Bibliographies thématiques / Indice de protection solaire

Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Indice de protection solaire »

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Indice de protection solaire"

Thomas, P., et A. Bonnevalle. « Produits de protection solaire ». EMC - Cosmétologie et dermatologie esthétique 6, n^o 1 (janvier 2011) : 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1283-0143(11)70771-3.

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Thomas, P., et A. Bonnevalle. « Indications des produits de protection solaire ». EMC - Cosmétologie et dermatologie esthétique 6, n^o 1 (janvier 2011) : 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1283-0143(11)70772-5.

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Beani, J. C. « Produits de protection solaire : efficacité et risques ». Annales de Dermatologie et de Vénéréologie 139, n^o 4 (avril 2012) : 261–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annder.2012.01.022.

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Sin, C., A. Beauchet, A. Marchal, M. L. Sigal et E. Mahé. « Compréhension et utilisation de l’indice universel de rayonnement solaire (indice ultraviolet) par les dermatologues ». Annales de Dermatologie et de Vénéréologie 139, n^o 12 (décembre 2012) : B67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annder.2012.10.041.

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Meunier, L. « Phototoprotection : nouvelle classification des produits de protection solaire ». Annales de Dermatologie et de Vénéréologie 135, n^o 2 (février 2008) : 157–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annder.2007.12.008.

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Trouvelot, S., A. L. Varnier, M. Allègre, L. Mercier, F. Baillieul, C. Arnould, V. Gianinazzi-Pearson et al. « A β-1,3 Glucan Sulfate Induces Resistance in Grapevine against Plasmopara viticola Through Priming of Defense Responses, Including HR-like Cell Death ». Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 21, n^o 2 (février 2008) : 232–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-21-2-0232.

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Sulfated laminarin (PS3) has been shown previously to be an elicitor of plant defense reactions in tobacco and Arabidopsis and to induce protection against tobacco mosaic virus. Here, we have demonstrated the efficiency of PS3 in protecting a susceptible grapevine cultivar (Vitis vinifera cv. Marselan) against downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) under glasshouse conditions. This induced resistance was associated with potentiated H2O2 production at the infection sites, upregulation of defense-related genes, callose and phenol depositions, and hypersensitive response-like cell death. Interestingly, similar responses were observed following P. viticola inoculation in a tolerant grapevine hybrid cultivar (Solaris). A pharmacological approach led us to conclude that both callose synthesis and jasmonic acid pathway contribute to PS3-induced resistance.

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Sin, C., A. Beauchet, A. Marchal, M. L. Sigal et E. Mahé. « Compréhension et utilisation de l’indice universel de rayonnement solaire (« indice ultraviolet ») par les dermatologues français métropolitains ». Annales de Dermatologie et de Vénéréologie 140, n^o 1 (janvier 2013) : 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annder.2012.09.010.

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Girault, V. « Une liane amazonienne au service de la protection solaire… ». Annales de Dermatologie et de Vénéréologie 133, n^o 4 (avril 2006) : 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0151-9638(06)77565-2.

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Pharma SA, Spirig. « Nouveau : Daylong visage vitaminé - Protection solaire pour le visage ». Revue Médicale Suisse 62, n^o 2483 (2004) : 1116. http://dx.doi.org/10.53738/revmed.2004.62.2483.1116.

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Girault, V. « Un nouveau produit solaire très haute protection pour les enfants ». Annales de Dermatologie et de Vénéréologie 133, n^o 6-7 (juin 2006) : 634. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0151-9638(06)77603-7.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Indice de protection solaire"

Lorquin, Faustine. « Développement de préparations solaires éco-participatives et de nouvelle génération : utilisation de la lignine comme booster de SPF et production d'une mélanine de substitution ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/201215_LORQUIN_365ob597het970zyydtn580hoga_TH.pdf.

