Articles de revues : « Industrial policy – Spain »

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Rohlfer, Sylvia. « Does Industrial Relations Research Support Policy ? » Articles 68, n^o 3 (24 septembre 2013) : 431–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1018435ar.

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This article reviews the English-speaking literature on Spanish and German industrial relations published in the top 10 journals in this field between 2000 and 2010. The analysis contributes to the ongoing debate about the relevance of industrial relations by establishing the state of the art in research on Spain in comparison to Germany. Following this assessment we then ask whether existing research on Spain is well situated to orient policymakers. The consequences of either normative or normative-free research have largely been overlooked; our discussion expands on two contrasting positions: suggesting a move away from ideology in research (Mitchell, 2001) or recommending normative assumptions as a necessary precondition (Frege, 2007) in the context of Spain. Our findings reveal a greater convergence in research regarding its restricted multidisciplinary character, its focus on the international level and a strong emphasis on empirical, quantitative work with analysis conducted at various levels. At the same time, some path dependency continues to exist, particularly concerning the active participants in research and the subjects for investigation. The results point to deficiencies in research on Spanish industrial relations. We conclude by advocating an openly stated, normative base in industrial relations research to guide policymakers in Spain. While an evidence-based approach in policy making is desirable, normative choices are highly consequential and should feature in research in order to avoid a “democratic shock” in Spain.

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Alvarez, Julián Alvarez. « Patent information and industrial policy in Spain ». World Patent Information 17, n^o 3 (septembre 1995) : 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0172-2190(95)00023-s.

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Ybarra, Josep-Antoni, et Rafael Doménech-Sánchez. « Innovative business groups : territory-based industrial policy in Spain ». European Urban and Regional Studies 19, n^o 2 (avril 2012) : 212–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969776411428558.

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Šćepanović, Vera. « Transnational integration in Europe and the reinvention of industrial policy in Spain ». Review of International Political Economy 27, n^o 5 (22 août 2019) : 1083–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2019.1652670.

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Arcos-Vargas, A., F. Núñez-Hernández et Gabriel Villa-Caro. « A DEA analysis of electricity distribution in Spain : An industrial policy recommendation ». Energy Policy 102 (mars 2017) : 583–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.01.004.

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Montero, Alfred P. « Delegative dilemmas and horizontal logics : Subnational industrial policy in Spain and Brazil ». Studies in Comparative International Development 36, n^o 3 (septembre 2001) : 58–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02686204.

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Gomes, Eduardo Biacchi. « Shifting States in Global Markets : Subnational Industrial Policy in Contemporary Brazil and Spain (review) ». Latin American Politics & ; Society 46, n^o 2 (2004) : 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lap.2004.0016.

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Rey Mejías, Concepción, Helena Lenihan et Bernadette O’Regan. « Charges in the Industrial Water Sector : Comparison Between Ireland and Spain ». Environmental and Resource Economics 45, n^o 1 (23 juillet 2009) : 113–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10640-009-9308-2.

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Barón, Alexandra, Rudi de Castro et Gerusa Giménez. « Circular Economy Practices among Industrial EMAS-Registered SMEs in Spain ». Sustainability 12, n^o 21 (29 octobre 2020) : 9011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12219011.

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The Eurobarometer report from December 2019 revealed that 80% of European Union (EU) citizens believe that industry is doing too little to protect the environment and that more work needs to be done to help companies transition to a more sustainable economic model. In recent years, the EU has made the Circular Economy (CE) a priority, and an environmental management system based on the EMAS Regulation can help companies achieve this goal by assisting them in analysing and measuring an efficient and sustainable use of resources. Thus, this study analyses EMAS companies’ environmental statements in order to identify and quantify the CE practices they have implemented. Findings identify 23 circular practices and show that the majority of companies focus their efforts on reducing emissions by optimizing the materials cycle and improving internal production processes. Eco-design stands out as the main driver amongst the circular transformation practices. This study has also detected a lack of uniformity in the way companies quantify the various circular practices currently operating, or how they communicate this information. These results may be useful to companies, professionals and administrations responsible for promoting the CE, and it can also provide guidance on what information to include in future environmental statements.

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Garrués-Irurzun, Josean. « Traditional Electricity Systems in Spain : Fensa (1927-1991) ». Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 30, n^o 2 (30 mai 2012) : 245–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610912000079.

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AbstractBecause the literature of European economic history has paid little attention to traditional electricity systems, the interest in studying Fensa lies in analysing the different types of companies, which helped to shape the development of the Spanish electricity sector prior to its present oligopolistic structure. This case provides insight into two issues. First, we learn about the behaviour of the second-generation companies (those that based their production on a controlled hydropower regime), which, despite their limited size, made their commercial specialisation (supplying the dynamic industrial market of Guipúzcoa) their main comparative advantage. Second, we analyse the behaviour of those companies which at this time, as distribution companies and/or subsidiaries of the large Spanish companies (Iberduero), were an instrument of the policy of integrating regional markets.

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CATALAN, JORDI, et TOMÀS FERNÁNDEZ-DE-SEVILLA. « Hierarchical Clusters : Emergence and Success of the Automotive Districts of Barcelona and São Paulo ». Enterprise & ; Society 21, n^o 2 (4 février 2020) : 343–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eso.2019.27.

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This article analyzes the causes for the long-term success of the Barcelona (Spain) and São Paulo (Brazil) automobile industry clusters. Comparative evidence suggests that both clusters emerged in the early twentieth century through the formation of Marshallian external economies. Nevertheless, neither Barcelona nor São Paulo reached mass automobile production before 1950. The consolidation of the clusters required the adoption of strategic industrial policy during the golden age of capitalism. This policy succeeded in encouraging a few hub firms to undertake mass production by using domestic parts. The strategic policy also favored these leading corporations transferring their technical, organizational, and distribution capabilities, which in turn amplified the advantages of the clusters. Local institutions did not make a significant contribution.

