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Articles de revues sur le sujet « Industrial revolution – Italy – History »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 10 mars 2023

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1

Alfani, Guido. "Wealth Inequalities and Population Dynamics in Early Modern Northern Italy." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 40, no. 4 (2010): 513–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh.2010.40.4.513.

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An analysis of the wealth and population of early modern Ivrea—based on the estimi, or property tax, records; the correzioni degli estimi, a continuous series of tax records rarely found elsewhere and hardly ever used before; the census of 1613, another unique and informative source; and other archival records—finds that the city's concentration and distribution of wealth was resilient even in face of acute demographical shocks (such as the plague of 1630) and that inequalities in property underwent a slow increase even in economically stagnant areas during the seventeenth century. The article places these findings in a European perspective, and it debates Jan van Zanden's hypothesis of a positive relationship between inequality in wealth and demographical/economic growth before the Industrial Revolution.

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Silva, Marianne, Elton Vieira, Gabriel Signoretti, Ivanovitch Silva, Diego Silva, and Paolo Ferrari. "A Customer Feedback Platform for Vehicle Manufacturing Compliant with Industry 4.0 Vision." Sensors 18, no. 10 (2018): 3298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18103298.

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In the last decade, the growth of the automotive market with the aid of technologies has been notable for the economic, automotive and technological sectors. Alongside this growing recognition, the so called Internet of Intelligent Vehicles (IoIV) emerges as an evolution of the Internet of Things (IoT) applied to the automotive sector. Closely related to IoIV, emerges the concept of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), which is the current revolution seen in industrial automation. IIoT, in its turn, relates to the concept of Industry 4.0, that is used to represent the current Industrial Revolution. This revolution, however, involves different areas: from manufacturing to healthcare. The Industry 4.0 can create value during the entire product lifecycle, promoting customer feedback, that is, having information about the product history throughout it is life. In this way, the automatic communication between vehicle and factory was facilitated, allowing the accomplishment of different analysis regarding vehicles, such as the identification of a behavioral pattern through historical driver usage, fuel consumption, maintenance indicators, so on. Thus, allowing the prevention of critical issues and undesired behaviors, since the automakers lose contact with the vehicle after the purchase. Therefore, this paper aims to propose a customer feedback platform for vehicle manufacturing in Industry 4.0 context, capable of collecting and analyzing, through an OBD-II (On-Board Diagnostics) scanner, the sensors available by vehicles, with the purpose of assisting in the management, prevention, and mitigation of different vehicular problems. An intercontinental evaluation conducted between Brazil and Italy locations shown the feasibility of platform and the potential to use in order to improve the vehicle manufacturing process.

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Pizzolato, Nicola. "Revolution in a Comic Strip: Gasparazzo and the Identity of Southern Migrants in Turin, 1969–1975." International Review of Social History 52, S15 (2007): 59–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859007003124.

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Between 1969 and 1975, in Turin, a social movement with migrants from southern Italy as its protagonists addressed the issues of working conditions in the automobile plants, and housing and living standards in the city's overcrowded working-class neighbourhoods. Southern migrants, from different regions and speaking sometimes mutually incomprehensible dialects, forged a collective identity as Meridionali – “southerners” – and claimed recognition as fully fledged citizens of Turin's industrial society. This identity-building was captured in the making through the satirical cartoons featuring Gasparazzo, the character of a southern worker at FIAT who struggled daily with the alienation of work, the arrogance of supervisors, the repression enforced by the police, and, back in the south, the backwardness of the social system. Although the publication of Gasparazzo ended abruptly in 1972 the qualities of the cartoon character continued to resonate in succeeding years. As militancy waned and the social movement started to crumble, Gasparazzo came to symbolize the nostalgic model of a working-class hero rather than any actual southerner in the plant.

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Goldstone, Jack A. "Dating the Great Divergence." Journal of Global History 16, no. 2 (2021): 266–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022820000406.

