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Suleymanov, Gazanfar, Sadaqat Ibrahimova et Emilya Shakhverenova. « ECONOMETRİC MODELS OF DURABLE AND STABLE ECONOMİC DEVELOPMENT OF AZERBAİJAN İNDUSTRİAL ENTERPRİSES ». Gulustan-Black Sea Scientific Journal of Academic Research 54, no 03 (28 mai 2020) : 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/gbssjar5403202032.
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If should be noted that means gained as a result of development of oil industry have to be directed to develop non-oil industry due to the market requirements. Additionally we can emphasize that new economic models have been worked out to develop more effeciently industrial enterprises in the market relations. In connection with it strategical road map on the economic perspectives “State Program on the development of Azerbaijan Republic industry for 2015-2020-s” accepted on 6 December 2018, has been considered to speed industrializing process. Measurements plan is carried out. Due to the industrializing policy developing cosmic, defence, alternative energy, ship-building and other new fields have been created. Besides new industrial and refining enterprises began to be operated successfully.
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Trachuk, A. V., et N. V. Linder. « THE INFLUENCE OF INTERCOMPANY RELATIONS ON THE INNOVATION PERFORMANCE : АN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF RUSSIAN INDUSTRIAL COMPANIES ». Strategic decisions and risk management 13, no 2 (1 octobre 2022) : 108–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17747/2618-947x-2022-2-108-115.
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The interaction of companies in the innovation process is the basis for successful innovative development, as it allows industrial companies to reduce the time to market new products, cut production costs, increase operating profit. At the same time, an optimal choice of key partners is necessary to succeed in achieving the overall goals of innovative development. Currently, there are no studies that would answer the questions: is the interaction of companies implementing different models of innovative behavior effective? Will innovative companies earn a positive return from interaction with imitation companies? What models of interaction can be optimal between innovative companies and imitation companies?The purpose of this study is to determine how the structure of the partnership, membership and characteristics influence the innovative performance of industrial companies. The study was conducted on a sample of 270 large Russian industrial companies. An econometric model based on the Cobb - Douglas production function was used for the analysis.
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Nevo, Aviv, et Michael D. Whinston. « Taking the Dogma out of Econometrics : Structural Modeling and Credible Inference ». Journal of Economic Perspectives 24, no 2 (1 mai 2010) : 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.24.2.69.
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Without a doubt, there has been a “credibility revolution” in applied econometrics. One contributing development has been in the improvement and increased use in data analysis of “structural methods”; that is, the use of models based in economic theory. Structural modeling attempts to use data to identify the parameters of an underlying economic model, based on models of individual choice or aggregate relations derived from them. Structural estimation has a long tradition in economics, but better and larger data sets, more powerful computers, improved modeling methods, faster computational techniques, and new econometric methods such as those mentioned above have allowed researchers to make significant improvements. While Angrist and Pischke extol the successes of empirical work that estimates “treatment effects” based on actual or quasi-experiments, they are much less sanguine about structural analysis and hold industrial organization up as an example where “progress is less dramatic.” Indeed, reading their article one comes away with the impression that there is only a single way to conduct credible empirical analysis. This seems to us a very narrow and dogmatic approach to empirical work; credible analysis can come in many guises, both structural and nonstructural, and for some questions structural analysis offers important advantages. In this comment, we address the criticism of structural analysis and its use in industrial organization, and consider why empirical analysis in industrial organization differs in such striking ways from that in field such as labor, which have recently emphasized the methods favored by Angrist and Pischke.
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Lam, Ka Chi, et Olalekan Shamsideen Oshodi. « Using Univariate Models for Construction Output Forecasting : Comparing Artificial Intelligence and Econometric Techniques ». Journal of Management in Engineering 32, no 6 (novembre 2016) : 04016021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)me.1943-5479.0000462.
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Semat, Joshua, David Lowery, Suzanne Linn et William D. Berry. « Baumol's cost disease and the withering of the state ». Business and Politics 21, no 1 (13 juin 2018) : 53–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bap.2018.10.
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AbstractMost theories of government growth place nearly exclusive attention on real changes in public sector activity. Yet, much nominal post–WWII government spending growth was not in the form of the public sector doing more relative to the general economy (real growth), but in the form of government activities becoming relatively more expensive (cost growth). Baumol's (1967) “cost disease” model is our best guide to understanding cost growth, but over time, Baumol has offered conflicting hypotheses about how cost growth bears on real growth. Using 1947–2012 U.S. data, we test these hypotheses, along with a more novel expectation, by modifying Berry and Lowery's (1987b) econometric models of real growth in public purchases and transfers to consider the influence of government cost growth on real public domestic spending.
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Turlakova, Svitlana. « Research of mathematical methods and models of long-term industrial development ». Economy of Industry 4, no 100 (1 décembre 2022) : 53–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/econindustry2022.04.053.
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The importance of the study of relevant mathematical methods and models of long-term development of the national industry is substantiated. It has been proven that causal econometric models of production are relatively simple and convenient to use in practice, as well as the most common tools for researching the long-term economic future. It was defined that the production functions, adapted to individual circumstances, proved their ability to solve the assigned tasks. However, the problem of more accurate adjustment to the features of the simulated object of research is particularly relevant in the current conditions of development of Ukraine, in the conditions of concentration of attention on certain sectors, on particular branch of industry, and in connection with the revolutionary transformations of production forces and relations, in accordance with the spread of cyber-physical technologies of the Fourth Industrial revolution.In such specific circumstances, it makes sense to ask for more sophisticated models. On the one hand, they are better, as they allow more accurate tuning of the modeled object, including by adding important factors that are outside the production system. On the other hand, they are worse because they complicate the analysis and significantly increase the number of variables needed to describe the dynamics of economic growth. In this connection, expert research methods cannot be neglected. Choosing the type of model, the range of influencing factors, possible development scenarios, etc., usually requires expert assessments (often implicit). Therefore, when analyzing long-term factors and development trends, it is important to adhere to the main methodological message of expert approaches in the construction of foresights: for long time horizons in conditions of significant uncertainty, it is appropriate to ask questions not about the calculation of the "correct future", but about the assessment of the spectrum of probable scenarios of development, expansion and rethinking its new opportunities and challenges, in particular – to avoid potentially harmful ideas and expectations, embedded in the current policy.
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Tripathi, Micky. « PAC Contributions and Defense Contracting ». Business and Politics 2, no 1 (avril 2000) : 53–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1469-3569.1003.