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Miguélez, Fausto, et Albert Recio. « Spain : large-scale regularisation and its impacts on labour market and social policy ». Transfer : European Review of Labour and Research 14, n^o 4 (1 janvier 2008) : 589–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890801400406.

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Regularisation measures in Spain have formed part of an overall immigration policy that until a few years ago was geared more towards border security than to meeting the demands of the labour market. However, the regularisation campaign in 2005 was different: it enjoyed widespread popular support and sought to combat the informal economy and grant employment rights to immigrants who were in fact working. As a result, the labour market is now better regulated, but efforts to combat segmentation have not been so successful. Furthermore, the regularisation campaigns were inadequately funded, and failed to bring about sufficient improvements in public policies.

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Querol, X., A. Alastuey, M. Viana, T. Moreno, C. Reche, M. C. Minguillón, A. Ripoll et al. « Variability of carbonaceous aerosols in remote, rural, urban and industrial environments in Spain : implications for air quality policy ». Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, n^o 3 (15 mars 2013) : 6971–7019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-6971-2013.

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Abstract. We interpret here the variability of levels of carbonaceous aerosols based on a 12-yr database from 78 monitoring stations across Spain especially compiled for this article. Data did not evidence any spatial trends of carbonaceous aerosols across the country. Conversely, results show marked differences in average concentrations from the cleanest, most remote sites (around 1 μg m−3 of non-mineral carbon (nmC), mostly made of organic carbon (OC), with very little elemental carbon (EC) 0.1 μg m−3; OC/EC = 12–15), to the highly polluted major cities (8–10 μg m−3 of nmC; 3–4 μg m−3 of EC; 4–5 μg m−3 of OC; OC/EC = 1–2). Thus, urban (and very specific industrial) pollution was found to markedly increase levels of carbonaceous aerosols in Spain, with much lower impact of biomass burning. Correlations between yearly averaged OC/EC and EC concentrations adjust very well to a potential equation (OC/EC = 3.37 EC−0.67 R2 = 0.94). A similar equation is obtained when including average concentrations obtained at other European sites (y = 3.61x−0.5, R2 = 0.78). A clear seasonal variability in OC and EC concentrations was detected. Both OC and EC concentrations were higher during winter at the traffic and urban sites, but OC increased during the warmer months at the rural sites. Hourly equivalent black carbon (EBC) concentrations at urban sites accurately depict road traffic contributions, varying with distance to road, traffic volume and density, mixing layer height and wind speed. Weekday urban rush-hour EBC peaks are mimicked by concentrations of primary gaseous emissions from road traffic, whereas a single midday peak is characteristic of remote and rural sites. Decreasing annual trends for carbonaceous aerosols were observed between 1999 and 2011 at a large number of stations, probably reflecting the impact of the EURO4 and EURO5 standards in reducing the diesel PM emissions. This has resulted in some cases in an increasing trend of NO2/OC+EC ratios, because these standards have been much less effective for the abatement of NOx exhaust emissions in passenger diesel cars. This study concludes that EC, EBC, and especially nmC and OC+EC are very good candidates for new air quality standards since they cover both emission impact and health related issues.

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Querol, X., A. Alastuey, M. Viana, T. Moreno, C. Reche, M. C. Minguillón, A. Ripoll et al. « Variability of carbonaceous aerosols in remote, rural, urban and industrial environments in Spain : implications for air quality policy ». Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, n^o 13 (1 juillet 2013) : 6185–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-6185-2013.

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Abstract. We interpret here the variability of levels of carbonaceous aerosols based on a 12 yr database from 78 monitoring stations across Spain specially compiled for this article. Data did not evidence any spatial trends of carbonaceous aerosols across the country. Conversely, results show marked differences in average concentrations from the cleanest, most remote sites (around 1 μg m−3 of non-mineral carbon (nmC), mostly made of organic carbon (OC) with very little elemental carbon (EC), around 0.1 μg m−3; OC / EC = 12–15), to the highly polluted major cities (8–10 μg m−3 of nmC; 3–4 μg m−3 of EC; 4–5 μg m−3 of OC; OC / EC = 1–2). Thus, urban (and very specific industrial) pollution was found to markedly increase levels of carbonaceous aerosols in Spain, with much lower impact of biomass burning and of biogenic emissions. Correlations between yearly averaged OC / EC and EC concentrations adjust very well to a potential equation (OC = 3.37 EC0.326, R2 = 0.8). A similar equation is obtained when including average concentrations obtained at other European sites (OC = 3.60EC0.491, R2 = 0.7). A clear seasonal variability in OC and EC concentrations was detected. Both OC and EC concentrations were higher during winter at the traffic and urban sites, but OC increased during the warmer months at the rural sites. Hourly equivalent black carbon (EBC) concentrations at urban sites accurately depict road traffic contributions, varying with distance from road, traffic volume and density, mixing-layer height and wind speed. Weekday urban rush-hour EBC peaks are mimicked by concentrations of primary gaseous emissions from road traffic, whereas a single midday peak is characteristic of remote and rural sites. Decreasing annual trends for carbonaceous aerosols were observed between 1999 and 2011 at a large number of stations, probably reflecting the impact of the EURO4 and EURO5 standards in reducing the diesel PM emissions. This has resulted in some cases in an increasing trend for NO2 / (OC + EC) ratios as these standards have been much less effective for the abatement of NOx exhaust emissions in passenger diesel cars. This study concludes that EC, EBC, and especially nmC and OC + EC are very good candidates for new air quality standards since they cover both emission impact and health-related issues.

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Loriaux, Michael. « The Left's Dirty Job : The Politics of Industrial Restructuring in France and Spain By W. Rand Smith. Pittsburgh, PA : University of Pittsburgh Press, 1998. 363p. $50.00 cloth, $22.95 paper. » American Political Science Review 96, n^o 1 (mars 2002) : 250–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055402464337.