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AbstractNew data on Dutch and British GDP/capita show that at no time prior to 1750, perhaps not before 1800, did the leading countries of northwestern Europe enjoy sustained strong growth in GDP/capita. Such growth in income per head as did occur was highly episodic, concentrated in a few decades and then followed by long periods of stagnation of income per head. Moreover, at no time before 1800 did the leading economies of northwestern Europe reach levels of income per capita much different from peak levels achieved hundreds of years earlier in the most developed regions of Italy and China. When the Industrial Revolution began in Britain, it was not preceded by patterns of pre-modern income growth that were in any way remarkable, neither by sustained prior growth in real incomes nor exceptional levels of income per head. The Great Divergence, seen as the onset of sustained increases in income per head despite strong population growth, and achievement of incomes beyond pre-modern peaks, was a late occurrence, arising only from 1800.

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Pizzolato, Nicola. "The IWW in Turin: “Militant History,” Workers’ Struggle, and the Crisis of Fordism in 1970s Italy." International Labor and Working-Class History 91 (2017): 109–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547916000314.

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AbstractThis article analyses how in the 1970s a segment of Italian radical activists belonging to the tradition of operaismo (workerism) appropriated and interrogated the history of the International Workers of the World (IWW) using it as a tool of political intervention in the Italian context. Following the upheaval of the ‘Hot Autumn’, the IWW provided to the Italians an inspiring comparison with a militant labour organisation in times of changing composition of the working class and of transformation of the organisation of production. The importance of this political use of the past lies in the way it illuminates the particular context in which these activists operated. In the course of the 1970s, Italian radicals responded to the normalization of industrial relations by joining groups that endorsed a political line tinted with Leninism and advocated a revolution led by a vanguard of militants. This was in contrast to the tenets of shopfloor-centered strategy and grassroots and shopfloor participation typical of operaismo. The – eventually – failed attempt of the ‘militant historians’ to revive, through their distinctive interpretation of the IWW, that political tradition sheds light on the success of the backlash against shopfloor working class militancy at the end of the decade, when vanguard groups had become marginal in the factories and reformist unions lacked a political clout to oppose company restructuring and relocation. This article is based on articles, memoirs and interviews that are evidence of the politically-driven debate about the IWW among Italian radicals. It improves on the existing historiography of the Italian labour movement by resisting its teleological impulse to explain the backlash on the 1980s as an inevitable outcome. It also contributes to the burgeoning transnational labor historiography; it challenges methodological nationalism in the study of workers’ insurgency by charting the influence of US history far beyond its borders and across time, adopting a transnational approach that is, unusually, both geographical and a diachronic. This story tells us more about Italian history than it does about American history, but it is testimony to a far reaching influence of American history and to entanglements that crossed borders through the work of the activists, scholars, and translators who acted as transnational vehicles of ideas and political practices.

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Santiago-Rodriguez, Fornaciari, Fornaciari, et al. "Commensal and Pathogenic Members of the Dental Calculus Microbiome of Badia Pozzeveri Individuals from the 11th to 19th Centuries." Genes 10, no. 4 (2019): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10040299.

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The concept of the human oral microbiome was applied to understand health and disease, lifestyles, and dietary habits throughout part of human history. In the present study, we augment the understanding of ancient oral microbiomes by characterizing human dental calculus samples recovered from the ancient Abbey of Badia Pozzeveri (central Italy), with differences in socioeconomic status, time period, burial type, and sex. Samples dating from the Middle Ages (11th century) to the Industrial Revolution era (19th century) were characterized using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene V4 region. Consistent with previous studies, individuals from Badia Pozzeveri possessed commensal oral bacteria that resembled modern oral microbiomes. These results suggest that members of the oral microbiome are ubiquitous despite differences in geographical regions, time period, sex, and socioeconomic status. The presence of fecal bacteria could be in agreement with poor hygiene practices, consistent with the time period. Respiratory tract, nosocomial, and other rare pathogens detected in the dental calculus samples are intriguing and could suggest subject-specific comorbidities that could be reflected in the oral microbiome.

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Blikharskyi, Roman. "«The truth and her shadow»: anti-modern rhetoric on the pages of the Galiсian religious journals of the second half of the XIX — early XX century". Proceedings of Research and Scientific Institute for Periodicals, № 10(28) (січень 2020): 63–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.37222/2524-0331-2020-10(28)-6.