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Ce travail sur l’amélioration de la protection solaire suivant un concept éco-participatif propose 2 parties, (i) l’élaboration d’une formulation simple, (ii) la synthèse d’une mélanine de substitution. La formulation contient seulement 8 ingrédients, dont 2 filtres organiques sélectionnés sur leur photostabilité, caractéristiques physicochimiques, et l'absence d'impact (santé, écosystèmes), le BEMT et le DHHB. Une protection totale est atteinte par l’addition de lignine sulfatée (LiS), polymère largement disponible, non toxique, antiradicalaire et soluble dans l’eau. Des méthodologies expérimentales ont permis de minimiser les concentrations, débouchant sur 2 formules stables, SPF30 et SPF50, contenant respectivement 9 et 12% de filtres, et 5% de LiS chacune. De l'effet booster observé, des hypothèses sur les interactions LiS-filtres sont émises. La deuxième partie concerne la production de pyomélanine. Alors que les quantités produites par les microorganismes restent faibles, 3 procédés sont comparés: une autooxydation du HGA-Mn2+ (rendement 0,317 g/g de substrat), une culture induite d’Halomonas titanicae (0,55 g/L), et une polymérisation par une laccase (PyoENZ, 1,25 g/g). Les 3 structures ont été caractérisées par 13C RMN (CP-MAS) et FTIR, une réaction de décarboxylation biologique partielle conduit à la formation d'alcool gentisique et de gentisaldéhyde incorporés dans le polymère. PyoENZ est hyperthermostable, non (photo)cytotoxique, piège les ROS, réduit efficacement le Fe3+, et est proposée pour des applications
This work on the improvement of solar protection according to an eco-participatory concept proposes 2 parts, (i) the elaboration of a simple formulation, (ii) the synthesis of substitute melanin. The formulation contains only 8 ingredients, including 2 organic filters selected on their photostability, physicochemical characteristics, and absence of impact (health, ecosystems), BEMT and DHHB. Total protection is achieved by the addition of lignosulfonate (LiS), a widely available, non-toxic, anti-free radical, and a water-soluble polymer. Experimental design allowed to minimize the concentrations, resulting in 2 stable formula, SPF30 and SPF50, containing 9 and 12% filters respectively, and 5% LiS each. From the observed booster effect, hypotheses on LiS-filter interactions were proposed. The second part concerns the production of pyomelanin. While the quantities produced by the microorganisms remain low, 3 processes are compared: autooxidation of HGA-Mn2+ (yield 0.317 g/g substrate), an induced culture of Halomonas titanicae (0.55 g/L), and a method based on a laccase polymerization (PyoENZ, 1.25 g/g). The 3 structures had been characterized by 13C NMR (CP-MAS) and FTIR, a partial biological decarboxylation reaction was occurred and led to the formation of gentisic alcohol and gentisaldehyde which are incorporated in the polymer. PyoENZ is hyperthermostable, non-(photo)cytotoxic, traps ROS, effectively reduces Fe3+, and is proposed for applications

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Nocera, Thérèse. « Urticaire solaire : un nouveau modèle de détermination du coefficient de protection solaire ». Montpellier 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON11032.

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Roman, Carine. « La protection solaire : les actifs et leurs formulations ». Aix-Marseille 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX22534.

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Dodane, Marie Elisabeth. « La protection solaire et les produits de bronzage ». Besançon, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BESA3341.

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PFEIFFER, JOSIANE. « Protection solaire et variations de la couche d'ozone ». Strasbourg 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995STR15029.

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Kirilov, Plamen. « Energie solaire : nouveaux complexes polypyridiniques de ruthénium à longues chaînes ; protection solaire : élaboration de gélosomes pour applications cosmétiques ». Toulouse 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOU30007.

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Dans une première partie de ces travaux de thèse sont présentées la synthèse et les propriétés photophysiques et photochimiques de bipyridines hydrophobes comportant de longues chaînes aminoalkyles. Ces molécules sont liées au ruthénium afin d’obtenir des complexes hydrophobes que l’on pourrait utiliser comme colorant-sensibilisateur dans l’élaboration de cellules solaires. Le comportement photophysique des complexes de ruthénium (II) à longues chaînes aminoalkyles ainsi obtenus est discuté et comparé à celui des systèmes existant actuellement. Les travaux présentés en deuxième partie ont été menés en collaboration avec les laboratoires Pierre-Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique. Ils ont eu pour but la mise au point de microsphères d’organogel nommées « gélosomes ». Elles sont obtenues à partir d’une huile d’intérêt cosmétique et d’un organogélifiant de faible masse moléculaire. Ce dernier est l’acide 12-hydroxystéarique (HSA), et la plupart des huiles cosmétiques utilisées pour l’élaboration de ces particules sont des huiles émollientes. Une des caractéristiques importantes d’un organogel est la température de transition de phases sol-gel, au-dessous de laquelle il y a passage d’un état liquide à un état gel. Cette propriété physique induite par la présence du HSA est à la base de l’élaboration des gélosomes. Les particules obtenues par émulsification au-dessus de la température de transition de phase sol-gel et refroidissement à température ambiante. Elles sont stabilisées dans l’eau par l’intermédiaire d’un tensioactif ou bien d’un polymère. La taille des gélosomes, le comportement rhéologique de leur dispersion aqueuse ainsi que leur stabilité ont également été étudiés en fonction de la quantité de HSA, de polymère ou de tensioactif. Enfin, les dispersions de gélosomes ainsi obtenues ont été évaluées comme ingrédient dans des formulations cosmétiques et notamment en protection solaire
In the first part of this thesis, the synthesis, the photophysical and photochemical properties of long chain hydrophobic bipyridines are presented. These molecules were used as ligand to synthesize hydrophobic complexes of ruthenium as dye-sensitizers for the development of water resistant solar cells. The photophysical behaviour of these ruthenium (II) complexes with long chain aminoalkyls is discussed and compared with other ruthenium complexes already used as dye-sensitizers. In the second part, we have developed microspheres of organogel named “gelosomes”. This work was carried out in collaboration with laboratories of “Pierre FABRE dermo-cosmétique”. These gelled particles comprise an oil that has a cosmetic interest and a low molecular weight organic gelator. This gelator is the acid 12-hydroxystearic (HSA) and the main oils used for elaboration of the gelosomes were emollient oils. An important physical property of an organogel is the sol-gel phase transition corresponding to a temperature below which there is a transformation from a liquid to a gel. The elaboration of the gelosomes is based on this phase transition induced by small amount of HSA dissolved in oil. The gelled microspheres of oil were obtained by water emulsification, with a surfactant or a polymer, above the sol-gel transition temperature and cooling the oil droplets at room temperature. This process leads to a stable dispersion of gelosomes. The size of the particles, the rheological behaviour of the dispersions and their stability were investigated depending on the amount of HSA, polymer and surfactant. Finally, a dispersion of gelosomes corresponding to a gelled sunscreen oil was investigated as a new cosmetic ingredient for elaboration of sunscreen formulations