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W. Rand Smith compares socialist policies of industrial retrenchment in France and Spain during the 1980s and 1990s. Both governments sought to adapt their national economy to change in the global market, through investment incentives and labor policies, in a way that would avoid sectoral crisis or even collapse. They sought to achieve an “orderly exit” of labor from redundancy-plagued industrial sectors, notably steel and automobiles, through job retraining, help in establishing small businesses, relocation incentives, and improvements in the job market, not to mention such standard support mechanisms as severance payments and preretirement systems that supported the incomes of unemployed workers. There was a distinct convergence between French and Spanish policy around this kind of adaptive policy. Neither country after 1983 resisted global market trends through price controls or subsidies or trade protection, and neither government embraced market adjustment through more liberal policies of deregulation of capital or labor markets.

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Rubio, Sónia Parella. « Immigrant women in paid domestic service. The case of Spain and Italy ». Transfer : European Review of Labour and Research 9, n^o 3 (août 2003) : 503–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890300900310.

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In the familistic welfare state regimes of Italy and Spain, the resurgence in live-in domestic work and the demand for migrant domestic workers is stronger than in other European countries. Organising and regulating services in order to help with the burden of caring for one's family is not an important objective of social policy in southern European countries. It is taken for granted that the family (‘women') is the main provider of social protection. In the absence of policy decisions in this field, the increase in local women's labour market participation in recent decades has led to households recruiting non-EU immigrant women in order to help them balance the needs of their family with the demands of paid employment. These immigrants constitute an enormous supply of low-cost labour and there is a shortage of local female workers in paid domestic work.

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Pardo Abad, Carlos J. « Valuation of Industrial Heritage in Terms of Sustainability : Some Cases of Tourist Reference in Spain ». Sustainability 12, n^o 21 (5 novembre 2020) : 9216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12219216.

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This research is a contribution to the sustainable assessment of industrial heritage. The study analyzes the sustainability of some industrial elements after the cessation of activity as well as their tourist definition. The research includes a bibliographic review, a study of different sustainability thematic groups, and establishes certain analysis criteria in each group, adjusted to the characteristics of each selected case study. The results obtained permit a qualitative assessment of industrial heritage in terms of sustainability and its interpretation as a tourist resource in an increasingly diversified cultural offer. Special emphasis is placed on territory, landscape, environment, architecture, and tourism-related issues as the main interpretative keys that provide a new perspective on industrial heritage through an easy-to-apply analysis that contrasts operationally with other heritage environments.

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Molinero-Gerbeau, Yoan, Ana López-Sala et Monica Șerban. « On the Social Sustainability of Industrial Agriculture Dependent on Migrant Workers. Romanian Workers in Spain’s Seasonal Agriculture ». Sustainability 13, n^o 3 (20 janvier 2021) : 1062. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031062.

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Since the beginning of the 21st century, Romanian migrants have become one of the most significant national groups doing agricultural work in Spain, initially coming via a temporary migration program and later under several different modalities. However, despite their critical importance for the functioning of Europe’s largest agro-industry, the study of this long-term circular mobility is still underdeveloped in migration and agriculture literature. Thanks to extensive fieldwork carried out in the provinces of Huelva and Lleida in Spain and in the counties of Teleorman and Buzău in Romania, this paper has two main objectives: first, to identify some of the most common forms of mobility of these migrants; and second, to discuss whether this industrial agriculture, hugely dependent on migrant work, is socially sustainable. The case of Romanian migrants in Spanish agriculture will serve to show how a critical sector for the EU and for the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development of the United Nations, operates on an unsustainable model based on precariousness and exploitation.

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Nikulin, K. « Spain’s Economic Policy in a New Phase of European Integration ». Analysis and Forecasting. IMEMO Journal, n^o 2 (2021) : 71–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/afij-2021-2-71-89.

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On April 29, 2021, IMEMO RAS held a round table chaired by the Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, a member of the Directorate of IMEMO RAS V.G. Baranovsky and organized by the Center of European Studies of the IMEMO RAS under the leadership of Candidate of Historical Sciences Yu.D. Kvashnin. The round table participants analyzed the key problems of modern Spain's economy in the context of the emergence of new challenges of a global and regional nature. The discussion focused on the dynamics of the Spanish economy and its reaction to both a set of internal problems and external crises. In the context of unprecedented support for citizens and businesses from European regulators, Spain has become one of the primary beneficiaries in the distribution of European funds. Until 2027, the country will receive 170 billion euros. On the one hand, this will significantly boost the potential of the national economy in the long term regarding the country's role for the EU resilience and sustainability. The country's business is capable of significantly accelerating the economy through a successful foreign economic sector. The EU funds' emphasis on the Green Deal and the dominance of a government coalition with a special focus on the Green Agenda create favorable conditions for the promotion of Spanish energy multinationals at the global level. Nevertheless, Spain has been facing a number of socio-economic and political problems for a long time. Among them are high unemployment rate, significant budget deficit and political instability. The pandemic has greatly exacerbated the complexity of this range of problems. Their solution depends on the ability of the national political establishment to consolidate the existing levers and to ensure sustainable development of the economy through reforms. The assimilation of all-European fund resources, record for the country, greatly simplifies the tasks Spain is facing, but a political consensus is needed. The main speakers of the event included A.V. Avilova, K.A. Nikulin and G.N. Ponedelko from the Center of European Studies of the IMEMO RAS; I.L. Prokhorenko from the Department of International Political Problems of the IMEMO RAS; V.M. Tayar and P.P.Yakovlev from the Center of Iberian Studies of the Institute of Latin America RAS; T.V. Sidorenko from the National Research University Higher School of Economics; and T.I. Malashenko from the Department of Business Administration of the joint venture 'Digital Industrial Platform'. The review of the round table discussions was prepared by Kirill A. Nikulin, the junior researcher of the Center of European Studies of the IMEMO RAS (nikulin@imemo.ru, ORCID: 0000-0001-6314-0447.