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In the XIX century and the first half of XX century, scientists A. Comte, M. Weber, H. Spencer, E. Durkheim, G. Simmel, and Ch. Cooley developed a theory explaining the social reality in which a person exists. The result of their work was a theory of modernization that describes a transition from the traditional to the modern society. Further on, due to various historical vicissitudes, the theory of modernization has undergone significant changes. In the first half of the XX century universal theory of modernization has been criticized. By shaping a new approach to the study of global transformations in society, scientists began considering cases of nonlinear progress or regression, since the model of the Western society’s functioning does not always adequately apply to the description of the functioning of other societies. Among the presumable counterpoints in the history of civilization, which scientists define as the beginning of modernity, are The Age of Discovery, The Industrial Revolution, and The French Revolution. Specifically, the French Revolution has significantly influenced the process of secularization of the European society, and contributed to the diminished presence of the Catholic Church on the international political scene, as well 86 as a gradual removal of religion from the life of modern human. The media played a significant role in reforming the socio-political, cultural and economic dimensions of the Western society, as the press was an important means of promoting modernization ideas. At the same time, the religious press was a key platform of criticism of modernization. At the end of the XIX — early XX centuries, a number of articles there were published on the topic of modernization in the secular and religious spheres, on the pages of the Lviv religious journals: «Ruskii Sion», «Dushpastyr», «Nyva». The authors of the «Nyva» journal in their publications rested upon the concept of modernism put forward by the Vatican. The latter concept concerned the young generation of Catholic theologians in Italy, France, the United Kingdom, and Germany. They were united by their shared views concerning the Christian Church’s status in a changing world. Catholic reformers sought to revise the Catholic Church doctrine, taking into account the relevant trends of subjectivism and criticism of that time. The authorship of the «Ruskii Sion» and «Dushpastyr» criticized the ideas of reducing the influence of religion in science, culture and politics. The authors of these journals argued that the enemy of modern society is not the Church, but speculative modernism, which is a source of false values. On the contrary, the church is a deterrent for the modern political and economic system absorbing human. We conclude that it is incorrect to presume that modern Ukraine (with the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church as one of the major denominations) was molded under the influence of religion, gi ven that the key processes of modernization (urbanization, industrialization, and so on) were accomplished accordingly to the model diverging with the Catholic, Christian, ideals. Therefore, the question of the peculiarities of the scenario of the modernization of the Ukrainian society and the role played by religion and the religious press in this process remains open. Keywords: religious press, modernization, civilization, secularization, Christianity, Catholicism, Church document, religious modernism.

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8

Church, Roy. "The Industrial Revolution." Historical Journal 39, no. 2 (1996): 535–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00020380.

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Bagnoli, Carlo, Francesca Dal Mas, and Maurizio Massaro. "The 4th Industrial Revolution." International Journal of E-Services and Mobile Applications 11, no. 3 (2019): 34–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijesma.2019070103.

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The objective of this article is to analyze the impact of Industry 4.0 on business models considering technological change as a driver of strategic innovation. The research aims to provide the key to interpreting a process of innovation that, starting from the technological transformation, translates it into a broader change of business models. A structured literature review has been developed analyzing 144 sources divided into scientific papers, reports from consultancy firms and institutional reports. This method identified the importance given by the literature to the technologies and their impact on the building blocks of the business model. The research has led to the identification of 12 business models that can represent a framework to interpret the Industry 4.0 phenomenon strategically. A questionnaire analysis of a sample of 111 companies based in Italy allowed us to compare the results of theoretical research with the perceptions of Italian entrepreneurs.

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10

Bradley, Margaret, and Pat Hudson. "The Industrial Revolution." Technology and Culture 34, no. 3 (1993): 683. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3106724.

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Crafts, N. F. R. "Understanding the Industrial Revolution." English Historical Review 117, no. 471 (2002): 489–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/117.471.489.

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Hoppit, Julian. "Understanding the Industrial Revolution." Historical Journal 30, no. 1 (1987): 211–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00021993.

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13

SMITH, S. D. "DETERMINING THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION." Historical Journal 54, no. 3 (2011): 907–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x1100029x.

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14

Crafts, N. F. R., and P. Hudson. "The Industrial Revolution." Economic History Review 47, no. 2 (1994): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2598097.