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This paper examines the political activity of US defense contractors over the years 1980–1994. Using econometric techniques to account for both fixed-effects and selection, I examine the industry determinants and distribution patterns of political action committee (PAC) contributions to the US House of Representatives. The analysis finds that the size of the defense budget is a primary factor explaining political activity across the industry as well as within individual firms; firm size, dependency on defense, and defense contract awards explain much less. I also find that firms appeared to change their political strategies in the face of large exogenous shifts in the US defense budget. While defense expenditures were on the rise, defense firms spread their contributions relatively broadly over the defense committee system; when the budget fell, however, the firms switched strategies and targeted committee leaders. An incidental contribution of the paper is an empirical application of the trimmed least absolute deviations estimator for fixed-effects models with selection.
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Vriend, Nicolaas. « ACE Models of Market Organisation ». Revue d’économie industrielle 107, no 1 (2004) : 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rei.2004.3048.
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Shcherbak, Olena V. « JUSTIFICATION OF ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGES INCLUDING SPECIFICS OF HIERARCHICAL RELATIONS IN DEVELOPING ORGANIZATIONS ». Management 26, no 2 (24 avril 2018) : 110–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.30857/2415-3206.2017.2.9.
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Introduction and study objective: the requirement to create an effective system of enterprise’s innovation development brings forward issues of theory and methodology, including specifics of necessary organizational changes and cooperation within the company including management –employees’ interaction. Thus, scientific ground for solution to these problems will facilitate the creation of organizational structures for efficiently functioning enterprises.Hypothesis of scientific research. It is often assumed that the choice of effective and required methods of the enterprise’s adjustment to the market environment would allow to systematize the organizational changes enabling performance increase of its economic activity.The purpose of this study is theoretical and methodological justification of concept approaches and methods in organization change management of enterprise structures and functions during its adjustment to the conditions of economic environment.Research methodology: application of the system analysis justifies 5 sets of hypothetical relations linking perceived power with perceived behavior of reward and penalty.Furthermore, two-dimensional correlation, stepwise multiple regression and hierarchical multiple regression analysis help to construct a model of relevant organizational changes.Results achieved: diagnostic methods were developed that determine external and internal conditions of the enterprise in order to choose the right change strategy; the methodology of evolution analysis of change efficiency was proposed. Additionally, high-quality econometric models were created for assessment of the impact of changes based on the enterprise’s performance.Conclusions: the proposed approach to justification of organizational changes enables the implication of methods designed to analyze the need for restructuring of organization culture, management style, employees’ relations and takes into account specifics of hierarchical structure in a developing organization. Furthermore, new methods were developed to assess the effectiveness of management system at an industrial enterprise, including introduction of changes and their dynamics’ assessment.
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Melikhova, Tetiana, Andriy Makarenko, Olena Mikhailytsa et Andriy Pozhuyev. « Improvement of bankruptcy probability model based on the analysis of industrial enterprises of Ukraine ». SHS Web of Conferences 65 (2019) : 06002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196506002.
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In present work, the peculiarities of simulation model of enterprises bankruptcy probability that exist in European, world and domestic practices were considered. The scientific econometric approach was applied to determine the overall presence and strength of the relation between the economic indicators of industrial enterprises. A financial analysis of large industrial manufactures in the region of Ukraine was conducted. To form the information base of the study, the authors estimated liquidity, solvency, business activity and profitability ratios that affect the financial condition of enterprises. They revealed the most significant ratios of financial condition analysis. According to the analysis of existing models of bankruptcy probability in the context of these industrial enterprises, an improved model for assessing the risk of bankruptcy was proposed and evaluated. The proposed model for estimating the probability of bankruptcy, taking into account the influence of the most significant ratios of financial analysis, confirmed that the percentage of provided bankruptcies and stable activities are acceptable and indicate high quality of the resulting equation. The IBM SPSS Statistics system was used to process the data, check the assumptions and prepare valid conclusions. The improved model will allow it to be used in the practice of diagnosing the probability of bankruptcy of industrial enterprises, which will help identify the threat of bankruptcy in time and ensure stable operation of the industrial enterprise.
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Donegani, Chiara Paola, et Stephen McKay. « Is there a paradox of lower job satisfaction among trade union members ? European evidence ». Transfer : European Review of Labour and Research 18, no 4 (26 octobre 2012) : 471–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1024258912459312.
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In most of the literature on industrial relations, union members are found to be less satisfied with their jobs than non-members. Analysts have applied various statistical and econometric approaches to try to resolve what seems like a paradoxical finding, with mixed results, using theories based on selection bias and ‘exit-voice’ considerations. We review this literature, and note that most empirical studies are from only a few countries – especially the US and the UK. Analysis of a wider range of 18 countries participating in the large-scale European Social Survey in both 2006 and 2010 finds that trade union members generally tend to express higher rather than lower job satisfaction than others, although results differ by country. We use regression models (ordinal logistic) to show that union membership is generally associated with higher job satisfaction, even after controlling for individual, job and workplace differences. Attempts to link the union factor in job satisfaction to typologies of countries, either by welfare regime or extent of collective bargaining coverage, have not been able to address the puzzle of why a negative link persists in a few countries, but not in most.
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Vasyaycheva, Vera Ansarovna. « Human resources management for industrial enterprises in the context of innovative changes : Its role, characteristics, and optimization areas ». Вестник Пермского университета. Серия «Экономика» = Perm University Herald. ECONOMY 16, no 4 (2021) : 405–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/1994-9960-2021-4-405-420.
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The transition to the sixth technological order of the modern economy develops new approaches and principles of managing economic systems aimed to reproduce groundbreaking innovations that contribute to economic growth and enhance the competitive advantages of the country's economy in the world arena. This validates the issue of strengthening human resources of industrial enterprises as a key component for the competitiveness of national industry. The purpose of the research is to develop a mechanism for the efficient management of human resources of industrial enterprises. This mechanism should ensure sustainability of human resources innovative development in the context of unpredictable environment. To achieve the purpose of the research, the authors applied the methods of scientific cognition: a dialectic approach, analysis and synthesis, as well as the tools of econometric modeling. The analysis helped develop economic and mathematical models which, unlike the existing ones, prove the actual need for stronger human resources of the RF industrial enterprises with a better quality of human resources management in the context of global economy trends. The models can be used to predict trends in the RF economy, timely identify relevant areas of innovative development and develop proactive management measures to enhance human resources efficiency in the context of innovative changes. The proposed mechanism for enhancing the industrial enterprises’ human resources ensures constant and comprehensive monitoring of enterprise environment, construction of flexible architecture of management processes, structuring of the management functions, reasonable distribution of the functional tasks among the departments and particular executors, regulation and optimization of subject-object relations, identification and classification of the parameters which impact the successful achievement of strategic goals, as well as the development of a transparent system of eliminating the barriers for worse quality and efficiency of human resources exploitation. The scientific recommendations and conclusions articulated in this study can act as a methodological tool for the management of industrial enterprises in determining options for solving the problems of economic growth and increasing competitiveness. Further research is seen to be in unification of the methodological tools of human resources management with regard to the proposed management system based on modern information technologies.