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Puig, Jordi, et Ana Villarroya. « URBAN AND INDUSTRIAL LAND-USE CHANGES ALONGSIDE MOTORWAYS WITHIN THE PYRENEAN AREA OF NAVARRE, SPAIN ». Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 11, n^o 6 (2012) : 1213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2012.145.

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Perez, Jose Antonio Sanchez, Isabel Maria Roman Sanchez et Irene Carra. « PROMOTING ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY USING SANITARY TAX : THE CASE OF AGRO-FOOD INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER IN SPAIN ». Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 13, n^o 4 (2014) : 961–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2014.100.

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Serrano González, Javier, et César Álvarez Alonso. « Industrial electricity prices in Spain : A discussion in the context of the European internal energy market ». Energy Policy 148 (janvier 2021) : 111930. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111930.

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Sánchez-Barroso, Gonzalo, Jaime González-Domínguez, Justo García-Sanz-Calcedo et Francisco Zamora-Polo. « Analysis of Learning Motivation in Industrial Engineering Teaching in University of Extremadura (Spain) ». Sustainability 12, n^o 12 (18 juin 2020) : 4987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12124987.

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Motivational orientations predispose and condition behaviour, and determine the degree of assimilation of concepts by students during their training stage. Knowing them allows professors to conduct their lessons in order to favour maximum achievement for students. The objective of this work is to evaluate the motivation that guides the learning process of Industrial Engineering students at the University of Extremadura (Spain). About three quarters of the students present a high motivation for learning; half of them tend to be result-oriented and less than 10% show a high level of fear of failure. Homogeneous groups were formed based on the level of each dimension, and influential teaching methodologies were discussed. Therefore, it is possible to create a context that favors the acquisition of knowledge by students according to their motivations, and thus achieve maximum academic performance from them. The results shown here may be interesting for the design of promotional activities for SDGs in the university context.

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Quintanilla, Javier, Lourdes Susaeta et Rocío Sánchez-Mangas. « The Diffusion of Employment Practices in Multinationals : `Americanness' within US MNCs in Spain ? » Journal of Industrial Relations 50, n^o 5 (novembre 2008) : 680–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185608096804.

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Drawing on several theoretical perspectives, including institutionalism and strategic choice, this article examines the impact of home and host country national business systems on the diffusion of human resource management practices by American multinational corporations to their subsidiaries in Spain. Our evidence suggests that the tight control that American multinational corporations usually exert over their subsidiaries has recently increased. In most of the case studies, successful implementation of corporate human resource policies has mainly been achieved due to the degree of malleability and openness that characterized the Spanish business system. However, increased control also reflects the legitimacy given to managerial human resource practices originating in the USA and the willingness of host country managers to implement corporate policy. To this extent, it can be argued that subsidiary management plays a critical role in the configuration and implementation of human resource management and industrial relations policies and practices in multinational corporations.

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Bulfone, Fabio. « New forms of industrial policy in the age of regulation : A comparison of electricity and telecommunications in Italy and Spain ». Governance 33, n^o 1 (27 mars 2019) : 93–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gove.12408.

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Ruiz-Puente, Carmen, et Daniel Jato-Espino. « Systemic Analysis of the Contributions of Co-Located Industrial Symbiosis to Achieve Sustainable Development in an Industrial Park in Northern Spain ». Sustainability 12, n^o 14 (19 juillet 2020) : 5802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145802.

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Resource efficiency is a strategy with great potential to make progress towards the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), since it can contribute to meeting a variety of economic, environmental and social targets. In this context, this investigation developed a systemic analysis of co-located Industrial Symbiosis (IS) synergies in an industrial park formed of four companies. To this end, public data showing that the main activity in this park concerned materials, water and steam flows were supported with short visits to the companies for verification purposes. Then, the effects of nine exchange and twelve share synergies were analysed at different scales according to their impacts on sustainable development. The changes caused by these synergies in the flows in the industrial park enabled saving more than 10 k tonnes of raw materials and waste disposal and almost 10 Mm3 of raw water per year, as well as six auxiliary service systems. In the end, these figures might be translated into more than 200 kt CO2 eq. and EUR 6M saved per year, which in turn corresponds to 0.05% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the region in which the park is located. In terms of sustainable development, these modifications were translated into contributions to nine SDGs and 14 of their specific targets, proving the domino effect associated with the application of IS policies by governments and public entities.

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Acena, B., I. Palomino, F. Martin et M. Palacios. « Application of the MELPUFF model to air quality assessment in the industrial area of Huelva (Spain) ». International Journal of Environment and Pollution 18, n^o 2 (2002) : 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijep.2002.000703.

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Vallés-Giménez, Jaime, et Anabel Zárate-Marco. « A Spatial Dynamic Model for Export Intensity of Hazardous Industrial Waste : The Incentive Effect of Regional Environmental Policies ». Environmental and Resource Economics 80, n^o 4 (18 octobre 2021) : 859–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10640-021-00612-7.

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AbstractThis paper analyses, in the context of the Environmental Kuznet Curve, the determinants of export intensity of hazardous industrial waste among Spanish regions, with particular attention to the influence of waste taxes and of environmental policies. This study is carried out for the first time in the literature with a spatial dynamic model, fixed effects and panel data for the 17 regions (Comunidades Autónomas) of Spain during the period 2007–2017. The results suggest there is a spatial-dynamic component to export intensity, and that both regional taxes on waste disposal and environmental policy stringency appear to encourage, albeit modestly, the rate of exported waste to other regions. The model also shows that the more regions recycle, and the greater the economies of scale arising from industrial agglomeration, the lower is the region’s waste export intensity, although increasing restrictions on the international trade in hazardous waste have intensified trading inside the country. Finally, the results suggest a non-linear relationship between growth and export intensity, although apparently we are still far from the absolute decoupling of the Environmental Kuznet Curve.

