Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Industrial policy – France – Rhône-Alpes »

SummaryFew studies document the impacts of conservation management practices such as extensive grazing or mowing on the new ecosystems created by industrial conversions. In southern France, the Rhône channelling led to the construction of dykes to protect the Tricastin industrialized area from floods. Aiming to control plant dynamics for safety reasons and to favour plant biodiversity, mowing or extensive grazing by cattle were recently tested. Monitoring from both permanent plots and aerial photographs shows that three years of extensive grazing and annual mechanical mowing have modified plant composition, significantly increasing plant species richness, evenness and heterogeneity. The increase in evenness and beta-diversity from grazing was significantly higher than from mowing. Only grazing was able to reduce the height and cover of the dominant tussock perennial grass species (Brachypodium phoenicoides), while increasing bare soil cover and thus the contribution of annual species. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) obtained through aerial photographic analyses confirmed the correlation between NDVI, aboveground biomass and plant species richness for the grazed site alone, allowing the results obtained from quadrats to be generalized to the scale of the grazed site. On the Rhône’s artificial dykes, extensive grazing appears to be a better management tool than mowing to enhance plant biodiversity and meet safety objectives.

Territorialization aims at improving the effectiveness of public action by adapting to local contexts and including a wide diversity of actors. In the 2000s, the French local authorities, with the support of the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD), launched more transversal and bottom-up policies on the development of mountain pastoral territories in order to counter national and European sectoral and top-down policies. This article focuses on the Territorial Pastoral Plans (TPPs), a policy of the Rhône-Alpes region, which funds projects defined collaboratively between multiple actors in pastoral territories. The objective is to shed the light on the implementation modalities of the TPPs, and to understand the strengths and weaknesses of this policy in terms of governance to respond to the sustainability challenges of the Rhône-Alpine pastoral territories. A document analysis was achieved and interviews were conducted with nine key actors from four pastoral territories. Results showed that awareness-raising and mediation projects are becoming increasingly important because of the growing conflicts linked to the multi-purpose use of these lands and to wolf predation. Moreover, the integration of environmental actors allows better consideration of ecology in projects. However, the current budgetary restrictions limit their capacity of action within the policy.

Sustainable mobility issues in rural areas, compared with urban mobility issues, have so far been poorly covered in the French and European public debate. However, local mobility issues are determining factors in territorial inequalities, regional development and ecological transition. This paper is based on preliminary findings of qualitative socio-anthropological fieldwork carried out in two rural departments of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region: Drôme and Ardèche. Our objective is to highlight how the question of sustainable local mobility is linked to governance issues and multiple overlapping institutions. We argue that analyzing stakeholders’ strategies and territorial governance is key to understanding the contemporary dynamics surrounding a transition towards a more sustainable mobility in rural areas. In order to do so, we show how the debates surrounding the adoption of a law allowing for the transfer of responsibility to local authorities for the organization of mobility services reveals the complexity of local mobility governance in rural areas and provides material for the analysis of the logics of stakeholder engagement, cooperation and conflict within the field of sustainable mobility. Through the case study of the organization of a local public transport service in a rural area, we shed light on the action of multiple stakeholders and their potentially antagonistic objectives.

Abstract After some promise in the 1990s, European unions have grown increasingly disillusioned with regard to the results of EU social policy and EU social dialogue. The paper analyses the extent and reasons of this disillusion by looking at the impact on social dialogue of the Active Inclusion Recommendation launched by the European Commission at the outset of the economic crisis in 2008. The Recommendation led to a tripartite framework agreement at the EU level in 2010 (the only such agreement in a decade), which was then to be implemented at national and regional levels. With a multilevel governance approach, the paper looks at the extent to which social dialogue on Active Inclusion at the EU level, in six EU countries (France, Italy, Poland, Spain, Sweden, and the UK) and six regions (Rhône-Alpes, Lombardy, Lower Silesia, Catalonia, West Sweden and Greater Manchester) within those countries was somehow revitalised. The analysis, looking at both top-down and bottom-up processes and based on documentary analysis and interviews, shows that the initiative displays ambiguities similar to those of typical composite EU principles, such as famously the case of ‘flexicurity’. The multilevel governance of the EU, including the interaction between ‘soft’ employment policies and evolving ‘hard’ Eurogovernance tools, and with poor horizontal and vertical coordination, resulted in multiple distortions of the principle and, over time, to frustration. Unions’ engagement varies by level, country and region, reflecting both traditional national approaches and the local perception of ‘active inclusion’ as an opportunity. Although trade unions were more welcoming of ‘active inclusion’ than they had been for flexicurity, similar related threats and opportunities led to modest achievements and a gradual fading of the idea at the European and national levels, with some more opportunities however at the regional level. The paper concludes that, if trade unions want to engage with the idea of a European Social Model and with Eurogovernance, they could develop stronger networks among regional organisations.

