Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Indice di Gini »

Perawatan saluran akar adalah perawatan yang dilakukan untuk mempertahankan gigi agar dapatberfungsi di lengkung gigi selama mungkin. Penyebab dominan dari kegagalan perawatan endodontikadalah adanya bakteri di dalam saluran akar. Bakteri yang paling sering ditemukan pada isolasi darigigi yang mengalami kegagalan perawatan saluran akar adalah Enterococcus faecalis (E.faecalis).Salah satu jenis tanaman herbal yang memiliki sifat antibakteri yang tinggi adalah tanaman mimba(A.indica). Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis efek antibakteri ekstrak daun mimba (A.indica)terhadap pertumbuhan E. faecalis. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental laboratorisdengan desain penelitian true experimental posttest only control group. Penelitian dilalukan denganmenguji ekstrak daun mimba (A.indica) pada konsentrasi 10%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% dan 100%terhadap pertumbuhan E. faecalis yang dilakukan di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Fakultas KedokteranHewan (FKH) Universitas Syiah Kuala Banda Aceh. Hasil uji fitokimia yang dilakukan menunjukkanbahwa ekstrak daun mimba (A. indica) positif mengandung triterpenoid, phenolic compound, tanin,steroid dan saponin yang berperan sebagai antibakteri. Hasil uji efek antibakteri ekstrak daun mimba(A. indica) menunjukkan adanya pembentukan zona hambat di sekitar kertas cakram pada setiapkonsentrasi. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa ekstrak daun mimba memiliki efek antibakteri yangmemiliki kemampuan dalam menghambat pertumbuhan E. faecalis. Uji statistik digunakanmenggunakan one way ANOVA. Kemudian dilakukan uji lanjut (Post hoc test) menggunakan LeastSignificant Difference untuk menganalisis perbedaan efek antibakteri ekstrak daun mimba (A. indica)dalam konsentrasi 10%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% dan 100% terhadap pertumbuhan E.faecalis.Kesimpulan penelitian ini ekstrak daun mimba (A. indica) berpotensi menghambatpertumbuhan E. faecalis.Kata Kunci: Azadirachta indica, Enterococcus faecalis, perawatan saluran akar.

AbstrakKaries merupakan masalah kesehatan gigi yang banyak diderita oleh anak-anak seluruh dunia terutama negara berkembang termasuk Indonesia. Kerusakan gigi pada anak-anak terjadi lebih cepat dibandingkan orang dewasa karena gigi yang baru erupsi masih dalam proses maturasi dan proses mineralisasi belum sempurna. Tubuli dentin anak anak yang masih lebar menyebabkan pembentukan jaringan sklerotik tidak sempurna dan buffer saliva masih kurang sehingga aktivitas proteolitik menjadi lebih banyak di dalam mulut. Fluor merupakan zat mineral yang digunakan sebagai bahan yang efektif mencegah terjadinya karies gigi dapat membuat lapisan email tahan terhadap kerusakan yang disebabkan pelarutan email oleh zat asam. Strategi pencegahan karies lebih efektif sejak diperkenalkannya silver diamina fluoride (SDF) yang merupakan cairan tidak berwarna mengandung ion fluoride yang digunakan untuk memacu terjadinya proses remineralisasi hidoksiapatit mineral gigi. Penggunaan SDF ini merupakan metoda Arresting Caries Treatment (ACT). SDF menggabungkan efek penguatan gigi dari natrium fluoride (NaF) dan efek nitrat perak.Konsentrasi efektif solusi SDF 38% (44.800 ion fluoride ppm) digunakan untuk menghambat perkembangan karies pada gigi sulung anak-anak, terutama anak-anak yang sulit untuk dilakukan perawatan. SDF sederhana, mudah dalam mengaplikasikan dan biaya pemakaian lebih murah. SDF merupakan bahan yang tepat untuk digunakan untuk mengatasi masalah kesehatan gigi masyarakat terutama pada anak-anak.Kata Kunci : karies gigi, silver diamine fluoride, Arresting Caries Treatment, topikalAbstractDental caries is a health problem that affects many children all over the world, especially in developing countries, including Indonesia. Tooth decay in children occurs more rapidly than adults because the new tooth eruption is still in the process of maturation and mineralization process is not perfect. Dentin tubules of children is still wide lead sclerotic tissue formation was not perfect and still less saliva buffer so that a more proteolytic activity in the mouth. Fluor is a mineral substance that used as an ingredient that effectively prevent the occurrence of dental caries and can make enamel resistant to decay caused by acid dissolution email. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA99Strategy of caries prevention is more effective since the introduction of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) which is a colorless liquid containing fluoride ions are used to induce the process of remineralization mineral of tooth that is hidoksiapatit. SDF is a method of Arresting Caries Treatment (ACT). That combines the strengthening tooth effects of sodium fluoride (NaF) and the effect of nitrate perak. Used of 38% concentration of SDF solution (44,800 ppm fluoride ion) are effective to inhibit the development of caries in primary teeth of children, especially children who are difficult to be treated. SDF use is simple, easy to apply and use costs cheaper. SDF is a good material to be used in the public dental health problems, especially in children.Key word : dental caries, silver diamine fluoride, Arresting Caries Treatment, topical

Pendahuluan: Kehamilan merupakan keadaan ketika seorang ibu sedang mengandung janin di dalam perutnya. Selama masa kehamilan, ibu hamil biasanya mengalami beberapa perubahan pada tubuhnya, seperti perubahan psikologis dan hormonal. Perubahan tersebut dapat memicu munculnya penyakit gigi dan mulut seperti karies. Karies pada ibu hamil dapat menimbulkan rasa nyeri dengan intensitas yang berbeda. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui pengalaman karies dan tingkat nyeri pada gigi yang dirasakan oleh ibu hamil di Puskesmas Garuda. Metode: Jenis penelitian bersifat deskriptif cross-sectional. Metode yang digunakan dalam pengambilan sampel consecutive sampling. Penentuan jumlah sampel berdasarkan rumus Lemeshow sebanyak 50 ibu hamil. Pengukuran tingkat nyeri menggunakan Verbal Rating Scale (VRS) dengan bantuan Mnemonik PQRST yang terdiri dari Palliative, Quality, Regio, Subject dan Temporal dalam bentuk kuesioner serta pemeriksaan indeks DMF-T. Hasil: Hasil nilai DMF-T sebesar 7,26 dan masuk ke dalam kategori rendah serta persentase hasil tingkat nyeri pada ibu hamil menunjukkan sebanyak 30 orang (60%) tidak merasakan nyeri, sebanyak 11 orang (22%) merasakan nyeri ringan, sebanyak 8 orang (16%) merasakan nyeri sedang dan 1 orang (2%) merasakan nyeri berat. Simpulan: Pengalaman karies yang diukur melalui indeks DMF-T termasuk ke dalam kategori rendah dan ibu hamil tidak merasakan nyeri pada gigi akibat karies dengan kriteria keparahan rendah.Kata kunci: indeks DMF-T; karies; nyeri gigi; ibu hamil ABSTRACTIntroduction: Pregnancy is a state when a woman carries a foetus in her womb. During pregnancy, women usually experience several changes in their bodies, such as psychological and hormonal changes. These changes can lead to the emergence of oral diseases such as Caries. Caries in pregnant women can induce dental pain with different intensities. The purpose of this study was to determine the caries experience and the level of caries-induced dental pain in pregnant women at the Garuda Community Health Centre. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional research with a consecutive sampling method. Determination of the number of samples was carried out with the Lemeshow formula, resulted in 50 pregnant women. Dental pain level was measured using the Verbal Rating Scale (VRS) with the assistance of PQRST mnemonics consisting of Palliative, Quality, Region, Subject and Temporal in the form of a questionnaire and examination of the DMF-T index. Results: The DMF-T value was 7.26, which was included in the low category. In addition, the percentage of the pain level of pregnant women were no pain in 30 individuals (60%), mild pain in 11 individuals (22%), moderate pain in 8 individuals (16%), and severe pain was only found in 1 pregnant woman (2%). Conclusions: The caries experience of pregnant women as measured by the DMF-T index, is in a low category, and most of them feel no caries-induced dental pain with low severity criteria.Keywords: DMF-T index; caries; dental pain; pregnant women

ABSTRAK<br />Anis (Pimpinella anisum L.) merupakan tanaman herba tahunan<br />yang termasuk ke dalam famili Umbelliferae. Buahnya diketahui<br />mengandung minyak atsiri yang didominasi senyawa trans-anethol (90%)<br />dan berkhasiat sebagai antiseptik, antispasmodik, antikanker, karminatif,<br />pelega tenggorokan, obat bronkitis, serta digunakan dalam pembuatan<br />sabun, parfum, pasta gigi, juga krim kulit. Sebagai tanaman bernilai<br />ekonomi, upaya perbanyakan anis perlu dilakukan. Perbanyakan secara in<br />vitro dengan teknik kultur jaringan merupakan salah satu metode alternatif<br />yang dapat digunakan untuk menghasilkan bibit dalam jumlah banyak,<br />seragam dan dalam waktu yang relatif singkat. Dengan penambahan<br />sitokinin sintetik tipe urea seperti thidiazuron (TDZ) dan tipe purin seperti<br />benzil amino purin (BAP) akan memacu inisiasi dan proliferasi tunas.<br />Penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan media yang tepat untuk menginduksi<br />tunas anis yang optimal dengan penambahan BAP atau TDZ, mengetahui<br />respon pertumbuhan dan penampakan kultur akibat penambahan berbagai<br />konsentrasi BAP atau TDZ, serta mempelajari sinergisme yang terjadi<br />antara keduanya. Pada tahap inisiasi, eksplan berupa tunas pucuk diinduksi<br />di dalam media MS padat dengan penambahan BAP (0,1 mg/l; 0,2 mg/l;<br />0,3 mg/l; 1 mg/l; 2 mg/l; 3 mg/l), atau TDZ dengan kisaran konsentrasi<br />yang sama. Tunas terbanyak yang dihasilkan dari dua jenis sitokinin pada<br />tahap ini disubkultur ke dalam media yang ditambahkan jenis sitokinin<br />yang berbeda (TDZ ke BAP atau BAP ke TDZ) pada konsentrasi 0,3 mg/l<br />atau 3 mg/l. Pada media yang ditambahkan TDZ dihasilkan tunas anis<br />lebih banyak (3,62-6,28) dibandingkan pada media yang ditambahkan<br />BAP (1,86-2,78), tetapi tunas yang dihasilkan pendek (roset). Sedangkan<br />tunas yang dihasilkan dalam media yang ditambahkan BAP beruas lebih<br />tinggi tetapi jumlah tunasnya sedikit. Subkultur tunas anis ke dalam media<br />yang diperkaya dengan sitokinin yang berbeda meningkatkan jumlah tunas<br />yang berproliferasi dan memperbaiki visual tunas.<br />Kata kunci: Anis, Pimpinellla anisum L. , minyak atsiri, multiplikasi tunas,<br />in vitro, TDZ, BAP, Jawa Barat<br />ABSTRACT<br />Application of purine and urea types of cytokinins in<br />shoot multiplication of Anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) in<br />vitro<br />Pimpinella anisum L. or sweet anise is an annual–herbaceous plant<br />belongs to the Umbelliferae family. The fruit of anise contains of essential<br />oil, which is mainly consisted of trans-anethol (90%). Essential oils of<br />anise is mainly used as an antiseptic, antispasmodic, anticancer,<br />carminative, expectorant and has also been used as component in soap,<br />perfumery, tooth paste, and skin cream productions. Since this crop is<br />mainly cultivated in sub tropical region, anise cultivation in Indonesia has<br />not been performed. To obtain sufficient numbers of anise planting<br />materials in vitro propagation was conducted by applying benzyl amino<br />purine (BAP) and thidiazuron (TDZ). In this research TDZ or BAP were<br />applied at various concentrations (0,1 mg/l: 0.2 mg/l; 0.3 mg/l; 1 mg/l; 2<br />mg/l; 3 mg/l), to induce shoots in MS-solid culture media. The highest<br />number of shoots obtained in those two type of cytokinins containing<br />media from the initiation stage were subcultured into the media<br />supplemented with different cytokinins (TDZ to BAP or BAP to TDZ) at<br />0.3 mg/l or 3 mg/l levels. The results showed that medium with the<br />addition of TDZ resulted in higher numbers of shoot (3,26-6,28) than that<br />of medium with an addition of BAP (1,86-2,78). However, rosette shoots<br />were dominant in TDZ containing medium. On the other hand, medium<br />with an addition of BAP resulted in less numbers of shoots with taller<br />nodes. Subculture of anise into different kinds of cytokinins increased the<br />numbers of proliferated-shoots and recovered the abnormal shoots.<br />Key words : Anise, Pimpinellla anisum L, essential oils, shoots<br />multiplication, in vitro, TDZ, BAP, West Java

IL CLUSTERING DISEASES IN MEDICINA INTERNA Co-morbilità, multi-morbilità, associazioni di malattie e complessità in Medicina Interna F. Tangianu, P. Gnerre, M. La Regina, F. Berti, G. Scanelli, F. Colombo, G. Pinna, R. Nardi Fragilità, disabilità e gruppi di malattie associate A. Marengoni, A. Zucchelli, D.L. Vetrano, G. Onder, A. Nobili MALATTIE INDICE E CLUSTERING DISEASES IN MEDICINA INTERNA Fibrillazione atriale e clustering diseases C. Tieri Ipertensione arteriosa e clustering diseases A. Abenante, F. Tangianu Clustering diseases e scompenso cardiaco N. Tarquinio Diabete-obesità-sindrome metabolica e clustering diseases E. Barbagelata, I. Ambrosino, M. Poggiano Iperuricemia e gotta M. Giuliani, A. Cerasari, L. Sanesi Ictus ischemico T. Ciarambino Demenza e clustering diseases C.A. Usai, A. Filippi Depressione come malattia sistemica D. Tirotta Trombo-embolismo venoso M. Gino, F. Pasin Broncopneumopatia cronica ostruttiva e clustering diseases O. Para, M. Ronchetti Insufficienza renale cronica A. Bianco Anemia C. Zaninetti Cirrosi epatica G.A. Vassallo, V.A. Vassallo, C. Tarli, F. Bernardini, S. Rotunno Artrite reumatoide: clustering diseases A. Tamburello, L. Castelnovo, P. Faggioli Psoriasi: punta d’iceberg di malattie associate o sottese A. Guastalla Clustering diseases delle neoplasie P. Crispino, D. Colarusso CONCLUSIONI Multimorbilità, clustering diseases e politerapia: criteri di appropriatezza prescrittiva A. Nobili, F. Croset, A. Marengoni, P.M. Mannucci

Background: Tooth growth and development disturbances often occur in children. One such disorder is persistent primary teeth. This condition occurs in children aged 6 to 12 y.o, during mixed dentition stage. Persistent primary teeth is a condition when primary teeth is retained beyond the time of normal exfoliation, which can later induce teeth crowding. Objective: To determine the prevalence of persistent primary teeth in children aged 6 to 12 y.o at RSGM FKG Usakti. Method: This type of research is an observational descriptive study with a cross-sectional design. Sampels were obtained with consecutive sampling method. Sample used in this study was 215 medical records of patients aged 6 to 12 y.o at RSGM FKG Usakti during the period 1 May 2018 to 1 May 2019. Results: The results showed total of 215 samples consists of 50 (23.26%) with persistent primary teeth and 165 (76.74%) without persistent primary teeth. Persistent mostly occurs in girls aged 7 y.o (26%). Persistent primary teeth is most common in one tooth (52%) in the anterior region (57.4%) both in the maxilla (50%) and mandible (50%). Persistent primary teeth are most commonly found in maxillary central incisors (43.48%). Conclusion: The prevalence of persistent primary teeth in children aged 6 to 12 y.o at RSGM FKG Usakti was 23.26%.

