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1
Wagoner, P. L. « Plateau, Volume 12 of Handbook of North American Indians ». Ethnohistory 47, no 3-4 (1 juillet 2000) : 825–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00141801-47-3-4-825.
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Carney, Molly, Jade d'Alpoim Guedes, Kevin J. Lyons et Melissa Goodman Elgar. « Gendered Places and Depositional Histories : Reconstructing a Menstrual Lodge in the Interior Northwest ». American Antiquity 84, no 3 (3 juin 2019) : 400–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aaq.2019.30.
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This project considered the deposition history of a burned structure located on the Kalispel Tribe of Indians ancestral lands at the Flying Goose site in northeastern Washington. Excavation of the structure revealed stratified deposits that do not conform to established Columbia Plateau architectural types. The small size, location, and absence of artifacts lead us to hypothesize that this site was once a non-domestic structure. We tested this hypothesis with paleoethnobotanical, bulk geoarchaeological, thin section, and experimental firing data to deduce the structural remains and the post-occupation sequence. The structure burned at a relatively low temperature, was buried soon afterward with imported rubified sediment, and was exposed to seasonal river inundation. Subsequently, a second fire consumed a unique assemblage of plant remains. Drawing on recent approaches to structured deposition and historic processes, we incorporate ethnography to argue that this structure was a menstrual lodge. These structures are common in ethnographic descriptions, although no menstrual lodges have been positively identified in the archaeological record of the North American Pacific Northwest. This interpretation is important to understanding the development and time depth of gendered practices of Interior Northwest groups.
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Morrison, Kenneth M. « Indians of Northeastern North America. Christian F. Feest ». History of Religions 29, no 1 (août 1989) : 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/463181.
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Eid, Leroy V. « "National" War Among Indians of Northeastern North America ». Canadian Review of American Studies 16, no 2 (mai 1985) : 125–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cras-016-02-01.
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Lal, Brij V. « The Odyssey of Indenture : Fragmentation and Reconstitution in the Indian Diaspora ». Diaspora : A Journal of Transnational Studies 5, no 2 (septembre 1996) : 167–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/diaspora.5.2.167.
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“Indians are ubiquitous,” reports the Calcutta newspaper The Statesman on 5 August 1980. According to this article, there were then only five countries in the world where Indians “have not yet chosen to stay”: Cape Verde Islands, Guinea Bissau, North Korea, Mauritania, and Romania. Today, according to one recent estimate, 8.6 million people of South Asian origin live outside the subcontinent, in the United Kingdom and Europe (1.48 million), Africa (1.39 million), Southeast Asia (1.86 million), the Middle East (1.32 million), Caribbean and Latin America (958,000), North America (729,000), and the Pacific (954,000) (Clarke et al. 2).
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Fisher, Samuel K. « Atlantic ’45 : Gaels, Indians and the Origins of Imperial Reform in the British Atlantic ». English Historical Review 136, no 578 (1 février 2021) : 85–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/ceab031.
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Abstract This article offers a new explanation of the origins of imperial reform in the eighteenth-century British Atlantic. It does so by arguing that the efforts of Gaelic Jacobites in Ireland and Scotland, along with those of Native diplomats in North America, should be viewed as similar attempts to reshape the British empire by recourse to the French—and that in the period 1745–8 these attempts bore fruit. By comparing the efforts of imperial officials to cope with the Jacobite rising of 1745 and their failures in Indian diplomacy during the same period, the article posits the existence of an ‘Atlantic ’45’, a shared crisis of diversity that prompted calls for imperial reform and shaped the way it played out in Scotland, North America and Ireland. As they struggled to repress the rebellion and win over Indian allies, imperial officials found that they could not gain control of Gaelic and Indian peoples without also gaining more control over their provincial subjects, an insight that lay at the heart of reform thinking for the rest of the century and put the empire on a collision course with provincial subjects’ sense of what it meant to be British. By acknowledging the centrality of diversity and the important contributions of Gaelic and Indian peoples, the article offers a new way of understanding imperial reform and revolution, one that includes a richer and more complex cast and gives more purchase on the different trajectories of Ireland, Scotland, and North America both within and outside empire.
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Mancall, Peter C., et Thomas Weiss. « Was Ecomomic Growth Likely in Colonial British North America ? » Journal of Economic History 59, no 1 (mars 1999) : 17–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700022270.
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Conventional wisdom holds that output per capita in colonial British America increased between 0.3 and 0.6 percent per year. Our conjectural estimates challenge this view, suggesting instead that such growth was unlikely. We show that the most likely rate of economic growth was much lower, probably close to zero. We argue further that to understand the performance of the colonial economy it is necessary to include the economic activity of Native American Indians. When this is done, we estimate that the economy may have grown at the rate suggested by previous researchers.
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NICHOLS, ROGER L. « Western Attractions ». Pacific Historical Review 74, no 1 (1 février 2005) : 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2005.74.1.1.
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North America,and in particular the United States, has fascinated Europeans as the place of the "exotic other " for at least the last two centuries. This article surveys American and European art, novels,radio programs, Western films, and television Westerns from the 1820s to the present. It posits that the presence of Indians, fictional Western heroes,gunmen,and a perceived general level of violence made frontier and Western America more colorful and exciting than similar circumstances and native people in other parts of the world. This resulted in a continuing interest in the fictional aspect of the American frontier and Western historical experiences.
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McGrath, Eileen. « North Carolina Books ». North Carolina Libraries 68, no 1 (21 mars 2011) : 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3776/ncl.v68i1.320.
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Compiled by Eileen McGrath, the following books are included: The North Carolina Gazetter: A Dictionary of Tar Heel Places and Their History; Becoming Elizabeth Lawrence: Discovered Letters of a Southern Gardener; The Southern Mind under Union Rule: The Diary of James Rumley; A Day of Blood: The 1898 Wilmington Race Riot; Kay Kyser: The Ol' Professor of Sing! America's Forgotten Superstar; Haven on the Hill: A History of North Carolina's Dorothea Dix Hospital; Middle of the Air; Lumbee Indians in the Jim Crow South: Race, Identity, and the Making of a Nation; Cow across America; Real NASCAR: White Lightning, Red Clay, and Big Bill France; 27 Views of Hillsborough: A Southern Town in Prose & Poetry; Twelve by Twelve: A One Room Cabin off the Grid and beyond the American Dream; and Down Home: Jewish Life in North Carolina.
