Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Indivuduali »

Single cell chromosome rearrangements (SCCR) are incidental findings in cell cultures. Nevertheless, some authors have implicated them in habitual abortion. Ninety individuals classified in four groups were prospectively studied: A) individuals with spontaneous abortions, malformed children or molar pregnancies (N = 36); B) azoospermic males (N = 14); C) individuals with one or more children with either de novo or inherited, constitutional, chromosome abnormalities (N = 26), and D) individuals with healthy children and no reproductive failure (control group, N = 14). Lymphocyte chromosome preparations were stained for GTG bands, and 50-100 metaphases were scored per individual. The rearrangements observed were translocations, deletions, duplications, isochromosomes, rings, fragments and markers. Thirty-four individuals (21 males, 13 females) had a range of 1-5 SCCR. Four had rearrangements only of chromosomes 7 and 14. SCCR frequency (with the exception of rearrangements involving chromosomes 7 and 14) was 0.0063, while that of rearrangements between chromosomes 7 and 14 was 0.0010. Statistical intergroup comparisons (<FONT FACE="Symbol">c</font>2 with Yates correction) did not show significant differences. Hence, the occurrence of SCCR in our sample was found to be independent of ascertainment mode and sex.

AbstractThis research at SMP Negeri 2 Kadungora aims to determine how the implementation of individual counseling services through self-management techniques at SMP Negeri 2 Kadungora. This study uses a qualitative method where the researcher reveals and describes the data according to what is happening in the field. Data collection techniques using observation, interviews, and documentation. The subjects in this study were teachers of guidance and counseling. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling, which was purposive sampling in accordance with the required criteria or assessment. The results of this study indicate that based on the results of observations, interviews, and documentation studies conducted by researchers that the implementation of individual counseling services through the Self-management Technique at SMP Negeri 2 Kadungora is quite good, although there are still some shortcomings such as competent implementers, materials based on need assessment. , strategies according to the needs of students, carried out in a scheduled and incidental manner, the scope is in accordance with the personal field and adequate facilities and infrastructure provided by the schoolKeywords:Individual counseling, Self management techniques.

Relevancy of training future teachers of labor training and technologies for implementation of individual approach to students’ learning has been substantiated. Complex of actions to be taken into account for the successful execution of individual approach to the students' learning has been determined: identification of the basic individual peculiarities of students, which are manifested while studying particular subject; considering age features, defining students’ individual characteristics in order to take them into account in the process of learning, grouping students, developing differentiated tasks for students of different groups. Training of future teachers of labor training and technologies for individual approach implementation in accordance with stages and with gradual complication of tasks has been suggested. Notional stages of students’ training for the implementation of individual approach have been determined: initial understanding of the role of individual approach to students; learning of the essence of individualization and differentiation of training, creation of differentiated tasks; development of creative tasks taking into account individual and age features; formation of professional competencies in future teachers and consolidation of the existing knowledge and skills in implementing individual approach to students; improving the readiness of students to implementation of individual approach. A list of theoretical questions for students in order to understand the essence and peculiarities of implementation of individual approach to teaching students has been suggested. Requirements to the tasks on training future teachers for implementation of individual approach in teaching students in accordance with each stage have been developed.

This article considered the individual features of the use of phraseological units and phraseological phrases in the poetry of Amanhan Alim. It shows the skill and its , diversity, wealth, as well as the artistic phraseology that reveal the life experience of the poet in the paradigm of the characteristics of national knowledge,and furthermore only his inherent view of the world when interacting with the surrounding society. In the poetry of Amanhan Alim, there are many phraseological units and phraseological phrases taken directly from the depths of the national wisdom, but also specific examples associated with indivuduality of the poet, entirely new phrases, in which his personal stylistic skills are emerging. The attractive power of Amanhan Alim's poetry, the internal energy of the individual and individual phraseological phrases, reinforce the meaning and emotional coloring of his poetry, and also contributes to the national treasury of the Kazakh language in general.