Struktur periodontal yang sehat meliputi gingiva, sementum, ligamen periodontal dan tulang alveolar. Oklusi normal dan keteraturan gigi secara anatomis dan fungsional di lengkungan masing-masing penting untuk pengembangan dan pemeliharaan gigi yang sehat. Reaksi tulang dan ligamen tergantung pada besarnya, durasi dan arah tekanan. Trauma oklusi diketahui menyebabkan perubahan pada jaringan periodontal. Trauma dari oklusi dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi trauma primer dan sekunder. Trauma primer ialah tekanan oklusi yang mengenai periodontal sehat, contohnya termasuk restorasi yang terlalu tinggi, bruxism, ekstrusi ke ruang edentulous, dan pergerakan ortodontik. Trauma primer mengenai jaringan periodontal dalam satu arah (kekuatan ortodontik) atau sebagai jiggling force (gigi penyangga pada gigi tiruan). Trauma sekunder ialah tekanan oklusal yang mengenai periodontal yang telah rusak atau lemah. Trauma oklusi menyebabkan hipermobilitas pada gigi. Pada struktur periodontal, trauma oklusi berkontribusi lebih jauh dan lebih cepat menyebabkan inflamasi apikal dan kerusakan tulang. Resorpsi tulang merupakan adaptasi fisiologis dari ligamen periodontal dan tulang alveolar terhadap trauma oklusi. Trauma oklusi yang disertai inflamasi plak dapat meningkatkan perkembangan penyakit periodontal. Trauma dari oklusi saja tidak dapat menginduksi kerusakan jaringan periodontal. Tekanan oklusi merupakan kontributor potensial penyakit periodontal ketika tekanan ini menyebabkan trauma oklusi.Kata kunci : oklusi, trauma oklusi, periodontal, periodontitisAbstractThe healthy periodontal structures, including gingival, root cementum, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. Normal occlusion and the regularity of the teeth in their respective arches were considered anatomically and functionally essential for the development and maintenance of a healthy dentition. The reaction of the bone and ligament depends on the magnitude, duration and direction of the forces. Trauma from occlusion is know to cause several change in the periodontal tissue. Trauma from occlusion can be classified as either primary or secondary. Primary trauma from occlusion is describe as an abnormal occlusion force acting upon a healthy periodontium, examples include high restorations, bruxism, drifting or extrusion into edentulous spaces, and orthodontic movement. Primary trauma may be exerted on the periodontal structures in one direction (orthodontic forces) or as ‘jiggling’ forces (abutment teeth in protesa). Secondary trauma from occlusion is an occlusal force acting on a reduced or weakened periodontium. In a healthy non-inflamed dentition, traumatic occlusion leads to hypermobility of teeth. In inflamed periodontal structures traumatic occlusion contributes to a further and faster spread of the inflammation apically and to more bone loss. Bone resorption in trauma occlusion should be interpreted as an adaptation of the ligament and bone to the altered functional requirements. In plaque-induced inflammation, trauma occlusion may enhance the disease progression. Trauma from occlusion alone cannot induce periodontal tissue breakdown. trauma occlusion is a potential contributors to the periodontal disease process when they cause occlusal traumatism.Keywords : occlusion, trauma of occlusion, periodontal, periodontitis

Abstract: A study done by National Center for Biotechnologi Information (NCBI) to the user of antihypertension drugs, 50% of the individuals are suffering xerosomia or dry mouth. The reduction of saliva because of xerostomia may increase the risk of tooth damage. Vitamin C contained in red guava (Psidium Guajava) is expected to induce salivary flow rate in Xerostomia patients who consume antihypertensive Telmisartan.The purpose of this study is to acknowledge the effect of red guava in increasing salivary flow rate in Xerosotmia patients who consume antihypertensive Telmisartan. This is a clinical trial study with nonequivalent control group experimental design. Each group has 15 samples from the population of hypertensive patients who consume antihypertensive Telmisartan and are suffering Xerostomia in Pancaran Kasih Hospital and Prof. Dr. RD. Kandou Hospital. The treatment group is given red guava fruit that is already served as pure juice while the control group is only given mineral water. Saliva is collected twice, that is before treatment and after treatment. Saliva is collected by spitting method and the salivary flow rate is measured by using disposable syringe with the measurement of ml/minute.The result of this study shows that the average of salivary flow rate before of control group is 0.23 ml/minute and the average of salivary flow rate after is 0.28 ml/minute. While the average of salivary flow rate before treatmen in