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Haynes, Gary, Cliff Boyd et Maripat Metcalf. « Book Reviews : Northwest Carving Traditions, The Lost Cities of the Mayas : The Life, Art, and Discoveries of Frederick Catherwood, Tutankhamun : The Eternal Splendor of the Boy Pharaoh, Clovis Revisited : New Perspectives on Paleoindian Adaptations from Black-water Draw, New Mexico, Native Visions : Evolution in Northwest Coast Art from the Eighteenth through the Twentieth Century, Handbook of the North American Indians, Volume 12 : Plateau, Bones, Boats, and Bison : Archaeology and the First Colonization of Western North America, The Settlement of the Americas : A New Prehistory, Time Before History : The Archaeology of North Carolina, Grasshopper Pueblo : A Story of Archaeology and Ancient Life ». North American Archaeologist 23, no 1 (janvier 2002) : 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/m5c5-3w9v-29va-kvmg.
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Lloyd, Joel. « George Catlin's Geology ». Earth Sciences History 10, no 1 (1 janvier 1991) : 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.10.1.q83165576xx16047.
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George Catlin, the noted Nineteenth Century painter of American Indians had a deep interest in geology which, in the late years of his life, was to lead him far astray. He wrote a strange little book, entitled The Lifted and Subsided Rocks of America, that was published by Trubner & Co. of London in 1870. In that work Catlin hypothesized that under the great mountain chains of North and South America there existed subterranean vaults, through which tumultuous rivers ran, debouched in the Gulf of Mexico, and intermingled to become the Gulf Stream. The fury of this torrent flung American Indians, clinging to driftwood and rafts, as far as the coasts of Europe.
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Slatcher, Rebecca. « Indigenous languages in the British Library catalogue : a critique of ‘Indians of North America—Languages’ ». Art Libraries Journal 48, no 2 (avril 2023) : 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/alj.2023.5.
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The British Library holds a significant collection of printed materials in, and about, North American Indigenous languages that largely speaks to a history of colonial and settler-colonial projects and collecting. This article suggests one way of exploring what that collecting context means for how we find, experience and encounter language texts in the library. It offers an approach to ‘reading’ catalogues that puts texts in conversation with cataloguing systems to both contextualise and challenge the legacies of collecting in knowledge organisation today. It traces a brief history of the Library of Congress Subject Heading (LCSH), ‘Indians of North America—Languages’, a term that reoccurs in the British Library's catalogue. This history shows how parts of the catalogue are artefacts of problematic bodies of knowledge, whilst also surfacing examples of Indigenous resistance that can be used to reframe the catalogue.
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Foster II, H. Thomas, et Arthur D. Cohen. « Palynological Evidence of the Effects of the Deerskin Trade on Forest Fires during the Eighteenth Century in Southeastern North America ». American Antiquity 72, no 1 (janvier 2007) : 35–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40035297.
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Three palynological cores from the coastal plain of Georgia and Alabama were analyzed for paleobotanical remains. Results show that the Indians of southeastern North America increased forest fires used in hunting as a response to the demand for deer hides during the early eighteenth century. Palynological data are consistent with known anthropogenic changes in the region. Charcoal abundance increased significantly between A.D. 1715 and 1770, which is the period of the most intensive hunting by the Indians. This study shows that forest fires from hunting had a significant and measurable effect on the evolution of the biophysical environment.
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Johnson, Sylvester A. « Religion and Empire in Transnational Perspective : a Response to Pamela Klassen’s Story of Radio Mind and Jennifer Graber’s Gods of Indian Country ». Numen 67, no 2-3 (20 avril 2020) : 298–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685276-12341578.
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Abstract This article examines the parallels and contrasts between Pamela Klassen’s and Jennifer Graber’s recent studies of settler colonialism and Indigenous nations of North America. I identify major themes in their analysis and assess the import of their work for the greater understanding of religion, settler-states, and Indigeneity. I note especially the challenge they raise for scholars concerned with missionary friendship with Indians, as both authors complicate facile assumptions about this history.
15
Lee, Tamara, Sarah Dupont et Julia Bullard. « Comparing the Cataloguing of Indigenous Scholarships : First Steps and Finding ». KNOWLEDGE ORGANIZATION 48, no 4 (2021) : 298–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0943-7444-2021-4-298.
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This paper provides an analysis of data collected on the continued prevalence of outdated, marginalizing terms in contemporary cataloguing practices, stemming from the Library of Congress Subject Heading term “Indians” and all its related terms. Using Manitoba Archival Information Network’s (MAIN) list of current LCSH and recommended alternatives as a foundation, we built a dataset from titles published in the last five years. We show a wide distribution of LCSH used to catalogue fiction and non-fiction, with outdated but recognized terms like “Indians of North America-History” appearing the most frequently and ambiguous and offensive terms like “Indian gays” appearing throughout the dataset. We discuss two primary problems with the continued use of current LCSH terms: their ambiguity limits the effectiveness of an institution’s catalog, and they do not reflect the way Indigenous Peoples, Nations, and communities in North America prefer to represent themselves as individuals and collectives. These findings support those of parallel scholarship on knowledge organization practices for works on Indigenous topics and provide a foundation for further work.
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Gamble, Lynn H. « Archaeological Evidence for the Origin of the Plank Canoe in North America ». American Antiquity 67, no 2 (avril 2002) : 301–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2694568.
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Advanced maritime technology associated with long-distance exchange and intensified resource acquisition has been linked to the development of stratification and greater sociopolitical complexity in the Pacific Rim region. One such example is the emergence of hereditary chiefs among the Chumash Indians of southern California. Plank boats owned by an elite group of wealthy individuals and chiefs were an integral part of an elaborate economic system that was based on maritime exchange. An artifact assemblage associated with the construction, maintenance, and use of this watercraft was identified and analyzed. It included wooden planks, asphaltum plugs, asphaltum caulking, and chipped stone drills. Radiocarbon dates and other relative-dating techniques provide strong evidence that the plank canoe originated at least 1,300 years ago in southern California. This represents the earliest use of this type of watercraft in North America and probably in the New World. The timing of this innovation provides evidence that sociopolitical complexity developed in the region at least 500 years earlier than previously proposed.
17
King, J. C. H. « Native American Ethnicity : a View from the British Museum1 ». Historical Research 73, no 182 (1 octobre 2000) : 221–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2281.00106.
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Abstract Identity in Native North America is defined by legal, racial, linguistic and ethnic traits. This article looks at the nomenclature of both Indian, Eskimo and Native, and then places them in a historical context, in Canada and the United States. It is argued that ideas about Native Americans derive from medieval concepts, and that these ideas both constrain Native identity and ensure the survival of American Indians despite accelerating loss of language.
18
Pike, Fredrick B. « Latin America and the Inversion of United States Stereotypes in the 1920s and 1930s : The Case of Culture and Nature ». Americas 42, no 2 (octobre 1985) : 131–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1007206.