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Wu, Maoguo, et Qingshu Li. « Impact of Cultural and Creative Industries on Regional Economic Development in China — A Spatial Econometric Approach ». Research in World Economy 9, no 1 (19 avril 2018) : 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/rwe.v9n1p46.
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In the 1990s, the United States and some developed European countries began to focus on developing some emerging industries, such as the cultural and creative industries, which developed effectively with traditional industries and achieved great economic benefits. With the worldwide economic integration, as a developing country, China has gradually realized the importance of emerging industries in the 21st century. Cultural and creative industries have also attracted more attention and achieved rapid development in the past few years. However, cultural and creative industries in China are still in the early stage of development. Industrial investment and related facilities have not yet formed the scale. Besides, relevant industrial policies are constantly changing. Meanwhile, the speed of cultural and creative industries’ development and their impact on the economy vary greatly in different regions of China due to factors like the scale of industry-related talents and the level of scientific research, resulting in uncoordinated development of technical layout and unbalanced economic development. Therefore, it is imperative to study the relation between cultural and creative industries and regional economic development.This paper selects data of 31 provinces from 2003 to 2013 and forms spatial panel data set. Four types of spatial econometric models are utilized to assess the impact of cultural and creative industries on regional economic development in China. Empirical results show that there is a strong spatial autocorrelation among different regions’ economic development in China. The development of cultural and creative industries can effectively promote the development of the regional economy in many aspects. In particular, the economy in the Center and the East is affected more significantly by the development of cultural and creative industries. Cultivation and inflows of cultural and creative talents, expenditure of scientific research, support of government and construction of related facilities are important factors of improving regional economy. For the West, the development of cultural and creative industries has a certain hindrance to the regional economy and some more effective ways should be raised to improve the region’s economy. Finally, according to the empirical result, this paper puts forward corresponding policy implications for different cultural and creative industries and the economy in different regions.
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Kavassalis, Petros, Jay Solomon et Pierre-Jean Benghozi. « Open Standards and Interoperability : New Learning Models for Electronic Communications ». Revue d’économie industrielle 75, no 1 (1996) : 163–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rei.1996.1613.
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Kutasi, Gábor, et Ádám Marton. « The long-term impact of public expenditures on GDP-growth ». Society and Economy 42, no 4 (20 novembre 2020) : 403–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/204.2020.00018.
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AbstractAre governments able to continuously boost economic growth by spending for decades? Can the state be a more efficient user of income by improving the structure of public spending? The paper analyses the correlation between various types of public expenditures and GDP growth in different countries of the EU. The database was composed from the Classification of the Functions of Government (COFOG) classification of public spending, which contains data of 25 EU economies in the period 1996–2017. Three econometric models were applied in accordance with the empirical practice found in the literature: first-differences general method of moment (GMM), fixed effects panel and ordinary least squares (OLS) models. The expenditures on social protection proved to have a negative, statistically significant and robust impact on GDP growth. The results are similar for general public spending, and while spending on public order also has a significant and robust coefficient, its sign is ambiguous. The novelty of the article relate to the findings on lagged education and health spending, which have a positive impact on GDP growth.
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Galanos, George, Thomas Poufinas et Charalampos Agiropoulos. « Investigating the Relationship Between Country Competitiveness and Financial Market Development in Times of Crisis ». Research in World Economy 12, no 4 (6 septembre 2021) : 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/rwe.v12n4p38.
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A country’s competitiveness depends on many factors related to general governance, effectiveness of markets, social development, and business perspectives. The role of financial markets for economic growth has been the subject of many scientific studies; most of them concluded that a well-developed financial system should improve the efficiency of financing decisions, favouring a better allocation of resources and thereby economic growth. The financial crisis that started in the summer of 2007 is still testing the strength of the global economic system. It started in the financial sector, but is now having an important impact on the real economy. The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between a country’s financial market development and its competitiveness in particular in times of crisis, with the use of a series of econometric models. We find evidence that financial market development is affected (with the anticipated sign of impact) by the Global Competitiveness Index, the GDP per capita and the (un)employment level of a country. It is also related (with an unexpected direction of impact) with the foreign market size and exports, as well as infrastructure. Our findings can be used by the policymakers of countries which wish to improve their competitiveness so as to steer the determining variables in the desired directions and approach their desired competitiveness levels.
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Karpenko, S. M., N. V. Karpenko et G. Y. Bezginov. « Forecasting of power consumption at mining enterprises using statistical methods ». Mining Industry Journal (Gornay Promishlennost), no 1/2022 (15 mars 2022) : 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.30686/1609-9192-2022-1-82-88.
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Forecasting of electric power consumption with due account of assessed impact of various factors helps to make efficient technical and managerial decisions to optimize the electric power consumption processes, including preparation of bids for the wholesale electric power and capacity market. The article uses multivariate methods of statistical analysis and econometric methods based on time series analysis for model designing. The paper presents the results of developing the following models: a multifactor model of electrical power consumption using the regression analysis, the Principal Component Method with the assessment of the impact of production factors on electrical power consumption using elasticity coefficients, as well as the energy saving factor based on a variable structure model; trend additive and multiplicative forecast models of electrical consumption that take into account the seasonality factor, models with a change in trends, a linear dynamic model of electrical power consumption that takes into account the production output; a forecast adaptive polynomial model of electrical power consumption as well as the Winters model. The developed forecast models have a sufficiently high accuracy (accuracy of the MAPE was below 7%). The choice of the model type to forecast the electrical power consumption depends on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the time series, the structural relation between the series, the purpose and objectives of the modeling. In order to enhance the accuracy of the forecast it is required to regularly refine the model and adjust it to the actual situation with the due account of new factors and production trends while building different versions of scenarios and combined forecast models of electrical power consumption
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Falconí, Fander, Rafael Burbano, Jesus Ramos-Martin et Pedro Cango. « Toxic Income as a Trigger of Climate Change ». Sustainability 11, no 8 (25 avril 2019) : 2448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11082448.