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Ferreira, Inês, Manuel de Castro Fraga, Radu Godina, Marta Souto Barreiros et Helena Carvalho. « A Proposed Index of the Implementation and Maturity of Circular Economy Practices—The Case of the Pulp and Paper Industries of Portugal and Spain ». Sustainability 11, n^o 6 (21 mars 2019) : 1722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11061722.

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High industrial development, new consumption habits, and population growth have led to a discussion, in the various sectors of society, about resource scarcity, pollutant emissions, and waste generation. As a result, and in opposition to the linear economic model in which products are eliminated after production and consumption, a new business model emerged, called the “The Circular Economy”. This model is based on reuse, recovery, recycling, and repairing during the design and use cycle of a product. This research intends to make a study of the circular economy in the pulp and paper industries of Portugal and Spain. This sector was chosen because, in addition to representing about 2.5% of Portugal’s industrial production, it has made significant efforts to promote environmentally sustainable development. Therefore, this research intends to present the situation of the pulp and paper sector within the circular economy, making an Iberian comparison between the years 2011 and 2015. This comparison is made through the development of a comparative index based on the results of some environmental indicators. According to the research carried out, the pulp and paper sector in Portugal was about 26% higher in the implementation of the circular economy than the same sector in Spain in 2015, with the peculiarity that this difference has been decreasing in the last five years.

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Dal-Ré, Fernando Valdés. « The difficulty of reconciling flexibility and security in Spain : the paradigmatic case of part-time work ». Transfer : European Review of Labour and Research 10, n^o 2 (mai 2004) : 248–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890401000208.

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The level of part-time employment in Spain tripled during the period 1984–93. The increased prevalence of part-time work reflected an employment policy during that period and beyond that aimed to establish maximum flexibility in the use of fixed-term contracts, whether fulltime or part-time. Part-time work was, and still is, to some extent, associated with a high degree of employment-related precariousness. This article examines the successive and not always consistent measures which since April 1994 have been adopted by the social partners and the government in order to improve the quality and security of part-time work. It assesses to what extent these measures have achieved their objectives.

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Bermejo, Fernando, Raúl del Pozo et Pablo Moya. « Main Factors Determining the Economic Production Sustained by Public Long-Term Care Spending in Spain ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n^o 17 (31 août 2021) : 9199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179199.

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Policy reforms of 2012 introduced in Spain a set of austerity measures to emerge from the 2008 global recession. However, attaining the sustainability of the long-term care (LTC) system by reducing public spending overlooks the drawbacks of a lower demand to meet dependency needs. In this context, this study is intended to provide a deeper insight into the economic factors affecting the shifts in the industrial output sustained by LTC spending before and after the austerity measures adopted in 2012. To accomplish this, we first apply a model based on the Input-Output methodology to quantify the output arisen from the consumption demand to meet the dependency needs covered by LTC spending in 2009, 2012 and 2015. Using the results of this model, we carry out a Structural Decomposition Analysis to explore the main drivers of change in the Spanish economic production for 2009–2012 and 2012–2015. The findings reveal that LTC demand factors have proven more relevant than technology factors in increasing production for the two periods considered. Such findings might guide political decision-making on the management of the LTC system in Spain, showing that public LTC spending does not merely contribute to the welfare of dependents, but also may boost economic production.

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Sala, Roser, et Christian Oltra. « Experts’ attitudes towards CCS technologies in Spain ». International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 5, n^o 5 (septembre 2011) : 1339–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2011.07.007.

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Vercher, Néstor. « Environmental Conflicts and Social Innovation on the Balearic Islands (Spain) ». Sustainability 14, n^o 9 (21 avril 2022) : 4994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14094994.

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New environmental conflicts arise all the time as a consequence of the industrial economy and economic growth. The search for new energy and new materials jeopardizes the margin to promote sustainable development in many local communities. In this paper, we examine a conflict related to hydrocarbons projects in the Balearic Sea (Spain) from the social innovation perspective. This novel approach allows us to focus on how socially innovative responses can be triggered by environmental threats. A set of mixed methods (qualitative analysis and social network analysis) are implemented to study the emergence and development of Alianza Mar Blava in Ibiza–Formentera. This is an initiative that successfully activates new social relations and new collective practices that contribute to transform the environmental conflict. In this study, we highlight the strategic factors that allow the conflict to be transformed as well as other social processes that ultimately promote local sustainable development beyond the conflict.

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Mileto, Camilla, Fernando Vegas, Carmen Llatas et Bernardette Soust-Verdaguer. « A Sustainable Approach for the Refurbishment Process of Vernacular Heritage : The Sesga House Case Study (Valencia, Spain) ». Sustainability 13, n^o 17 (31 août 2021) : 9800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13179800.

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The refurbishment of traditional vernacular architecture is currently of interest for the conservation of heritage, historic landscape and cultural landscape, as well as for its potential benefits in the field of environmental sustainability. The carefully selected materials and techniques used in the refurbishment of a traditional dwelling in Sesga (Valencia, Spain) maintain the local construction techniques while causing the least possible environmental impact, saving on transport and transformation and construction energy. This article uses LCA to showcase this contribution, examining three scenarios: the first option is the refurbishment of the case study using natural traditional materials and techniques; the second presents a hypothetical refurbishment using widely used industrial materials; and a third option looks at the demolition of the existing building and the addition of a new construction with widely used industrial materials. This comparison has shown where and why the first option is, broadly speaking, the most sustainable option in environmental, sociocultural and socioeconomic terms.

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Santamaría, Alberto, Pedro Linares et Pablo Pintos. « The effects of carbon prices and anti-leakage policies on selected industrial sectors in Spain – Cement, steel and oil refining ». Energy Policy 65 (février 2014) : 708–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.10.031.

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Mailand, Mikkel. « Social partnership as an approach to CSR : ‘traditional’ and ‘new’ actors, their roles and relations ». Transfer : European Review of Labour and Research 10, n^o 3 (août 2004) : 416–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890401000308.

