Articles de revues : « Industrial policy – Hungary »

1

Slay, Ben. « Industrial demonopolization and competition policy in Poland and Hungary ». Economics of Transition 3, n^o 4 (décembre 1995) : 479–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0351.1995.tb00155.x.

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Hare, Paul G. « Industrial policy in eastern Europe : The case of Hungary ». Atlantic Economic Journal 22, n^o 2 (juin 1994) : 24–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02310193.

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Bailey, David, Helena Lenihan et Alex De Ruyter. « A cautionary tale of two ‘tigers’ : Industrial policy ‘lessons’ from Ireland and Hungary ? » Local Economy : The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 31, n^o 8 (16 novembre 2016) : 873–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269094216677779.

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This paper draws industrial policy lessons for small Central and Eastern European states through a critical evaluation of recent Irish and Hungarian experiences. The paper outlines a ‘holistic view’ of industrial policy before exploring the experiences of the two economies. Whilst both have managed to ‘do’ policy well in some regards, substantial challenges remain in making foreign direct investment attraction the centrepiece of industrial policy, as has been highlighted recently. Overall, the paper suggests that wholesale emulation of the Irish and Hungarian approach is problematic for small open Central and Eastern Europe states, and that more balanced approaches to development – and hence industrial policy – are warranted.

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Pittman, Russell. « ‘Industrial demonopolization and competition policy in Poland and Hungary’ : a comment‘ ». Economics of Transition 4, n^o 2 (octobre 1996) : 491–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0351.1996.tb00185.x.

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Sarkady, Attila, Laszlo Diossy, Tatiana Yuzhakova, Robert Kurdi, Anett Utasi et Akos Redey. « INDUSTRIAL AND COMMUNAL SUSTAINABLE WASTE MANAGEMENT IN HUNGARY ». Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 12, n^o 8 (2013) : 1533–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2013.188.

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Keune, Maarten, et Alena Nesporova. « Towards an employment-promoting economic policy in Hungary ». Transfer : European Review of Labour and Research 3, n^o 2 (août 1997) : 445–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425899700300221.

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Breuss, Fritz, et Jean Tesche. « A general equilibrium evaluation of trade and industrial policy changes in Austria and Hungary ». Review of World Economics 130, n^o 3 (septembre 1994) : 534–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02707612.

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Molnár, György, Balázs Bazsalya, Lajos Bódis et Judit Kálmán. « Public works in Hungary : ». socio.hu 9, Special Issue (18 juin 2020) : 117–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18030/socio.hu.2019en.116.

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This paper reviews the past 10 years of the Hungarian public works system in an international context. It describes changes in the system of public works over time, its various forms, its regional allocation mechanisms and the decision-making and planning process. In that respect, it explores the motivations of the key players, including the central planner, the employment service and the municipalities, as well as their interactions. The analysis is based on interviews conducted in the competent ministries, at national public works providers, the county and district offices of the public employment system and municipalities on one hand, and quantitative data analyses on the entire public works database for the period of 2011-2014, on the other hand.Originally intended to be a labour market policy tool, public works programmes assumed more significant social and municipality management functions, partly because of the extraordinary expansion of their volume. None of their functions performs adequately in the regulatory environment developed; however, they play a key role in mitigating social tensions in disadvantaged rural areas. The planning and regional allocation mechanisms of public works are in many ways similar to the planning procedure of state socialism and provide scope for the of plan bargaining, based on information asymmetry. As a result, this mechanism creates impacts different from the stated objectives in somerespects. The most disadvantaged municipalities thus have proportionately fewer public works participants than would be expected based on the number of long-term unemployed. The system of public works has had a considerable impact on local power structures and transformed the functions of mayors. The responsibility for tackling labour market problems was transferred from the competent employment services to municipalities without expertise, which also had a negative impact on the Public Employment Service.

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Zilahy, Gyula, et Simon Milton. « The environmental activities of industrial park organisations in Hungary ». Progress in Industrial Ecology, An International Journal 5, n^o 5/6 (2008) : 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/pie.2008.023409.

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SAFTA-ZECHERIA, Leyla, Mihaela MITESCU MANEA et Eszter NEUMANN. « TEACHERS’ RIGHT TO HEALTH IN THE POLICY DEBATES DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN HUNGARY AND ROMANIA ». Journal of Pedagogy - Revista de Pedagogie LXX, n^o 2 (décembre 2022) : 67–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.26755/revped/2022.2/67.

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At the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic, governments worldwide suspended face-to-face education in schools to manage the spread of the Sars-Cov-2 virus. Romania and Hungary were not exceptional in this regard during the first wave of the pandemic. However, further along, the two countries’ policy pathways strongly diverged. Hungary strategized keeping schools open to ensure parents could attend to their employment obligations. Romania suspended face-to-face education in schools for long periods. The paper looks at these two national cases through a Critical Frame Analysis (Dombos et al., 2012) of education policy debates during the initial three waves of the pandemic (March 2020 – July 2021). It answers the question: How were the health rights of teachers and the health crisis in education framed in the education policy debates during the Covid-19 pandemic? Policy documents and policy related position documents by non-government actors were selected by country experts from both countries and coded inductively looking at the right to education, the right to health, and the relationship between economic activities and education. We present our findings concerning how teachers’ rights to health are featured in the policy debates between the government, oppositional political parties, trade unions and other stakeholders. Finally, we use our analysis to point to recommendations addressing the complex challenge of equally ensuring vulnerable pupils’ rights to education and teachers’ rights to health through coherent crisis management policies.