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Lecureux, Marie. « Modélisation électromagnétique pour le filtrage UV appliquée à la protection solaire ». Thesis, Ecole centrale de Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ECDM0009/document.

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Une crème solaire, ayant pour objectif de filtrer les UV, est un système complexe, à plusieurs phases, contenant deux types de filtres : des filtres dits chimiques - c'est-à-dire des molécules absorbantes - et des réflecteurs (comme le TiO2), protégeant par diffusion de la lumière. Afin d'évaluer l'efficacité des produits, des mesures d'indice de protection (IP ou SPF) existent ; la crème est placée in vivo sur différents phénotypes de peau ou in vitro sur un support plastique en PMMA.Afin de modéliser la protection solaire, nous avons cherché à connaitre la répartition de la crème sur son support. Nous avons pour cela utilisé l'OCT (Tomographie à Cohérence Optique) avec un support plastique métallisé, permettant d'améliorer le contraste des images.Ceci nous a alors permis, en connaissant les paramètres des différents filtres chimiques ou particulaires, de modéliser la transmission de la crème sur son support la peau ou le PMMA. Nous avons pour cela utilisé la méthode différentielle, une méthode de calcul de diffusion de la lumière permettant de traiter une structure bidimensionnelle.Nous avons alors pu comparer nos résultats de calcul avec des mesures de protection, étudier l'influence de quelques caractéristiques des particules comme la taille ou le matériau utilisé, ou bien encore évaluer l'effet de l'hydratation de la couche la plus externe de la peau sur la protection solaire. Nous avons par ailleurs cherché à améliorer la vitesse et le champ d'application des calculs en comparant les résultats obtenus par la méthode différentielle avec d'autres modèles (diffusion de la lumière par des tiges ou théorie de Mie)
Sunscreens, an emulsion of several phases, are used as UV filters in order to protect people from sun damages. Filters can be divided in two types: the chemical ones which are organic molecules that absorb selectively ultraviolet light and the physical ones (such as TiO2) which are inorganic particles that scatter and may absorb some of the UV radiation. The sunscreen quality is given by the sun protection factor (SPF), measured in vivo. In order to avoid long and complicated tests, a quick and simple in vitro method, using a plastic substrate, has been established, which gives an approximation of the SPF. In order to model the sunscreen protection, we had to evaluate the sunscreen distribution. We used an OCT (for Optical Coherence Tomography) device, after having spread a metallic thin on the substrate before applying the sunscreen. Theses images helped us to model the cream transmission on the skin or the plastic substrate, using the differential method which can calculate the scattering of light through a 2D structure.We then compared our results to measurements, but also studied the impact of several particles specifications, such as the size or the material of the particle, or study the effect of the skin hydration on the UV protection.Furthermore, we have compared our results to other calculation methods (Mie scattering or scattering by a set of parallel cylinders) in order to improve the calculation time and try a 3D-method

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Tran, Van Ly. « Modèles stochastiques des processus de rayonnement solaire ». Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00994598.

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Les caractéristiques des rayonnements solaires dépendent fortement de certains événements météorologiques non observés comme fréquence, taille et type des nuages et leurs propriétés optiques (aérosols atmosphériques, al- bédo du sol, vapeur d'eau, poussière et turbidité atmosphérique) tandis qu'une séquence du rayonnement solaire peut être observée et mesurée à une station donnée. Ceci nous a suggéré de modéliser les processus de rayonnement solaire (ou d'indice de clarté) en utilisant un modèle Markovien caché (HMM), paire corrélée de processus stochastiques. Notre modèle principal est un HMM à temps continu (Xt, yt)t_0 est tel que (yt), le processus observé de rayonnement, soit une solution de l'équation différentielle stochastique (EDS) : dyt = [g(Xt)It − yt]dt + _(Xt)ytdWt, où It est le rayonnement extraterrestre à l'instant t, (Wt) est un mouvement Brownien standard et g(Xt), _(Xt) sont des fonctions de la chaîne de Markov non observée (Xt) modélisant la dynamique des régimes environnementaux. Pour ajuster nos modèles aux données réelles observées, les procédures d'estimation utilisent l'algorithme EM et la méthode du changement de mesures par le théorème de Girsanov. Des équations de filtrage sont établies et les équations à temps continu sont approchées par des versions robustes. Les modèles ajustés sont appliqués à des fins de comparaison et classification de distributions et de prédiction.

