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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Industrial relations – OECD countries »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 10 mars 2023
Mis à jour le 11 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Industrial relations – OECD countries"

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Yoon, Jungkeun. « Globalization and the Welfare State in Developing Countries ». Business and Politics 11, no 2 (août 2009) : 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1469-3569.1205.

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Most of the existing studies of the welfare state have dealt with OECD countries. Moreover, these studies have focused on government partisanship (left versus right), or institutional features under democracy, as primary causal variables. By providing four primary causal mechanisms (the power of popularly based parties, labor strength, democracy, and political instability) that are different from those of OECD countries, I answer the question of whether and why the efficiency or compensation hypothesis holds for developing countries. I show that either the efficiency or compensation thesis can hold for developing countries depending on the type of globalization with which popularly based governments interact.
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Chew, Soon Beng, et Chadwick Teo. « A Causality Study of the Relations between Wage and Employment in Specific OECD Countries ». Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies 04, no 01 (mars 2001) : 45–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219091501000310.

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We analyze the dynamic relationship between employment and wages for a number of OECD countries between the years 1969 to 1998. We propose factors that determine the type of industrial regime in a country. These include government policies, the goals of the labor unions and employers and institutional structures and practices. Looking into the future, with the advent of globalization, there should be a convergence toward employment-driven industrial relations regime as countries strive to keep labor cost competitive to ensure survival in international markets.
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ERBER, FABIO S., et JOSÉ EDUARDO CASSIOLATO. « Política industrial : teoria e prática no Brasil e na OCDE ». Brazilian Journal of Political Economy 17, no 2 (juin 1997) : 195–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-31571997-1035.

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RESUMO O artigo analisa o desenvolvimento recente das políticas industriais e tecnológicas no Brasil em comparação com as adotadas nos principais países da OCDE. A primeira seção apresenta os antecedentes, apresentando uma breve descrição da evolução da economia global. A segunda seção apresenta o quadro analítico do artigo. Argumenta que atualmente existem quatro “agendas de política industrial”, derivadas de considerações teóricas e políticas - ultra-liberal, reformista liberal, neodesenvolvimentista e social-democrata. A terceira seção apresenta a evolução da política industrial e tecnológica brasileira durante os anos 90, examinando com mais detalhes a situação atual. A quarta seção apresenta as políticas seguidas pelos principais países da OCDE (Estados Unidos, Alemanha, Japão e Reino Unido), examinando sua evolução e focalizando o atual padrão de políticas. A última seção apresenta as principais conclusões do artigo.
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Verdier, Daniel. « Domestic Responses to Free Trade and Free Finance in OECD Countries ». Business and Politics 1, no 3 (novembre 1999) : 279–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bap.1999.1.3.279.

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For the first time in modern history, free trade coexists with free finance. Free trade and free finance (defined as the deregulation and internationalization of banking and finance) are not mutually reinforcing, but cause a mismatch between the demand and supply of financial instruments. Investors want more marketable instruments whereas entrepreneurs want more transaction-specific instruments. This mismatch potentially hurts small firms and local interests most. What can they do about it? It depends on state institutions. The more centralized the state, the fewer opportunities available to potential losers to curb free finance. Free finance is most successful in centralized countries, where resistance to free finance is least strongly felt. This hypothesis is systematically tested on a sample of OECD countries.
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Kim, Dong-One, Yoon-Ho Kim, Paula Voos, Hiromasa Suzuki et Young Doo Kim. « Evaluating Industrial Relations Systems of OECD Countries from 1993 to 2005 : A Two-Dimensional Approach ». British Journal of Industrial Relations 53, no 4 (4 août 2014) : 645–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjir.12092.

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Cooke, William N. « The Influence of Industrial Relations Factors on U.S. Foreign Direct Investment Abroad ». ILR Review 51, no 1 (octobre 1997) : 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399705100101.

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Although managers of multinational companies have identified labor practices and regulations, access to skilled labor, and similar factors as important considerations in foreign direct investment decision-making, few studies have empirically examined the influence of industrial relations factors on foreign direct investment. Applying a transaction costs framework to U.S. Department of Commerce data published in 1992, the author examines the influence of several key industrial relations variables on U.S. foreign direct investment across nine industries and nineteen OECD-member countries. Across the countries studied, U.S. foreign direct investment was negatively affected by the presence of high levels of union penetration, centralized collective bargaining structures, stiff government restrictions on layoffs, and pervasive contract extension policies; it was positively affected by high levels of education and policies requiring works councils.
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Sarfati, Hedva. « Book Review : OECD Pensions at a Glance 2009 — Retirement-income systems in OECD countries, OECD : Paris, 2009 ; 279 pp. : 9789264060715 ». Transfer : European Review of Labour and Research 16, no 3 (août 2010) : 452–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10242589100160030103.

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Forsyth, Anthony. « Protection Against Economic Dismissals : Australian Law Compared with Five Other OECD Countries ». Journal of Industrial Relations 51, no 5 (novembre 2009) : 723–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185609346204.

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Kalaš, Branimir, Vera Zelenović et Jelena Andrašić. « Relation between tax wedge and employment rate : The case of OECD countries ». Industrija 50, no 2 (2022) : 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/industrija50-40175.

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The paper investigates the relationship between tax wedge and employment rate in thirty-six OECD countries for the period 2000-2020. The aim of this paper is to identify how tax wedge indicators affect the employment level in these economies. The empirical research includes correlation analysis and panel regression to determine character and intensity of nexus among observed variables. The results of Hausman represent that a random effects model is adequate for estimating the effect of tax wedge on the employment rate in selected countries. The model results show a negative correlation between these variables, as well as, that tax wedge indicators have a negative impact on the employment rate in OECD countries for the observed period. The empirical findings manifest that a 1% increase in the average tax wedge leads to a lower employment rate of 0.33% in OECD economies.
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Cao, Xun. « Domestic Economic Policies, Political Institutions, and Transnational Portfolio Investments ». Business and Politics 11, no 1 (avril 2009) : 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1469-3569.1232.