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The rate of CO2 emissions concentration in the atmosphere increases the likelihood of significant impacts on humankind and ecosystems. The assumption that permissible levels of greenhouse gas emissions cannot exceed the global average temperature increase of 2 °C in relation to pre-industrial levels remains uncertain. Despite this uncertainty, the direct implication is that enormous quantities of fossil fuels have, thus far, wrongly been counted as assets by hydrocarbon firms as they cannot be exploited if we want to keep climate under certain control. These are the so-called “toxic assets”. Due to the relationship among CO2 emissions, GDP, energy consumption, and energy efficiency, the concept of toxic assets can be transferred to toxic income, which is the income level that would generate levels of CO2 emissions incompatible with keeping climate change under control. This research, using a simulation model based on country-based econometric models, estimated a threshold for income per capita above which the temperature limit of 2 °C would be surpassed. Under the business as usual scenario, average per capita income would be $14,208 (in constant 2010 USD) in 2033; and under the intervention scenario, which reflects the commitments of the COP21 meeting held in Paris in December 2015, the toxic revenue would be $13,433 (in constant 2010 USD) in 2036.
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Gibbons, Robert. « Incentives in Organizations ». Journal of Economic Perspectives 12, no 4 (1 novembre 1998) : 115–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.12.4.115.
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In this paper, the author summarizes four new strands in agency theory that help him think about incentives in real organizations. As a point of departure, The author begins with a quick sketch of the classic agency model. He then discusses static models of objective performance measurement that sharpen Kerr's argument; repeated-game models of subjective performance assessments; incentives for skill development rather than simply for effort; and incentive contracts between versus within organizations. The author concludes by suggesting two avenues for further progress in agency theory: better integration with organizational economics, as launched by Coase (1937) and reinvigorated by Williamson (1975, 1985), and cross-pollination with other fields that study organizations, including industrial relations, organizational sociology, and social psychology.
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Leroux, Isabelle, Paul Muller, Béatrice Plottu et Caroline Widehem. « Innovation ouverte et évolution des business models dans les pôles de compétitivité : le rôle des intermédiaires dans la création variétale végéta ». Revue d'économie industrielle, no 146 (15 mai 2014) : 115–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/rei.5812.
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Prediger, Maciel, Ruben Huertas-Garcia et Juan Carlos Gázquez-Abad. « How store flyers design affect perceived variety of retailers’ assortment ». Industrial Management & ; Data Systems 119, no 2 (11 mars 2019) : 382–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imds-04-2018-0149.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between several aspects of store flyers design (presence of a institutional slogan, type of product (national brand (NB) or store brand (SB)) featured on the cover page, the size of the flyer, number of featured NBs, type of brand (NB vs SB) on promotion, and price difference between the most expensive (NB) and the cheapest SB) and the consumer’s perceived variety of the retailer’s assortment, as a dimension of its global image.Design/methodology/approachA mixed laboratory experiment that combined a between-subjects experimental design and inter-subject conjoint analysis was conducted. A fictitious flyer from a fictitious supermarket was created that included both real NBs and fictitious SBs. In total, 12 scenarios (i.e. flyers) were tested using a sample of 406 participants.FindingsAnalysis suggests that longer flyers have the greatest influence on consumers’ perceived variety of a retailer’s assortment; a greater number of NBs in a category influenced consumers’ perceptions positively, and featuring SBs on the cover enhanced perceived variety. If a retailer features SBs on a flyer’s cover, longer flyers are recommended, and shorter flyers are recommended if NBs are featured on the cover. A retailer should promote its own brand only if the most expensive NBs are featured with SBs.Research limitations/implicationsThis study analyses a single aspect of consumers’ purchasing behaviors – variety of a retailer’s assortment. Future research should examine other variables related to consumers’ purchasing behaviors. This study uses an online context to test hypotheses, but many aspects of flyer design are physical. Future research should test current findings in offline contexts to compare results. Research should also explore moderation by consumer variables such as brand and store loyalty.Practical implicationsTo researchers, the authors offer improved understanding of how a flyer’s design affects the first stage of purchasing. To practitioners, results offer better understanding of positive returns on investment of store flyers, and to retailers, results offer a guide to creating and organizing flyers.Originality/valueThis study is first to assess how a flyer’s design influences a dimension of store image. Unlike extant research that examines store flyers using econometric models at the aggregate level, this study uses a laboratory experiment that combines a between-subjects design with conjoint analysis.
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BEȘLIU, Iurie, Oleg PETELCA et Veronica GARBUZ. « Value management models for financial resilience estimations. A case of selected industrial companies in the Republic of Moldova ». Eastern Journal of European Studies 12, Special issue (2021) : 273–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.47743/ejes-2021-si13.
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Garloff, Alfred Alexander. « Minimum wages, wage dispersion and unemployment in search models. A review ». Zeitschrift für ArbeitsmarktForschung 43, no 2 (2 octobre 2010) : 145–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12651-010-0040-8.
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Moreno Domínguez, María Jesús, María Pilar Martín Zamora, Isabel Serrano Czaia et Lázaro Rodríguez Ariza. « Reputation and leadership : a study about reputational transfer in family and non-family firms ». Cuadernos de Gestión 22, no 1 (10 février 2022) : 65–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5295/cdg.211465mm.
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The main objective of this paper is to determine the influence of the family on the reputational transfer between the company and its manager. In the field of family businesses, the strong identification of the family with the company has led to the study of the relationship between corporate reputation and the level of family involvement. However, the mutual transfer of reputation between the family business and its manager has yet to be investigated. For this reason, the study also aims to contrast that the corporate reputation contributes to that of its manager, studying how the presence of a family in the management and/or control of the company affects this relationship. To this end, using the rankings published by the Spanish Corporate Reputation Monitor (MERCO) of the most reputable companies and leaders in Spain for the period 2001-2017, different econometric models have been formulated with panel data. The results obtained, with important practical implications, contribute to reputation research and, especially, to the literature on family businesses. In this sense, the results show not only that the family nature of the company gives a reputational advantage to the company and its leader, but also that the reputation of the family business managers is transferred to the corporate reputation in a shorter period of time than when the company does not share this nature.
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Doi, Naoshi. « A simple method to estimate discrete-type random coefficients logit models ». International Journal of Industrial Organization 81 (mars 2022) : 102825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijindorg.2022.102825.
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Shcherbakov, Vladimir, et Galina Silkina. « Supply Chain Management Open Innovation : Virtual Integration in the Network Logistics System ». Journal of Open Innovation : Technology, Market, and Complexity 7, no 1 (3 février 2021) : 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7010054.
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The customer-oriented approach is actively developing within the global trend of the modern industrial revolution that is Industry 4.0. The focus on customer interests has led to cooperation and integration in supply chains, improving their efficiency and increasing transparency, awareness, and trust. However, an issue emerging in this scenario is that conventional supply chain management (SCM) procedures are unable to identify the potential proposal for a particular user. Modern businesses need to build integrated supply chains, which require well-developed infrastructure and easily available complementary services, relying on logistics as a networking technology. Supply chains of this generation grow from traditional individual desynchronized economic relations (linear models with some feedback and the simplest network configurations) to scalable, adaptable, harmonized partner networks. The logistics potential allows additional income by reducing the total costs of participants in the network, thus increasing the competitiveness of companies; this can be implemented based on new models of interaction in the current digital environment through, firstly, system integration. Our goal consists of identifying the essential characteristics of system integration and substantiating the methods for its implementation in the digital economy. The study is based on the analysis of global best practices, considering the reports from leading consulting companies and competent analytical agencies. We have confirmed that the role of a virtual system integrator of supply chains belongs to logistics platforms; the effects of a transition to platform business models are discussed in detail.