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In this essay I describe some often ignored North American modes of perceiving Latin Americans; and I suggest that a change in these modes contributed to the Good Neighbor era (1933-1945). I do not presume to argue that shifting attitudes and perceptions should be seen as the principal factors in shaping the Good Neighbor policy. Anyone concerned with the primary determinants of that policy must turn to security and economic considerations. Still, an intellectual—and, really, a psychological—phenomenon of shifting perceptions and stereotypes among North Americans accounted for some of the enthusiasm with which they greeted what they took to be a new approach to Latin America.In its central thrust this essay suggests that in hemispheric relations, seen from the north-of-the-Rio-Grande perspective, the United States stands generally for culture and Latin America for nature. Symbolizing the capitalist culture of the Yankees, shaped by their struggle to subdue wilderness and nature, has been the white male, often portrayed by Uncle Sam. In contrast, Latin America has been symbolized by Indians, blacks, women, children, and also the idle poor: people assumed to lack the capitalist urge constantly to tame, dominate, and uplift nature.
19
Schaak, Hogan D. « Bleeding All over the Shelves and Tracking It Out into the World : Theorizing Horror in the Indigenous North American Novels The Only Good Indians and Empire of Wild ». Studies in the Fantastic 15, no 1 (juin 2023) : 94–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sif.2023.a909205.
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Abstract: In this article, I theorize horror in the Indigenous North American novels The Only Good Indians by Stephen Graham Jones and Empire of Wild by Cherie Dimaline. There have been multiple article-length explorations of the emergence of a possible Indigenous gothic due to the gothic's scholarly reception as "highbrow," but the recent proliferation of so-called "lowbrow" horror literature written by Indigenous North American authors has seen little scholarly attention. Examining the history of the gothic in horror in North America and its relation to White North American subjectivity and regenerative violence, I begin to theorize why and how Indigenous authors are engaging with horror to posit multiple Indigenous North American subjectivities. I argue that both novels examined here reject White North American subjectivity and regenerative violence through metatextuality, closed cycles of justice, and generative violence while differing in important ways that are grounded in the concept of transmotion.
20
Elliott, C. R. « “Through Death’s Wilderness” : Malaria, Seminole Environmental Knowledge, and the Florida Wars of Removal ». Ethnohistory 71, no 1 (1 janvier 2024) : 3–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00141801-10887971.
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Abstract For more than fifty years the United States waged wars of removal in Florida against the Seminole Indians. This article unpacks how the Seminoles deployed their knowledge about Florida’s environment and, crucially, an understanding of American fears about Florida’s environment to resist removal and the loss of territory. Taking Seminole movement, home construction, and language and placing it in dialogue with sources from soldiers and settlers involved in the wars, this article reveals a new facet of Indigenous resistance to colonial violence, rooted in relationships with the natural world. Finally, this essay recasts disease in the history of Native North America as potentially liberatory, as different lifeways exposed different populations to mosquitoes and their diseases.
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Keyser, James D., et David S. Whitley. « Sympathetic Magic in Western North American Rock Art ». American Antiquity 71, no 1 (janvier 2006) : 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40035319.
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Much rock art worldwide was traditionally interpreted in terms of “hunting magic,” in part based on the related concept of “sympathetic magic” In the last forty years, these interpretations were disproven in many regions and now are largely ignored as potential explanations for the origin and function of the art. In certain cases this may be premature. Examination of the ethnographic and archaeological evidence from western North America supports the origin of some art in sympathetic magic (often related to sorcery) in both California and the Plains and provides a case for hunting magic as one of a series of ritual reasons for making rock art in the Columbia Plateau. Both case studies emphasize the potential diversity in origin, function, and symbolism of shamanistic rock art.
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Clark, Emily. « MOVING FROM PERIPHERY TO CENTRE : THE NON-BRITISH IN COLONIAL NORTH AMERICA ». Historical Journal 42, no 3 (septembre 1999) : 903–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x99008687.
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Life and religion at Louisbourg, 1713–1758. By A. J. B. Johnston. London: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1984, paperback edition, 1996. Pp. xxxii+227. ISBN 0-7735-1525-9. £12.95.The New Orleans Cabildo: Colonial Louisiana's first city government, 1769–1803. By Gilbert C. Din and John E. Harkins. London: Louisiana State University Press, 1996. Pp. xvii+330. ISBN 0-8071-2042-1. £42.75.Revolution, romanticism, and the Afro-Creole protest tradition in Louisiana, 1718–1868. By Caryn Cossé Bell. London: Louisiana State University Press, 1997. Pp. xv+325. ISBN 0-8071-2096-0. £32.95.Hopeful journeys: German immigration, settlement and political culture in colonial America, 1717–1775. By Aaron Spencer Fogleman. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996. Pp. xii+257. ISBN 0-8122-1548-6. £15.95.Britannia lost the war of American independence but still reigns over the historiography of colonial North America. This is a problem now that historians of early America have embarked on an attempt to apply an Atlantic world perspective to colonial development. The complex web of human, cultural, economic, and political encounters and exchanges among Europe, Africa, and the Americas spreads well beyond the familiar terrain of Britain and its thirteen mainland colonies. While the histories of Indians and enslaved Africans are beginning to find their way into the historical narrative of early America to challenge the British hegemony, non-British Europeans remain virtually invisible, except as opponents in the imperial wars that punctuated the colonial era. These four books illustrate obstacles that must be overcome to remedy this gap and offer glimpses of the rewards to be gained by drawing the history of continental Europeans previously treated as peripheral into the centre of the major debates currently shaping early American history.
23
Shagapova, G. R. « Ethno-cultural contacts of ancestors of the Khanty and Mansi peoples based on the materials of game culture ». Bulletin of Ugric studies 10, no 4 (2020) : 748–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.30624/2220-4156-2020-10-4-748-758.
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Introduction: game culture of the Khanty end Mansi peoples has been developed over a long period of time, and it reveals different game plots, analogies of which we can find only in the Far East, Amur region, North-East of Russia and in North America. This allows us to determine the directions of the oldest contacts of migrations and cultural borrowings. Objective: to reveal common game plots in the culture of the Ob Ugrians and the peoples of the Far East and the North- East of Russia with following determination of the time and place of their emergence. Research materials: game plots published in works on the game culture of the Ob Ugrians, the peoples of the Far East, the Amur region, the North-East of Russia, and the Indians of North America. Results and novelty of the research: two games «The Snow Snake» and «Get Into the Ring With A Spear» were revealed, which linked the game cultures of Western Siberia, the Far East, the Amur region and North America, as well as at least three original stories: games with a large number of stones, various types of jumping, and jumping over sledges (narty) of the Khanty and Mansi peoples, which found analogies with the games of the peoples of the Far East and the North-East of Russia. The same type of rules, similar game equipment, and the male character of the games are observed. The author comes to the conclusion that the considered games originate from the oldest male rituals that came to America with Paleolithic migrants and have been preserved in the format of games. The games of the Eskimos, Chukchi, Koryaks and peoples of the Amur region, as well as the Ob Ugrians, indicate the existence of a common cultural space at a later time, but not earlier than the Paleolithic. Subsequently, the unity was destroyed: tribes and cultures migrated to the North-West (the ancestors of the Khanty and Mansi), to the North-East (the ancestors of the Chukchi, Koryaks, Evenks, etc.), and to the East (the ancestors of the peoples of the Amur region and the Far East). The novelty of the work lies in the fact that the game culture of the mentioned ethnic groups in a comparative aspect has not previously been the subject of scientific research.