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This article reports on research into social partnerships aiming at labour market inclusion that developed during the 1990s in Denmark, the UK and Spain. Some of these partnerships are directly related to corporate social responsibility (CSR initiatives in individual firms), whereas others are only indirectly related (for instance, active labour market policy initiatives at local, regional and national level). Developments such as new target groups for such policies, the weakening of the social partners, ideological change, policy transfer and budget constraints of the state have led to more partnerships taking a multipartite form, meaning that not only the public authorities and the social partners, but also new actors such as business networks, commercial operators and NGOs, participate. The involvement of new actors poses a challenge for the traditional actors – among them the trade unions. Whether the relations between traditional and new actors are best described by conflict or by cooperation cannot be explained by regime theories. The decisive factor seems to be the extent to which the new actors challenge the privileged positions of the traditional actors.

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Somoza-Medina, Xosé, et Obdulia Monteserín-Abella. « The Sustainability of Industrial Heritage Tourism Far from the Axes of Economic Development in Europe : Two Case Studies ». Sustainability 13, n^o 3 (21 janvier 2021) : 1077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031077.

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The transformation of mining and industrial spaces into tourist spaces is part of the debate surrounding the profound changes in the contemporary economies of developed European countries. The loss of competitive power of their traditional companies, the obsolescence of many manufacturing facilities, and the take-off of other industrial economies in remote parts of the world have led to the closure of thousands of mines and factories, with the approval of environmental groups. In some privileged places, these ex-industrialized spaces have recovered environmentally, been allocated aid for socio-economic reconversion, and reoriented the old mines and factories (now converted into industrial heritage), towards cultural and tourist uses. The successful examples of Ironbridge, Zollverein or Wieliczka, have created the illusion to managers, owners, and local population of being able to turn almost any ruin of the industrial and mining past into a tourist attraction. Starting in the 1990s, many ex-industrial spaces, which were far from the main urban centres, opted for this tourist transformation as a lifeline to slow down the loss of population and economic activities. Sometime after these projects of industrial tourism, the result can be evaluated with objective data that question the sustainability of the model and the resilience of these places. This paper focuses on questioning the sustainability and resilience of the tourist transformation of two former mining areas located in Spain (Almadén and Sabero), far from the axes of economic development.

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García Trascasas, M. Ascensión. « Young People and Training Contracts : The Spanish Experience ». International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 24, Issue 2 (1 juin 2008) : 289–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2008015.

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Two kinds of training contracts have co–existed in Spain for many years: work–placement contracts and job–training contracts, and their legislative development has brought to the forefront the tension between their training objective and their potential as instruments of employment policy. These contracts usually provide forms of employment designed for young people to facilitate access to the labour market and provide on–the–job training. However, they have not always been limited to young people, nor have they ensured training for workers, especially in the case of job–training contracts. This paper provides an overview of the transformations that training contracts have undergone in the Spanish system with special attention to the groups they are designed for.

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Zolfaghari Ejlal Manesh, Seyed Meysam, et Alex Rialp-Criado. « Internationalization to survive ; the case of renewable energy companies in Spain ». Competitiveness Review : An International Business Journal 27, n^o 4 (17 juillet 2017) : 306–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cr-09-2015-0076.

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Purpose In this study, entrepreneurial internationalization in renewable energy industry as a high-tech and emerging industry was explored. The focus of this study is on firm level factors to understand how and why these companies entered the international markets and what are their challenges and difficulties in this process. To answer these questions, two main streams of literature were used: international entrepreneurship (IE) and sustainable entrepreneurship. Design/methodology/approach Case study methodology is selected for this research. Because this subject is new and empirical researches in renewable energy industry are scarce, a method to gather research and in-depth data was adopted. Following suggestions by Eisenhardt (1989), a multiple-case design method was used with nine cases of entrepreneurial companies in renewable energy industry from Spain. Findings Results show that in renewable energy industry firms, resources and capabilities such as need for funding and rapid commercialization are key factors that encourage companies to enter the international market. However, having access to the technological knowledge cannot be a compelling reason for internationalization of renewable energy companies from Spain. Moreover, the interaction between the large and small firms is an important factor that facilitates the process of internationalization. Research limitations/implications In this study, the focus was only on firm level factors, whereas other levels of analysis such as entrepreneur, environment, policy scheme and industrial factors need further attention in future studies. Moreover, this study is only limited to Spanish companies, and future studies can be replicated in other context. Practical implications Findings of the study have significant theoretical and empirical implications. First of all, it explains the entrepreneurial internationalization by taking advantage of sustainable entrepreneurship literature. In addition, empirical results of this study are significantly important for entrepreneurs to implement effective internationalization strategy to survive. Findings of this study can help policy makers for designing a supportive scheme for further development of this industry in the international markets. Originality/value This paper explores the entrepreneurial internationalization of renewable energy companies as an emerging industry by taking advantage of two streams of literature: international entrepreneurship and sustainable entrepreneurship. The results show the phenomenon of early internationalization in pre-commercialization phase. These findings put emphasis on interaction between large and small firms in process of internationalization in this specific industry.

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Castellet-Viciano, Lledó, Vicent Hernández-Chover, Águeda Bellver-Domingo et Francesc Hernández-Sancho. « Industrial Symbiosis : A Mechanism to Guarantee the Implementation of Circular Economy Practices ». Sustainability 14, n^o 23 (29 novembre 2022) : 15872. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142315872.

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There is a growing concern regarding the scarcity of natural resources. The levels of resource exploitation generated by the current system of production and consumption has led the European Commission to develop a set of guidelines that aim to reduce the pressure on natural resources. The set of guidelines proposed by the European Union is based on the transformation of the current linear economic system into a circular system in which resources and materials remain in the production system for longer. However, for this change to take effect, practical measures are required. This paper presents an industrial symbiosis approach as a practical application of a circular economy model. The aim of this paper is to develop a guide to successfully implement an industrial symbiosis network, demonstrating that industrial symbiosis can achieve the goals of a circular economy. To demonstrate this, an example of its implementation is provided in a region of Spain, which is responsible for producing approximately 95% of the total ceramics products in the nation. This study emphasises the set of barriers that need to be addressed in order to make new models a reality for business and consumers, society, and the environment.