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Fogarassy, Csaba, Bálint Horváth, Linda Szőke et Attila Kovács. « Low-carbon innovation policy with the use of biorenewables in the transport sector until 2030 ». Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 9, n^o 4 (30 décembre 2015) : 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2015/4/6.

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The topic of the present study deals with the changes and future trends of the European Union’s climate policy. In addition, it studies the manner in which Hungary’s transport sector contributes to the success of the above. The general opinion of Hungarian climate policy is that the country has no need of any substantial climate policy measures, since it will be able to reach its emission reduction targets anyway. This is mostly true, because the basis year for the long term goals is around the middle/end of the 1980’s, when Hungary’s pollution indices were entirely different than today due to former large-scale industrial production. With the termination of these inefficient energy systems, Hungary has basically been “performing well” since the change in political system without taking any specific steps in the interest of doing so. The analysis of the commitments for the 2020-2030 climate policy planning period, which defined emissions commitments compared to 2005 GHG emissions levels, has also garnered similar political reactions in recent years. Thus, it is not the issue of decreasing GHG emissions but the degree to which possible emissions can be increased stemming from the conditions and characteristics of economic growth that is important from the aspect of economic policy. In 2005, the Hungarian transport sector’s emissions amounted to 11 million tons, which is equal to 1.2% of total EU emissions, meaning it does not significantly influence total transport emissions. However, the stakes are still high for developing a low GHG emission transport system, since that will decide whether Hungary can avoid those negative development tendencies that have plagued the majority of Western European transport systems. Can Budapest avoid the scourge of perpetual smog and traffic jams? Can it avert the immeasurable accumulation of externalities on the capital city’s public bypass roads caused by having road transport conduct goods shipping? JEL classification: Q58

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Kravtseniouk, T. « Merger regulation in Central and Eastern Europe : Evidence from Hungary, Romania and Slovenia ». Acta Oeconomica 52, n^o 3 (septembre 2002) : 327–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aoecon.52.2002.3.3.

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This paper shows the principal features of merger control in selected transition economies of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), namely Hungary, Romania and Slovenia, by applying case study methodology. The presented findings are based on the analysis of Hungarian, Romanian and Slovenian competition law and merger rulings reached by the Competition Offices of these countries. A substantial part of the conclusions is drawn from a sample of 42 merger applications processed by the Office of Economic Competition of Hungary between 1994 and 2000. The results of empirical analysis demonstrate the considerable flexibility of merger control in the studied countries, its orientation towards the future of domestic markets and a close link with industrial policy. The paper also highlights the areas of interdependence of competition policy and transition and argues that merger control in the studied CEE countries may be regarded as currently adequate to the requirements imposed by transition.

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Remak, Joachim, et Lawrence Sondhaus. « The Naval Policy of Austria-Hungary, 1867-1918 : Navalism, Industrial Development, and the Politics of Dualism. » American Historical Review 100, n^o 5 (décembre 1995) : 1625. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2170013.

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Strong, George, et Lawrence Sondhaus. « The Naval Policy of Austria-Hungary, 1867-1918 : Navalism, Industrial Development, and the Politics of Dualism ». German Studies Review 18, n^o 2 (mai 1995) : 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1431853.

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Zehnder, R. D., et Lawrence Sondhaus. « The Naval Policy of Austria-Hungary, 1867-1918 : Navalism, Industrial Development, and the Politics of Dualism. » Journal of Military History 59, n^o 2 (avril 1995) : 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2944589.

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Dean, M. C. « The Naval Policy of Austria-Hungary, 1867-1918 : Navalism, Industrial Development, and the Politics of Dualism ». German History 13, n^o 3 (1 juillet 1995) : 413–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gh/13.3.413.

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Singh, Devesh, Zoltan Gal, Raqif Huseynov et Michał Wojtaszek. « Determining the Performance Measurement of SME from Economic Value Added : Study on Hungary, Somogy County ». Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 18(33), n^o 2 (2 juillet 2018) : 270–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2018.18.2.54.

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EVA (Economic Value Added) permits commercial businesses to figure out whether the business is operating in profit and the money can be put into effect into a more profitable source. A leading EVA is a sign that the company has a greater value. The goal of this study is to identify if SMEs' actions carried out on a daily basis are able to generate economic value added for their business. The study is based on a comparative study between Hungary and 28 EU countries. The study is carried out in Hungary’s region of Somogy county. First, the variables for research were created and research was carried out at ground level. The research used the Expletory Factor analysis method to find EVA determinants. The results showed that determinants work together to reshape the regional industrial growth. The research demonstrated that finance and sluggish production are the major determinants in Somogy county. Entrepreneurs' skills and finance have the major impact, which means that to achieve a high growth in SMEs, policy makers have to solve these two problems and make the policy concentric toward finance and high skill development problem.

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Süli-Zakar, István. « The Formation of Social and Economic Peripheries in Hungary after the Change of Regime ». Landscape & ; Environment 10, n^o 3-4 (13 septembre 2016) : 179–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21120/le/10/3-4/11.