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For many, transnational capital is one of the most important driving forces of economic globalization; yet, we know little about what determines cross-border portfolio investments. In addition to recent economic literature's focus on information asymmetries as one key determinant of cross-border investment, this study brings in a political aspect to the field of international trade in assets. The –race to the bottom’ thesis connects domestic economic policies to investment decisions and argues that capital is more likely to move towards economies characterized by economic liberalism; political institutions are also relevant for portfolio investments, because democratic institutions often provide more credible protection against predatory practices. In this study, I model bilateral portfolio investments as a function of economic policies, political institutions, and levels of transparency of sending and receiving countries as well as important international connections. Empirical findings indicate the importance of transparency to attract portfolio investments. Moreover, transnational portfolio investments are only sensitive to some fiscal policy indictors and only within the OECD countries. Therefore, for non-OECD countries, there is still ‘room to move’ in maneuvering different aspects of fiscal policies. Finally, I find that investors care about the nature of political institutions as democratic institutions tend to be associated with higher levels of portfolio investment inflows. This is good news for developing countries that have undergone or are in the process of democratization. In addition to democratizing for peace, increased foreign capital further incentivizes a progression towards democratization.
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Thèses sur le sujet "Industrial relations – OECD countries"

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Conceição, Pedro. « Growth, technology and inter-industry earnings inequality in manufacturing : evidence from a selection of OECD countries, 1970-1990 / ». Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3004242.

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Schustereder, Ingmar J. « Welfare state change in leading OECD countries the influence of post-industrial and global economic developments ». Wiesbaden Gabler, 2009. http://d-nb.info/995018928/04.

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Siddiq, S. A. « The influence of the State in the industrial relations systems of Third World countries with special reference to Bangladesh ». Thesis, Brunel University, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.355211.

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Du, Toit Jacqueline. « Employee relations in the public service of three Southern African countries : South Africa, Namibia and Botswana ». Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10351.

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Includes bibliographical references.
The aim of this dissertation was to ascertain what type of employee relations system is identifiable in the public services of South Africa, Namibia and Botswana, and to determine what type of voice regulation is in place in the determination of terms and conditions of employment.
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Syed, Anwar Ali Shah. « New technology employment and industrial relations in developing countries : a study of the Pakistan banking industry ». Thesis, Cardiff University, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.232896.

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Vandaele, Arne D. A. « International trade law as a means to enforce workers' rights in developing countries : the way forward ? » Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ54229.pdf.

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Sadri, Sorab Georgy. « Management and industrial relations strategies of multinational corporations in developing countries : a case study of Unilever in Nigeria ». Thesis, University of London, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319986.

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Rusinek, Michael. « Wages and the bargaining regimes in corporatists countries : a series of empirical essays ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210322.

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In the first chapter,a harmonised linked employer-employee dataset is used to study the impact of firm-level agreements on the wage structure in the manufacturing sector in Belgium, Denmark and Spain. To our knowledge, this is one of the first cross-country studies that examines the impact of firm-level bargaining on the wage structure in European countries. We find that firm-level agreements have a positive effect both on wage levels and on wage dispersion in Belgium and Denmark. In Spain, firm also increase wage levels but reduce wage dispersion. Our interpretation is that in Belgium and Denmark, where firm-level bargaining greatly expanded since the 1980s on the initiative of the employers and the governments, firm-level bargaining is mainly used to adapt pay to the specific needs of the firm. In Spain, the structure of collective bargaining has not changed very much since the Franco period where firm agreements were used as a tool for worker mobilisation and for political struggle. Therefore, firm-level bargaining in Spain is still mainly used by trade unions in order to reduce the wage dispersion.

In the second chapter, we analyse the impact of the bargaining level and of the degree of centralisation of wage bargaining on rent-sharing in Belgium. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that considers simultaneously both dimensions of collective bargaining. This is also one of the first papers that looks at the impact of wage bargaining institutions on rent-sharing in European countries. This question is important because if wage bargaining decentralisation increases the link between wages and firm specific profits, it may prevent an efficient allocation of labour across firms, increase wage inequality, lead to smaller employment adjustments, and affect the division of surplus between capital and labour (Bryson et al. 2006). Controlling for the endogeneity of profits, for heterogeneity among workers and firms and for differences in characteristics between bargaining regimes, we find that wages depend substantially more on firm specific profits in decentralised than in centralised industries ,irrespective of the presence of a formal firm collective agreement. In addition, the impact of the presence of a formal firm collective agreement on the wage-profit elasticity depends on the degree of centralisation of the industry. In centralised industries, profits influence wages only when a firm collective agreement is present. This result is not surprising since industry agreements do not take into account firm-specific characteristics. Within decentralised industries, firms share their profits with their workers even if they are not covered by a formal firm collective agreement. This is probably because, in those industries, workers only covered by an industry agreement (i.e. not covered by a formal firm agreement) receive wage supplements that are paid unilaterally by their employer. The fact that those workers also benefit from rent-sharing implies that pay-setting does not need to be collective to generate rent-sharing, which is in line with the Anglo-American literature that shows that rent-sharing is not a particularity of the unionised sector.