Purpose Implementing health promotion programmes in schools is key to improving children’s health and well-being but difficulties in achieving expected results are often reported in the research literature. Discrepancies between expected and achieved outcomes can originate from differences in contexts. Understanding how interactions between contexts and programmes generate variable outcomes is, therefore, critical. The purpose of this paper is to explore the outputs of a programme implemented in different school contexts. The focus is to pinpoint outputs, understand the involvement of combinations of contextual factors and identify recurrences in these combinations. Design/methodology/approach This retrospective study covers a period from 2006 to 2016. Data collection includes two sets of data in eight high schools in the Rhône-Alpes Region in France: written documents and interviews with school staff. Realist evaluation is used to attempt to pinpoint outputs and relating contextual factors. Findings Results highlight the limited outputs of the programme. Differences between schools appear to originate from existing school policy prior to participation, existence of a project team, identification of the issue as priority and staff turnover. Analysis of contextual factors led to considering the implementation process as enabling health capacity building and enhanced the capacity of settings and communities to promote health. Research limitations/implications The data provided remain partial as there was high staff turnover, reluctance to participate due to failure to implement the project, and schools being over burdened with other requests. Originality/value Previous research suggests that top-down implementation of a standard programme is not an efficient strategy for all schools to engage in the development of suitable health promotion policies. A potential way forward is to base support for the local development of health promotion in schools on a better understanding of the contexts in which implementation occurs.

Cette thèse vise à interroger la consistance des politiques urbaines à partir d’une analyse des politiques en faveur de l’industrie mises en place à Lyon et Munich. Trois questions principales sont abordées. Existe-t-il des politiques urbaines de l’industrie ? Ces politiques ont-elles une consistance en tant que politiques urbaines et quels sont les facteurs, notamment institutionnels, participant à cette consistance ? L’analyse des politiques urbaines de l’industrie permet-elle de valider la thèse du « retour des villes » ? En caractérisant et contextualisant des systèmes d’acteurs dans des contextes nationaux et locaux différenciés, nous étudions les processus de production des politiques en faveur de l’industrie et analysons leurs répertoires d’action. Nous proposons une définition de la consistance des politiques urbaines qui découle de l’analyse du rôle des différents échelons de gouvernement dans la production des politiques en faveur de l’industrie, de la répartition des compétences, des instruments d’action publique mobilisés ou créés. L’entrée par les institutions révèle le poids des facteurs sociaux, politiques et institutionnels pouvant expliquer une autonomisation différenciée des gouvernements urbains et leur capacité à produire des politiques urbaines consistantes. Notre définition de la consistance d’une politique urbaine donne une grande importance à la capacité d’une ville à s’autonomiser et se constituer en acteur. Au regard de l’affirmation différenciée des pouvoirs urbains munichois et lyonnais, nous avons proposé de parler de « retour inégal », de sorte à pointer les conditions favorisant ou non ce retour des villes
This thesis aims at questioning the consistency of urban policies through an analysis of the policies in favour of industry in Lyon and Munich. Three fundamental issues are addressed. Do urban policies of the industry exist? Have these policies consistency as urban policies and what are the factors, particularly institutional factors, contributing to this consistency? Does the analysis of urban industry policies validate the thesis of the "return of cities"? By characterizing and contextualizing stakeholder systems in different national and local contexts, we focus on the production processes of policies in favour of industry and we investigate their policy frameworks. We propose a definition of the consistency of urban policies resulting from an analysis of the role of distinct levels of government in the production of policies in favour of the industry, the distribution of power, mobilized or created public policy instruments. The institutional approach reveals the influence of social, political and institutional factors that explain the distinguished empowerment of urban governments and their ability to produce consistent urban policies. Our definition of the consistency of urban policy gives significant importance to the capacity of a city to become autonomous and to constitute itself as a collective actor. In view of the differentiated affirmation of the Munich and Lyon’s urban powers, we propose to speak of an "unequal return", to point out the conditions favouring or not the return of cities