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Harris, Lynn B. « Maritime cultural encounters and consumerism of turtles and manatees : An environmental history of the Caribbean ». International Journal of Maritime History 32, no 4 (novembre 2020) : 789–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871420973669.
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By the mid-eighteenth century, a distinctive maritime commerce in turtle and manatee products existed in the Caribbean. It was especially prevalent amongst English-speaking inhabitants, from the Cayman Islands and Jamaica to the outposts of Costa Rica, Nicaragua and the Colombian islands. Consumption patterns led to a variety of encounters between indigenous Indians, Europeans, Africans and Creoles. Commerce in these natural resources, especially turtles, grew steadily, creating prodigious consumer demands for medical uses, culinary and fashion trends in Europe and the North America by the late-nineteenth century. This study intertwines themes of environmental history, maritime cultural encounters, fisheries and food history. Topics such as indigenous hunting techniques, processing, transportation, marketization, utilitarian and luxury consumerism and evolution of social attitudes towards natural resources are addressed. It is based on contemporary sources and covers various aspects of the supply and utilization of these marine animals over the longue durée.
25
Good, Annalee. « Framing American Indians as the “First Americans” : Using Critical Multiculturalism to Trouble the Normative American Story ». Social Studies Research and Practice 4, no 2 (1 juillet 2009) : 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ssrp-02-2009-b0004.
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The author addresses ways in which secondary American history textbooks reflect and perpetuate the normative American story and identity by framing American Indians as the “first Americans,” while at the same time silencing indigenous voices in the telling of their own stories. This paper contributes to existing literature by providing an updated and critical analysis of a particular dimension of social studies texts and provides concrete examples and critical discussion of the master narrative at work in curricula. Suggestions are made for applying critical multiculturalism to the portrayal of the origins of humans in North America, using examples of indigenous texts currently used in classrooms that offer a truly multicultural resource for teachers.
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Song, Sen, Shijie Bao, Ying Wang, Xinkang Bao, Bei An, Xiaoli Wang et Naifa Liu. « Population structure and demographic history of the chukar partridge Alectoris chukar in China ». Current Zoology 59, no 4 (1 août 2013) : 458–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/59.4.458.
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Abstract Pleistocene climate fluctuations have shaped the patterns of genetic diversity observed in extant species. Although the effects of recent glacial cycles on genetic diversity have been well studied on species in Europe and North America, genetic legacy of species in the Pleistocene in north and northwest of China where glaciations was not synchronous with the ice sheet development in the Northern Hemisphere or or had little or no ice cover during the glaciations’ period, remains poorly understood. Here we used phylogeographic methods to investigate the genetic structure and population history of the chukar partridge Alec-toris chukar in north and northwest China. A 1,152 – 1,154 bp portion of the mtDNA CR were sequenced for all 279 specimens and a total number of 91 haplotypes were defined by 113 variable sites. High levels of gene flow were found and gene flow estimates were greater than 1 for most population pairs in our study. The AMOVA analysis showed that 81% and 16% of the total genetic variability was found within populations and among populations within groups, respectively. The demographic history of chukar was examined using neutrality tests and mismatch distribution analyses and results indicated Late Pleistocene population expansion. Results revealed that most populations of chukar experienced population expansion during 0.027 ? 0.06 Ma. These results are at odds with the results found in Europe and North America, where population expansions occurred after Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 0.023 to 0.018 Ma). Our results are not consistent with the results from avian species of Tibetan Plateau, either, where species experienced population expansion following the retreat of the extensive glaciation period (0.5 to 0.175 Ma).
27
Hayden, Brian, et Rick Schulting. « The Plateau Interaction Sphere and Late Prehistoric Cultural Complexity ». American Antiquity 62, no 1 (janvier 1997) : 51–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/282379.
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The Plateau culture area of northwestern North America fits the criteria of an interaction sphere. Understanding the general cultural dynamics responsible for the creation of interaction spheres has been poorly developed in archaeological and ethnological theory. Data from the Plateau Interaction Sphere are used to argue that the main factor responsible for the emergence of interaction spheres in transegalitarian societies is the development of an elite class. Elites who seek to maximize their power and wealth at the tribal level do so in part by establishing trading, marriage, ideological, military, and other ties to elites in other communities and regions. They use these ties to monopolize access to desirable regional prestige goods and to enhance their own socioeconomic positions. In conformity with expectations derived from this model, the data from the Plateau demonstrate that interaction sphere goods are predominantly prestige items and that these concentrate in communities that have the greatest potential to produce surplus and to develop socioeconomic inequalities. These same features also seem to characterize well-known interaction spheres elsewhere in the world.
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Brown, Thomas J., Daniel M. Gilmour, Paul S. Solimano et Kenneth M. Ames. « The Radiocarbon Record of the Western Stemmed Tradition on the Southern Columbia Plateau of Western North America ». American Antiquity 84, no 3 (juillet 2019) : 471–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aaq.2019.32.
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The late Pleistocene–early Holocene archaeological record of the interior Pacific Northwest is dominated by what has been regionally referred to as the Western Stemmed Tradition (WST). While various efforts have attempted to clarify the chronology of this tradition, these have largely focused on data from the Great Basin and have been disproportionately preoccupied with establishing the beginning of the tradition due to its temporal overlap with Clovis materials. Specifically focusing on the Columbia Plateau, we apply a series of Bayesian chronological models to create concise estimates of the most likely beginning, end, and span of the WST. We then further explore its chronology by modeling its temporal span under various parameters and criteria so as to better identify places in the chronology that need further work and those that are robust regardless of data iteration. Our analysis revealed four major findings: (1) WST conservatively dates between 13,000 and 11,000 cal BP, likely extending to ~13,500 cal BP; (2) the most problematic period for WST is its termination; (3) the WST is incredibly long-lived compared to roughly contemporary Paleoindian traditions; and (4) the WST was seemingly unaffected by the onset of the Younger Dryas.
29
Gorman, Andrew R., Ron M. Clowes, Robert M. Ellis, Timothy J. Henstock, George D. Spence, G. Randy Keller, Alan Levander et al. « Deep Probe : imaging the roots of western North America ». Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 39, no 3 (1 mars 2002) : 375–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e01-064.