In the first two chapters, we have shown that, in Belgium, firm-level bargaining is used by firms to adapt pay to the specific characteristics of the firm, including firm’s profits. In the third and final chapter, it is shown that firm-level bargaining also allows wages to adapt to the local environment that the company may face. This aspect is of particular importance in the debate about a potential regionalisation of wage bargaining in Belgium. This debate is, however, not specific to Belgium. Indeed, the potential failure of national industry agreements to take into account the productivity levels of the least productive regions has been considered as one of the causes of regional unemployment in European countries (Davies and Hallet, 2001; OECD, 2006). Two kinds of solutions are generally proposed to solve this problem. The first, encouraged by the European Commission and the OECD, consists in decentralising wage bargaining toward the firm level (Davies and Hallet, 2001; OECD, 2006). The second solution, the regionalisation of wage bargaining, is frequently mentioned in Belgium or in Italy where regional unemployment differentials are high. In this chapter we show that, in Belgium, regional wage differentials and regional productivity differentials within joint committees are positively correlated. Moreover, this relation is stronger (i) for joint committees where firm-level bargaining is relatively frequent and (ii) for joint committees already sub-divided along a local line. We conclude that the present Belgian wage bargaining system which combines interprofessional, industry and firm bargaining, already includes the mechanisms that allow regional productivity to be taken into account in wage formation. It is therefore not necessary to further regionalise wage bargaining in Belgium.


Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Mugova, Terrence Tafadzwa. « Interdependence and business cycle transmission between South Africa and the USA, UK, Japan and Germany ». Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002680.

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The process of globalisation has had a large impact on the world economy over the past three decades. Economic globalisation has manifested itself in the increasing integration of goods and services through international trade and the integration of financial markets. As a consequence the existence of co-movements in economic variables of different countries has become more evident. The extent to which globalisation causes a country’s economy to move together with the rest of the world concerns policy-makers. When such co-movement is significant, the influence of policy-makers on their respective domestic economies is significantly reduced. South Africa re-entered the international economy in the early 1990s when the forces of globalisation, especially for developing countries, seemed to gain momentum. Empirical research such as Kabundi and Loots (2005) found strong evidence of international co-movement between the world business cycle and the South African business cycle, particularly following South Africa’s integration into the global economy. This study examines the relationship and interdependence between South Africa and four of its major developed trading partners. More particularly, the study examines the question of whether business cycles are transmitted from Germany, Japan, US and UK to South Africa, and/or from South Africa to Germany, Japan, the US and UK. The study employs structural vector autoregressive (SVARs) models to analyse monthly data from 1980:01–2008:04 on industrial production, producer prices, short-term interest rates and real effective exchange rates. The results show that South Africa benefits from economic growth in both the UK and US. They also indicate significant price transmission from Germany and Japan to South Africa, with transmission in the opposite direction being statistically insignificant. The impulse response graphs show that a positive one standard deviation shock to both German and Japanese producer prices has a negative impact on South African output (industrial production) growth. Furthermore, South African monetary policy is relatively unresponsive to international monetary policy stances. The findings of this study indicate that South African policymakers need to take into consideration economic performance of the country’s major trading partners, with particular emphasis on the UK and US economies.
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Galgau, Olivia. « Essays in international economics and industrial organization ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210773.

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The aim of the thesis is to further explore the relationship between economic integration and firm mobility and investment, both from an empirical and a theoretical perspective, with the objective of drawing conclusions on how government policy can be used to strengthen the positive impact of integration on investment, which is crucial in moving and maintaining countries at the forefront of the technology frontier and accelerating economic growth in a world of rapid technical change and high mobility of ideas, goods, services, capital and labor.

The first chapter aims to bring together the literature on economic integration, firm mobility and investment. It contains two sections: one dedicated to the literature on FDI and the second covering the literature on firm entry and exit, economic performance and economic and business regulation.

In the second chapter I examine the relationship between the Single Market and FDI both in an intra-EU context and from outside the EU. The empirical results show that the impact of the Single Market on FDI differs substantially from one country to another. This finding may be due to the functioning of institutions.

The third chapter studies the relationship between the level of external trade protection put into place by a Regional Integration Agreement(RIA)and the option of a firm from outside the RIA block to serve the RIA market through FDI rather than exports. I find that the level of external trade protection put in place by the RIA depends on the RIA country's capacity to benefit from FDI spillovers, the magnitude of set-up costs of building a plant in the RIA and on the amount of external trade protection erected by the country from outside the reigonal block with respect to the RIA.

The fourth chapter studies how the firm entry and exit process is affected by product market reforms and regulations and impact macroeconomic performance. The results show that an increase in deregulation will lead to a rise in firm entry and exit. This in turn will especially affect macroeconomic performance as measured by output growth and labor productivity growth. The analysis done at the sector level shows that results can differ substantially across industries, which implies that deregulation policies should be conducted at the sector level, rather than at the global macroeconomic level.
Doctorat en sciences économiques, Orientation économie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Livres sur le sujet "Industrial relations – OECD countries"

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development, Organisation for economic co-operation and. Industrial policy in OECD countries : Annual review. Paris : OECD, 1990.

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Committee, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Industry. Industrial policy developments in OECD countries : Annualreview 1987. Paris : OECD, 1987.

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Rex, Deighton-Smith, Jacobs Scott H, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. et Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Public Management Service., dir. Regulatory impact analysis : Best practices in OECD countries. Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1997.

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Papaconstantinou, George. Embodied technology diffusion : An empirical analysis for 10 OECD countries. Paris : OECD, 1996.

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Nadiri, M. Ishaq. International R&D spillovers, trade and productivity in major OECD countries. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, 1996.

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Bratt, Christian. Labour relations in 18 countries. 3e éd. [Stockholm] : Swedish Employers' Confederation, 1990.

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Bratt, Christian. Labour relations in 18 countries. [Stockholm] : Swedish Employers' Confederation, 1996.

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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Industry Committee., dir. Industrial policies, developments and outlook in OECD countries : Annual review 1986. Paris : OECD Industry Committee, 1986.

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Statistics, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Dept of Economics and. An international sectoral data base for thirteen OECD countries. Paris : OECD, 1988.

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Calderón, César. Productivity in the OECD countries : A critical appraisal of the evidence. Washington, D.C : International Monetary Fund, European I Dept., 2001.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Industrial relations – OECD countries"

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Bean, R. « Industrial Relations in Developing Countries ». Dans Comparative Industrial Relations, 208–24. London : Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003127727-9.

