and contradictions of high reliability organisations in the cellulose production of Uruguay This work carries out a study of the risk management processes that take place in two cellulose production companies, of international origin, which have had a high impact on the Uruguayan industrial reality. Both plants, of international origin, but with important differences in the functioning of their parent companies, are considered, in terms of safety, as examples of H.R.O. (High Reliability Organizations) of the national industrial production. The hypothesis proposed to be discussed in this paper is that, as with the implementation of the New Forms of Labor Organization, the new models of risk management, whose paradigm is the HRO model, must be adapted, in Latin American countries, to the characteristics of their workforce, their local labor cultures and the strategies of business and union actors. These processes of adaptation between different organizational dimensions inevitably produce contradictions and imbalances, so that the implementation of the HRO model acquires, in these contexts, specific contours depending on the different local realities. The methodology used is qualitative based on interviews with managers and workers of both companies. SECURITY RELIABILITY PRODUCTION CELLULOSE URUGUAY