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Analysis of the Lithoprobe Deep Probe and Southern Alberta Refraction Experiment data sets, focusing on the region between Deep Probe shots 43 and 55, has resulted in a continental-scale velocity structural model of the lithosphere of platformal western Laurentia reaching depths of ~150 km. Three major lithospheric blocks were investigated: (i) the Hearne Province, a typical continental Archean cratonic province lying beneath the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin; (ii) the Wyoming Province, an even older block of Phanerozoic-modified Archean crust with an enigmatic lower lithosphere; and (iii) the YavapaiMazatzal Province, Proterozoic terranes underlying the Colorado Plateau and Southern Rocky Mountains. In this study, the northern two of these regions are investigated with a modified ray-theoretical traveltime inversion routine that respects the spherical geometry of the Earth. The resulting crustal velocity structure, combined with supporting geological and geophysical data, reveals that the Medicine Hat block (MHB), lying between the Hearne and Wyoming provinces, is a third independent Archean crustal block. The subcrustal lithosphere along the profile is homogeneous in velocity structure, but two significant northward-dipping reflectors are apparent and interpreted as relic subduction zones associated with sutures between the three Archean blocks. The Hearne crust is typical of an Archean shield or platform both in its thickness of 3450 km and its seismic velocity structure. The crust of the Archean MHB and Wyoming Province, which ranges in thickness from 49 to 60 km, includes a 1030 km thick high-velocity layer, interpreted to be Proterozoic in age. Such a feature is unexpected beneath Archean crustal provinces, but if the region is considered to be the remanent marginal portion of a larger Archean continent, then the interpreted Proterozoic underplating and lack of an Archean lithospheric root can be explained. The variable topography along the reflective upper and lower boundaries of this layer, especially within the MHB, suggests considerable variability in its emplacement and subsequent tectonic history.
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Ford, Lisa. « Empire and Order on the Colonial Frontiers of Georgia and New South Wales ». Itinerario 30, no 3 (novembre 2006) : 95–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300013395.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In 1767, settlers on the western frontier of Georgia in North America sent a dire petition to their governor begging for protection. They claimed that local Creek Indians had stolen their horses and planned imminently to destroy their livestock and to kill their families. Before the governor could respond, the settlers crossed the Indian boundary to loot and burn a Creek village. In doing so they galvanized the imperial legal order into action – not against Creek horse thieves but against settler vigilantes on Creek land. At the urging of London officials, the governor of Georgia had the settlers arrested and charged, first with a felony, and when that failed, with ‘abuse and misdemeanour at common law against government’. However, Georgia's jurors refused to hold them accountable on either charge.
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Sadhu, Ravi. « “We are similar, but different” : Contextualizing the Religious Identities of Indian and Pakistani Immigrant Groups ». Journal for Undergraduate Ethnography 11, no 1 (19 mars 2021) : 38–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15273/jue.v11i1.10866.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This article explores how Indian and Pakistani immigrant groups from the Bay Area in North California relate to and interact with one another. There is limited research on the role of religion in shaping sentiments of distinctiveness or “groupness” among diasporic Indians and Pakistanis in the UK and North America. Through conducting qualitative interviews with 18 Indian and Pakistani immigrants in the Bay Area, I recognized three factors pertaining to religion that were salient in influencing notions of groupness—notions of modernity, sociopolitical factors, and rituals. With respect to these three variables, I flesh out the spectrum of associated groupness; while some factors were linked with high levels of groupness, others enabled the immigrant groups to find commonality with one another. This research is integral to a better understanding of the interactions between South Asians in the diaspora, as well as to gain insight into how these immigrant groups—whose countries of origin share a history of religious conflict—perceive and interact with one another.
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Everingham, Mark, Crystal Jannecke et Robin Palmer. « Getting Your Own Back : Land Restitution among the Oneida Indians of North America and the Tsitsikamma Mfengu of South Africa ». Safundi 8, no 4 (octobre 2007) : 435–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17533170701635360.
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Newbigging, William. « French and Indians in the Heart of North America, 1630-1815, Edited by Robert Englebert and Guillaume TeasdaleFrench and Indians in the Heart of North America, 1630-1815, Edited by Robert Englebert and Guillaume Teasdale. East Lansing, Michigan, Michigan State University Press ; Winnipeg, University of Manitoba Press, 2013. xxxiii, 219 pp. $25.95 US (paper). » Canadian Journal of History 49, no 1 (avril 2014) : 125–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjh.49.1.125.
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Hiltunen, Juha. « Spiritual and religious aspects of torture and scalping among the Indian cultures in Eastern North America, from ancient to colonial times ». Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis 23 (1 janvier 2011) : 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30674/scripta.67402.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Only a few decades ago a common perception prevailed that the historical Native Americans were very prone to violence and warfare. Scalping and torture were seen as a specific custom attached into their ideology and sociocultural ethos. However in the 1960s a completely reversed picture started to emerge, following the course of other worldwide movements, such as ethnic rights, pan-Indianism, ecological conscience, revisionist historiography and so on. Immediately the Native American people came to be seen as the victims of the European colonialism and the Whites were the bad guys who massacred innocent women and children, either at Sand Creek or in Vietnam. Books were written in which the historians pointed out that the practice of scalping was actually not present in the Americas before the whites came. This theory drew sustenance from some early colonial accounts, especially from the Dutch and New England colonies, where it was documented that a special bounty was offered for Indian scalps. According to this idea, the practice of scalping among the Indians escalated only after this. On the other hand, the blame fell on the Iroquois tribesmen, whose cruel fighting spread terror throughout the seventeenth century, when they expanded an empire in the north eastern wilderness. This accords with those theorists who wanted to maintain a more balanced view of the diffusion of scalping and torture, agreeing that these traits were indeed present in Pre-Columbian America, but limited only to the Iroquoians of the east. Colonial American history has been rewritten every now and then. In the 1980s, and in the field of archaeology especially, a completely new set of insights have arisen. There has been a secondary burial of the myth of Noble Savage and a return of the old Wild Indian idea, but this time stripped of its cartoon stereotypical attachments. The Indians are now seen as being like any other human beings, with their usual mixture of vices and virtues. Understanding this, one may approach such a topic as scalping and torture without more bias than when reading of any practice of atrocities in human history.
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Crevier, Martin. « The Making of a Timber Colony : British North America, the Navy Board, and Global Resource Extraction in the Age of Napoleon ». Itinerario 43, no 3 (décembre 2019) : 466–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115319000561.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractThis article recounts the worldwide search for timber undertaken by the Navy Board, the administrative body under the authority of the Admiralty responsible for the supply of naval stores and the construction and repair of ships during the Napoleonic Wars. The closure of the Baltic by France and its European allies is considered the main factor in making British North America a timber colony. Yet the process through which the forests of the Laurentian Plateau and the North Appalachians came to fuel the dockyards of England and Scotland is taken for granted. To acquire this commodity, through merchants, diplomats, and commissioned agents, the power of the British state reached globally, reshaped ecological relationships, and integrated new landscapes to the Imperial economy. Many alternatives to the Baltic were indeed considered and tentatively exploited. Only a mixture of contingency, political factors, and environmental constraints forced the Board to contract in Lower Canada and New Brunswick rather than in areas such as the Western Cape, the Brazilian coast, or Bombay's hinterland.