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Balfour, Campbell. « Economic growth and the economies of member countries ». Dans Industrial Relations in the Common Market, 27–40. London : Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003107996-4.

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Schustereder, Ingmar J. « Post-Industrial Challenges of the Contemporary Capitalist Welfare State ». Dans Welfare State Change in Leading OECD Countries, 49–69. Wiesbaden : Gabler, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-8622-1_5.

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Carriero, Libero. « Technology and International Relations : Considerations on the Industrial Development of the OAPEC Countries ». Dans Technology and International Relations, 141–56. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08086-1_10.

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Bitzinger, Richard A., et Michael Raska. « Chinese and Russian Military Modernization and the Fourth Industrial Revolution ». Dans Russia-China Relations, 121–40. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97012-3_7.

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AbstractChina and Russia are both keen to exploit cutting-edge technologies for military use. Most of these advanced technologies are embedded in the so-called fourth industrial revolution (4IR), such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning, automation and robotics, quantum computing, big data, 5G networking, and the “Internet of Things” (IoT). At the same time, most research and development (R & D) taking place in the 4IR is occurring in the commercial realm. The usefulness of 4IR technologies to future military capabilities will depend on how well countries can leverage breakthroughs in commercial R & D, via military-civil fusion (MCF). China and Russia are pursuing concurrent and often intertwined R & D programs to develop and advance 4IR technologies in their respective countries—particularly AI—and to subsequently utilize these technologies (via MCF) in military applications. Their mutual interests in exploiting cutting-edge technologies to underwrite military modernization could motivate Beijing and Moscow to collaborate on future 4IR R & D. Nevertheless, such cooperation could be limited. In particular, Russia lacks the resources or overall technological capacities (money and manpower, plus an already low level of innovation in the national economy) to function as an equal to China, and it may not wish to play the junior partner in such a relationship.
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Paloheimo, Heikki. « Between Liberalism and Corporatism : The Effect of Trade Unions and Governments on Economic Performance in Eighteen OECD Countries ». Dans Labour Relations and Economic Performance, 114–36. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11562-4_5.

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Robison, Richard. « Resisting Structural Adjustment : Conflict over Industrial Policy in Indonesia ». Dans Newly Industrializing Countries and the Political Economy of South-South Relations, 23–47. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09753-1_2.

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Christou, Anastasia, et Eleonore Kofman. « Transnational Families, Intimate Relations, Generations ». Dans IMISCOE Research Series, 57–76. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91971-9_4.

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AbstractChapter 10.1007/978-3-030-91971-9_3 examined the gendered nature of a migrant division of labour. In this chapter we turn to family migration, traditionally associated with women as dependents and followers of men. The term is used to categorise the international movement of people who migrate due to new or established family ties. People moving for family reasons constitute the largest group of migrants entering OECD countries, ahead of labour and humanitarian migration (OECD, 2019). To move for family reasons may encompass an array of different kinds of migration trajectories, from the adoption of a foreign child to family members accompanying migrant workers or refugees, as well as people forming new family units with host country residents or family reunification (when family members reunite with those who migrated previously).
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Kirchberger, Sarah. « Russian-Chinese Military-Technological Cooperation and the Ukrainian Factor ». Dans Russia-China Relations, 75–100. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97012-3_5.

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AbstractArms transfers are an important indicator of the level of strategic trust between countries. During the past 70 years, relations between China and the Soviet Union/Russia have gone through phases that were characterized by dramatically different levels of military-industrial cooperation. This paper explores how the fallout from the Crimea crisis of 2014 has impacted the Russian-Chinese arms trade relationship against the backdrop of a history where Russia aimed to restrict arms transfers to China. It argues that the sanctions imposed on China after the Tiananmen massacre in 1989 and on Russia since early 2014 have had the combined unintended consequence of incentivizing closer Russian-Chinese arms-industrial cooperation than had ever existed before. Western ambiguity toward Ukraine after 2014 furthermore provided China with opportunities to profit from openings in Ukraine’s arms-industrial complex. The chapter starts with a historical overview of the Russian-Chinese arms trade relationship before analyzing the impact of Russian and Ukrainian transfers on China’s military modernization before and after 2014. The final part discusses how changed incentives since 2014 have fostered unprecedented Sino-Russian arms-industrial cooperation. This could solidify the developing Chinese-Russian military relationship and eventually lead toward a more equal relationship in joint arms development.
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Vet, Cassandra, Danny Cassimon et Anne Van de Vijver. « Getting the Short End of the Stick : Power Relations and Their Distributive Outcomes for Lower-Income Countries in Transfer Pricing Governance ». Dans Taxation, International Cooperation and the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda, 3–27. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64857-2_1.

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AbstractIt is widely recognized that international corporate taxation holds a distributional bias toward advanced economies and that developing countries only play a marginal role in tax governance-making. Yet, it is the ambition of both the G20 and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to integrate developing countries in the BEPS Inclusive Framework. The Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) action is the latest global initiative to update the international framework of corporate taxation and curb corporate tax avoidance. On one hand, the integration for developing countries within the policy-making forums remains incomplete and focused on the implementation of the global tax rules. On the other, even when lower-income countries have a seat at the table, uneven power relations shape the distributional outcomes of the G20-OECD tax reform project. This analysis of the power relations at play during the revision of the transactional profit split method (TPSM) reveals how dominant logics on value creation work against the material interests of developing countries in the distribution of taxing rights. Therefore, for a tax reform to be truly legitimate for developing countries, it should emancipate and even “decolonize” the discourse and ideas of the international tax regime. While the updated OECD guidelines on transfer pricing expanded the size of the overall cake of taxable profits, the dominant logics and criteria of the guidance make it difficult for lower-income countries to obtain a decent slice of the cake and actually eat it.
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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Industrial relations – OECD countries"

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Bal, Harun, Erhan İşcan, Duygu Serin Oktay et Selçuk Loğoğlu. « The Relation of Carbon Emission and Foreign Trade ». Dans International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c09.01981.