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Glennon, Dennis, Julia Lane et Stanley Johnson. « Regional econometric models that reflect labor market relations ». International Journal of Forecasting 3, no 2 (janvier 1987) : 299–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-2070(87)90011-2.
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Ha, Hong-Youl, Jang-Gyem Kim et Yongkyun Chung. « Alternative explanations of relationship maintenance intention in mediation ». Journal of Korea Trade 21, no 4 (4 décembre 2017) : 366–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jkt-08-2017-0072.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to select the best model among alternative models explaining the relationship maintenance in mediation. Design/methodology/approach Four alternative models are employed in order to select best fit model through the test of each construct using Korean and Indonesian firm data. Findings The settlement model out of four alternative models is the best fit model in both Korea and Indonesia. The nexus of experience-settlement is not similar between Korea and Indonesia. The nexus of cost-saving-settlement is similar between two countries. Practical implications The field manager and policy maker get useful information from the findings. In particular, Korea and Indonesia belong to different cultural clusters. Originality/value This study contributes to the mediation literature through the suggestion of hypothesized model of relationship maintenance intention in mediation.
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Tijerina, Walid. « Developmentalism as a comparative-historical model : From Friedrich List to Bresser-Pereira ». Brazilian Journal of Political Economy 40, no 3 (juillet 2020) : 484–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-31572020-3123.
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ABSTRACT The literature on New Developmentalism has been reframing the developmental state’s characteristics throughout the different historical conjunctures experienced within the international order. This paper argues that developmentalism has been reinventing itself as a branch of the comparative-historical method. To achieve this, the article assesses the evolution of developmentalism as a comparative-historical method which has been consolidated as a continuation of previous development models, such as List’s national system and Prebisch’s structuralism. Likewise, this paper will explore New Developmentalism and its explanatory power regarding recent industrial strategies in Latin America.
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Soprano, Roberto. « Brexit and the EU–UK free trade agreement : dos and don’ts when drafting rules of origin ». Journal of International Trade Law and Policy 18, no 2 (17 juin 2019) : 96–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jitlp-11-2018-0053.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to highlight the pros and cons of different models of the European Union (EU)-style Rules of Origin (RoO) that could be chosen by negotiators for a future UK–EU Free Trade Agreement (FTA). It will also underline the impact that any choice would have on economic operators and certain criteria that should be evaluated before taking any decisions on the adoption of RoO. Design/methodology/approach The paper will describe three different RoO models that could be chosen by negotiators. For each of them, it analyses the pros and cons and the impact on economic operators. Findings The choice of a RoO would have an impact on future EU–UK trade relations. It will affect the utilization rate of the FTA as well as investment (and divestment) corporate strategies in the UK and EU. Originality/value The paper introduces different criteria to evaluate the impact of RoO that should be taken into consideration by negotiators. It emphasizes that RoO should be simple, predictable, coherent, IT compatible and easily adaptable.
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Macdonald, Fiona, Eleanor Bentham et Jenny Malone. « Wage theft, underpayment and unpaid work in marketised social care ». Economic and Labour Relations Review 29, no 1 (22 février 2018) : 80–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1035304618758252.
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Marketised models of social care provision in Australia are placing pressures on service providers and driving changes in work organisation and employer practices, with potential to degrade social care jobs. While international experience of marketised social care has demonstrated the vulnerability of social care workers to wage theft and other violations of employment laws, Australia’s relatively strong industrial relations safety net might be expected to be better able to protect these low-paid workers. Nevertheless, there is emerging evidence of negative impacts on the pay and entitlements of frontline workers in the expanding community support and homecare workforce. This study investigates the paid and unpaid work time of disability support workers under Australia’s new National Disability Insurance Scheme. The research takes a novel approach combining analysis of working day diaries and qualitative interviews with employees to expose how jobs are being fragmented and work is being organised into periods of paid and unpaid time, leaving employees paid below their minimum entitlement. The article highlights the role of social care policy along with inadequate employment regulation. JEL Codes: J390, J81, J88
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Lucey, Mary Catherine. « Competition law enforcement in Hong Kong SAR and in Ireland : similar and atypical ». Journal of International Trade Law and Policy 18, no 2 (17 juin 2019) : 108–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jitlp-10-2018-0042.
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Purpose This paper aims to understand the emergence, operation and evolution of judge-centred models for the enforcement of competition law in Ireland and in Hong Kong SAR. The public enforcement model in Hong Kong chimes with the Irish regime where competence to adjudicate on competition law violations and to impose sanctions is intentionally reserved exclusively to judges. This design choice renders the Irish and Hong Kong regimes both similar to each other and atypical on the global stage, where in many jurisdictions an administrative competition agency investigates suspected infringements, makes determinations of infringements and may penalise infringers. Design/methodology/approach This paper starts by detailing the current competition law architecture in each jurisdiction. Then, it examines closely the discourse (expressed in consultations, experts’ reports and Parliamentary documents) in the lengthy period preceding their introduction. This approach aims, firstly, to understand why judicial models were chosen over more familiar administrative ones and, secondly, to unearth any similar concerns which had a bearing on the choice of atypical design. Next, it analyses some implications of the judicial model in operation for, firstly, parties; secondly, the administrative competition agencies; and, thirdly, the evolution of competition law. Findings It finds the existence of similar concerns surrounding due process/separation of power arose in each jurisdiction. Other similar strands include a sluggish political appetite which delayed reform. Each jurisdiction actively sought to inform itself about international experience but did not feel obliged to copy the enforcement dimension even where substantive prohibitions were persuasive. Research limitations/implications It shines a light on the independent response by two small Common Law jurisdictions, which does not converge with popular administrative international models of competition law enforcement. Practical implications It is hoped that the decades-long experience in Ireland may interest those involved in Hong Kong competition law, which is at a comparatively fledgling stage of development. Originality/value This is an original research and appears to be the first paper exploring the atypical approaches taken in Hong Kong SAR and Ireland to designing locally suited regimes for the enforcement of competition law.
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Verbeek, Marno. « Missing measurements in econometric models with no auxiliary relations ». Economics Letters 43, no 2 (janvier 1993) : 125–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1765(93)90024-7.