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Harry, Karen G., Timothy J. Ferguson, James R. Allison, Brett T. McLaurin, Jeff Ferguson et Margaret Lyneis. « Examining the Production and Distribution of Shivwits Ware Pottery in the American Southwest ». American Antiquity 78, no 2 (avril 2013) : 385–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.78.2.385.
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AbstractCompositional analyses were undertaken to evaluate the hypothesis that Shivwits Ware pottery found in southern Nevada was not produced in that area but, instead, manufactured on the Shivwits Plateau. The evidence supports this hypothesis and indicates that large quantities of Shivwits Ware jars moved through a distribution system linking the upland areas of the western Arizona Strip with the lowlands of southeastern Nevada. This long-distance movement of utilitarian pottery is unusual for precontact North America, in that it occurred in the apparent absence of any centralized distribution mechanisms and between what would have been small, kin-based communities. The nature and the causes for the development of this distribution system are discussed.
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Martinez-Serna, Gabriel. « Jesuit Missionaries, Indian Polities, and Environmental Transformation in the Lagoon March of Northeastern New Spain ». Journal of Early American History 3, no 2-3 (2013) : 207–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18770703-00303008.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The introduction of European agriculture and livestock transformed the natural and human landscape of the Americas profoundly. In the borderlands of the continent, it was often missionaries who introduced these practices to areas where mobile Indians groups had adapted their cultures to an environment that was irrevocably changed. Transforming a landscape usually doomed a mobile ethnic group to forced adaptation, migration or extinction, but could also prove a catalyst to an ethnogenesis that could not have occurred without the effects the Columbian Exchange brought about by the missionaries. The so-called Lagoon March (Comarca Lagunera) of the northeastern borderlands of New Spain experienced perhaps the most dramatic of these episodes in this story of Colonial North America. This region was home to the Lagunero Indians, the most populous pre-contact group in the borderlands, and as late as the last decade of the sixteenth century it was a lush lagoon environment surrounded by wooded mountains. The Jesuits founded the Parras mission there in 1598, and within two generations, the Laguneros had largely disappeared, and the area was transformed into an archipelago of highly productive oasis surrounded by scrub barely suitable for livestock. Viticulture made the area the richest non-mining region of the entire frontier, and a magnet for population. Tlaxcalan (Nahua) colonist that had lived in the mission and survived the Lagunero extinction became a borderlands community intrinsically attached to viticulture and communal rights to water from the region’s only major spring, giving them a legal status that distinguished them from other Indian groups (including other Tlaxcalans) and underlining a social cohesion that lasted until the Independence period. Thus, the unintended effects of the Jesuit presence transformed the Parras environment and the way Indian identity related to it.
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Bauer, William. « Stop Hunting Ishi ». Boom 4, no 3 (2014) : 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/boom.2014.4.3.46.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This essay follows the history of hunting Indians in California to the hunting of Ishi—the “last wild Indian in North America”—by anthropologists from the University of California through to the present-day hunt for Ishi’s legacy and his physical remains. William Bauer explores why Ishi was hunted, and what he has represented to different constituencies: the savage Indian on the frontier, killing livestock as well as white men, women, and children, and deserving a violent end himself; a symbol of Indian life supposedly uncontaminated by modernity; and tribal sovereignty and self-determination, a renaissance of indigenous politics and culture made possible by the survival of indigenous people and nations, and the economic opportunities of Indian gaming. Bauer argues that people who hunt for deeper meaning in Ishi’s legacy are often looking to understand something about themselves, not about indigenous people.
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Petersen, Jessica L., Theodore S. Kalbfleisch, Morgan Parris, Shauna M. Tietze et Jenifer Cruickshank. « MC1R and KIT Haplotypes Associate With Pigmentation Phenotypes of North American Yak (Bos grunniens) ». Journal of Heredity 111, no 2 (12 novembre 2019) : 182–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esz070.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract Small numbers of domestic yak (Bos grunniens) were imported to North America in the late 19th century indirectly from the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Coat color of yak is of interest for fiber production, aesthetics, and as a potential indicator of recent hybridization with cattle. North American yak are classified into 3 major coat color patterns depending upon the presence and extent of white markings. They are further classified by nose pigmentation (black or gray). The aim of this study was to identify loci involved in white patterning and nose pigmentation of North American yak. Genotyping by mass spectrometry of markers identified through Sanger and whole-genome sequencing revealed a 388 kb haplotype of KIT associated in a semi-dominant manner with white coloration in this population of yak. This KIT haplotype is similar to both a haplotype found in white-faced Chinese yak and to haplotypes found in cattle but is divergent from other Bos species such as bison, gaur, and banteng. Melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) was implicated as a dominant determinant of black nose color with a single haplotype containing 2 missense mutations perfectly associated with the phenotype. The MC1R haplotype associated with black nose pigment is also similar to cattle haplotypes. No cattle studied, however, shared either of the 2 haplotypes associated with color in yak, suggesting these alleles were introgressed into yak before they were imported to North America. These results provide molecular insight into the history of North American yak and information from which breeders can determine possible color outcomes of matings.
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Kuznetsov, Igor V. « On the Evolution of the Northwest Coast Indian Communities (A Soviet-American Discussion and Its Sequel) ». Antropologicheskij forum 17, no 51 (décembre 2021) : 141–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31250/1815-8870-2021-17-51-141-172.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article is devoted to the discussion among Soviet and U.S. scholars about the social organization of the Indians of the Northwest Coast of North America. In the classic textbooks on “primitive history”, the Indians of this region—the Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian and Kwakwaka’wakw (Kwakiutl)—are mentioned as examples of a high degree of social differentiation based on a (fishing and maritime) foraging economy and even as instances of pre-state structures. The proposed concepts were, to varying degrees, determined by external factors: personal political views, high-profile events, or government pressure. In 1897, Franz Boas recognized the potlatch ceremony—demonstrative exchanges of gifts and destructions of surplus, a practice exotic to Europeans—as an analogue of a credit operation. This interpretation, not empirically substantiated, originated from a public campaign to legalize potlatch. In the 1930s, Julia Averkieva, a Soviet intern of Boas, interpreted some fragments of her mentor’s teaching through the Marxist class theory framework, shifting the emphasis from potlatch to slavery: the Northwest Indians allegedly began the transition to slavery from a classless system in which the potlatch was an instrument for preserving property equality. Averkieva’s interpretation became canonical in the USSR, whilst also finding some reception outside the socialist camp. In the United States, relativistic cultural interpretations dominated; domestic evolutionary Marxist models were marginal and were not rooted in the Soviet tradition. However, after the collapse of the USSR, they also became part of the research mainstream, being criticized not only from the right, but also from the left—from anarchist viewpoints.