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Rodríguez-Vicente, Verónica, et Manuel F. Marey-Pérez. « Land-use and land-base patterns in non-industrial private forests : Factors affecting forest management in Northern Spain ». Forest Policy and Economics 11, n^o 7 (novembre 2009) : 475–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2009.05.008.

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Lopes R. Silva, Débora, Cristina Rivero-Camacho, Diana Rusu et Madelyn Marrero. « Methodology for Improving the Sustainability of Industrial Buildings via Matrix of Combinations Water and Carbon Footprint Assessment ». Sustainability 14, n^o 22 (17 novembre 2022) : 15297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142215297.

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In Spain, 90% of companies are small- or medium-sized and are usually located in industrial areas, in warehouses with particular characteristics. This paper presents a methodology for the environmental assessment of this type of construction with water and carbon footprint indicators. A database was developed for the identification of typologies and common construction elements based on a sample of 87 projects in the province of Seville. Based on this, the paper proposes a methodology for comparative analysis that merges the data obtained from the research survey with environmental and economic data. The work proposes a systematic classification of the construction units of industrial buildings in order to improve the sustainability of the decision-making process by introducing environmental information on construction materials and machinery. First, the most impactful elements were identified, and then the technical solutions were adjusted using solutions already in the sample of 87 industrial projects. Reductions of up to 74% in the carbon footprint and 54% of the water footprint were found, as well as 14% reduction in construction costs in the most favorable case.

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Escobar-López, Sttefanie Yenitza, Santiago Amaya-Corchuelo et Angélica Espinoza-Ortega. « Alternative Food Networks : Perceptions in Short Food Supply Chains in Spain ». Sustainability 13, n^o 5 (28 février 2021) : 2578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052578.

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Alternative spaces for the consumption of non-conventional foods as short commercialization chains have been increased worldwide, as well as the interest in understanding the dynamics developed in those initiatives from a social approach, has increased. This work aimed to analyze the Organizers, Producers and Consumers’ perceptions that participate in short food supply chains in ecological markets in the south of Spain. The Conventions Theory framework was used by applying a quantitative and qualitative methodology. A total of 159 questionnaires were applied (three to Organizers, 15 to Producers and 177 to Consumers). The questionnaire considered items related to social conventions for seven worlds (Domestic, Civic, Market, Industrial, Opinion and Inspired) and sociodemographic information. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used to analyze the information. Results show that coincidences and divergences are observed in the importance given to the worlds; the Civic, Inspired and Opinion worlds are perceived similarly by the three types of actors and are related to the interest in how these activities benefit the environment. Differences are attributed to the role played by each type of actor and to socioeconomic aspects. Results can materialize into different strategies to improve these initiatives and reach more consumers.

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Morales-Contreras, Manuel-Francisco, Paloma Bilbao-Calabuig, Carmen Meneses-Falcón et Victoria Labajo-González. « Evaluating Sustainable Purchasing Processes in the Hotel Industry ». Sustainability 11, n^o 16 (7 août 2019) : 4262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11164262.

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Managing sustainability along the supply chain has gained significant relevance in recent years, in both academic and business environments. The aim of this research paper is to describe and evaluate the degree of implementation of sustainable purchasing (SP) in the supply chain of the hotel sector in Spain, as well as to identify the main drivers and barriers to effective implementation. This is done from the double perspective of hotel chains and suppliers (industrial laundries). An exploratory and inductive qualitative methodology has been adopted, consisting of (a) observation; (b) collection, review, and analysis of primary sources; and (c) in-depth interviews with 15 managers of hotel chains and suppliers. This triangulation of data sources provides validity and credibility to the results and reduces any potential bias. Evidence is found to support that SP is at an early stage of implementation in the hotel sector in Spain, with big differences among companies. The results suggest that the main drivers and barriers to effective implementation are final customers, governments, market conditions, management commitment, and conflicts in customer/supplier interests. The authors propose a new classification of companies based on the size, type, and degree of implementation of SP.

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González-Domínguez, Jaime, Gonzalo Sánchez-Barroso, Francisco Zamora-Polo et Justo García-Sanz-Calcedo. « Application of Circular Economy Techniques for Design and Development of Products through Collaborative Project-Based Learning for Industrial Engineer Teaching ». Sustainability 12, n^o 11 (26 mai 2020) : 4368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114368.

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Collaborative project-based learning aims to get students to take responsibility for their knowledge processes. The objective of this research is to analyze the viability of applying circular economy techniques for the design and development of products, through learning based on collaborative projects in industrial engineering. A survey was carried out between 2015 and 2019 on final year students of industrial engineering in Spain, from five different academic years. The responses obtained were analyzed statistically. The results indicate that the students who had more previous knowledge about the circular economy, valued its relevance for the design and development of products as well as for the practice of the profession more. In addition, it was demonstrated that the implementation of circular economy strategies in the design and development of products through collaborative projects allows the acquisition of different knowledge: eco-design, product planning and distribution, reuse, recycling, etc. Moreover, most of the students considered that the circular economy should be a complementary discipline and a transversal competence.

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Valero, Antonio, Jorge Torrubia, Miguel Ángel Anía et Alicia Torres. « Assessing Urban Metabolism through MSW Carbon Footprint and Conceptualizing Municipal-Industrial Symbiosis—The Case of Zaragoza City, Spain ». Sustainability 13, n^o 22 (17 novembre 2021) : 12724. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132212724.