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Offe, Claus. « Inequality and the Labor Market – Theories, opinions, models, and practices of unequal distribution and how they can be justified ». Zeitschrift für ArbeitsmarktForschung 43, no 1 (février 2010) : 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12651-010-0030-x.
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Moiseev, S., et I. Kurilets. « Econometric Models of the Currency Crisis ». World Economy and International Relations, no 4 (2000) : 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2000-4-20-26.
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Kholodova, M. A., et O. P. Shakhbazova. « Econometric forecasting methods industrial sectors of the agro-industrial complex ». Agrarian-And-Food Innovations 14 (29 juin 2021) : 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31208/2618-7353-2021-14-20-28.
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Aim. Development and justification of the calculation and analytical tool and adaptation of the methodology of its use to the laws of the development of individual branches of agricultural production and scientific interpretation of promising directions of their development. Materials and Methods. In the course of the work, econometric models were used, the main ones of which should be considered correlation and regression, including ridge regression, simulation and trend. The method of simulation modeling was supplemented by the method of expert assessments. Calculations of econometric models were carried out using the SPSS Statistics, Mathcad packages and the FAR-AREA 4.0 software tool. Results. Calculations using econometric models allowed us to develop and justify three author's scenarios for the development of sunflower production in the region: inertial, moderate and optimistic, in the context of the implementation of an export-oriented strategy in the agro-industrial complex for the period up to 2023. Conclusion. To implement the conditions of all three variants of the forecast of sunflower production, it is necessary to increase the use of elite seeds of domestic production and imported seeds in the structure of crops, as well as to ensure a positive dynamics of the introduction of plant protection products per 1 hectare of sown area, which in the future will contribute to the growth of crop yields. The forecast parameters of sunflower yield obtained by us in 2023 in the Rostov region for all three variants are realistic and correspond to the production conditions of the region.
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Ramesh Kurpad, Meenakshi. « Made in Bangladesh : challenges to the ready-made garment industry ». Journal of International Trade Law and Policy 13, no 1 (11 mars 2014) : 80–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jitlp-06-2013-0019.
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Purpose – The primary aim of this paper is to evaluate the challenges before the growth of the ready-made garment (RMG) industry in Bangladesh, the economy's backbone, and suggest appropriate reform. Design/methodology/approach – The paper begins by tracing the growth and evolution of the RMG industry before identifying the challenges. It then proceeds to suggest appropriate reform for the same. Findings – The paper argues for more effective models of collective bargaining and unionism as a solution to the problems that the industry faces. Originality/value – The paper is the first of its kind in the sense that it is a comprehensive account of the challenges to the RMG industry in Bangladesh.
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Rozanova, N. « Network Competition as Determinant of Contemporary Markets’ Configuration ». World Economy and International Relations 60, no 4 (2016) : 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2016-60-4-13-20.
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The latest phenomena in the area of industrial economics have turned out to be beyond the traditional models of industrial organization theory. This theory deals with the four basic market structures, namely that of free competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly and monopoly, with a common evolutionary pattern from competition to monopoly. However, contemporary technological competition has engendered a brand-new type of market structure. Some key features of it are outlined in the article with the stress on contemporary trends in network market development that have arisen under the influence of digitalization. The traditional approach to network market is through escalation effect, when network spillovers exist either in technology or in demand, and companies or IT platforms should gain a benchmark mass of clients, as fast as possible, in order to have the whole market. All other consumers have tendency to buy the leader’s product; thus, the market becomes a natural monopoly of the leader (at least, natural oligopoly). With the advancement in ICT technology, especially with digitalization, a new configuration of network market structure is being developed. Niche players are gaining their positions. It is arisen a multiple offer of ICT products. Market is becoming more and more fragmented. Network products evolve from substitutes into complements. The market drives from natural monopoly (oligopoly) into a very competitive structure. The author examines the mechanisms and results of network market transformation in contemporary digital era. Unlike the previous period when network services were provided separately, the newest tendencies, starting from TV, demonstrate that the frontiers among network markets become blurred, the separation between markets and particular ICT products vanishes/ So far, the formerly independent network markets are being transformed into shapeless segments of a single and indivisible multimedia area. In this integrated area any ICT provider obtains an opportunity to successfully compete with any other. The differences between various electronic devices, between ICT, broadcasting and address services, and even non-ICT products disappear. Network market evolves from a very concentrated and monopolized structure into a fragmented competitive industry with tough price competition. This brand new structure could be titled as concentric (ring) market, or a center-periphery model. The relationships within it mean unknown possibilities and challenges both for market participants and governments.
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Islam, Tamanna, Ashfaque A. Mohib et Shahnaz Zarin Haque. « Econometric Models for Forecasting Remittances of Bangladesh ». Business and Management Studies 4, no 1 (13 décembre 2017) : 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/bms.v4i1.2860.
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At present, the remittance of Bangladesh (RB) is the largest source of foreign exchange earning of the country. The RB plays a critical role in alleviating the foreign-exchange constraint and supporting the balance of payments, enabling imports of capital goods and raw materials for industrial development. Remittance from overseas migrant workers certainly increases the income disparity between classes of the rural society. Therefore forecasting plays an important role to know the future situation of economic condition. This paper employed the prospective data on RB to derive a unique and suitable forecasting model. The data were collected from Bangladesh Bank (BB) during January, 1998 to December, 2003. The Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) and the Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH) models were used to find out the best one. The findings indicated that the ARIMA (0,1,1) (0,2,1)12 and the GARCH (2,1) models were appropriate for our data and the GARCH (2,1) model appeared to be the best one between these.
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Whang, Unjung. « Comparative advantage, product quality, and the competitiveness of firms ». Journal of Korea Trade 21, no 3 (11 septembre 2017) : 174–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jkt-06-2017-0061.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the importance of product quality in differentiated-products markets in determining the structure of competition among firms. Design/methodology/approach First, two distinct models of firm heterogeneity are considered as two possible structures for firms’ competition: “price competition” and “quality competition.” Then, the author exploits the bilateral trade data of the world’s 83 largest countries in order to examine a link between the empirical findings and the theoretical models. Findings The empirical findings support a model of “quality competition” rather than “price competition,” in which firms in a country with a comparative advantage in a given product tend to improve their product quality as opposed to lowering production costs, so they compete on the quality-adjusted price. Research limitations/implications This paper used product-level data to examine the spatial pattern of the average export unit value of a product, which is able to answer the question of whether an industry is involved with quality competition. The product-level data used in this study, however, are not ideally suitable for exploring the predictions of a heterogeneous firms’ trade model. Originality/value To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first paper that investigates a relationship between the country-product pair of comparative advantages and firms’ self-selection behavior in the product-level data to shed light on the role of product quality in determining the structure of firms’ competition.