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15

Gervais, Pierre, and Pat Hudson. "The Industrial Revolution." Le Mouvement social, no. 166 (January 1994): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3779416.

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16

Headrick, Daniel R., and Peter N. Stearns. "The Industrial Revolution in World History." American Historical Review 100, no. 3 (1995): 876. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2168616.

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Floud, Roderick, and Peter N. Stearns. "The Industrial Revolution in World History." Economic History Review 47, no. 4 (1994): 845. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2597754.

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18

Bowen, H. V., D. C. Coleman, John Harris, and Brinley Thomas. "Myth, History and the Industrial Revolution." Economic History Review 47, no. 2 (1994): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2598098.

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19

Brown, Robert W., and Peter N. Stearns. "The Industrial Revolution in World History." History Teacher 29, no. 2 (1996): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/494750.

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Rothstein, Morton. "The Industrial Revolution in World History." History: Reviews of New Books 23, no. 1 (1994): 44–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1994.9950950.

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21

Grew, Raymond. "Finding Social Capital: The French Revolution in Italy." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 29, no. 3 (1999): 407–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002219598551760.

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Nurdiana, Nurdiana, and Moses Glorino Rumambo Pandin. "Industrial Revolution: A History of Industrial Revolution and Its Influence in Manufacturing Companies." Historia Madania: Jurnal Ilmu Sejarah 5, no. 2 (2021): 137–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/hm.v5i2.13063.

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Before the existence of industrial technology, people in doing their job using their power. People were able to produce goods and sell services with their power. These activities are ineffective because they are constrained and take a long time, so the discovery of industrial technology is today. This study aims to determine the meaning of the industrial revolution, the history and development of the industrial revolution 1.0 to 4.0, the relationship between the industrial revolution and Indonesian history, and the influence of the industrial revolution in Indonesian manufacturing. Indonesian people do not understand what revolution means and how it relates to Indonesian history, where the current and former situation is very different because of a revolution, especially the industrial revolution. The discovery of industrial technology or industrial revolution makes human development become advanced and rapidly growing. In this study, the author uses a method in the form of a Literature Review (LR) or a literature review and data obtained from several articles that have been published and registered online. Technology is believed by many people to make their work easier and takes a short time. The development of technology became necessary because of the emergence of the industrial revolution 4.0 that changed human life. This article tries to review the understanding of the industrial revolution, its development history, and its influence on Indonesian manufacturing companies. The limitation or weakness of this research lies in the research process, namely the author's weakness in collecting the reference sources used.

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Hoppit, Julian. "Counting the Industrial Revolution." Economic History Review 43, no. 2 (1990): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2596785.

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Berg, Maxine, and Pat Hudson. "Rehabilitating the Industrial Revolution." Economic History Review 45, no. 1 (1992): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2598327.

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Livi-Bacci, Massimo. "Fertility, Nutrition, and Pellagra: Italy during the Vital Revolution." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 16, no. 3 (1986): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/204498.

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de Vries, Jan. "The Industrial Revolution and the Industrious Revolution." Journal of Economic History 54, no. 2 (1994): 249–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700014467.

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The Industrial Revolution as a historical concept has many shortcomings. A new concept—the “industrious revolution”—is proposed to place the Industrial Revolution in a broader historical setting. The industrious revolution was a process of household-based resource reallocation that increased both the supply of marketed commodities and labor and the demand for market-supplied goods. The industrious revolution was a household-level change with important demand-side features that preceded the Industrial Revolution, a supply-side phenomenon. It has implications for nineteenth- and twentieth-century economic history.

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Macpherson, Roderick. "Manville, Tokens of the Industrial Revolution." Scottish Historical Review 82, no. 1 (2003): 156–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/shr.2003.82.1.156.

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Meredith, D. "In Search of the Industrial Revolution." English Historical Review 128, no. 532 (2013): 628–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cet063.

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Ali, Sabah Hameed, Hayder Ayad Al-Sultan, and Mithaq Taher Al Rubaie. "Fifth Industrial Revolution." International Journal of Business, Management and Economics 3, no. 3 (2022): 196–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.47747/ijbme.v3i3.694.