Cette thèse propose un cadre théorique et empirique portant sur la croissance et le développement et offre des éléments et outils nécessaires à l’amélioration de notre compréhension des dynamiques de croissance des EOS. Pendant tout ce travail de thèse, on a insisté sur les dynamiques des EOS en lien avec leurs performances et leur croissance. Avant toute enquête plus poussée, avec l’analyse des principales contributions taxonomiques, une définition générale des Entreprises à Orientation Scientifique (EOS) est formulée eu égard du fait que ces entreprises cherchent à appliquer des connaissances scientifiques et compétences technologiques afin de commercialiser les produits qui sont au cœur de leurs activités.En appliquant la définition mentionnée ci-dessus, une première étude a été effectuée avec l’objectif double de présenter un portrait actualisé de l’état de l’art et d’examiner de manière critique l’adoption de facteurs de performance des EOS afin de mieux comprendre la manière dont on a étudié les performances des EOS et de suggérer un sens définissant l’axe des études et approches méthodologiques futures. Les résultats démontrent que les études se concentrent sur des dimensions spécifiques aux entreprises, ce qui permet, dans certains cas, d’expliquer les performances des EOS. Dans de nombreux autres, on a abouti à des résultats contradictoires. De manière générale, dans cette enquête, on a expliqué pourquoi l’étude des performances des SBF est encore largement sous-développée et les indicateurs en lien aux capabilités d’innovation et à la gestion des connaissances, tels que les évolutions de l’innovation, le développement des technologies ou les transferts de connaissances, semblent plus appropriés pour démontrer la spécificité de ces entreprises. De plus, à partir des résultats, on a abouti à la nécessité d’adopter une approche holistique prenant en compte des aspects plus variés, avancés par exemple par les théories des écosystèmes.Suivant une méthodologie holistique, une étude exploratoire a été menée dans la région de Lyon, en France en adoptant l’approche des Ecosystèmes Entrepreneuriaux (EE). Dans cette étude, grâce à une démarche rétrospective, il a été possible de souligner les relations opérant de manière sous-jacente entre les éléments de l’écosystème et des Nouvelles Entreprises à Orientation Scientifique (NEOS). Les résultats montrent que les institutions coordonnées et concentrées sur les axes des capabilités principales et de l’excellence du domaine contribuent de manière exceptionnelle à la fondation de nouvelles entreprises. De manière générale, les résultats montrent que l’EE peut être une construction théorique cohérente, et particulièrement pendant le premier temps du développement des NEOS.Cependant, en considération du processus complet de création des EOS, trois éléments se démarquent : le gouvernement, les universités et les investisseurs, s’inscrivant dans la filiation de ce que l’on appelle l’approche de la triple hélice, appliquée dans la plupart des sociétés du savoir modernes. La région de Lyon présente une application réussie de ce modèle, ce qui nous permet de débattre de l’analyse suivant laquelle une macro-observation préliminaire des configurations institutionnelles est nécessaire pour comprendre les dynamiques des EOS.Pour les raisons précédemment évoquées, la perspective de l’enquête passera du niveau micro au niveau méso dans la troisième enquête. La dernière étape de cette thèse portera son attention sur le modèle à trois hélices italien dans l’industrie à orientation scientifique
This thesis proposes a theoretical and empirical framework on growth and development and offers elements and tools necessary to improve the understanding of the growth dynamics of SBFs. Throughout this thesis, emphasis has been placed on the study of SBFs dynamics related to their performances and growth. Prior further investigation, through the analysis of the main taxonomical contributions, a comprehensive definition of Science-Based Firms (SBFs) is formulated which incorporates the consideration that these ventures seek the application of scientific knowledge and technological skills to commercialize products at the core of their activities. Applying the above mentioned definition, a first study was performed with the double objective to provide an updated, state-of-the-art picture of the SBFs and to critically examine the adoption of SBFs’ performance determinants in order to be able to better comprehend the way in which SBFs’ performances have been approached and suggest future directions in terms of focus of studies and methodological approaches. Results show that studies concentrate on firm-specific dimensions succeeding in some situations to explain SBFs’ performances and in many other cases contradicting results emerged. In general, in the investigation, was outlined how the study of SBFs’ performances, is still widely underdeveloped and indicators related to innovation capabilities and knowledge management such as innovation developments, technology development or knowledge transfer, seem more appropriate to infer the peculiarity of these firms. Moreover, from the findings emerged the necessity to adopt a holistic approach considering broader dimensions proposed for example by ecosystem theories. Following a holistic methodology, an explorative study was conducted in the area of Lyon, France, adopting the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem (EE) approach. Thanks to the retrospectivity adopted, in this study was possible to underline the relationships underpinning between the elements of the ecosystem and New Science-Based Firms (NSBFs). Findings show that institutions coordinated and focused on the main capabilities and excellence of the area make an extraordinary contribution to the establishing of new companies. In general results show that the EE can be a consistent theoretical construct, especially during the first stage of NSBF’s development. However, looking at the whole process of SBF creation, three elements stand out: government, university and investors, incorporating the lineages of the so-called triple-helix approach applied in most modern knowledge-based societies. The area of Lyon represents a successful application of this model, opening the debate on the analysis that at first, to understand SBFs’ dynamics, a macro look at the institutional configuration is needed. For the previous reasons, the focus of the investigation shift from micro and meso level to macro level in the third investigation. The last step of the dissertation research focused its attention on the Italian triple-helix model for the science-based industry. Collecting interviews among the most representative Italian institutions supporting SBFs and collecting precious insights among Italian SBFs, both established and nascent, a comprehensive understanding on “what went wrong” situation is shown providing insights into the relationship dynamics that did not occur to make the innovation system work efficiently. Moreover, possible streams for future researches and suggestion for policy makers are provided. In general, this dissertation provided advancements for the understanding of SBFs’ growth dynamics providing fresh insights for academics and policy makers in designing future studies and policies