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Aucoin, Corinne. « Contribution à la mise au point d'un protocole d'expérimentation in vivo de la résistance à l'eau des produits solaires ». Bordeaux 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR2P033.

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El, Boury Alami Soumia. « Détermination par méthode in vitro de l'efficacité de produits solaires formulés avec des filtres inorganiques et/ou organiques ». Nantes, 2011. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=4301f698-ec02-41e5-91c2-4e470b44b1d0.

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Suite aux travaux préalablement initiés au Laboratoire de Pharmacie industrielle et de Cosmétologie, nous nous sommes attachée à améliorer la connaissance de l'efficacité des différents filtres et écrans pouvant être utilisés actuellement dans les produits solaires. Notre travail a tout d'abord consisté en l'étude de l'efficacité des filtres dans le domaine UVA. On observe des niveaux d'efficacité variables selon les molécules utilisées. Le filtre le moins efficace est la benzophénone¬3. Le filtre UVA le plus efficace est en réalité un filtre à spectre large, à savoir l'anisotriazine. Côté photostabilité, on distinguera 2 catégories de filtres : ceux qui perdent plus de 10% de leur efficacité après deux heures d'irradiation (et c'est le cas pour la majorité des filtres étudiés) et ceux qui sont stables même après deux heures d'irradiation. Pour cette dernière catégorie, il s'agit des benzophénones 3 et 5, de la triazine commercialisée sous le nom de Tinosorb M® et du bisimidazylate. Ces filtres dont l'efficacité peut être bonne ou médiocre selon la molécule considérée présentent l'avantage d'être photostables, ce qui en fait des ingrédients de choix pour la formulation des produits solaires. Partant du principe qu'un produit solaire est un mélange de filtres et qu'il comporte, la plupart du temps, à la fois des filtres organiques et des filtres inorganiques, il nous a paru intéressant de tester l'effet de l'association des filtres entre eux sur le niveau de photoprotection obtenu. Des combinaisons filtres organiques – dioxyde de titane ou bien filtres organiques – oxyde de zinc ont été réalisées et ont permis de conclure à une meilleure synergie lorsque l'on associe les filtres organiques à l'oxyde de zinc. Si au regard de ces résultats, il semble plus simple d'associer l'oxyde de zinc que le dioxyde de titane, il faut toutefois bien noter que les associations incluant du dioxyde de titane permettent d'atteindre des niveaux de photoprotection beaucoup plus élevés. La meilleure association est celle avec l'anisotriazine puisque l'on obtient un SPF supérieur à 50
Following the work initiated in the Laboratory of industrial Pharmacy and Cosmetology, we tried to increase our knowledge on the efficacy of different filters organic and inorganic used in suncare products. First of all we studied the efficacy of the filters in the UVA range. Depending on the molecules used we observed a range of results in terms of efficacy. The less efficient is the benzophenone¬3. The best UVA filter which has a wide spectrum is the anisotriazine. In terms of photostability, we will distinguish 2 categories of sun filters: the ones which are loosing more than 10% of their efficacy after 2 hours irradiation (it is the case for the majority of the filters studied) and the ones which are stable even if after 2 hours irradiation. This last category groups the benzophenone 3 and 5, the triazine sold under the name Tinosorb® S and the bismidazylate. The pros of those sun filters, which are efficient or not depending on the molecule, is their photostabilty. In fact, they will be the first choice to formulate sunscreens with. Knowing that a suncare product is a combination of different filters organic and inorganic, we decided to test their association against the photoprotection obtained. Associations between organic and inorganic filters, such as titanium dioxide or zinc oxide, have been done. The best synergy is obtained when organic sun filters are combined with zinc oxide. Regarding those results, zinc oxide is easier to combine than titanium dioxide with other filters. However, the combinations with titanium dioxide result in higher photoprotection. The best combination is with the anisotriazine, as the SPF obtained is higher than 50

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Livres sur le sujet "Indice de protection solaire"

Instituto del Patrimonio Cultural (Venezuela). Indice legislativo nacional del patrimonio cultural. Caracas, Venezuela : Instituto del Patrimonio Cultural, 1999.

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A solar manifesto. 2^e éd. London : James & James, 2001.

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Scheer, Hermann. A solar manifesto : The need for a total solar energy supply-- and how to achieve it. London : James & James, 1994.

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Scheer, Hermann. Sonnen-Strategie : Politik ohne Alternative. München : Piper, 1993.

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La protection solaire. Flammarion, 2001.

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McEwan, Ian, et France Camus-Pichon. Solaire. GALLIMARD, 2011.