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The Hungarian industrial revolution started in the second half of the 19th century, which caused therevaluation of the geographical peripheries in Hungary. After the Trianon Treaty the rural areas of Hungarylost their foreign markets and became the "country of three million beggars". The socialist industrializationof the systems of Rákosi and Kádár absorbed the surplus of rural labour, but the industrializationmeant the redistributive exploitation of the agricultural areas and the further impoverishment. Afterthe political transition in 1989, the rural Hungary could not be the "pantry of the Council for MutualEconomic Assistance", and the final crisis of the Hungarian agricultural sales finalized the deformationof the three-quarters of Hungary, the major part of the rural areas in Hungary. In the recent decades thebrain drain worked in the Hungarian peripheries, the disinvestment and the pauperization increased.The emerging of the new latifundia and the monoculture commodity production operate independently,separated from the Hungarian rural people in the sense of ownerships and production. As the result ofthese negative processes, significant part of the society in the peripheral areas declassed. In this hopelesssituation awareness only a conscious regional policy and above all, a very well-considered education isonly able to offer a chance for break

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Balog, Ádám. « Tax evasion and the shadow economy in Hungary ». Society and Economy 37, s1 (décembre 2015) : 11–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/204.2015.37.s.3.

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The fight against the shadow economy and tax evasion is among priority policy objectives in most developed countries. In addition to causing significant budget revenue shortfalls, the shadow economy and tax evasion distort the quality of statistics and market competition. Based on the theoretical and empirical literature, this paper presents the underlying reasons behind the shadow economy and estimates on the size of the shadow economy in Hungary. Furthermore, it draws conclusions on the whitening effects of recent policy measures, based on the most recent statistics of the National Labour Office and the retail sales statistics.

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Somlyódy, L., K. Buzás, A. Clement et Z. Melicz. « Strategies for Approximating EU Legislation in Hungary : The Sajó River Case ». Water Science and Technology 40, n^o 10 (1 novembre 1999) : 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0506.

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The Hungarian watershed of the Sajó River (a shared river basin with Slovakia), representing about 5% of the country's population and territory was used as a case study to analyze issues of EU accession with special regard to drinking water supply and urban wastewater management. In the past the Sajó was one of the most contaminated Hungarian rivers due to industrial, transboundary and municipal emissions. For today its quality became acceptable due to industrial transformation and municipal wastewater management. The uniqueness of the problem stems from the fact that 30% of the population lives in small settlements of low level of water service. In the frame of the present study large number of water supply, sewerage and wastewater treatment strategies were developed to study the solution of existing problems and to meet EU requirements. For transboundary loads several scenarios were prepared. The investment costs of alternatives were evaluated on the basis of a detailed comparison of international and national estimation techniques. Water quality impacts in terms of traditional components were assessed by using models. Affordability was analyzed and a phased development policy was recommended.

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Andor, László. « From Budapest to Maastricht. Perspectives and problems of the eastward enlargement of the euro area ». Transfer : European Review of Labour and Research 9, n^o 4 (novembre 2003) : 688–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890300900411.

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In 2004 the European Union will be enlarged to include ten new Member States, eight of them from the former Soviet bloc. These countries have made outstanding progress in terms of macroeconomic development in recent years, but there remain a number of specific problems which raise doubts as to the future monetary integration of these countries. Hungary is a case in point that illustrates both the achievements and the difficulties of the transition process. In July 2003 the Hungarian government and the National Bank of Hungary (NBH) announced in a joint declaration that Hungary would introduce the euro as national currency on 1 January 2008. The political elite, the policy-makers and the wider public take for granted the benefits of replacing the forint with the euro, while repeated turbulence on the financial markets highlights the fragility of convergence and currency reform. This article discusses various aspects of this unusual period of monetary history.

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Lengyel, Imre. « The Pyramid Model : Enhancing Regional Competitiveness in Hungary ». Acta Oeconomica 54, n^o 3 (1 novembre 2004) : 323–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aoecon.54.2004.3.3.

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The notion of competitiveness figures nowadays frequently and centrally both in economic policy and in regional development. Current economic development programmes, in short, have been directly responsible for the increasing attention devoted to analyses of regional competitiveness. At the same time, there is a growing consensus that a single notion of competitiveness can be found to describe processes of the globalising economy for companies (microlevel), industrial sectors and regions (mesolevel) as well as for national economies (macrolevel). The standard (common) concept of competitiveness has been partly developed in order to serve as a widely accepted theoretical definition, which can be measured and also be used by economic development policies. Competitiveness is intimately bound up with successful economic development. This study reviews the conceptual background and some special aspects of competitiveness and also looks more closely at one of the basic models of enhancing regional competitiveness. First, some aspects of the standard notion of competitiveness are discussed. Then some key indicators of the competitiveness of Hungarian regions will be investigated. I shall end by introducing the so-called pyramid model, which has been designed to measure and improve regional competitiveness.

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Stanojevic, Miroslav. « Industrial Relations in ‘Post-Communism’ : Workplace Co- operation in Hungary and Slovenia ». Journal of East European Management Studies 6, n^o 4 (2001) : 400–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0949-6181-2001-4-400.

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Tarrósy, István. « African immigrants in Hungary : Connection with the new national foreign policy ». Society and Economy 36, n^o 2 (1 juin 2014) : 285–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/socec.36.2014.2.8.

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Hamilton, C. I. « Book Review : The Naval Policy of Austria-Hungary, 1867–1918 : Navalism, Industrial Development and the Politics of Dualism ». International Journal of Maritime History 7, n^o 1 (juin 1995) : 252–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/084387149500700117.

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Höbelt, Lothar. « The Naval Policy of Austria-Hungary, 1867-1918 : Navalism, Industrial Development, and the Politics of Dualism. Lawrence Sondhaus ». Journal of Modern History 68, n^o 1 (mars 1996) : 253–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/245336.

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Kornai, János. « Hungary’S U-Turn ». Society and Economy 37, n^o 3 (septembre 2015) : 279–329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/204.2015.37.3.1.