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Kan, Yoke Yue, et Markus Leibrecht. « Granger-causes of the Ringgit-US dollar exchange rate after 2005 ». Journal of Financial Economic Policy 12, no 1 (6 juin 2019) : 77–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfep-01-2019-0026.
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Purpose This study aims to investigate Granger-causal relations between the Ringgit-USD exchange rate and selected domestic and international economic variables after the flotation of the Ringgit beginning with 25 July 2005. Design/methodology/approach The study uses lag-augmented vector autoregression (LA-VAR) developed by Toda and Yamamoto (1995) to test for Granger-causality. To visualize short-run dynamics in the Malaysian Ringgit (RM)-USD exchange rate to shocks in predictor variables, generalized impulse-response functions (Pesaran and Shin, 1998) are derived from the estimated LA-VAR models. Findings Results based on LA-VAR generalized impulse responses and data measured in daily frequency indicate strong Granger-causal relationships with the Dow Jones Industrial Average and oil prices. Evidence is also indicative for a causal relationship with the Shanghai Composite Index. Positive shocks in these three variables lead an appreciation of the Ringgit. Practical implications These results provide insights for policymakers in East Asia in their attempt to manage the floating of their currency. Originality/value The paper adds to existing empirical literature in three ways. First, it investigates the RM-USD exchange rate after its managed flotation beginning with 25 July 2005. Second, the study provides results for exchange rates measured in two frequencies, namely, daily and monthly. Third, the empirical LA-VAR model applied includes variables capturing economic and financial conditions in China. Prior literature puts a focus on macroeconomic conditions in the USA. Yet, since 2009, China has been the largest trading partner of Malaysia.
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BOIANOVSKY, MAURO. « Domar, the West and Russian economics : a historical perspective ». Brazilian Journal of Political Economy 42, no 2 (avril 2022) : 401–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-31572022-3397.
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ABSTRACT The paper discusses Evsey Domar’s role as a link between economics in the West and in Russia, including his influence on some Brazilian economists. The Russian heritage he brought with him from Harbin (Manchuria) to the US consisted of an interest in socialism and Russian history. He paid close attention to the 1947 Varga controversy in the USSR. Domar’s rediscovery of Feldman’s (1928) growth model in 1957 brought it to the attention of Western and Soviet economists alike. Soviet economic development was also discussed in his interpretation of Preobrazhensky’s (1926) approach to the interaction between agricultural and industrial sectors. Domar’s 1966 seminal article on producer cooperatives called attention to Tugan-Baranovsky’s 1915 book on the topic. Domar’s interest in history resulted in his 1970 hypothesis about the origins of Russian serfdom and of North and South American slavery. Soviet economists paid some attention to Domar’s growth models, especially those involving depreciation and the time structure of capital goods.
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Adnan, Nur Diyana Athirah Binti, Wei-Theng Lau et Siong-Hook Law. « Bank Profitability Determinants : Firm-Level Observations in the ASEAN-5 Markets ». Research in World Economy 12, no 3 (31 mars 2021) : 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/rwe.v12n3p77.
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This paper aims to investigate the bank-specific characteristics and macroeconomic factors affecting the profitability performance of the Southeast Asian banking sector. The sample markets cover the five original members of ASEAN, i.e. Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand, whereas the sample period encompasses the years between 2010 and 2017. While a healthy financial system is important for the economic sustainability and growth, there are still limited studies to understand how banks generally perform in this region. Our findings largely support the existing hypotheses about the importance of certain micro- and macro variables while contributing new empirical evidence to the current literature. The bank size, loan to assets, loan loss provision, non-interest incomes and expenses, and capital adequacy remain relevant in influencing bank profitability in the ASEAN-5 region. Macroeconomic variables of inflation, interest rate, market concentration and GDP per capita play considerable roles in profitability when they are assessed separately from the bank-specific factors. It is worth noting that the bank-level factors remain important and outplay the macroeconomic factors when they are considered at the same time. The result robustness is of a certain level of satisfaction because comparisons have been performed across individual countries and across different regression models of pooled ordinary least squares model, random effect model, and fixed effect model for all the tentative tests. Both the return on assets and return on equity are examined. Combining both micro- and macroeconomic variables in the regressions also indicates an overall improvement in the r-squared under the same models.
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Kim, Yungwook. « Measuring the Bottom-Line Impact of Corporate Public Relations ». Journalism & ; Mass Communication Quarterly 77, no 2 (juin 2000) : 273–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107769900007700204.
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This study uses econometric models to test a methodology for establishing a relationship between public relations goals and bottom-line contribution to the organization. Regression analysis showed that non-linear models tested in this study were appropriate for measuring the relationship between reputation and revenues. Results demonstrated a positive relationship between these two variables. These models indicate a meaningful landmark in evaluation research that attempts to document the bottom-line impact of public relations activities.
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Haruna, Shoji, et Rajeev K. Goel. « International Tariffs in a Mixed Oligopoly with Research Spillovers ». Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy 22, no 3 (1 août 2016) : 277–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/peps-2016-0007.
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AbstractThis paper merges three strands of the literature – industrial organization, international trade, and economics of technical change – to examine the effect of tariffs on international mixed oligopolies which conduct research and development (R&D) that is prone to spillovers. Mixed oligopolies are prevalent in the defense sector, among other sectors. Using a two-stage sequential game with R&D in the first stage and production in the second stage, results show that higher tariffs reduce outputs of both the domestic public firm and foreign private firms, and private R&D. Effects on domestic R&D and welfare, and profits of foreign private firms depend upon spillovers. Within a large range of research spillovers, higher tariffs can in fact lower welfare. Some of these findings are different from traditional oligopolies and from models that ignore research spillovers. Policy implications are discussed.
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Zagashvili, V. « International Trade in the Aftermath of the COVID-19 Pandemic ». World Economy and International Relations 65, no 10 (2021) : 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-10-15-23.
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The article examines the implications of the COVID‑19 pandemic for the development of international trade. The international trading system has demonstrated sufficient maturity and the ability to remain stable even in extreme conditions. The negative impact of COVID‑19 on trade was provided through a general drop in demand, disruptions in and business travel. Attempts to foster economic stability and enhance the resilience of global value chains through self-reliance and limiting supply network within national boundaries are counterproductive. The solution to the efficiency versus safety dilemma lies in the area of diversification. In the medium term after the expected rapid recovery growth the development of international trade is likely to slow down and the growth rates of trade and production will trend towards convergence. The long-term impact of the pandemic on international trade will be manifested through the impact of structural factors: the Fourth Industrial Revolution, trends in the field of transnational production, changes in the paradigm of social development, competition between economic policy models, rivalry between leaders of the world economy, and the results of efforts to regulate trade on the multilateral basis. The pandemic made more obvious the need for cooperation, not only in the narrow aspect of coordinating anti-epidemic measures, but also in the broader sense of promoting development and narrowing the gap in welfare, health care and the quality of life in general, both in different countries and within countries. In the area of trade policy, it highlighted the urgent need for closer cooperation in overcoming barriers to trade (lowering duties, removing technical barriers, mutual recognition of sanitary certificates, interfacing digital regulation systems). The disunity and noticeable confusion of governments during the pandemic emphasized the task of overcoming the WTO crisis.