Introduction: Oxidative stress has been assumed to contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Increased oxidative stress is the result of either an increased production of free radicals or a depletion of the endogenous antioxidants.
 Objective: To assess the levels of oxidative stress and antioxidant status in schizophrenia.
 Materials and Methods: This observational study was carried out in the department of Pharmacology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University from September 2013 to January 2015. Ninety three schizophrenia patients were enrolled as study group and 30 healthy indivuduals were taken as control group. The peripheral levels of several molecules associated with oxidative stress namely malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) and anti-oxidant status like plasma levels of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and α-tocopherol (vitamin E) in 93 patients with schizophrenia and 30 healthy participants were assessed.
 Results: Study found that the schizophrenia group presented substantially higher levels of oxidative stress than the control group, as revealed by elevated quantities of the pro-oxidant MDA (6.3±0.5μmol/L in study group and 2.1±0.5μmol/L in control group), decreased levels of the antioxidants GSH (0.6±0.2mg/gm of Hb in study group and 2.1±0.5mg/gm of Hb in control group), plasma α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid. Results found were highly significant (p=0.001).
 Conclusion: In schizophrenia there are increased level of oxidative stress and decreased level of the antioxidants.
 Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh Vol.12(2) 2016: 40-43

Each type of work will cause fatigue. Fatigue is decreasing a person’s condition so that no longerable to perform the work or activities. This study is to find out the relationship between individual characteristics such as age, work period, smoking habits, exercise habits, nutritional status with work fatigue complaints of taxi driver. The method used in this research was observational analytic with cross sectional approach. This study uses a questionnaire tools work fatigue Industrial Fatigue Research Committee (IFRC), weight scales and height or microtoise Stature Meter. The population in this study was a taxi driver in Rungkut Surabaya who work at night time from 14.00 pm–12.00 pm. The studysample of 50 drivers by used purposive sampling method. The results of this study used Chi-Square. Statistical test results indicate that the age of the driver has a low relationship strength, the driver’s working period has a very strong relationship strength, smoking habits driver has a very low relationship strength, exercise habits and nutritional status drivers has a strong relationship. The conclusion that can be drawn from the results of the study there was no association between age, work period, smoking, exercise habits, and nutritional status and work fatigue complaints of taxi drivers. Therefore, need forsocialization or briefing about the dangers of smoking to health, eating vitamin partially substitute for cigarettes and a healthy lifestyle.Keywords: work period, nutritional status, exercise habits, indivudual characteristics, work fatigue complaints, taxi drivers