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For two decades Hungary, like the other Eastern European countries, followed a general policy of establishing and strengthening the institutions of democracy, rule of law, and a market economy based on private property. However, since the elections of 2010, when Viktor Orbán’s Fidesz party came to power, Hungary has made a dramatic U-turn. This article investigates the different spheres of society: political institutions, the rule of law, and the influence of state and market on one another, as well as the world of ideology (education, science and art), and describes the U-turn’s implications for these fields and the effect it has on the life of people. It argues against the frequent misunderstandings in the interpretation and evaluation of the Hungarian situation, pointing out some typical intellectual fallacies. It draws attention to the dangers of strengthening nationalism, and to the ambivalence evident in Hungarian foreign policy, and looks into the relationship between Hungary and the Western world, particularly the European Union. Finally, it outlines the possible scenarios resulting from future developments in the Hungarian situation.

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Székely, Miklós. « Programul unei vieți : rolul lui Lajos Pákei în înființarea Muzeului Industrial și a Școlii Industriale din Cluj ». Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Historia Artium 66, n^o 1 (30 décembre 2021) : 115–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbhistart.2021.05.

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"One Life’s Mission: Lajos Pákei’s Role in Establishing the Industrial Museum and the Industrial School in Cluj. The development of museums and schools of industry took place in some important industrial cities of the Dual-Monarchy, a part of the capitals in Salzburg, Graz, Prague, Brno, Czernowitz starting from the 1870-1880s. In the last quarter of the 19th century several school and some museum buildings of industry were erected in Hungary. Some of these new edifices were capable of performing dual, educational and museum tasks due to their special spaces: their list includes Ödön Lechner’s Museum of Applied Arts in Budapest, Alajos Hauszmann’s Technologic Museum of Industry in Budapest and Lajos Pákei’s Museum of Industry in Kolozsvár (Cluj Napoca). It is exactly in this period that Lajos Pákei graduated from Theophil Hansen’s studio in Vienna, and soon after, in 1880 he became chief architect of the city of Kolozsvár. In his new position the young architect played a prominent role in the infrastructural and institutional modernization of the city. One of the biggest investments of the city focused on the reshaping of the industrial institutional structure – this process was articulated around the foundation of the Museum and School of Industry of the city. Acting also as the director and professor of architectural disciplines in the school of industry of the city he had a significant impact on the development of a master builder, stone and wood carving classes and moreover in the curriculum of the educational profile of the institution. Lajos Pákei followed the architectural principles of Camillo Sitte in terms of urban city planning in Kolozsvár under the influence of the Austrian architects work published in 1889 entitled Der Städtebau nach seinen künstlerischen Grundsätzen. Kolozsvár, the par excellence renaissance town of historic Hungary. The town was the birthplace of the last great medieval king of Hungary, the earliest renaissance ruler over the Alps, King Mathias (1443-1490) whose political and cultural legacy as national king and the town’s long goldsmith and woodcarving activity have become a points of reference the late 19th century discourse on the modernization of Kolozsvár. Lajos Pákei was one of the members of the first generation of architects having accomplished their studies in the new political circumstances related to the creation of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Lajos Pákei in Kolozsvár has completed diverse missions simultaneously such as did Camillo Sitte in Vienna or Joseph Leitzner in Czernowitz: he actively reshaped the urban spaces of his city, made architectural plans for the industrial museum and school, as director he influenced the educational profile of the school of industry and the acquisition policy of the museum of industry. Lajos Pákei prepared several plans for this building of dual function through almost first fifteen years. After a number of design changes the museum-school building was finally built between 1896 and 1898. Due to the rapidly growing collection, the shift in the acquisition policy from technological profile to applied arts objects, the growing number of students soon it became too small, and the construction of a purely museum building has become necessary. The building of the museum of industry has been erected in 1903–1904 opposite the previous one, according to the plans of Lajos Pákei. The first, museum-school building followed the construction principles of Hungarian secondary school architecture of its time, including a centrally positioned external wing for the technological collection. The second one – planned purely for museum purposes – followed the latest example of applied art museum buildings, the one of Joseph Schulz in Prague built in 1897–1901. The history of two buildings of Lajos Pákei in Kolozsvár reflect the specialization of educational and museum spaces, the characteristics of the changing models in industrial education and presentation of the changing profile of the collection as “ideal of a modern museum” as an attempt to develop. The study interprets the foundation and the management of the museum and school of industry as the lifetime project of Lajos Pákei in the context of architectural modernization (both in education and practice) in the Dual Monarchy and in the theoretical framework of urban planning. Keywords: urban planning, museum of industry, vocational education, decorative arts, museum of decorative arts "

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Cserháti, Ilona, et Károly Pirisi. « Industry 4.0 and some social consequences : Impact assessment by microsimulation for Hungary ». Society and Economy 42, n^o 2 (juin 2020) : 105–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/204.2020.00010.

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AbstractThe expected future impact of the fourth industrial revolution is a hotly debated issue in the literature. The majority of papers focus on quantifying the expected impacts on labour demand, or on a specific country, or on huge macro-regions – and the estimates differ widely. Our paper focuses on the impact assessment of Industry 4.0 on the expected structure of employment, wages and inequalities in Hungary. We built a static microsimulation model for our analysis, where the “EU Survey of Income and Living Conditions Hungary 2017” dataset was used as a starting point. Projections by the European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training (CEDEFOP) were used for policy simulations on future employment by sector and by occupational group for each European Union (EU) member state. The analysis also elaborates our own augmented vision about the expected labour demand changes and expected wage trends. Based on this information, the spill-over effects were calculated regarding wage structure and inequalities by sector, region and the highest educational attainment.