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The rapid increase in the world population and the tecnological developments' positive contribution to industrialization has increased demand for resources. The excessive use of the factors to meet these needs has confronted mankind with the pronlem of climate change which is the of the most serious problems of the past. Global warming and climate change have changed the structure of gas components in the atmosphere and have allowed countries to take the problem to the global perspective. The national responsibilities are closely related to the foreing trade of the countries. In this context, the study of the relationship between carbon emissions and international trade relations has been the aim of the study. Using the dynamic paned data method, the relationship between carbon emissions and international trade was examined for 33 OECD countries between 2000-2013. As a result of the empirical results, the relationship between import variable and carbon emission is positive and statistically significant, while the relation between export and carbon emissions is negative and statistically significant. Subsequently, it was aimed to determine the long-term existence of carbon emissions and international trade relations for Turkey by using the ARDL approach. The relationship between Turkey's carbon emissions, imports, exports and heavy industrial product varieties has examined by using ARDL approach. The empirical results show that Turkey wont be able to say anything definite about the relationship between the variables of trade and and carbon emissions because protocol obligations are low and accepted late.
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Cieślik, Ewa. « THE CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN ECONOMIES IN THE ERA OF INDUSTRY 4.0 AND CHINESE DIGITAL SILK ROAD ». Dans Economic and Business Trends Shaping the Future. Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Economics-Skopje, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47063/ebtsf.2022.0018.

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Over the recent decades, the changes in the paradigm of international trade have been observed. As the result of decreasing of trade barriers as well as the reduction in trade costs allowed companies to divide their production into stages and to locate it in different countries according to their competitive advantage. Eventually, the production process has become more fragmented, both geographically and vertically. It means that intermediate products are shipped across boarders many times and every exporting economy provides some value added according to its competitive advantage. As a result, global value chains have become one of the most important feature of international trade. Following (Gereffi & Fernandez-Stark, 2011), in this study global value chains are defined as “the full range of activities that firms and workers do to bring a product from its conception to its end use”. Humphrey and Schmitz (2002) pointed out four types of upgrading in global value chains: product, process, functional and chain. Product and process upgrading involve companies retaining their positions in global value chains by enhancing productivity gains through adopting new product processes or “new configurations of product mix”. Thus, functional upgrading involves a slicing up the global value chains into new activity which generates higher value added, e.g. own brand manufacturing. In turn, chain upgrading involves a going up to new activity, which needs higher skills and capital and value added. Milberg and Winkler (2013) offered similar classifications of upgrading. Production fragmentation has caused a rapid increase in trade in intermediate goods as often companies offshore an intermediate stage of production process. Offshoring production has been typical to manufacturing (Timmer, et al., 2012), however, services have been often overlooked, but play a major role, especially in supporting global value chains (Kommerskollegium 2013). In turn, Digital Silk Road, announced in 2015, has become a significant part of Chinese Belt and Road Initiative strategy. China has implemented this strategy as a part of its long-term technological plan, under which China provides support to its exporters, including many well-known technology companies and builds a network of cooperation with selected countries in the field of technology, including ICT infrastructure, services, 5G networks, e-commerce, etc. China's rapid technological changes must not go unnoticed by trading partners, including analysed European countries, which, to maintain international competitiveness, are increasing the technological advancement and enhancing market protection against Chinese technology. Until recently, the value added from China to European countries was concentrated mainly on medium technology industries and value added from Europe to China focused more on advanced goods and services. Nowadays, there is a redirection of Chinese value added to high-tech activities (including service activities), which reflects China's ambition to build an economy that leads to innovation and industry 4.0. The transition of the CEE states’ economic and political systems initiated in the early 1990s, earned them the EU membership in 2004. The accession to the EU’s structures meant that these countries achieved the free-market economy status and they should be treated as the full member of the global business networks. Moreover, the decline in trade costs (transport and transaction), greater openness of their market and the removal of trade barriers have all helped the CEE states to join global value chains. Hence, the CEE economies are going to be more heavily involved in global production linkages. Many empirical studies have presented the close and dynamic integration of these countries with the EU market (especially the EU-15) and in a more limited scope with the whole global economy as well (Behar and Freund 2011). Generally, democratisation, the strengthening of political and economic relations (particularly with the EU), and the modernisation of many sectors (including financial sector, more advanced industries), were common elements of the CEE countries long-term development policies. One of their priorities was the redirection of foreign trade towards the EU and joining the global production linkages where China has become the core producer. Recently, the role of the economy in global value chains is more determined by the advancement of value added that it offers. Companies move toward services and innovations in the business model (Nenenen & Storbacka, 2010) and introduce industry 4.0 (Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung, 2016). A symptom of these novelty is a concept of servicification of manufacturing (Neely et al. 2011) and cross-sectoral connections, which have reconstructed traditional global value chains (Naude et al. 2019) and, together with Industry 4.0, is expected to change the landscape of global manufacturing. As a result of facilitation of manufacturing, economies placed in the downstream market can improve their role in global value chains. In Europe, this can be an opportunity for most Central and Eastern European countries. Analyzing changes in CEE’s role in technological global value chains, we should take into account its two most important value-added suppliers: China and Germany, as well as their most important value-added buyer - Germany. These three economies established a sort of value added flows triangle. The regional supply chains built by Germany in the CEE allowed it to maintain a comparative advantage in sectors important for the economy, while helping the CEE countries join global value chains, positively influencing economic growth, but also reducing them to entities operating in less advanced stages of production (Jacoby, 2010; Fortwengel, 2011). Today, Germany also cooperates strongly with China (as a result of Digital Silk Road), and the CEE economies (especially the Visegrad Group) are increasingly dependent on Chinese value added, still linked to German value added. The most visible connections can be found in automotive and electronics. Hence, the question is: how strong are these links in servicification of manufacturing and whether there are visible trends in value-added flows in between this triangle in the era of industry 4.0 and Chinese Digital Silk Road. The research question seems to be relevant, thus in the subject literature, little is known about the mentioned relations (Roland Berger, 2021). The research method based on the analysis of data from the OECD Trade in Value Added databases, containing the world input-output tables for the period 2005–2018. The system of balance equations in the input-output model for one economy has been adopted to a multi-economy model. The model is described in more detail in (Koopman et al. 2013 or Hummels et al, 2001) and is based on the decomposition of gross exports. The method includes not only estimates of total value added in global value chains, but also calculations at both the mezoeconomic level and cross-sectoral flows of value added (including servicification of manufacturing). The results of analysis showed that most relations between economies continued to deepen the imbalance in flows of value added. The CEE economies are making their manufacturing increasingly dependent on advanced services (both from Germany and China). On the other hand, the share of CEE services to Chinese and German manufacturing is decreasing or remains steady. However, some trends could be observed in the last years, especially between Germany and China. German manufacturing is starting to rely more on Chinese value added (information and communication technologies services and the subgroup computer programming, consultancy and information services activities in manufacturing, information and communication technologies services' value added in transport equipment), although previously Germany provided more of these services to China. In telecommunications in manufacturing between CEE and Germany, the trend has turned against CEE. However, there was no direct compensation between pairs of economies, but the decrease in German value-added flows to China resulted in a much larger increase in value-added from China in German manufacturing. If the presented changes in flows were to reflect the effectiveness of Chinese industry 4.0 and Digital Silk Road. These strategies serve their purposes and increases not only the advancement of Chinese value-added exports, but also makes important economies dependent on this added value. On the contrary, the industry 4.0 strategy in CEE has not improved its position in the triad. Germany has still a strong position as a provider of value added, but its dependence on foreign value added is high, which derives from the links with CEE.
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Bal, Harun, Mehmet Demiral et Filiz Yetiz. « Exchange Rate Pass-Through to Domestic Prices : Evidence from OECD Countries ». Dans International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c08.01951.