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This paper proposes a holistic vision of the urban metabolism (UM), viewing the city as a subsystem within an industrial ecosystem (IE) in which municipal-industrial symbiosis is essential to achieve sustainability goals. For this purpose, the metabolism of a large Spanish city, Zaragoza, was studied by analyzing the main fractions of its MSW. A methodology based on carbon footprint (CF) was developed to analyze the environmental impact—in terms of CO2—of the influence of households’ behavior, the City Council’s strategies, and the main MSW fractions. Zaragoza’s IE represents a footprint of 931,250 CO2 tons for the fractions studied, of which 438,000 CO2 tons are due to organic fraction, 180,371 to plastics and 154,607 to paper and cardboard, which are the three most significant contributors. If households selectively separated 100% of their waste, the footprint would drop to 648,660 tons of CO2. Furthermore, monetary savings were quantified through the CO2 emissions price. The proposed methodology accounts for the CF of the whole IE, not just the city. Moreover, it enables the creation of Sankey diagrams to visualize the distribution of emissions of each subsystem, highlighting the importance of cooperation between the city and its recycling industries to reduce its CF.

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Wang, William Hongsong, Victor I. Espinosa et Jesús Huerta de Soto. « A Free-Market Environmentalist Enquiry on Spain’s Energy Transition along with Its Recent Increasing Electricity Prices ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n^o 15 (2 août 2022) : 9493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159493.

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This paper analyzes the Spanish energy transition’s general situation and its increasing electricity prices in recent years from a free-market environmentalist (FME) approach. We hypothesize and argue that high taxes, high government subsidies, and government industrial access restrictions breach private property rights, hindering Spain’s renewable energy (RE) development. Our paper discovers that Spain’s state-interventionist policies have increased the cost of the energy and power industries, leading to electricity prices remaining relatively high before and after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. After reviewing the literature on the FME approach and Spain’s case, a Box–Jenkins (ARIMA) model is used to clarify the economic performance of the Spanish electricity industry with a proposal for forecasting electricity prices. It is observed that Spain fails the EU and its national goal of providing an affordable energy price as a part of the green energy transition. Finally, free-market environmental solutions and policy reforms are proposed to facilitate Spain’s energy transition.

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Yun-Casalilla, Bartolomé. « The American Empire and the Spanish Economy : an Institutional and Regional Perspective ». Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 16, n^o 1 (mars 1998) : 123–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610900007072.

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The Spanish Empire in America —so envied by other countries— has never been regarded by economic historians as an unmixed blessing. For Hamilton, the precious metals from the Americas caused a parallel rise in prices and wages, reducing industrial investment and thus aborting the development of capitalism. For Vilar, a critic of that view, the Empire, as «the supreme phase of feudalism», led to a primitive accumulation of capital responsible for freezing structures inhibiting to capitalism. Wallerstein recognised that America was essential for the conversion of Spain into a semi-periphery of the world market1. To that can be added other less general but equally negative approaches concerning the effects of emigration or of American treasure, seen by many as contributing to an absolutism powerful enough to impose a foreign policy alien to the interests of the country and highly damaging to the Spanish economy, and to that of Castile in particular.

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Jiménez-Medina, Pilar, Andrés Artal-Tur et Noelia Sánchez-Casado. « Tourism Business, Place Identity, Sustainable Development, and Urban Resilience : A Focus on the Sociocultural Dimension ». International Regional Science Review 44, n^o 1 (18 mai 2020) : 170–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160017620925130.

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La Unión is a city located in the southeast of Spain with a long mining tradition. Along the twentieth century, this place faced a severe industrial crisis. Building on its history, heritage, and resources, the local economy changed towards the mining heritage tourism business. This article describes such a process of sustainable development and urban resilience through a two-stage approach. First, the focus is on explaining how the locality moved from being a mining industrial area to a mining heritage tourism place. In doing so, the study highlights the key role played by the cooperation of the local government and the nearby university. The second stage shows how the new economic model is firmly rooted on the mining identity of the place and what provides higher levels of sustainability to the destination from a social and cultural view. In this context, the article shows how the place identity model of tourism would be eager to limit the negative impacts usually associated with the spread of tourism, consequently receiving further support by the local population. To better understand the second-stage process, the study defines a theoretical framework and tests it empirically through a structural equation modeling approach. Results of the research provide regional policy advices.

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Merylovа, Іryna, Hryhorii Nevhomonnyi, Olexandr Rechyts et Iryna Turhan. « ECOLOGICAL URBAN REGENERATION OF DEPRESSIVE TERRITORIES LARGE CITIES ». Urban development and spatial planning, n^o 80 (30 mai 2022) : 283–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2076-815x.2022.80.283-294.

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Large cities are multifaceted organisms. They are arena of social and urban conflicts. In current conditions of technological development and improvement of the urban environment quality, local authorities are increasingly reorganize industrial areas. The relevance of the article is determined by the global trend of finding new forms of renovation of depressed areas, which are explored quite well and reflected in the general vector of policy of developed countries. According to the research, it is ecological and urban forms of renovation that can ensure the efficient use of resources and create quality conditions to improve the living standard of population. The purpose of the article is to establish ecological and urban forms of renovation of industrial areas. The article substantiates the term "ecological and urban renovation", which main principle is to open new opportunities for depressed areas and buildings in order to improve the ecological and urban situation of the environment. Methods and approaches to the ecological and urban planning form of renovation of depressed areas are described. This allows adapting industrial architecture to modern urban conditions with a numerous architectural techniques. The study examines foreign experience of redevelopment of industrial territories in Barcelona (Spain), Berlin (Germany), London (UK), Paris (France), Copenhagen (Denmark). The analysis of global practice shows that the most successful examples of ecological and urban transformation of industrial areas are implemented through the principle of landscape design and methods of integrating elements of industrial heritage into public space. Consequently, by means of landscape design, the art space as a new phenomenon in the urban environment is created, which improves the aesthetic perception of the architectural city image. The experience has shown that industrial areas, which are located within the city, should be used for recreational and commercial facilities or residential real estate, whereas the areas near the city could be used for high-tech and environmentally-friendly industries.

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