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Wu, Yue, et Katalin Takács-György. « Comparison of Consuming Habits on Organic Food—Is It the Same ? Hungary Versus China ». Sustainability 14, n^o 13 (27 juin 2022) : 7800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14137800.

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Organic food, a name for healthy food and sustainable or green food consumption, has become popular worldwide. Especially due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the demand for healthy food is increasing worldwide. In order to better understand consumer behavior toward organic food between different countries in different adoption stages of organic food and provide valuable information for industrial practitioners and researchers. We conducted a comparative study between Hungary and China. The organic food market is well developed in Hungary, while the market is starting to be popular in China. What factors can affect consumers buying organic food in Hungary and China? And what can be an efficient marketing tool for consumers to buy organic food in Hungary and China? The English and Chinese version surveys were conducted from 374 Chinese respondents and 207 Hungarian respondents by convenient sampling methods from March 2021 to April 2021, and the data were analyzed by SPSS software for correlation analysis. The statistical analysis results concluded that personal characteristics influence consumer behavior in Hungary and China, such as age, education level, occupation, living area scale, income, and gender. The dominant reason for Hungarian and Chinese respondents to buy organic food is food safety and health and environmentally friendly. And the reason for them to refuse organic food purchases is the high price, which is different from the previous study in Hungary. The most welcomed organic food product is organic fruits and organic vegetables in Hungary and China. The most efficient marketing tool for them to buy organic food is social media. And different marketing tools combination varies in Hungary and China. Hungarian respondents are more willing to buy organic food, while Chinese respondents are happier to recommend organic food to other consumers.

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Duman, Anil, et Lucia Kureková. « The role of state in development of socio-economic models in Hungary and Slovakia : the case of industrial policy ». Journal of European Public Policy 19, n^o 8 (octobre 2012) : 1207–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2012.709018.

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Németh, András Olivér, Petra Németh et Péter Vékás. « Demographics, Labour Market, and Pension Sustainability in Hungary ». Society and Economy 42, n^o 2 (juin 2020) : 146–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/204.2019.015.

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The sustainability of an unfunded pension system depends highly on demographic and labour market trends, i.e. how fertility, mortality, and employment rates change. In this paper we provide a brief summary of recent developments in these fields in Hungary and draw up a picture of the current situation. Then, we forecast the path of the economic old-age dependency ratio, i.e. the ratio of the elderly and employed populations. We make different alternative assumptions about fertility, mortality, and employment rates. According to our baseline scenario the dependency ratio is expected to rise from 40.6% to 77% by 2050. Such a sharp increase makes policy intervention inevitable. Based on our sensitivity analysis, the only viable remedy is increasing the retirement age.

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Qiang, Gu, et Akós Hutter. « Inspiration from the History of Chinese and Hungarian Building Ceramics Manufacturing Technology to Industrial Smoke Control ». Tobacco Regulatory Science 7, n^o 5 (30 septembre 2021) : 2934–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18001/trs.7.5.1.62.

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Chinese and Hungarian architectural ceramics manufacturing technology is of the same origin, and both have certain influence in the world. In particular, Zsolnay, a Hungarian architectural ceramics brand, has made breakthroughs and innovations in the production process of products in the inheritance of more than 100 years, forming a unique architectural ceramics manufacturing technology. It can effectively reduce the concentration of flue gas particulate matter and sulfur dioxide produced in production. The historical experience of the development of building ceramic manufacturing technology in China and Hungary is of enlightenment to the current industrial smoke control.

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Kovács, Olivér. « Talent-competitiveness of Hungary — Decline without “Fleurs du Mal” ». Society and Economy 38, n^o 4 (décembre 2016) : 537–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/204.2016.38.4.6.

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This paper offers some ammunition to better understand Hungary’s position in the IMD World Talent Report 2015 (IMD WTR 2015). First, it gives a brief overview of the methodology of the IMD WTR by highlighting its main features. Second, it presents the 2015 ranking and puts the focus on Hungary’s withering talent competitiveness. The paper conveys the message that an overarching and consistent reform package is a must in the education system to foster talent utilisation. However, such a package is likely to be insufficient unless economic policy addresses the relevant shortcomings of the Hungarian innovation ecosystem.

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Boda, Dorottya, et László Neumann. « Social dialogue in Hungary and its influence on EU accession ». Transfer : European Review of Labour and Research 6, n^o 3 (août 2000) : 416–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890000600307.

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The paper reviews the positions of the Hungarian social partners on the labour issues relating to EU accession. In addition to the topics dealt with in the 'Social Policy and Employment' chapter in the accession negotiations, the paper also discusses unions' and employers'views on labour migration, as well as how the adaptation of EU regulations in various sectors is likely to affect employment prospects. The paper argues that, on the one hand, social dialogue on EU accession can become more meaningful if employers and unions develop a co-ordinated strategy. On the other hand, appropriate back-up by experts is also required, because social partners ought to influence the complex system of negotiations being conducted, by experts of both the EU Commission and the Hungarian government, behind the scenes of high-level political negotiations. The authors also analyse the operation of social dialogue fora dedicated to EU accession issues. Hungary was the first East European candidate country to establish a joint committee with the Economic and Social Council (ESC), and within the country labour-related issues of accession have been delegated to the newly founded European Integration Council. In these fora the behaviour of trade unions is largely a consequence of the frustration over the fact that the current right-wing coalition government does not wish to go any further than formally observe the unions' consulting rights on major issues. At the same time organisational weakness and internal divisions still exist on the trade union side.