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Exposition au rayonnement solaire : Risques professionnels et moyens de protection. Québec, Québec : Secrétariat permanent, TPCSST, 1992.

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Eva, Rollin, dir. Cristo explore l'espace. Editions Goélette, 2010.

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Giacomoni, P. U. Sun Protection in Man (Comprehensive Series in Photosciences). Elsevier Science, 2001.

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A Solar Manifesto. Earthscan Publications Ltd., 2005.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Indice de protection solaire"

Bährle-Rapp, Marina. « protection solaire ». Dans Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege, 456. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_8594.

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Bährle-Rapp, Marina. « indice de protection ». Dans Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege, 279. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_5179.

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Rodrigues, Neshwin, Raghav Pachouri, Shubham Thakare, G. Renjith et Thomas Spencer. « Integrating Wind and Solar in the Indian Power System ». Dans Energiepolitik und Klimaschutz. Energy Policy and Climate Protection, 139–62. Wiesbaden : Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-38215-5_7.

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AbstractIndia’s coal contribution to the total electricity generation mix stood at 73% in 2018. To meet India’s NDC ambitions, the federal government announced determined targets to integrate 450 GW Renewable Energy in the grid by 2030. This paper explores the pathways to integrate high RE generation by 2030 with effective balancing of supply and demand and associated challenges of flexibility requirements. A Unit commitment and economic dispatch model, which simulates the power system operation was used. The overall share of variable renewables reaches 26% and 32% in the Baseline Capacity Scenario (BCS) and High Renewable Energy Scenario (HRES) respectively. Improved ramp rates and a minimum thermal loading limit induce flexibility in the thermal fleet. In the HRES, more than 16 GW of coal plants are required for two-shift operations in April and more than 50% of days see an aggregate all-India ramp from the coal fleet in excess of 500 MW per minute. Battery Storage provides daily balancing while reducing VRE curtailment to less than 0.2% in the HRES. Nationally Coordinated dispatch shows increased power transfer from high VRE regions to export power during high VRE generation periods. It is thus found that high RE penetration is possible by 2030 at no extra system costs.

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Tiwari, Udit, et Sahab Dass. « Moisture Stable Soot Coated Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite Photoelectrodes for Hydrogen Production in Water ». Dans Springer Proceedings in Energy, 141–48. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63916-7_18.

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AbstractMetal halide perovskites have triggered a quantum leap in the photovoltaic technology marked by a humongous improvement in the device performance in a matter of just a few years. Despite their promising optoelectronic properties, their use in the photovoltaic sector remains restricted due to their inherent instability towards moisture. Here, we report a simple, cost-effective and highly efficient protection strategy that enables their use as photoelectrodes for photoelectrochemical hydrogen production while being immersed in water. A uniform coating of candle soot and silica is developed as an efficient hydrophobic coating that protects the perovskite from water while allowing the photogenerated electrons to reach the counter electrode. We achieve remarkable stability with photocurrent density above 1.5 mA cm−2 at 1 V versus saturated calomel electrode (SCE) for ~1 h under constant illumination. These results indicate an efficient route for the development of stable perovskite photoelectrodes for solar water splitting.

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« 10. Protection Solaire ». Dans Matériaux composites souples en architecture, construction et intérieurs, 185–208. Birkhäuser, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783034613392.185.

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« 5. Protection Solaire ». Dans Matériaux composites souples en architecture, construction et intérieurs, 70–85. Birkhäuser, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783034613392.70.

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M. Bastías, Richard, et Alexandra Boini. « Apple Production under Protective Netting Systems ». Dans Apple Cultivation - Recent Advances [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.109429.

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Apple crop is more and more cultivated under protective netting systems. Depending on the location and sunlight intensity, apple orchards can benefit from these installations, as they will be protected against extreme weather events. Depending on the technical features of the thread, the nets will be hail-proof, wind-proof, or rain-proof, while having different shading percentages. Modern fruit production faces high pressure also related to biotic stressors; thus, modern protective nets are designed to aid pest management. These protective systems become interesting, as they will induce changes in the orchards’ microenvironment, with consequences on crop physiology. Netting mainly reduces incoming solar radiation and wind speed, altering the heat balance. Leaf gas exchanges and water relations can be positively influenced by netting in apple cultivation areas with extreme solar radiation, high temperatures, and low water availability. These considerations are important, especially if the final yield and quality are not compromised by shading. These protective systems can allow higher sustainability of apple production, lowering resource use, along with crop protection.

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Kanore, Lalit, et Priti Masatkar. « Power to Transform ». Dans Indian Business Case Studies Volume III, 91–96. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192869395.003.0010.

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Abstract Rishab Industries was established in 2002 by Mr Jagmohan Singh, a technocrat and entrepreneur as a design and manufacturing house for Magnetic Wound Components in Pune. In its journey of 17 years, Rishab Industries has emerged as a leading channel partner for designing and manufacturing of specifically made to order wound components for top manufacturers of UPS in India. Rishab Industry products are a part of its customers products exported to more than 20 countries. Rishab makes transformers and chokes from an inherent and important part of the end products viz. UPS, solar inverters, isolation cubicles, and SCVS. Core strength: Design manufacture and supply of transformers with or without covers chokes. Servo controlled voltage stabilizers, battery chargers, switch board cabinets, and panels for power controls protection under slung for industrial and infrastructural applications.