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There is an immense literature on the effects of exchange rate changes on macroeconomic indicators, specifically on the trade balance, growth, inflation, and overall productivity in open economies. One of the main attempts in the related literature is about ascertaining whether the exchange rate fluctuations alter domestic prices. This possible mechanism is called as the pass-through effect which is getting more important since the argument that exchange rate adjustment is a part of the solution for global rebalancing is empirically well-supported. Starting from this claim, this study purposes to explore whether there is an exchange rate pass-through effect in 19 high-income OECD countries over the period 1990-2015. To this end, using a panel data set of consumer price index, producer price index proxied by wholesale price index, the nominal effective exchange rates, and industrial production presented by the value-added share of industry sectors in gross domestic product, structural vector autoregressive (VAR) and autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) models are estimated in an unbalanced panel data analysis procedure. Results reveal that exchange rate pass-through effects on the domestic prices are significant but not that strong in both the short-run and the long-run. Expectedly, the pass-through effects tend to diminish over time. The study concludes that policy-makers need to consider policy actions accompanying the exchange rate changes to ensure domestic price stability which consequently interacts with many macroeconomic indicators.
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Zhongkai, Yang, et Shen Luwei. « Exploration and Analysis of the Relations between China and Foreign Countries Based on Knowledge Flows of Patent Citation ». Dans 2010 International Conference on Information Management, Innovation Management and Industrial Engineering (ICIII). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciii.2010.311.

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Locatelli, Giorgio, Mauro Mancini et Alessandro Galli. « Introducing Nuclear Power Plants in an OECD Country : Size Influence on the External Factors ». Dans 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-29460.

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A traditional investment evaluation approach is generally closed with a financial lifecycle performances investigation based on multiple analysis of Discounted Cash Flows (DCF). The international literature is rich of studies about the economics of new Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs), considering the classical accounts related to Construction, Operation & Maintenance, Fuel and Decommissioning. Financial analyses are important but the evaluation of such projects needs a multidimensional approach: besides economics, other technical, social and market factors have to be taken into account too. The Integrated model for the Competitiveness Assessment of SMRs (INCAS), developed by “Politecnico di Milano” cooperating with the IAEA, is designed to analyze the choice of the better NPP size as a multidimensional problem. The INCAS model aims to become the framework for the comparison between “Deliberately Small Medium Reactors (SMRs)” and “Large Reactors (LRs)”, with respect to a specific country situation or “scenario”. In particular the INCAS’s module “External Factors” evaluates the impact of factors not considered in the traditional DCF methods (siting and grid constraints, impact on the national industrial system, etc…) but critical for the decision of the plant size to deploy. This paper presents a completely updated version of the “External Factors model” framework under development since 2007. First it presents each factor, providing an adequate background and the quantification procedure, and then each factor is quantified respect to the Italian case. The IRIS reactor has been chosen as SMR representative. Even if the results are related to the Italian situation, they can apply to most of the European countries and the framework of the model can be used for all the countries. The results show that SMRs have better performances than LRs with respect to the external factors, in general and in the Italian scenario in particular.
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Barger, K. McCall, et Christopher A. Mattson. « Renewable Energy Needs in Developing Countries : Barriers That Can Be Solved With Engineering ». Dans ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-65647.