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Terletzki, Peggy, et Claudia-Yvette Matthes. « Tripartite Bargaining and its Impact on Stabilisation Policy in Central and Eastern Europe ». International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 21, Issue 3 (1 septembre 2005) : 369–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2005019.

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Abstract: In this paper we examine the impact of self-imposed governmental constraints (by tripartite arrangements) and the timing of reforms (window of opportunity) on the successful implementation of large-scale reforms (fiscal stabilisation policy) in seven Central and Eastern European Countries. By analysing different sources and conducting interviews with experts and members of the tripartite councils, we consider the impact of tripartite structures on the government decision-making process in Bulgaria, Estonia, the Czech and Slovak Republics, Hungary, Poland and Slovenia. Our findings indicate that the early and continuously stabilising countries secured their policy-making by factors other than tripartite bargaining. In those countries that took a second, later approach to fiscal stabilisation, with a more confrontational style and stronger trade unions, tripartite bargaining proved to be a successful instrument.

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Milošević, Svetlana. « Fiscal policy in the function of encouraging investment in research and development in selected countries in the region ». International Review, n^o 3-4 (2021) : 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/intrev2103169m.

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Investing in research and development is a trend in modern business conditions, because it is expected to improve economic growth and improve competitiveness. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the fiscal policy in the surrounding countries, which invest in research and development more than Serbia does. In that way, it can be seen whether some of the analyzed measures could be applied in Serbia as well. The analysis showed that Hungary has the most extensive network of tax incentives for research and development, which records the largest investments in research and development.

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Howes, Victoria. « Challenges of European Enlargement : Regulation of Health and Safety in Hungary and Poland ». International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 20, Issue 2 (1 juin 2004) : 253–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2004014.

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Abstract: One of the essential requirements in the Copenhagen criteria for the 10 acceding countries is full alignment with the Community acquis communautaire. A large number of EC laws, especially in the form of directives, in the area of social policy, and in particular in the field of health and safety, have been adopted by the Community and need to be implemented by the date of accession. Full and correct transposition of the EC directives into the national laws is the first vital stage towards correct implementation. This article concentrates in particular on Framework Directive 89/391 and examines the approaches of Hungary and Poland to meeting the criteria and adapting to Community requirements in the area of health and safety. It is argued that there are still deficiencies in meeting the true requirements of the Directive in both countries and that these must be resolved before accession.

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Szukits, Ágnes. « Controllers’ profession in contemporary organisations – Evidence from Hungary ». Journal of East European Management Studies 24, n^o 1 (2019) : 8–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0949-6181-2019-1-8.

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Horváthová, Brigitte, et Michael Dobbins. « Organised Interests in the Energy Sector : A Comparative Study of the Influence of Interest Groups in Czechia and Hungary ». Politics and Governance 7, n^o 1 (28 mars 2019) : 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/pag.v7i1.1784.

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In this article, we explore civil society mobilisation and the impact of organised interests on the energy policies of two post-communist countries—Hungary and Czechia—and specifically nuclear energy. Drawing on numerous hypotheses from the literature on organised interests, we explore how open both political systems are for civil society input and what interest group-specific and socio-economic factors mediate the influence of organised interests. Based on the preference attainment method, our case studies focus on the extent to which organised interests have succeeded bringing nuclear energy legislation in line with their preferences. We find that while both democracies are open to civil society input, policy-making is generally conducted in state-industrial circles, whereby anti-nuclear and renewable energy advocates are at best able to make minor corrections to already pre-determined policies.

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Böröcz, Mária, Bálint Horváth, Boglárka Herczeg et Attila Kovács. « Greener cement sector and potential climate strategy development between 2015-2030 (Hungarian case study) ». Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 9, n^o 4 (30 décembre 2015) : 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2015/4/9.

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Advancing the domestic industrial production towards a sustainable, resource-preserving direction can become an important pillar to support competitiveness in the European Union, as well as in Hungary. Reaching the de-carbonization goals for industrial production via lowering the production volume may result in less desirable macro-economic effects, so decisions which concern the industry require a lot of attention from the climate policy as well. In the case of the cement sector, economic actors have to be motivated to make energy-efficiency investments and technology developments, which also show promise in terms of business efficiency. In the more natural-resource-intensive branches of the industry, both innovations and technological developments will be required to reduce the amount of used non-renewable energy resources, keep it in the industrial cycle, and reduce environmental load. The importance of greener cement will be essential in the near future to reduce the sector’s CO2 emission levels. We need to identify more sector branches which relate to sustainability, which can aid the country in establishing long-term competitiveness that points towards the de-carbonization goals. The cost-efficiency aspects of this development process are the most tedious questions in today’s business planning. JEL classification: Q55

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Bringye, Bernadett, Maria Fekete-Farkas et Szergej Vinogradov. « An Analysis of Mushroom Consumption in Hungary in the International Context ». Agriculture 11, n^o 7 (18 juillet 2021) : 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11070677.