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Marinese, Vito. « La charte des droits fondamentaux de l’Union européenne : indice d’un désengagement de l’état dans la protection des droits fondamentaux ? » Dans Mutations de l'État et protection des droits de l'homme, 115–28. Presses universitaires de Paris Nanterre, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.pupo.1396.

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Chatterjee, Shamba, et Sucheta Das. « Role of Probiotics on Skin Health ». Dans Modern Approaches in Chemical and Biological Sciences, 71–78. Lincoln University College, Malaysia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31674/book.2022macbs.009.

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Like the internal digestive system, the largest organ of our body, the skin, maintains a healthy balance with the natural inhabitants of it. Skin act as a host for several microorganisms (about one million per square centimetre) including different types of bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This microbiome takes active role in the fighting with infection, providing protection against environmental damage, regulation of pH and in keeping the skin hydrated and healthy. Probiotics are live and healthy microorganisms that can be consumed directly to restore the pH levels and the balance in the guts. They act like good bacteria and are important to keep away the “bad” bacteria from multiplying in different organ of human body. They can also be applied on the skin to restore the skin's ecosystem, pH and immunity. Again, long term exposure to solar radiation may induce UV damaged skin cancer. The utilization of probiotic bacteria in skin cancer research may help in development of new skin cancer prevention and treatment options.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Indice de protection solaire"

Kearney, Meghan, Jane H. Davidson et Susan Mantell. « Polymeric Absorbers for Flat Plate Collectors : Can Venting Provide Adequate Overheat Protection ? » Dans ASME 2005 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2005-76005.

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Venting and evaporative cooling are modeled as possible techniques for protecting polymer absorbers in single-glazed, flat-plate solar collectors from exceeding the material temperature limit during dry stagnation. Four venting options are considered: I) venting above the absorber plate, II) venting below, III) dual venting, and IV) venting with evaporative cooling. Results indicate that in hot, sunny conditions, venting may not provide adequate cooling to lower the absorber temperature to the relative thermal index of the polymeric materials currently in use or under consideration for this application. Venting combined with evaporative cooling from a wetted pad directly beneath the absorber plate is identified as a potential method of overheat protection in hot, dry climates.

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Kothakapu, Divya, et Srinivas Avishetti. « Gas Turbine Compartment Ventilation System ». Dans ASME 2014 Gas Turbine India Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gtindia2014-8161.

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The configuration of the compartment ventilation system is an important requirement in the gas turbine industry. The purpose of heating and ventilation system is to keep the turbine compartment within a fixed temperature envelope for at least personnel safety, equipment protection and reduction of turbine distortion by maintaining circumferentially uniform temperature distribution. The ventilation system also provides capability to detect and dilute the leaks by continually purging potential gas build up areas. Displacement ventilation is commonly used for the above considerations. The current GE approach is to perform CFD analysis to quantify the ventilation fan flow rate and arrive at fan static pressure head through simplified 1-D calculations. A detailed CFD geometric model is developed by including the entire turbine, piping, major support structure, all components with stringent temperature limits, ventilation inlets and outlets, enclosure roof and walls to verify the flow field. The fan static pressure head for various ambient conditions is obtained through 1-D calculations using the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) duct-fitting database. The goal of this work is: (1) accurate modeling of the components within the enclosure for better prediction of component temperatures; (2) consideration of solar radiation; and (3) integration of the 1-Dimensional Flowmaster models and 3-Dimensional CFD results to improve the predictions from One-Dimensional model.

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Wurthmann, Kurt. « Using Isotropic and Anisotropic Models to Determine Solar Module Tilt to Maximize Incident Energy and PV Electricity Output on the Alaska North Slope ». Dans ASME 2020 39th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2020-18103.

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Abstract The Alaska North Slope is a pristine and fragile arctic environment that needs protection. The present article illustrates the application of isotropic and anisotropic models for predicting solar radiation on photovoltaic (PV) modules (and, hence, potential electricity output) for different angles of inclination (or tilt) in Utqiagvik Alaska. The anisotropic model is shown to provide higher, albeit more accurate, predictions of solar radiation since it includes all of the measures used in the isotropic model, but provides a more comprehensive representation of the diffuse component. Specifically, the anisotropic model includes not only the isotropic part of diffuse radiation, but also the circumsolar and horizon brightening parts. A PV array angle of tilt of 55 degrees is shown to provide the greatest total amount of incident solar radiation for the entire year, based on both the isotropic and anisotropic models. However, both models also indicate that angles of tilt that are steeper than 55 degrees result in slightly greater amounts of incident solar radiation during the late-winter, early-spring, and mid-fall months; while angles of tilt that are flatter than 55 degrees result in slightly greater amounts of incident solar radiation during the summer and early-fall months. It is shown that a PV system with a moderately sized array, tilted at the fixed angle of 55 degrees, could provide more than 50 percent of the total annual electricity needs for homes in Utqiagvik Alaska.