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Chesterton, Bridget M. « The Return of the Native : Indians and Myth-Making in Spanish America, 1810-1930, by Rebecca Earle.The Return of the Native : Indians and Myth-Making in Spanish America, 1810-1930, by Rebecca Earle. Durham, North Carolina, Duke University Press, 2007. vii, 367 pp. $23.95 US (paper), $84.95 US (cloth). » Canadian Journal of History 44, no 1 (avril 2009) : 154–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjh.44.1.154.
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Sui, Yijie, Min Feng, Chunling Wang et Xin Li. « A high-resolution inland surface water body dataset for the tundra and boreal forests of North America ». Earth System Science Data 14, no 7 (19 juillet 2022) : 3349–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3349-2022.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract. Inland surface waters are abundant in the tundra and boreal forests of North America, essential to environments and human societies but vulnerable to climate changes. These high-latitude water bodies differ greatly in their morphological and topological characteristics related to the formation, type, and vulnerability. In this paper, we present a water body dataset for the North American high latitudes (WBD-NAHL). Nearly 6.5 million water bodies were identified, with approximately 6 million (∼90 %) of them smaller than 0.1 km2. The dataset provides area and morphological attributes for every water body. During this study, we developed an automated approach for detecting surface water extent and identifying water bodies in the 10 m resolution Sentinel-2 multispectral satellite data to enhance the capability of delineating small water bodies and their morphological attributes. The approach was applied to the Sentinel-2 data acquired in 2019 to produce the water body dataset for the entire tundra and boreal forests in North America. The dataset provided a more complete representation of the region than existing regional datasets for North America, e.g., Permafrost Region Pond and Lake (PeRL). The total accuracy of the detected water extent by the WBD-NAHL dataset was 96.36 % through comparison to interpreted data for locations randomly sampled across the region. Compared to the 30 m or coarser-resolution water datasets, e.g., JRC GSW yearly water history, HydroLakes, and Global Lakes and Wetlands Database (GLWD), the WBD-NAHL provided an improved ability on delineating water bodies and reported higher accuracies in the size, number, and perimeter attributes of water body by comparing to PeRL and interpreted regional dataset. This dataset is available from the National Tibetan Plateau/Third Pole Environment Data Center (TPDC; http://data.tpdc.ac.cn, last access: 6 June 2022): https://doi.org/10.11888/Hydro.tpdc.271021 (Feng and Sui, 2020).
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HALFFTER, GONZALO, et JUAN J. MORRONE. « An analytical review of Halffter's Mexican transition zone, and its relevance for evolutionary biogeography, ecology and biogeographical regionalization ». Zootaxa 4226, no 1 (25 janvier 2017) : 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4226.1.1.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Mexican transition zone (MTZ) is the complex area where the Neotropical and Nearctic biotas overlap, including south-western United States, Mexico and a large part of Central America extending to the Nicaraguan lowlands. In a strict sense, it corresponds to the mountain highlands of Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador and Nicaragua. We review Halffter's theory explaining the biotic evolution of the MTZ, including the description and discussion of the distributional patterns and cenocrons recognized within it. Distributional patterns are generalizations that help analyse and compare distributions of different taxa. Cenocrons correspond to sets of taxa that share the same biogeographic history, constituting identifiable subsets within the transitional biota by their common biotic origin and evolutionary history. The heuristic value of distributional patterns and cenocrons lies in their application to formulate hypotheses on biotic assembly in the geographical-ecological space, to analyse the ecological response to anthropic impact, to analyse altitudinal patterns and to undertake time-slicing in cladistic biogeography. Three case studies are analysed with some detail: the Neotropical genus Canthon and the tribe Phanaeini and the Holarctic/Nearctic subfamily Geotrupinae. The Paleoamerican and Mexican Plateau cenocrons define the approximate boundaries of the MTZ, whereas the Mountain Mesoamerican, Nearctic and Typical Neotropical cenocrons correspond to the more conventional boundaries of the Nearctic and Neotropical regions. The biotic assembly of the MTZ is summarized into five stages: in the Jurassic-Cretaceous, the Paleoamerican cenocron (later diversified into five varieties) extended in Mexico; in the Late Cretaceous-Palaeocene, the Mexican Plateau cenocron dispersed from South America; in the Oligocene-Miocene, the Mountain Mesoamerican cenocron dispersed from the Central American Nucleus; in the Miocene-Pliocene, the Nearctic cenocron dispersed from northern North America; and in the Pleistocene, the Typical Neotropical cenocron dispersed from South America. Finally, we review the impact of Halffter's MTZ, with particular reference to dispersal, track, cladistic biogeographic, endemicity and phylogeographic analyses, as well as biogeographic regionalization.
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Gradie, Charlotte M. « Discovering the Chichimecas ». Americas 51, no 1 (juillet 1994) : 67–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1008356.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The European practice of conceptualizing their enemies so that they could dispose of them in ways that were not in accord with their own Christian principles is well documented. In the Americas, this began with Columbus's designation of certain Indians as man-eaters and was continued by those Spanish who also wished to enslave the natives or eliminate them altogether. The word “cannibal” was invented to describe such people, and the Spanish were legally free to treat cannibals in ways that were forbidden to them in their relations with other people. By the late fifteenth century the word cannibal had assumed a place in the languages of Europe as the latest concept by which Europeans sought to categorize the “other.” As David Gordon White has shown, by the time the Spanish discovered America, barbarians were an established component of European mythology, history and theology as well as popular thought, and the categories Europeans employed to describe outsiders date as far back as the Greeks and the Egyptians before them. Therefore, it is not surprising that when they reached Mexico the Spanish easily adopted a word from Nahuatl to describe the Indian peoples of the north whom they believed to be barbarians. This word, chichimeca, which both designated and defined in a very particular way the native peoples of the north Mexican frontier, assumed in Spanish the credibility of longstanding native use, although as we shall see, this was not entirely justified.
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Jenkins, Michael. « Fire Histoy Determination in the Mixed Conifer/Aspen Community of Bryce Canyon National Park ». UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 17 (1 janvier 1993) : 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1993.3135.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The major objective of this ongoing study is to document vegetative changes resulting from alteration of the fire regime in the mixed conifer/aspen communities of Bryce Canyon National Park. Previous fire history studies have documented fire return intervals using fire scar analysis of ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa in the park (Buchannan and Tolman 1983: Wight 1989) and for the Paunsaugunt Plateau (Stein 1988). Numerous other studies have similarly documented the fire regime in pre-European settlement ponderosa pine forests in western North America. The study is being conducted in the more mesic mixed conifer communities at the south end of Bryce Canyon National Park and will specifically document vegetative changes suggested by Roberts et al. (1992) resulting from suppression of frequent low intensity surface fires and overgrazing.