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While we are rushing towards the future quickly and without stopping, there is a debate in the scientific community and business forums today about the upcoming industrial revolution and what it is related to, is it the revolution of artificial intelligence, or the revolution of nanotechnology, or the revolution of sustainability, or is it the revolution of the Internet of things, cloud computing and 3D printing? We believe that the Fifth Industrial Revolution will be the result of all these technologies. And through our research paper, we will address the concept of the industrial revolution in general and the major industrial revolutions in human history and their historical context. Then we will look at the Fourth Industrial Revolution, whose events we are living today, its most important technologies, and its future development. Then we will look at the future features of the upcoming Fifth Industrial Revolution and the controversy surrounding it from the point of view of several experts and the most important opportunities and challenges that are likely to emerge

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Withers, Charles W. J. "Mapping the industrial revolution." Journal of Historical Geography 11, no. 2 (1985): 196–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-7488(85)80065-7.

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Bauer, K. Jack, Derek H. Aldcroft, Michael J. Freeman, and David Owen. "Transport in the Industrial Revolution." Technology and Culture 27, no. 3 (1986): 623. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3105403.

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Gilje, Paul A. "Expanding the Industrial Revolution." Journal of Urban History 36, no. 2 (2009): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144209352166.

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Hartwell, R. M. "Was There an Industrial Revolution?" Social Science History 14, no. 4 (1990): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1171333.

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Lloyd-Jones, Roger, and Graeme Donald Snooks. "Was the Industrial Revolution Necessary?" Economic History Review 48, no. 4 (1995): 855. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2598171.

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Hartwell, R. M. "Was There an Industrial Revolution?" Social Science History 14, no. 4 (1990): 567–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200020940.

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The question is absurd—of course there was an industrial revolution, as obviously as there was a French Revolution—but let me take it seriously. It is absurd because it is counterintuitive—intuition based on the obvious differences between developed and underdeveloped economies, between industrial and agricultural areas, between cities and villages, between factories and farms, between industrial workers and peasants, differences which point unambiguously to the revolutionary nature of industrialization—and because it can be asked only with a heroic disregard of the massive historical evidence for the existence of the industrial revolution. Other phrases used to describe it—“the great transformation” (Polanyi 1985), “the great divide” (Tawney 1982), and “the great discontinuity” (Hartwell 1971)—also underline its revolutionary character, in terms of the break with the past, the changing of the economy, and the making of a new society quite different from that which preceded it.

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Williamson, Jeffrey G. "Debating the British industrial revolution." Explorations in Economic History 24, no. 3 (1987): 269–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4983(87)90026-x.

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Gabbert, Mark A., Roy Porter, and Mikulás Teich. "Revolution in History." Labour / Le Travail 24 (1989): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25143294.

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Gardner, Phil, Clark Nardinelli, and Harry Hendrick. "Child Labor and the Industrial Revolution." History of Education Quarterly 31, no. 4 (1991): 538. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/368179.

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Berg, Maxine. "Women's Property and the Industrial Revolution." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 24, no. 2 (1993): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/205358.

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Geiger, Reed, Patrick O'Brien, and Roland Quinault. "The Industrial Revolution and British Society." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 26, no. 1 (1995): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/205561.

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Tomory, Leslie. "Gaslight, Distillation, and the Industrial Revolution." History of Science 49, no. 4 (2011): 395–424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/007327531104900402.

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Jackson, R. V. "Rates of Industrial Growth during the Industrial Revolution." Economic History Review 45, no. 1 (1992): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2598326.

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Corke-Webster, James. "Roman History." Greece and Rome 68, no. 1 (2021): 135–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383520000315.

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A bumper edition this time, by way of apology for COVID-necessitated absenteeism in the autumn issue. The focus is on three pillars of social history – the economy (stupid), law, and religion. First up is Saskia Roselaar's second monograph, Italy's Economic Revolution. Roselaar sets out to trace the contribution made by economics to Italy's integration in the Roman Republic, focusing on the period after the ‘conquest’ of Italy (post 268 bce). Doing so necessitates two distinct steps: assessing, first, how economic contacts developed in this period, and second, whether and to what extent those contacts furthered the wider unification of Italy under Roman hegemony. Roselaar is influenced by New Institutional Economics (hereafter NIE), now ubiquitous in studies of the ancient economy. Her title may be an homage to Philip Kay's Rome's Economic Revolution, but the book itself is a challenge to that work, which in Roselaar's view neglects almost entirely the agency of the Italians in the period's economic transformation. For Roselaar, the Italians were as much the drivers of change as the Romans; indeed, it is this repeated conviction that unifies her chapters.