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van Roode, Mark, Jeff Price, Josh Kimmel, Naren Miriyala, Don Leroux, Anthony Fahme et Kenneth Smith. « Ceramic Matrix Composite Combustor Liners : A Summary of Field Evaluations ». Dans ASME Turbo Expo 2005 : Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2005-68420.

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Solar Turbines Incorporated (Solar) under U.S. government sponsored programs has been evaluating ceramic matrix composite (CMC) combustor liners in test rigs and Solar Centaur® 50S engines since 1992. The objective was to evaluate and improve the performance and durability of CMCs as high temperature materials for advanced low emissions combustors. Field testing of CMC combustor liners started in May 1997 and by the end of 2004, over 67,000 operating hours have been accumulated on SiC/SiC and oxide/oxide CMC liners. NOx and CO emissions measured were < 15 ppmv and < 10 ppmv, respectively. Long test durations of 15,144 hrs and 13,937 hrs have been logged for SiC/SiC liners with protective environmental barrier coatings (EBCs). An oxide/oxide CMC liner with a Friable Graded Insulation (FGI) coating has been tested for 12,582 hrs. It was observed that EBCs significantly improve SiC/SiC CMC liner life. The basic three-layer EBC consists of consecutive layers of Si, mullite, and barium strontium aluminum silicate (BSAS). The durability of the baseline EBC can be improved by mixing in BSAS with mullite in the intermediate coating layer. The efficacy of replacing BSAS with SAS has not been demonstrated yet. Heavy degradation was observed for two-layer Si/BSAS and Si/SAS EBCs, indicating that the elimination of the intermediate layer is detrimental to EBC durability. Equivalent performance was observed when the Hi-Nicalon fiber reinforcement was replaced with Tyranno ZM or ZMI fiber. Melt infiltrated (MI) SiC/SiC CMCs have improved durability compared to SiC/SiC CMCs fabricated by Chemical Vapor Infiltration (CVI) of the matrix, in the absence of an EBC. However, the presence of an EBC results in roughly equivalent service life for MI and CVI CMCs. Early results indicate that oxide/oxide CMCs with protective FGI show relatively minor degradation under Centaur 50S engine operating conditions. The results of and lessons learned from CMC combustor liner engine field testing, conducted through 2004, have been summarized.

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Langford, Andrew O., et Michael H. Proffitt. « Differential Absorption Lidar Measurements of Tropospheric Ozone ». Dans Laser Applications to Chemical Analysis. Washington, D.C. : Optica Publishing Group, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/laca.1994.wc.3.

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Ozone is one of the most important trace species in the atmosphere and the focus of several important environmental issues. Most ozone resides in the stratosphere where it plays a critical role in protecting the biosphere from harmful solar ultraviolet radiation. A variety of observations indicate that ozone in this region is decreasing due to heterogeneous processes involving anthropogenic chlorine. In contrast, ozone is increasing at the surface due to photochemical reactions between man-made nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons. This elevated ozone adversely affects human health and vegetation and can be transported across regional and international boundaries. Finally, ozone is the only radiatively important trace gas that absorbs both incoming ultraviolet radiation and outgoing infrared radiation. The net effect of atmospheric ozone changes on the surface radiation budget will depend on where the vertical profile changes, particularly in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere.

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Couceiro, Marlene, et Cristina Carvalho. « Thermal comfort of buildings and their occupants - Dialogue between Nature, Textiles and Architecture ». Dans 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001556.

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Our research has the general objective of combating thermal discomfort and improving the interaction between the user and the space, through the application of new materials. Textiles have been used in architecture since mankind began to build. One of the advantages of their use is that they improve thermal comfort without increasing energy consumption. Our daily life imposes on us a fast pace, and textiles try to keep up with this movement. However, the floors and coverings of the spaces do not reflect this speed. We estimate a benefit referring to an improvement in terms of user's comfort, if our building could adapt to the situations to which it is subjected, reversibly changing according to the circumstances to which it is exposed. We intend to observe Nature, with the aim of presenting strategies, which can contribute to finding alternative solutions, which accompany these changes, especially meteorological ones.The fur, feathers and scales, the body wrapping of animals, function similarly to the skin of humans, and have different functions (protection, communication, sensation, thermoregulation). Analysis of their protective and regulatory functions provide a starting point, for experiments in textiles and buildings. In this research we will focus on animal cooling and heating techniques, to try to find solutions, based on fauna and flora observation, to formulate possible textile and architectural applications. We will also observe some climatic zones with exaggerated characteristics, to understand how the human being has adapted to these places.It is by no means intended to exhaust the subject, however we will indicate some behavioral strategies and anatomical features that help animals regulate their body temperature. Whenever possible trying to correlate with already existing examples in textiles and Architecture. This article analyzes the possibilities of integrating some animal characteristics, in textiles and coatings with the objective of improving its thermal performance. We believe that by changing the color or applying new materials incorporated into the structures of our clothing or the coatings of our buildings, we can achieve our purpose: to improve thermal comfort. The use of darker shades, allow to absorb more solar radiation and heat the human body or the walls of houses. While the use of lighter shades, contribute to a greater reflection of sunlight, which allows to avoid the heating of the surfaces, favoring the reduction of temperature. We intend with this study to understand the dynamics of Nature, to understand how it solves its problems, to understand its general process of efficiency, to observe its diversity and complexity, with the objective of taking advantage of this inexhaustible source of inspiration for Design, for Textiles, for Architecture. It seems possible to improve the thermal comfort of buildings and their occupants through the production and application of responsive materials.