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Access to electricity is one of the most essential requirements for development. Furthermore, the U.S. Energy Information Administration has predicted that growth in electricity use is projected to largely come from developing countries as defined by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). However, the transition to clean energy is occurring too slowly in rural parts of developing countries. Renewable energy provides the opportunity for sustainable energy to be provided to those living in rural areas of developing countries, who have not had access to clean energy. Renewable energy technology is necessary because traditional measures of energy access are not able to address the deficiencies in the affordability, reliability, and other barriers associated with renewable energy distribution. While there have been several successful rural electrification technologies in the past few years, sustainable technologies still have the potential to be unsuccessful if they fail to overcome the many barriers that stand in the way of energy progression in developing countries. Moreover, a product’s technical performance is not a sound indicator of how well that product will be adopted by users. This paper argues that technical and social barriers to renewable energy dissemination have not been surmounted due to a lack of innovation in terms of engineering solutions. Innovative “grid-free” engineering products can enable developing countries to avoid a possible industrial revolution while still growing their economy, since they are not hindered by an electricity grid. This paper identifies technical barriers to renewable energy development from the literature, and suggests possible innovations that can aid rural areas of developing countries in achieving electrification. The technology explored in this paper include super capacitors, a ground-air thermoelectric generator, and photovoltaic solar cells, which all have the potential to provide energy access to those living in less urbanized areas of developing countries.
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Asanov, Turusbek, et Marat Kudaikulov. « Multinational Corporation as the Highest Form of Managing in Modern Economic System ». Dans International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00971.

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example of that multinational corporations are the highest form of managing of capitalist economic system. The notable separation of the countries of economic vanguard from other countries (group of the high-growth countries, the socialist countries, the countries) happened to a transitional economy on the basis of multinational corporation development. The economic aspect of this influence is accurately traced in effective instruments of industrial, scientific and technical, social and economic development. Evolutionary changes of the relations of property, the competition, strengthening of regularity of national economies in capitalist economic system are inseparably linked now with multinational corporation. Even in stronger, in the economic plan, the countries consider multinational corporation not only through a prism of economic influence, but also political domination. This moment is telling argument of finding of multinational corporation in the center of serious discussions concerning their role, positive or negative, in the international division of labor, in processes of movement of the capitals and globalization of world economy. It follows from this that the state economic policy in the Kyrgyz Republic which basis are processes of formation and development of the market relations, has to provide active use of the developed economic forms (in this case multinational corporation) more progressive system of the economic relations, i.e. modern capitalism. In this research attempt of theoretical justification of mutually beneficial cooperation of the Kyrgyz Republic with multinational corporation which will act as an interaction basis with multinational corporations present at the Kyrgyz Republic ("Kumtor Opereyting Company", Gazprom, Reemstma, Coca-Cola, etc.) is carried out.
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Ishmanova, Dinora. « Problems of Ensuring Competitiveness of Oil and Gas Enterprises ». Dans International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c10.02065.

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The article deals with the reforms in the oil and gas industry and investment projects in the industry. To ensure the competitiveness of enterprises in the oil and gas. A number of problems related to the competitiveness of oil and gas enterprises have been identified and research is being conducted. Investment projects in the oil and gas industry are highlighted in the creation of infrastructure facilities and cooperation with international financial institutions. Great attention is paid to the economic growth in the member-states of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and further development of the industrial transport system. Liquefied petroleum products have the highest annual growth rates in non-CIS countries. Statistical data show that the amount of fuel required to meet the increasing demand for fuels in the world needs to be increased. The article describes how to solve the problem gradually leaving the monopoly.
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VITUNSKIENĖ, Vlada, Vilija ALEKNEVIČIENĖ, Neringa RAMANAUSKĖ, Astrida MICEIKIENE, Jonas ČAPLIKAS, Virginija KARGYTĖ, Daiva MAKUTĖNIENĖ et Darius JAZEPČIKAS. « GLOBAL, EUROPEAN AND NATIONAL DRIVERS OF LITHUANIAN BIOECONOMY STRATEGY ». Dans RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.162.

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This paper contributes to the comprehensive approach for sustainable and balanced development of bioeconomy as a cross-cutting economic sector and focuses on the drivers of Lithuanian bioeconomy strategy. Lithuanian bioeconomy strategy development can be motivated by country’s specialization and, compared with other EU member states, strong performance in terms of recent growth in all biomass production and fully bio-based manufacturing sectors. However, Lithuanian bioeconomy strategy depends not only on the current state and trends of its subsectors, but also on the drivers that will be forcing and shaping them in the future. The authors decomposed these drivers into global, European and national. Using content analysis of the EU, OECD and European countries’ legal acts, global drivers such as depletion of natural resources, growing population, increasing environmental pressures and climate change were identified. Applying content analysis of the EU and European countries’ bioeconomy strategies and analysis of case studies of good practices in European countries and regions, the following drivers at European level were identified: common EU bioeconomy policy, strategy and action plan; assurance of biomass availability and sustainability, as well as efficient biomass value chain; the need to strengthen markets and competitiveness of the bioeconomy subsectors; the necessity of close cooperation among all stakeholders, namely politicians, business people, scientists and the public; the need of the development of new technologies and processes, especially industrial biotechnology. The research revealed that the bioeconomy development in Lithuania has been regulated and promoted through certain sectoral policies: agriculture, forestry, fisheries, energy, environment (including waste management), scientific research, innovation and biotechnology development. In the future, the cross-sectoral links and interactions in the Lithuanian bioeconomy will increase due to the scarce biomass, applying the cascading principle in the biomass refinement, transition towards circular economy, and the development and implementation of innovations.
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Bal, Oğuz. « The Developing Countries External Debt and Growth Issues and Example of Turkey ». Dans International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01645.