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Palmer, A. N. « The Mammoth Cave system, Kentucky, USA ». Boletín Geológico y Minero 127, no 1 (30 mars 2016) : 131–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21701/bolgeomin.127.1.009.
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Mammoth Cave is the main attraction of Mammoth Cave National Park. For several decades it has been the longest known cave in the world and currently contains 652 km in 2016 of surveyed passages. It is located in the heart of an extensive karst plateau, in which the stratal dip averages only one degree. The cave is part of a drainage basin of more than 200 km². The cave has been known to local inhabitants for several millennia and contains a rich trove of archaeological and historical artifacts. It contains many speleo biota including several rare and endangered species and has been designated a World Heritage Site and an International Biosphere Reserve (UNESCO). Its many passage levels and sediments contain a record of the fluvial history of most of southeastern North America.
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Richardson, Bryce A., et Susan E. Meyer. « Paleoclimate effects and geographic barriers shape regional population genetic structure of blackbrush (Coleogyne ramosissima : Rosaceae) ». Botany 90, no 4 (avril 2012) : 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b2012-002.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Coleogyne ramosissima Torr. (blackbrush) is a dominant xerophytic shrub species in the ecotone between the warm and cold deserts of interior western North America. Amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) were used to survey genetic diversity and population genetic structure at 14 collection sites across the species range. Analysis revealed significant population differentiation (FST = 0.103, p < 0.0001) and reasonably high levels of genetic diversity (expected heterozygosity; HE = 0.26), a surprising result for a putative paleoendemic species. Model-based Bayesian clustering, principal coordinates analysis, and neighbor-joining analysis all produced support for the existence of two metapopulations, the first centered on the Mojave Desert and the second on the Colorado Plateau. These genetic data, coupled with information from Late Pleistocene and Holocene packrat (genus Neotoma Say and Ord, 1825) middens, illustrate a demographic history in which eastern and western distributions were disjunct during the Last Glacial Maximum and remained so through the Holocene, forming the present-day metapopulations in the Mojave Desert and Colorado Plateau. This strong regional genetic differentiation has implications for population persistence and migration in response to future climate change, as well as for shrubland restoration following anthropogenic disturbances such as annual grass invasion and wildfire.
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Zhao, Youjie, Bo He, Ruisong Tao, Chengyong Su, Junye Ma, Jiasheng Hao et Qun Yang. « Phylogeny and Biogeographic History of Parnassius Butterflies (Papilionidae : Parnassiinae) Reveal Their Origin and Deep Diversification in West China ». Insects 13, no 5 (23 avril 2022) : 406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13050406.
Texte intégralRésumé :
We studied 239 imagoes of 12 Parnassius species collected from the mountains of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP) and its neighbouring areas in China. We selected three mitochondrial gene (COI, ND1, and ND5) sequences, along with the homologous gene sequences of other Parnassius species from GenBank, to reconstruct the phylogenetic tree and biogeographic history of this genus. Our results show that Parnassius comprises eight monophyletic subgenera, with subgenus Parnassius at the basal position; the genus crown group originated during the Middle Miocene (ca. 16.99 Ma), and species diversification continued during sustained cooling phases after the Middle Miocene Climate Optimum (MMCO) when the QTP and its neighbouring regions experienced rapid uplift and extensive orogeny. A phylogenetic network analysis based on transcriptomes from GenBank suggests that ancient gene introgression might have contributed to the spread of the Parnassius genus to different altitudes. Ancestral area reconstruction indicates that Parnassius most likely originated in West China (QTP and Xinjiang) and then spread to America in two dispersal events as subgenera Driopa and Parnassius, along with their host plants Papaveraceae and Crassulaceae, respectively. Our study suggests that extensive mountain-building processes led to habitat fragmentation in the QTP, leading to the early diversification of Parnassius, and climate cooling after MMCO was the driving mechanism for the dispersal of Parnassius butterflies from West China to East Asia, Europe, and North America.
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DeRose, R. Justin, et James N. Long. « Drought-driven disturbance history characterizes a southern Rocky Mountain subalpine forest ». Canadian Journal of Forest Research 42, no 9 (septembre 2012) : 1649–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x2012-102.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The view that subalpine forest vegetation dynamics in western North America are “driven” by a particular disturbance type (i.e., fire) has shaped our understanding of their disturbance regimes. In the wake of a recent (1990s) landscape-extent spruce beetle ( Dendroctonus rufipennis Kirby) outbreak in the southern Rocky Mountains, we re-examined the temporal continuity in disturbance types and interactions and the possible role of drought on their occurrence by reconstructing antecedent disturbances for 11 sites across the Markagunt Plateau, southern Utah, USA. Multiple consistent lines of evidence suggested that historic fires were the primary antecedent disturbance, while relatively minor, stand-specific spruce beetle activity occurred later in stand development but prior to the recent outbreak. Unlike the recent outbreak, antecedent fires were spatially and temporally asynchronous over the period examined (~1600–2000). Reconstructed fire events primarily occurred during periods of prolonged drought. Similarly, historic spruce beetle activity, indicated by species-specific tree-ring release, and timing of Engelmann spruce ( Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.) death dates from the recent outbreak were related to drought conditions. Vegetation dynamics on this landscape were strongly driven by historic fires and the recent spruce beetle outbreak, and drought conditions likely influenced the occurrence of both disturbance types.
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Majure, Lucas C., Thomas H. Murphy, Matias Köhler, Raul Puente et Wendy C. Hodgson. « Evolution of the Xerocarpa clade (Opuntia ; Opuntieae) : Evidence for the Role of the Grand Canyon in the Biogeographic History of the Iconic Beavertail Cactus and Relatives ». Plants 12, no 14 (18 juillet 2023) : 2677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12142677.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The formation of the western North American drylands has led to the evolution of an astounding diversity of species well adapted for such communities. Complex historical patterns often underlie the modern distribution of the flora and fauna of these areas. We investigated the biogeography of a group of desert-adapted prickly pears, known as the Xerocarpa clade, from western North America. The Xerocarpa clade originated in the mid-late Pliocene, likely on the Colorado Plateau, and then moved south into the Mojave, Sonoran, and Chihuahuan deserts, and California montane regions, further diversifying, mostly into the Quaternary. The southward trajectory of the clade was likely greatly influenced by the formation of the Grand Canyon. The synapomorphy of dry fruit presumably impeded the long-distance dispersibility of the beavertail cactus, Opuntia basilaris, while dry, spiny fruit may have enabled O. polyacantha to substantially increase its distribution. Opuntia basilaris evolved a pubescent epidermis, allowing it to invade hotter, drier conditions, while the spine-clothed stems of O. polyacantha may have given it an advantage for increasing its northern range into colder environments. The Xerocarpa clade shows a cold desert origin, and changes in morphological characters have made these sister taxa well adapted for invading broadscale, but oftentimes contrasting habitats.