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Trotter, J. W. "African Americans and the Industrial Revolution." OAH Magazine of History 15, no. 1 (2000): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/maghis/15.1.19.

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Stearns, P. N. "The Industrial Revolution: A Teaching Challenge." OAH Magazine of History 15, no. 1 (2000): 4–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/maghis/15.1.4.

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Henne, Steffen. "Revolution and Eternity." Fascism 3, no. 1 (2014): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116257-00301003.

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The conference ‘Revolution and Eternity – Fascism’s Temporality’ discussed the complex and meta-historical topic of ‘time and temporality’ with regards to the fascist experience of time, and ways of temporal thinking and acting with reference to German National Socialism, and fascism in Italy and Romania. The various papers examined specific national forms of fascism from the perspective of the concepts of political order and temporality (e.g. fascist interpretations of temporal dimensions – future, present and past). The conference revealed that the fascist view of time was based on specific (chrono)political practices (archaeology, filmmaking etc.) and that the inhumane politics of fascism were embedded in temporal paradigms that combined contradictory ideas of revolutionary acceleration with the eternal standstill of time.

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Ashworth, William J. "The British industrial revolution and the ideological revolution: Science, Neoliberalism and History." History of Science 52, no. 2 (2014): 178–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0073275314529860.

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Britz, Margaret L., and Arnold L. Demain. "Industrial revolution with microorganisms." Microbiology Australia 33, no. 3 (2012): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma12091.

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Mankind has used microbes from the dawn of history to perform services and produce useful chemicals and bioactives. Mixed complex communities, which are resilient over time, preserved food, made alcoholic beverages and treated wastes, all in the absence of an understanding of the underlying biological processes. Moving to single microbial transformation systems led to high-level production of primary (amino acids, nucleotides, vitamins ? used as flavour-enhancing agents, nutritional supplements and pharmaceuticals ? solvents and organic acids, including biofuels) and secondary (pharmaceuticals, enzyme inhibitors, bio-herbicides and pesticides, plant growth regulators) metabolites and bioactives (including bacteriocins and enzymes). Several hallmark discoveries in microbiology and other sciences over the last 60 years transformed our ability to discover, manipulate, enhance and derive commercial benefit from industrial applications of microorganisms. This article attempts to capture some of the key discoveries that revolutionised industrial microbiology and speculates about where the ?omics? revolution will take us next.

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Edmund N. Todd. "The Industrial Revolution (review)." Technology and Culture 51, no. 1 (2009): 251–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.0.0425.

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Preite, Massimo. "RECOVERED FACTORIES: INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE REUSE IN ITALY." Ural Historical Journal 71, no. 2 (2021): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2021-2(71)-55-64.

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In the wake of deindustrialisation, Italy too has been affected by the significant phenomenon of the closure of industrial plants and facilities, which in some ways has marked the end of an era. Physical evidence of past industrial activity was at first considered to be an obstacle to the development of areas and therefore to be removed. It was only at the end of the 80s of the last century that a more widespread interest in the protection of old factories was aroused. Three themes will be examined in the course of this article. First of all, an attempt will be made to identify the time frame of reference of the Italian industrial heritage, so as not to exclude past experiences of productive organization that anticipated the modern factory system. The second theme is the different methodologies of recovery and conversion of old work spaces into spaces for new activities. The characteristics of the industrial heritage require different methods of intervention, among which exemplary restoration is only one of the possible solutions. More often it is the task of the project to find the right balance between conservation and transformation in the rehabilitation of industrial buildings. The third theme concerns the role of industrial heritage in urban regeneration programmes. In order to be fully appreciated, this role requires a higher level of vision, a focus not on individual interventions but on the benefits that an entire district or city can gain from an integrated rehabilitation of its industrial heritage.

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