Le stelle di neutroni sono il risultato dell'evoluzione di stelle massive dopo l'esplosione di supernova. Il progetto di questa Tesi di PhD consiste nello studio dell'emissione di raggi X da parte di stelle di neutroni isolate di età superiore a 100000 anni. Sono stati analizzati dati provenienti dal satellite XMM-Newton (ESA). Per estrarre la miglior informazione possibile dai dati, ho implementato un metodo di maximum likelihood (ML) e l'ho utilizzato per estrarre spettri e profili pulsati di pulsar vecchie in banda X, che poi sono stati analizzati con raffinati di emissione. La Tesi è strutturata come segue: nei primi tre capitoli illustro le proprietà principali delle stelle di neutroni, con particolare attenzione ai processi termici e non termici che producono raggi X. I raggi X non termici sono prodotti da particelle relativistiche accelerate da campi elettromagnetici; una frazione di queste particelle viene accelerata verso la superficie della stella, e riscalda le zone delle calotte polari magnetiche. La componente termica, che può essere prodotta dall'intera superficie o da una parte, viene solitamente descritta come un corpo nero; tuttavia, la presenza di intensi campi magnetici superficiali influenza le proprietà della materia, e la radiazione emessa è ampiamente anisotropa. Nel Capitolo 4 descrivo come ho generato spettri e profili pulsati sintetici, utilizzando modelli di emissione che considerano calotte polari ricoperte di un'atmosfera di idrogeno magnetizzata. Mi sono basata su un software esistente che, dato un certo set di parametri relativi alle proprietà fisiche della stella, stima l'intensità della radiazione prodotta. Successivamente, esso somma i contributi degli elementi di superficie che sono visibili all'osservatore alle differenti fasi di rotazione. Quindi, nel Capitolo 5 descrivo come ho implementato un software di analisi che si basa sul metodo di ML. Dato un certo modello, esso stima i parametri più probabili che ricostruiscono i dati osservati, nella fattispecie il numero di conteggi relativo alla sorgente e al background. Ho validato il metodo e dimostrato che esso è particolarmente efficace per sorgenti deboli, quali sono la maggior parte delle pulsar vecchie. Successivamente, ho applicato i metodi finora descritti ad alcune pulsar vecchie. Nel Capitolo 6 riporto l'analisi di PSR J0726-2612, una pulsar radio che ha alcune delle caratteristiche delle XDINSs: un periodo di rotazione lungo, un intenso campo magnetico, ed emissione X termica. Grazie ad un'analisi congiunta dello spettro e del profilo pulsato, ho mostrato che la presenza di impulsi radio in PSR J0726-2612, così come la loro assenza nelle XDINSs, potrebbe essere dovuta ad un'orientazione differente rispetto all'osservatore. Nel Capitolo 7 presento il caso di PSR B0943+10, una pulsar con emissione X sia termica sia non termica ma che, nonostante sia un rotatore allineato, ha una grande frazione pulsata. Sono riuscita a riappacificare i due diversi aspetti grazie ad un'attenta analisi di ML e all'intrinseca anisotropia dell'emissione termica prodotta da un'atmosfera magnetizzata. Nel Capitolo 8 ho invece applicato il metodo di ML su sette pulsar poco brillanti, delle quali quattro avevano diverse analisi già pubblicate in letteratura, ma con risultati discordanti, mentre le altre tre non erano ancora state rivelate in banda X. Ho trovato tracce evidenti di emissione termica solo in due oggetti, più un accenno nello spettro pulsato di un terzo oggetto. Infine, ho considerato tutte le pulsar vecchie che emettono raggi X termici e ho confrontato le misure di temperatura, raggio e luminosità alle aspettative dei modelli teorici. In particolare, ho scoperto che le aree di emissione sono generalmente in accordo con quelle previste dal modello di dipolo magnetico rotante, purché vengano considerati anche effetti di proiezione geometrica e modelli di emissione realistici, quali appunto i modelli di atmosfera magnetizzata.<br>Neutron stars are the remnants of massive stars whose cores collapse during the supernova explosions. The project of this PhD Thesis consisted in the study of the X-ray emission from isolated neutron stars older than about 100000 years. The work was based mainly on data obtained with the XMM-Newton satellite (ESA). To extract the best possible information from the data, I implemented a maximum likelihood (ML) technique and used it to derive the X-ray spectra and pulse profiles of several old pulsars, that were then studied with state-of-the-art models of X-ray emission. The Thesis is structured as follows: in the first three chapters I outline the main properties of neutron stars, with a major focus on the thermal and nonthermal processes that produce X-rays. The nonthermal X-rays are produced by relativistic particles accelerated by rotation-induced electric fields and moving along the magnetic field lines. A fraction of these particles is accelerated backward and returns on the stellar surface, heating the magnetic polar caps. The thermal component, that can be produced by the whole stellar surface or by small hot spots, can be described, in a first approximation, by a blackbody. However, the presence of intense surface magnetic fields strongly affects the properties of matter, and the emergent radiation is widely anisotropic. In Chapter 4, I describe how I generated synthetic spectra and pulse profiles using thermal emission models that consider polar caps covered by a magnetized hydrogen atmosphere or with a condensed iron surface. I relied on an existing software that, given a set of stellar parameters, evaluates the emerging intensity of the radiation. A second software, which I adapted on the sources I analyzed in the Thesis, collects the contribution of surface elements which are in view at different rotation phases from a stationary observer. Then, in Chapter 5, I describe how I implemented an analysis software that relies on the ML method. It estimates the most probable number of source and background counts by comparing the spatial distribution of the observed counts with the expected distribution for a point source plus an uniform background. I demonstrated that the ML method is particularly effective for dim sources, as most old pulsars are. Subsequently, I applied the methods described above to some old pulsars. In Chapter 6, I report the analysis of PSR J0726-2612, a radio pulsars that shares some properties with the radio-silent XDINSs, as the long period, the high magnetic field, and the thermal X-ray emission from the cooling surface. Thanks to an in-depth analysis of the combined spectrum and pulse profile, I showed that the presence of radio pulses from PSR J0726-2612, as well as the absence from the XDINSs, might simply be due to different viewing geometries. In Chapter 7, I present the case of PSR B0943+10, a pulsar with a nonthermal and thermal X-ray spectrum but that, despite being an aligned rotator, has a large pulsed fraction. I could reconcile the two opposite properties analyzing with the ML the spectrum and the pulse profile, and considering the magnetic beaming of a magnetized atmosphere model, that well fits the thermal component. In Chapter 8, I applied the ML method to seven old and dim pulsars, of which four had controversial published results, and three were so far undetected. I found convincing evidence of thermal emission only in the phase-averaged spectrum of two of them, plus a hint for a thermal pulsed spectrum in a third object. Finally, I considered all the old thermal emitters and I compared their observed temperatures, radii and luminosities to the expectations of the current theoretical models for these objects. In particular, I found that the emitting area are generally in agreement with the polar cap regions evaluated in a dipole approximation, if the combined effects of geometry projections plus realistic thermal models (as the magnetic atmosphere) are taken into account.