treatment group is 0.24 ml/minute and the average of salivary flow rate after treatment is 0.83 ml/minute. It can be concluded that red guava has been proved to be effectively increase salivary flowrate of xerostomia patients who consume antihypertensive Telmisartan.Keywords: xerostomia, red guava, salivary flow rateAbstrak: Sebuah studi yang dilakukan oleh National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) yang melakukan penelitian terhadap pengguna obat antihipertensi, sebanyak 50% menderita Xerostomia atau mulut kering. Laju aliran saliva yang menurun akibat Xerostomia dapat menyebabkan meningkatnya resiko kerusakan gigi. Kandungan vitamin C pada buah jambu biji merah (Psidium guajava) diharapkan dapat meningkatkan laju aliran saliva pada penderita xerostomia yang mengonsumsi obat antihipertensi golongan Telmisartan.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek jambu biji merah dalam meningkatkan laju aliran saliva pada penderita Xerostomia yang mengonsumsi Telmisartan. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian uji klinis dengan rancangan eksperimental nonequivalent control group design. Setiap kelompok beranggotakan 15 orang dari populasi pasien pengguna obat antihipertensi golongan Telmisartan yang menderita Xerostomia di RSU Pancaran Kasih dan RSUP Prof. DR. R. D. Kandou Malalayang. Kelompok perlakuan mengonsumsi buah jambu biji merah yang disajikan dalam bentuk jus murni sedangkan kelompok kontrol hanya mengonsumsi air mineral. Saliva dikumpulkan sebanyak dua kali yaitu sebelum dan sesudah mengonsumsi buah jambu biji merah. Saliva dikumpulkan dengan metode spitting dan laju aliran saliva diukur menggunakan disposable syringe dengan satuan ml/ menit.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rerata laju aliran saliva awal pada kelompok kontrol yaitu 0,23 ml/menit dan laju aliran saliva akhir kelompok kontrol yaitu 0,28 ml/menit. Sedangkan rerata laju aliran saliva awal pada kelompok perlakuan yaitu 0,24 ml/menit dan laju aliran saliva akhir kelompok perlakuan yaitu 0,83 ml/menit. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa buah jambu biji merah dapat meningkatkan laju aliran saliva pada penderita Xerostomia yang mengonsumsi Telmisartan.Kata kunci: xerostomia, jambu biji merah, laju aliran saliva.

Questa tesi presenta due diversi saggi sulla rilevanza delle distribuzioni endogene nei modelli macroeconomici. Questi discuteranno due diverse domande di ricerca ma sorgerà una linea guida comune per i responsabili della politica economica, riguardo il legame tra gli effetti distributivi e aggregati di macroeconomia politiche. Il primo articolo si riferisce alla letteratura sul ruolo della disuguaglianza ed eterogeneità nella politica monetaria e discute l'incoerenza nell’ipotesi di una struttura a due asset con vincolo di indebitamento esogeno: questa configurazione, comune in questa letteratura (si veda, ad esempio, Kaplan et al., 2018), rende le opportunità di debito indipendenti dal patrimonio netto (ad es. attività liquide più illiquide) portando a discutibili implicazioni di una espansione shock di politica monetaria sulle propensioni marginali al consumo e sul debito privato. Per questi motivi, il modello in questo paper presuppone una struttura a due asset con un vincolo di prestito basato sulle garanzie, che si avvicina alla letteratura empirica sulla non monotonia delle propensioni marginali al consumo (es. Crawley e Kuckler, 2020) e l'aumento del debito privato durante la crisi finanziaria del 2007. La dinamica di transizione a seguito di un taglio inaspettato della politica tassi è caratterizzata da un aumento del consumo aggregato sostenuto da un aumento del debito privato e un aumento delle attività durevoli aggregate, che si riassumono in a riduzione della disuguaglianza del patrimonio netto (Indice Gini della distribuzione del patrimonio netto). In questo modello, come comunemente ipotizzato nella letteratura correlata, la politica monetaria è strettamente interconnesso con la politica fiscale perché il settore pubblico garantisce l'equilibrio del mercato dell'equilibrio monetario attraverso tasse / sussidi. Per questi motivi, e per l'eterogeneità delle propensioni marginali al consumo, gli effetti di uno shock espansivo di politica monetaria sono maggiori quando i suoi effetti distributivi sono maggiori. Il secondo paper mostra come lo stesso quadro metodologico può essere utilizzato per una domanda di ricerca diversa e discute la politica di salario minimo. Dal momento che fissare il salario minimo implica un compromesso tra ridurre le disuguaglianze e distruggere i posti di lavoro non qualificati (Boeri, 2009), il modello considera due diversi tipi di input di lavoro (qualificato, non qualificato): in modo simile a Galor e Zeira, 1993, le famiglie possono