Les régions émergent comme des acteurs de plus en plus importants dans la gouvernance territoriale de la culture. Ce travail entend reconstruire l'évolution de leur rôle par l'examen des processus de décentralisation et de modernisation qui ont eu lieu à partir des années '70 dans deux états européens, la France et l'Italie, et qui ont eu un impact conséquent sur l’émergence de l'intervention régionale dans le domaine culturel. La région est ici appréhendée à la fois comme échelle et comme institution en action, en combinant des approches et des disciplines différentes. Reposant sur une analyse comparative de Rhône-Alpes et du Piémont, concernant notamment les acteurs majeurs et les enjeux de leur coopération ainsi que les dynamiques de gouvernance de la culture à l'échelle régionale, ce travail permet également de dégager le déploiement d'une policy capacity comme spécificité de l'intervention de ces deux régions
Regions have been emerging as important actors in the territorial governance of culture. This research is an attempt to retrace their role through the analysis of the decentralisation and modernization processes occured in two European countries, France and Italy, after the 70s, which deeply affected the regional intervention in the cultural sector. Region is thus considered both as a scale and as an institution, through a combination of different approaches and disciplines. With a comparative analysis of Rhone-Alpes and Piedmont as regards to the main actors and dynamics of governance of culture at regional level, the research points out the emergence of a policy capacity as a specificity of these two regions

Cette thèse porte sur l’innovation paysagère dans et par les Parcs naturels régionaux (PNR) de la région Rhône-Alpes. Le paysage y est considéré comme une matérialité en projet, négocié dans des processus d’interactions entre des individus pris dans des logiques d’action distinctes. Nous démontrons comment les chargés de mission des PNR inventent à partir de démarches participatives paysagères une manière originale d’hybrider deux des formes que prennent ces régimes d’action : la logique territoriale et la logique paysagère. Ce processus contribuerait à favoriser la territorialisation des nouvelles Communautés de communes. L’originalité de cette thèse repose sur la posture pragmatique qui y est adoptée : les démarches paysagères participatives sont analysées au cours même de leur expérimentation : elles prennent la forme d’une enquête telle que la définit John Dewey, transformatrice des mondes en même temps qu’elle transforme leurs enquêteurs
This thesis deals with landscape innovation within and by the Regional Natural Parks in the Rhône-Alpes region (France). Landscape is captured as a materiality under construction negotiated along interaction processes between individuals engaged in distinct action logics. The research underlines how Regional Natural Parks’ staff invent imaginative ways to hybridize two of these action regimes (a territorial logic and a landscape one) using participatory landscape procedures. This dynamic tends to favor the territorial anchorage of the new groupings of municipalities. The originality of the thesis emerges from the adopted pragmatic posture: participatory landscape procedures are analyzed along with their own experimentation. They take on the form of an inquiry as defined by Jown Dewey, transforming worlds as well as investigators at the same time

Defence date: 10 May 1991
Examining Board: Prof. Bernd Marin (Europäisches Zentrum für Wohlfahrtspolitik und Sozialforschung, Wien, supervisor) ; Prof. Philippe Ch. Schmitter (Standford University, co-supervisor) ; Prof. Giandomenico Majone (Istituto Universitario Europeo, Fiesole) ; Prof. Yves Mény (Institut d'Etudes Politique de Paris)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017