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It is hardly an exaggeration to state that producing and consuming mushrooms may provide an answer to several of the challenges facing mankind. This research is related to the UN sustainable development goals relative to different issues. First of all, mushroom production uses agricultural and industrial byproducts as inputs and being labor intensive contributes to the job and income creation for undereducated people in less developed areas. In addition, as mushrooms have high protein content and they are a suitable alternative for meat for populations with a diet lacking in variety; at the same time, they also have the potential for food connoisseurs and consumers who make conscious and educated choices to improve their diet by using healthful and environmentally friendly methods. The nutritional value of mushrooms means that consumption could be an important supplementary therapy for several illnesses. The key issue of sector development is the increasing demand. In order to address this, investigation and research related to consumer behavior is needed. The aim of this research was to explore the dimensions of Hungarian mushroom consumer behavior and to segment Hungarian consumers. An online questionnaire survey was conducted between December 2019 and February 2020 and the final sample of 1768 respondents was considered for the purposes of analysis. Exploratory factor analysis was used to identify groups of correlating variables describing mushroom consumption. The authors identified four dimensions of Hungarian mushroom consumer behavior: (1) medicinal and functional properties, (2) consumption for enjoyment, (3) supplementary food source, and (4) negative assessment of the product range. Using cluster analysis, three consumer groups were identified: (1) health-conscious consumers, (2) indifferent consumers, and (3) average consumers. The research results indicated that consumers’ sociodemographic characteristics (age, educational level, marital status, and place of residence) have a significant impact on mushroom consumption behavior. The results of this paper can have implications for policy makers and business management in diversifying their production and selecting marketing tools.

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Ujhelyi, Nelli. « „YOU DO IT QUIETLY, YOU HELP AND THAT'S IT.” THE EXPERIENCE OF VOLUNTEERING THROUGH A CASE EXAMPLE ». Különleges Bánásmód - Interdiszciplináris folyóirat 2022, n^o 3 (30 septembre 2022) : 89–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.18458/kb.2022.3.89.

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The largest population movement in the history of Europe since the Second World War has been the migration process of recent years, which also appeared in Hungary in 2015. The significant demographic movement has resulted in important social reactions and has developed different narratives in the civil and also in the power fields. In Hungary, the refugee issue has become a decisive topic of political discourse since 2015, and the party coalition was among the first in Europe to represent the security policy. As a result, the refugees appeared as a source of danger, so the government has rejected them. In spite of this, the grassroots volunteer groups were organized in the civil sphere, who helped the refugee masses passing through Hungary in 2015. This paper analyses a very brief but very intense manifestation of Hungarian civil society involvement as a social response to current conflicts. We will look at how the 2015 migration wave grassroots crisis management took place in Debrecen. This cultural anthropological research is based on online and offline participatory observations and semi-structured interviews and informal conversations with volunteers who helped refugees in Debrecen. This study focuses on the motivations, attitudes, social responsibility of volunteers and their voluntary activity embedded in broader socio-political conditions. The first part of the article shows the formation and operational peculiarities of solidarity philanthropic organization with refugees in Debrecen. Then follows the individual aspects of volunteering. Finally, it will be discussed the socio-political context of the civil voluntary movement, the political interpretations of refugee assistance, and its impact on volunteering. With outlining a segment of the contemporary volunteer phenomenon we can get closer to provide a framework for understanding the possibilities of the recent civil sphere.

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Vamosi, Tamás S. « Management between continuity and change a case study from Hungary ». Journal of East European Management Studies 6, n^o 2 (2001) : 121–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0949-6181-2001-2-121.

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Cserháti, Ilona, Tibor Keresztély et Tibor Takács. « Examination of inequalities in Hungary by microsimulation in consistency with macro data ». Society and Economy 38, n^o 4 (décembre 2016) : 479–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/204.2016.38.4.3.

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Effective decision making uses various databases including both micro and macro level datasets. In many cases it is a big challenge to ensure the consistency of the two levels. Different types of problems can occur and several methods can be used to solve them. The paper concentrates on the input alignment of the households’ income for microsimulation, which means refers to improving the elements of a micro data survey (EU-SILC) by using macro data from administrative sources. We use a combined micro-macro model called ECONS-TAX for this improvement. We also produced model projections until 2015 which is important because the official EU-SILC micro database will only be available in Hungary in the summer of 2017. The paper presents our estimations about the dynamics of income elements and the changes in income inequalities. Results show that the aligned data provides a different level of income inequality, but does not affect the direction of change from year to year. However, when we analyzed policy change, the use of aligned data caused larger differences both in income levels and in their dynamics.

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Omarbayev, Y. K., V. T. Tarakchi, K. К. Bazarbayev et Zh Zh Kumganbayev. « Subjects of Austria-Hungary in Western Siberia and Turkestan in the early twentieth century (1900–1917) ». Rusin, n^o 64 (2021) : 135–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18572685/64/7.

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In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Russian Empire played an important role in the processes of European migration. Of particular importance was the migration policy with the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The Czechs, Rusins, Poles, and Slovaks, who belonged to the Austro-Hungarian population, settled mainly in the European part of the Russian Empire and engaged mainly in agriculture, while the Austrians and Germans opened industrial enterprises in the cities of Western Siberia (Governor- Generalship of the Steppes, 1882–1918). In general, there were two reasons why the Austro-Hungarians settled in Western Siberia and Turkestan: some voluntarily resettled and contributed to the economic and social development of the regions, while others had to move here as prisoners of war. However, it should be noted that in both cases, the tsarist administration did not restrict their social and legal status. The article examines the reasons for the stay of Austro-Hungarian subjects in Western Siberia and Turkestan, as well as their impact on the socio-economic situation of these regions. Austro- Hungarian immigrants, as well as immigrants from other European countries, acted as transmitters of new entrepreneurial experience, advanced technologies, and Western entrepreneurial culture. The descendants of immigrants from the Austro-Hungarian lands became part of the multinational composition of Western Siberia and Turkestan.

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Galbács, Peter. « The age of symbolic economic policies ? » Society and Economy 37, n^o 2 (juin 2015) : 245–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/204.2015.37.2.6.