acquisire competenze attraverso un Investimento indivisibile in capitale umano; in questo modo, la scelta di investimento (e, quindi, le abilità individuali) dipende dalla ricchezza individuale. Il modello in questo paper considera una politica di salarioq minimo simile a quella in Dehez e Fitoussi, 1996; in in particolare, questa politica sarà strettamente interconnessa con la politica fiscale perché il settore pubblico sovvenziona l'azienda rappresentativa nel modello in modo da evitare il licenziamento di lavoratori non qualificati. Questa politica di salario minimo riesce a stimolare il consumo aggregato e ridurre la disparità di reddito, ma la disuguaglianza di ricchezza aumenta perché questa politica rappresenta un disincentivo all'investimento in capitale umano. Se il policymaker è interessato a ridurre la disuguaglianza di ricchezza sarà necessario ridistribuire la ricchezza una tantum verso gli individui non qualificati, perché questo aiuterà le loro dinastie a investire nel capitale umano nel lungo periodo. Un'importante implicazione emerge dalla lettura congiunta di questi articoli: i responsabili politici devono considerare gli effetti distributivi delle loro misure poiché questi determinano attivamente gli effetti aggregati: i modelli teorici devono prevedere la possibilità di distribuzioni endogene.
This work presents two different essays on the relevance of endogenous distributions in macroeconomic models. They will discuss two different research questions but a common guideline for policymakers will arise, that refers to the link between the distributional and aggregate effects of macroeconomic policies. The first paper relates to the literature about the role of inequality and heterogeneity in monetary policy and discusses about the inconsistency in the hypothesis of a two-assets structure with an exogenous borrowing constraint on monetary balance: this setup, which is common in this literature (see, e.g., Kaplan et al., 2018), makes debt opportunities independent of net worth (i.e. liquid plus illiquid assets) leading to debatable implications of an expansive monetary policy shock on marginal propensities to consume and private debt. For these reasons, the model in this paper assumes a two-asset structure with a collateral-based borrowing constraint, catching-up with the empirical literature about the non-monotonicity of marginal propensities to consume (e.g. Crawley and Kuckler, 2020) and the rise in private debt during the global financial crisis. The transition dynamics following an unexpected cut in policy rates features a boost in aggregate consumption backed by an increase in private debt and an increase in aggregate durable assets, which sum up into a reduction in net worth inequality (the Gini Index of net worth distribution). In this model, as commonly assumed in the related literature, monetary policy is strictly interconnected with fiscal policy because the Public Sector ensures the monetary balance market equilibrium through taxes/subsidies. For these reasons, and because of the heterogeneity in marginal propensities to consume, the effects of an expansive monetary policy shock are greater when its distributional effects are greater. The second paper shows how the same methodological framework may be applied to a different research question and discusses the issue of setting a minimum wage. Since setting the minimum wage involves a trade-off between reducing inequality and destroying unskilled jobs (Boeri, 2009), the model considers two different types of labour input (skilled, unskilled): similar to Galor and Zeira, 1993, households may become skilled through an indivisible human capital investment; in this way, the investment choice (and, therefore, individual skills) depends on individual wealth. The model in this paper considers a minimum wage setting similar to Dehez and Fitoussi, 1996; in particular, this policy will be strictly interconnected with fiscal policy because the Public Sector subsidizes the representative firm in the model in order to avoid dismissals of unskilled workers. Setting this minimum wage succeeds in boosting aggregate consumption and reducing income inequality, but wealth inequality rises because this policy represents a disincentive to the human capital investment. If the policymaker is interested in reducing wealth inequality it will be necessary to redistribute wealth \emph{una tantum} towards the unskilled individuals, because this will help their dynasties to invest in human capital in the long run. An important implication emerges from the joint reading of these papers: policymakers need to consider the distributional effects of their measures since these actively determine the aggregate effects: endogenous distributions need again a main spot in theoretical models.