Dissertação de mestrado em Gestão, apresentada à Faculdade de Economia da Universidade de Coimbra, sob a orientação de Arnaldo Fernandes Matos Coelho.<br>A conjuntura económica e social atual, promove uma lógica de mercado concorrencial, na qual a liderança assume um papel fundamental, sendo considerada um fator que pode determinar a competitividade organizacional à escala da economia global (Ismael, Mohamed, Sulaiman, Mohamed, & Yusuf, 2011). A literatura mais recente tem elevado a importância da Liderança Autêntica (LA) no contexto organizacional, porque esta envolve quatro dimensões: autenticidade, transparência, ética/moral e o processamento equilibrado da informação. O presente estudo tem como objetivo investigar o impacto da perceção da LA no desempenho individual, através da realização de um estudo empírico. Pretende-se verificar se as perceções de LA explicam a felicidade no trabalho (FE); o compromisso afetivo com a organização (CAO); a relação entre líderes e seus seguidores (LMX), a produtividade individual (PR) e desempenho individual dos colaboradores (DI). Foi aplicado um questionário como instrumento de recolha de dados, a amostra de 98 colaboradores, constituída por conveniência, no contexto de uma empresa PME a atuar no setor industrial. O estudo tem uma natureza quantitativa e os resultados obtidos indicam uma tendência da existência de uma relação positiva entre a LA com o LMX e com o CAO. Foi igualmente corroborara a existência de relação positiva entre a FE e o CAO e com o DI, bem como entre o CAO e PR e entre o LMX e a FE. No entanto, os resultados obtidos não permitiram corroborar que a LA tem impacto no desempenho individual dos colaboradores.

Esta tese avalia o impacto do treinamento no desempenho individual, durante a abordagem, analisando a capacidade de um grupo de policiais militares seguir procedimentos operacionais padrão (POP), após o treinamento. Em 2002, a Polícia Militar do Estado de São Paulo criou o SISUPA Sistema de Supervisão e Padronização uma política que padroniza procedimentos operacionais e sistematiza a supervisão e treinamento dos policiais de rua. Desempenhar as tarefas cotidianas de maneira coerente com os procedimentos padronizados pode diminuir tanto o grau de exposição ao risco do policial, como a possibilidade de prática abusiva. Em pesquisa realizada anteriormente constatamos a tendência do policial não seguir os POP de abordagem (PINC, 2007a). Entendemos que esse resultado estava relacionado a ausência de treinamento. Neste sentido, a hipótese central desta pesquisa sustenta que o treinamento aproxima o comportamento individual do policial, durante as abordagens, do padrão estabelecido pela polícia. Para testar esta hipótese realizamos um quase experimento com dois grupos não-equivalentes. Os grupos foram observados por meio da técnica da observação social sistemática (OSS), que registrou as imagens do desempenho dos policiais realizando abordagens sem que soubessem que estavam sendo observados. Como instrumento de avaliação do desempenho, usamos um questionário para buscar identificar a presença de quatorze procedimentos padronizados, em cada uma das 199 abordagens selecionadas na amostra. O treinamento de 60 horas foi aplicado a apenas um dos grupos, entre a primeira e a segunda etapa da OSS. A análise de regressão empregou o modelo estatístico do Difference-in-Difference. Os resultados indicam que o treinamento não atingiu o objetivo de mudar comportamento. Por fim, entendemos que esse resultado está relacionado, principalmente, à metodologia empregada no treinamento.<br>thesis evaluates the impact of the training on individual performance during the stop and search, analyzing the ability of a group of military police officer following standard procedures after training. In 2002, the Military Police of São Paulo State created a policy which standardized operational procedures (SOP) and a system of supervision and training. Performing daily tasks in a manner consistent with the standardized procedures can reduce both the degree of risk to the police officer and the possibility of abusive practice. Earlier research showed the tendency of the police officer not following the SOP (PINC, 2007a). I argue that the result was related to the absence of training. In this sense, the central hypothesis of this research establishes that training procedures might change police officers behavior by assuring the compliance with institutional standards. To test this hypothesis this study developed a quasi-experiment with two non-equivalent groups. The groups were observed by the systematic social observation (SSO) technique, which videotaped the performance of police officers during the stop and search without knowing they were being watched. The research used a questionnaire as instrument to identify the presence of fourteen standard procedures in each of the 199 stop and search selected in the sample. The 60 hours of training was applied to just one group, between the first and second stage of the SSO. Regression analysis used the statistical model of the Difference-in-Difference. The results indicate that training has not changed the police officers behavior. Finally, this result is mainly related to the methodology used in the training.