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This paper offers a few remarks on the so-called heterodoxy commentaries of recent times (e.g. Bod 2013, Csaba 2011). In accordance with the growing popularity of unusual economic policy actions, a set of “tools” is emerging that aims to exert its effects breaking with instrumental actions. Outlining a special framework of the history of mainstream economics, it will be argued that economic policy only gradually has become capable of applying this system. In our view, both the emergence of symbolic economic policies mentioned above and the rise of heterodoxy are on the same level, since certain governments can only operate through giving signals. Although it is not the time to formulate ultimate and eternal generalised statements, it may perhaps be stated that symbolic economic policies can make some room for manoeuvring available as a last resort. In other words, the possibility of a certain kind of economic policy “tools” can be derived from theoretical considerations, and this set has become highlighted recently by some constraining changes in the macroeconomic environment. Our theoretical framework will be filled sporadically with some episodes from the last few years of the economic policy of Hungary.

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Horbachenko, O. V. « CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE EXTERNAL FUNCTIONS OF UKRAINE AND HUNGARY UNDER A THEORETICAL AND LEGAL PRISM ». Legal Bulletin 64, n^o 3 (12 mai 2022) : 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31732/2708-339x-2022-03-29-36.

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The modern globalized world needs the creation of a new type of international relations. The state cannot exist by itself, for its successful development it is necessary to actively cooperate with the international community. These are permanent good-neighborly relations, cooperation with leading democratic countries, and participation and active activity in universal and regional international organizations. This is required from the state, the medium type, and the existence of external threats, such as armed aggression, information wars, economic blockades by other states. The latest type of international relations, considering such factors as globalization, the transformation of modern society from post- industrial to information society, brings significant changes to the interaction of various types of external state activity. In the theory of the state and law, the functions of the state are classified according to the following criteria: according to the quintessence and tasks, according to the direction of the functions, according to the methods and means of their implementation, according to the spheres of state activity, according to the social weight of the functions, according to their time frames, etc. Recognizing that each of these scientific classifications has the right to exist, we support the opinion of those scientists who refer to such a classification the division of state functions by spheres of activity of the latter into internal and external functions of the state. Take for example the defense function of the state, which directly depends on its integration into the collective security system. Functions of the state are formalized tasks of activity for a specific period, of a specific state in the sphere of regulation of social relations, in particular, of an external nature, using methods not prohibited by national and international law in order to achieve the most advantageous positions of influence. The following sub-functions of the syncretic external function of the modern state are distinguished: foreign policy (diplomatic); defense of the state against external military aggression; foreign economic; establishment of international humanitarian relations; environmental or ecological (participation in international environmental protection); countering international terrorism and international organized crime. Within the scope of this article, we consider Ukrainian foreign policy (diplomatic), foreign economic and establishment of international humanitarian ties.

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Tyc, Tomasz, et Aleksandra Firek. « The impact of policy response to Covid-19 on the transportation and storage sector in Visegrad Countries (V4) ». Journal of Civil Engineering and Transport 4, n^o 4 (31 décembre 2022) : 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/tren.2022.015.

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The paper is devoted to analysing national policy responses to the economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Visegrad countries (Czechia, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia) - on both the macroeconomic and microeconomic level. Focus is given to the transportation and storage sector (NACE Rev. 2 code H). The pandemic unevenly impacted this sector: while specific subsectors were thriving during this period (e.g. parcel delivery services), others were suffering due to abrupt mobility changes (e.g. public & individual mobility services). Public policies were presented not only as a tool to reduce the negative impact of the pandemic but also to provide a platform to build new competitive advantages for national business entities, thus providing the rationale for an analysis of the actual impact of programs aimed at the transportation and storage sector. The impact of the state-aid focusing on the analysed was uneven between the analysed countries. Even though, the deployed programs have helped the industry to return to pre-pandemic levels within 4 quarters. This proves that apart from the structure of state-aid programs and schemes, an important factor was the pre-pandemic value chains. This could serve as a starting point for further research as more data become available.

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Bartha, Eszter. « Transforming Labour : From the Workers’ State to the Post-Socialist Re-Organization of Industry and Workplace Communities ». Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte / Economic History Yearbook 58, n^o 2 (27 novembre 2017) : 413–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbwg-2017-0015.

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Abstract The article seeks to place the workers’ road from socialism to capitalism in East Germany and Hungary in a historical context. It offers an overview of the most important elements of the party’s policy towards labour in the two countries under the Honecker and the Kádár regime respectively. It examines the highly paternalistic role of the factory as a life-long employer and provider of workers’ needs for the large industrial working class which the regime considered to be its main social basis. Given that the thesis of the working class as the ruling class was central to the legitimating ideology of the state socialist regimes, dissident intellectuals challenging this thesis were effectively marginalized or forced into exile. After the change of regimes, the “working class” again became an ideological term associated with the discredited and fallen regime. The article analyses the changes within the life-world of East German and Hungarian workers in the light of life-history interviews. It argues that in Hungary, the social and material decline of the workers – alongside the loss of the symbolic capital of the working class – reinforced ethno-centric, nationalistic narratives, which juxtaposed “globalization” and “national capitalism”, the latter supposedly protecting citizens from the exploitation by global capital. In the light of the sad reports of falling standards of living and impoverishment, the Kádár regime received an ambiguous, often nostalgic evaluation. While the East Germans were also critical of the new, capitalist society (unemployment, intensified competition for jobs, the disintegration of the old, work-based communities), they gave more credit to the post-socialist democratic institutions. They were more willing to reconcile the old socialist values which they had appreciated in the GDR with a modern left-wing critique than their Hungarian counterparts, for whom nationalism seemed to offer the only means to express social criticism.

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