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Miloradović, Nenad. « Application of Neolepenism in Climatic Conditions with Frequent Fog ». Dans 51st International HVAC&R Congress and Exhibition. SMEITS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24094//kghk.020.51.1.53.

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Neolepenism is a new type of energy efficient architecture that could respond to the challenges of sustainable development, primarily as a passive means of protection in the fight against the effects of global warming and climate change. The author improved and optimized the positive experiences of the architecture of Lepenski Vir (Serbia) and made a model of a small family house of neolepenism with a flat roof, which he presented at the 50th International Congress and Exhibition on HVAC in Belgrade in 2019. During the presentation of the model, in the discussion at the exhibition, the question was asked: "Can this architecture be applied in climatic conditions with frequent occurrence of morning fog?" Using the meteorological databases of the Meteonorm program and the typical meteorological years for Ljubljana (Slovenia), as well as the previously developed program in Excel that was used in calculations for this architecture of neolepenism, the author presents the results for Ljubljana, a city located in the valley and where morning fogs are common. In meteorological data, the appearance of frequent morning fog is manifested through a reduced intensity of direct solar radiation in the morning. The paper presents conclusions concerning the optimal orientation of neolepenism buildings for this type of climate depending on the energy class of the building.The obtained results at the level of the whole year indicate that for the needs of heating, the eastern orientation is slightly better than the southern one for the buildings of energy class B, while for the less isolated buildings, the southern orientation has a slight advantage. For the area of Ljubljana, the orientation of the neolepenism building does not play a significant role for heating needs, but still the author believes that the originally assumed eastern orientation should be kept as optimal, due to the need for cooling during the summer season. However, in addition to good thermal insulation, the compactness of the form of neolepenism architecture also plays a crucial role in saving energy and achieving thermal comfort.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Indice de protection solaire"

Katan, Jaacov, et Michael E. Stanghellini. Clinical (Major) and Subclinical (Minor) Root-Infecting Pathogens in Plant Growth Substrates, and Integrated Strategies for their Control. United States Department of Agriculture, octobre 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568089.bard.

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In intensive agriculture, harmful soilborne biotic agents, cause severe damage. These include both typical soilborne (clinical) major pathogens which destroy plants (e.g. Fusarium and Phytophthora pathogens), and subclinical ("minor") pathogens (e.g. Olpidium and Pythium). The latter cause growth retardation and yield decline. The objectives of this study were: (1) To study the behavior of clinical (major) and subclinical (minor) pathogens in plant growth substrate, with emphasis on zoosporic fungi, such as Pythium, Olipidium and Polymyxa. (2) To study the interaction between subclinical pathogens and plants, and those aspects of Pythium biology which are relevant to these systems. (3) To adopt a holistic-integrated approach for control that includes both eradicative and protective measures, based on a knowledge of the pathogens' biology. Zoospores were demonstrated as the primary, if not the sole propagule, responsible for pathogen spread in a recirculating hydroponic cultural system, as verified with P. aphanidermatum and Phytophthora capsici. P. aphanidermatum, in contrast to Phytophthora capsici, can also spread by hyphae from plant-to-plant. Synthetic surfactants, when added to the recirculating nutrient solutions provided 100% control of root rot of peppers by these fungi without any detrimental effects on plant growth or yield. A bacterium which produced a biosurfactant was proved as efficacious as synthetic surfactants in the control of zoosporic plant pathogens in the recirculating hydroponic cultural system. The biosurfactant was identified as a rhamnolipid. Olpidium and Polymyxa are widespread and were determined as subclinical pathogens since they cause growth retardation but no plant mortality. Pythium can induce both phenomena and is an occasional subclinical pathogen. Physiological and ultrastructural studies of the interaction between Olpidium and melon plants showed that this pathogen is not destructive but affects root hairs, respiration and plant nutrition. The infected roots constitute an amplified sink competing with the shoots and eventually leading to growth retardation. Space solarization, by solar heating of the greenhouse, is effective in the sanitation of the greenhouse from residual inoculum and should be used as a component in disease management, along with other strategies.

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