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Vlados, Charis, Epaminondas Koronis et Dimos Chatzinikolaou. « Entrepreneurship and Crisis in Greece From a neo-Schumpeterian Perspective : A Suggestion to Stimulate the Development Process at the Local Level ». Research in World Economy 12, no 2 (11 janvier 2021) : 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/rwe.v12n2p1.
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In economies where most firms are family-owned, there is a risk of poor management and problematic strategic and technological comprehension. Multiple cases prove the existence of a series of socio-economic pathologies in such firms that undermine an economy’s ability to overcome economic crises through innovative and entrepreneurial thinking and adaptability. The paper aims to present the relationship between entrepreneurship and “development and crisis” from the perspective of Greece’s current socio-economic crisis. It first analyzes the neo-Schumpeterian entrepreneurship theory and the structures that allow innovative and competitive models to appear and then links this context with Greece’s case. The “Stra.Tech.Man” theoretical framework of physiological types of entrepreneurship is suggested as the analytical base for elaborating a local development policy instrument for economies where such less competitive businesses prevail.
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Krislov, Joseph. « Are there industrial relations sub-models ? » Industrial Relations Journal 18, no 3 (septembre 1987) : 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2338.1987.tb00901.x.
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Granato, Jim. « An Agenda For Econometric Model Building ». Political Analysis 3 (1991) : 123–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pan/3.1.123.
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This article addresses the lack of cohesion in econometric model building. This incoherence contributes to model building based on statistical criteria—correcting residuals—and not theoretical criteria. The models we build, therefore, are not valid replications of theory. To deal with this problem, an agenda for model building is outlined and discussed. Drawing on the methodological approaches of Hendry, Qin, and Favero (1989), Hendry and Richard (1982, 1983), Sargan (1964), and Spanos (1986), this agenda incorporates a “general to simple” modeling philosophy, a battery of diagnostic tests, reduction theory, and the development of models that include short-term and long-term parameters. A comparison is made between a model based on this agenda and a model based on corrected residuals. The findings show that the agenda-based model outperforms the residual correction model.
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Boschee, Pam. « Comments : The Stakes Grow Higher in Defining Green Energy ». Journal of Petroleum Technology 74, no 03 (1 mars 2022) : 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0322-0008-jpt.
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Not so long ago, defining green energy was generally straightforward: renewables. It may not have been quite that simple, but the development of agreed-upon definitions based on science has become much more complex and contentious, even within the past year. It’s not just a highbrow debate about semantics. The standardization of criteria or a widely accepted taxonomy is critical as the focus increases on not only greenwashing, but on the actual processes and technologies enabling what were thought of as at least “greener” energy. The hammering out of definitions is needed to keep the energy transition moving forward globally. This scrutiny affects the options for companies seeking alternatives in carbon markets where the price of permits for emitting a tonne of CO2 is escalating. In early February, the price of CO2 permits in the EU reached a record high above 96 Euros ($109)/tonne CO2. Reuters reported that the carbon price has risen more than 200% since the start of 2021, partly due to high natural gas prices and the switch made to coal by some power generators. This resulted in higher emissions and increased the demand for permits. In January, the EU Platform on Sustainable Finance, comprising members from utilities, banks, nongovernmental organizations, and corporations, rejected the EU Commission’s draft sustainable finance rules which proposed labeling nuclear power and natural gas as green transition fuels. Nuclear projects permitted until 2045 were to be classified as green, but only if countries can safely dispose of the radioactive waste. Gas was to be included until 2030 with emissions thresholds specified. The EU Platform concluded that even if a gas plant stays under the emissions threshold, it “is not green at any point in its life.” Nuclear energy was acknowledged as already being part of the transitioning energy system and having near to zero greenhouse-gas emissions, but it would not meet the taxonomy’s requirement to “do not significant harm” to the environment because of the toxic waste that cannot be recycled or reused. The EU Commission’s taxonomy will be sent to the European Parliament and Council for review. Blue hydrogen was questioned as a transition fuel by a peer-reviewed study published in August 2021 in Energy Science & Engineering by coauthors from Cornell and Stanford universities. They wrote, “Far from being low-carbon, greenhouse-gas emissions from the production of blue hydrogen are quite high, particularly due to the release of fugitive methane. … Perhaps surprisingly, the greenhouse-gas footprint of blue hydrogen is more than 20% greater than burning natural gas or coal for heat and some 60% greater than burning diesel oil for heat, again with our default assumptions.” They added, “Our analysis assumes that captured carbon dioxide can be stored indefinitely, an optimistic and unproven assumption. Even if true though, the use of blue hydrogen appears difficult to justify on climate grounds.” In a study published last month in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers at the University of Wisconsin-Madison combined econometric analyses, land use observations, and biophysical models to estimate the realized effects of the US Environmental Protection Agency’s Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) mandate to partially replace petroleum-based fuels with biofuels. They found that the RFS increased corn prices by 30% and the prices of other crops by 20%, which, in turn, expanded US corn cultivation by 8.7% and total cropland by 2.4% in the years following the policy’s enactment (2008 to 2016). “These changes increased annual nationwide fertilizer use by 3 to 8%, increased water-quality degradants by 3 to 5%, and caused enough domestic land use change emissions such that the carbon intensity of corn ethanol produced under the RFS is no less than gasoline and likely at least 24% higher. These tradeoffs must be weighed alongside the benefits of biofuels as decision makers consider the future of renewable energy policies and the potential for fuels like corn ethanol to meet climate mitigation goals.” The move toward energy transition has been pivotal for our industry and many others. It could be argued that no country, business, or individual will remain unaffected by the changes in progress and yet to come. “Transition” is defined as “the process or a period of changing from one state or condition to another.” And this process will take time, effort, technology, buy-in, scientific study and verification … and consensus, which may be the most challenging piece of all. A significant announcement demonstrating the application and acceptance of a scientific taxonomy was Santos Ltd.’s recent booking of 100 million metric tons of CO2 storage capacity in the Cooper Basin in South Australia. The company believes it represents the industry’s first-ever booking to be made under SPE’s CO2 Storage Resource Management System.