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Today; country economies are dealt with from a global perspective. International capital, and technological developing, had accelerated the flow of factors also. This case demonstrates the international economic interdependence. In industrialized countries after the Second World War, while exports of industrial products increased by busy; In 1970's years, the oil crisis shocks had been lived. In the 1980s, in the world debt problems emerged. In the 1990s, world economy, has become multi-polar world with together globalization, and in order to the crisis by IMF and World Bank were began effective interventions, in the 2000s there has been a global crisis together with debt crises. The economic problem is a basic reason of the main of all crises. These crises are occurring frequently in emerging markets such as Turkey. For Turkey the real economy to financial fragility adversely affects and therefore the Current Account Balance / GNP status is important. This problem cited above, were discussed in five parts in the article. In the first part; In the case of Turkey was discussed; in general, the increase causes in imports were discussed. In the second chapter; increase in exports and imports coverage rate was examined. In the third chapter, the growth phenomena of dependent to import was discussed. In the fourth chapter; borrowing requirements, growth and debt relations were discussed. In the fifth chapter, conclusions and recommendations took place. The method used; the deductive method. CBT, Treasury data, World Bank data, Turkey Statistical Institute data were used.
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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Industrial relations – OECD countries"

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Michel, Bob, et Tatiana Falcão. Taxing Profits from International Maritime Shipping in Africa : Past, Present and Future of UN Model Article 8 (Alternative B). Institute of Development Studies (IDS), novembre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2021.023.

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International maritime shipping is an essential part of global business. Since the establishment of the current international tax regime in the 1920s, there has been a consensus that profits generated by this business are taxable only in the residence state –the state where the shipowners are located. Source states – the port states where business physically takes place – are generally expected to exempt income from international shipping. This standard is currently reflected in Article 8 of the OECD Model and Article 8 (Alternative A) of the UN Model, and is incorporated in the vast majority of bilateral tax treaties currently in force. Exclusive residence state taxation of shipping profits is problematic when the size of mercantile fleets and shipping flows between two states are of unequal size. This is often the case in relations between a developed and developing country. The latter often lack a substantial domestic mercantile fleet, but serve as an important revenue-generating port state for the fleet of the developed country. To come to a more balanced allocation of taxing rights in such a case, a source taxation alternative has been inserted in UN Model Article 8 (Alternative B). From its inception, Article 8B has been labelled impractical due to the lack of guidance on core issues, like sourcing rules and profit allocation. This gap is said to explain the low adoption rate of Article 8B in global tax treaty practice. In reality, tax treaty practice regarding Article 8B is heavily concentrated and flourishing in a handful of countries in South/South-East Asia – Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Pakistan, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand. All these countries subject non-resident shipping income to tax in their domestic income tax laws. Except for India, all countries are able to exercise these domestic tax law rules in relation to shipping enterprises located in the biggest shipowner states, either because they have a treaty in place that provides for source taxation or because there is no treaty at all and thus no restriction of domestic law. None of the relevant tax treaties contain a provision that incorporates the exact wording of Article 8B of the UN Model. If other countries, like coastal countries in sub-Saharan Africa, are looking to implement source taxation of maritime shipping income in the future, they are advised to draw on the South/South-East Asian experience. Best practice can be distilled regarding sourcing rule, source tax limitation, profit attribution and method of taxation (on gross or net basis). In addition to technical guidance on tax, the South/South-East Asian experience also provides important general policy considerations countries should take into account when determining whether source taxation of maritime shipping profits is an appropriate target for their future tax treaty negotiations.
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Just, Richard E., Eithan Hochman et Sinaia Netanyahu. Problems and Prospects in the Political Economy of Trans-Boundary Water Issues. United States Department of Agriculture, février 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573997.bard.

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The objective of this research was to develop and apply a conceptual framework for evaluating the potential of trans-boundary bargaining with respect to water resource sharing. The research accomplished this objective by developing a framework for trans-boundary bargaining, identifying opportunities for application, and illustrating the potential benefits that can be gained thereby. Specifically, we have accomplished the following: - Developed a framework to measure the potential for improving economic efficiency considering issues of political feasibility and sustainability that are crucial in trans-boundary cooperation. - Used both cooperative and non-cooperative game theory to assess feasible coalitions among the parties involved and to model potential bargaining procedures. - Identified empirically alternative schemes of cooperation that both improve upon the economic efficiency of present water usage and appease all of the cooperating parties. - Estimated the potential short-run and long-run affects of water reallocation on the agricultural sector and used this information to understand potential strategies taken by the countries in bargaining processes. - Performed case studies in Israeli-Jordanian relations, the relationship of Israel to the Palestinian Authority, and cooperation on the Chesapeake Bay. - Published or have in process publication of a series of refereed journal articles. - Published a book which first develops the theoretical framework, then presents research results relating to the case studies, and finally draws implications for water cooperation issues generally. Background to the Topic The increase in water scarcity and decline in water quality that has resulted from increased agricultural, industrial, and urban demands raises questions regarding profitability of the agricultural sector under its present structure. The lack of efficient management has been underscored recently by consecutive years of drought in Israel and increased needs to clean up the Chesapeake Bay. Since agriculture in the Middle East (Chesapeake Bay) is both the main water user (polluter) and the low-value user (polluter), a reallocation of water use (pollution rights) away from agriculture is likely with further industrial and urban growth. Furthermore, the trans-boundary nature of water resources in the case of the Middle East and the Chesapeake Bay contributes to increased conflicts over the use of the resources and therefore requires a political economic approach. Major Conclusions, Solutions, Achievements and Implications Using game theory tools, we critically identify obstacles to cooperation. We identify potential gains from coordination on trans-boundary water policies and projects. We identify the conditions under which partial (versus grand) coalitions dominate in solving water quality disputes among riparian countries. We identify conditions under which linking water issues to unrelated disputes achieves gains in trans-boundary negotiations. We show that gains are likely only when unrelated issues satisfy certain characteristics. We find conditions for efficient water markets under price-determined and quantity-determined markets. We find water recycling and adoption of new technologies such as desalination can be part of the solution for alleviating water shortages locally and regionally but that timing is likely to be different than anticipated. These results have been disseminated through a wide variety of publications and oral presentations as well as through interaction with policymakers in both countries.
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