Articles de revues : « Indiana (Union County) »

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Farmer, Stephanie, et Sean Noonan. « Chicago Unions Building a Left-Labor-Community Coalition, United Working Families, to Restore Working-Class Democracy ». Labor Studies Journal 44, n^o 4 (13 novembre 2019) : 388–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160449x19887244.

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Neoliberal political institutions are beholden to the interests of capital and professional classes, leaving working people and communities of color without a voice to shape priorities that benefit their interests. To counteract this elite-dominated political system, the Service Employees International Union Health Care Indiana and Illinois (SEIU-HCII) and the Chicago Teachers Union (CTU), worked with community organizations to form the United Working Families (UWF) Party of Illinois in 2014. UWF is a model of labor-led working class organizing in the electoral system. UWF brings together a left-labor-community alliance under an independent political party formation to champion a left-wing social democratic platform to empower working class people in their workplaces and communities, and to fight against Black and Brown oppression. UWF has provided leadership trainings for a cadre of working class, people of color and women and has been successful electing their leaders to municipal, county and state level government offices.

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Hill, Elizabeth. « The Indian Industrial Relations System : Struggling to Address the Dynamics of a Globalizing Economy ». Journal of Industrial Relations 51, n^o 3 (20 mai 2009) : 395–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185609104305.

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The industrial relations system in India has been under pressure for decades and new problems are emerging as the country becomes more integrated into the global economy. The main architecture of the system was established prior to Independence and remains mostly unchanged. The system is highly centralized and the state is the main mediator between capital and labour. Unions have historically enjoyed a close relationship with the state through party-based federations, but this has undermined their success developing a robust grassroots constituency and experience in collective bargaining. This essay provides a broad overview of the evolution of the Indian system of industrial relations and the labour market reform debate that has arisen in the context of economic change. The structure of the Indian labour market, the overwhelming size of the informal or `unorganized' workforce, and its location outside the industrial system is the fundamental challenge facing Indian industrial relations. There is an urgent need to develop a system that embraces all workers especially given India's demographic profile and the expected increase in the number of working age people over the next decade. The experience of women workers and the failure of both the industrial system and the union movement to understand and accommodate their needs is also an important challenge for industrial relations in India.

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MENON, NIKHIL. « ‘Fancy Calculating Machine’ : Computers and planning in independent India ». Modern Asian Studies 52, n^o 2 (2 octobre 2017) : 421–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x16000135.

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AbstractIn the middle of the twentieth century, statistician P. C. Mahalanobis strove to haul India into the computer age. Convinced that these machines were integral to the future of economic planning in India, he and the Indian Statistical Institute mounted a campaign to bring India its first computers. In the years following independence, Mahalanobis and the Indian Statistical Institute acquired significant influence in the Indian planning process—culminating in them effectively authoring India's Second Five-Year Plan (1956–61). The tale of the computer's journey to India demonstrates that the decision to centrally plan independent India's economy, and the resultant explosion of official statistics, provided the justification for the pursuit of computers. They potentially solved what was considered centralized planning's greatest puzzle: big data. Mahalanobis persuaded the Indian government of the need to import computers for the purposes of development, and then negotiated the import of these exorbitantly expensive machines during visits to Europe, the United States of America and the Soviet Union. Needless to say, the question of which country would provide India its first computers would ruffle Cold War feathers. This article brings together and identifies a link between the research activities of the Indian Statistical Institute, its deepening association with economic planning and the installation of India's earliest computers.

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Mallik, D. C. V. « India’s participation in IAU over the years ». Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 13, S349 (décembre 2018) : 214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921319000334.

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AbstractIndia was still a British colony when the International Astronomical Union was born in 1919. India did not have a national science academy nor a national research council at the time. The Royal Society, London, which was the adhering body of Great Britain to IAU, handled matters of the colony too. India formally joined the IAU in 1948 as an independent nation through an initiative taken by the Government of India. In 1968, the National Institute of Sciences of India (NISI) became the adhering organisation to the IAU, as did the other affiliate Unions of ICSU. Soon after, its name was changed to Indian National Science Academy (INSA).Till the nineteen-sixties, individual Indian membership in the IAU grew rather tardily but the situation changed with the rapid growth of astronomical activities in the country. In 1967, M.K. Vainu Bappu, the then Director of the Kodaikanal Observatory, was elected a Vice-President of the Union. In 1979, he was elected the President of IAU for the triennium 1979–1982, and during the same period, V. Radhakrishnan and Govind Swarup were elected Presidents respectively of the Commisions 34 and 40. In 1985, the General Assembly of the Union was held in New Delhi. It was dedicated to the memory of Vainu Bappu who had initiated the process of inviting the Union to hold its GA in India. A few years later the Sixth Asian-Pacific Regional IAU Meeting was held in Pune. A number of IAU symposia and colloquia have also been held in the country. During the last three decades, the engagement of the Indian astronomers with IAU has increased a great deal with a large number of them taking on important official roles in the IAU. Currently, India has close to 300 individual members.

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Singh, Rakhi, Seema Sharma et Deepak Tandon. « Non-Tariff Measures in Indian Context and the European Union ». International Journal of Economics and Finance 10, n^o 9 (20 août 2018) : 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v10n9p54.

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Indian economy is one of the fastest growing economies in the world today. In line with global trade trends, Indian export sector has been growing and contributing significantly to the economy. Given its exports structure, India is well positioned to benefit from the structural changes in technology and emerging forces of globalization. Indian economy has shown remarkable progress in terms of foreign trade after the introduction of economic reforms in 1991. The European Union (EU) is a very important trading partner of India. The trade volumes between India and EU have shown remarkable improvement in last one and a half decade. After starting out at a relatively low level in the 1990’s, the trade volumes, both with respect to Indian exports to the EU as well as with respect to Indian imports from the EU, started to increase most noticeably after the year 2001.Use of non-tariff measures (NTMs) as means of protection has captured a lot of focus after reduction of tariffs in the world trade. India even after being a strategic partner for European Union (EU) has to face lot of NTMs on its exports. Based on studies in the past, link between the incidence of NTMs imposed by the home country and the income level of the foreign country has been established. The interplay of incidence of NTMs and the GDP remains largely unexplored in the context of India-EU trade relationship. This paper tries to fill this gap and show the importance of the study in policy decisions. Authors have used UNCTAD’s NTM data and Spearman’s correlation coefficient to measure the strength and direction of the relationship between incidence of NTM with per capita GDP of the exporting country (India). The authors have used different permutations of data from the main data set (1994-95 to 2016-17) for analysis and have concluded that incidence of NTMs on Indian exports to EU is positively co-related to the per capita GDP of India.

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Sharmila Devi, M. « The Path of Fiscal Management – Indian Union Budget 2019 ». Shanlax International Journal of Commerce 7, n^o 2 (1 avril 2019) : 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/commerce.v7i2.339.

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India is one of the fastest growing economies of the world. India is a federal republic means it has existence of state governments as well as a Union Government. By the nature of the organization of the country, the Union Government is powerful than the state governments. It was always an interesting event to watch the Union Finance Minister placing the budget on the floor of the Parliament on the last day of February every year. This paper attempts to analyze the fiscal management in the Union Budget of India for the year 2019-20 which was presented on 1st February 2019.

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Bénéï, Véronique. « Reappropriating Colonial Documents in Kolhapur (Maharashtra) : Variations on a Nationalist Theme ». Modern Asian Studies 33, n^o 4 (octobre 1999) : 913–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x99003431.

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The district histories should not become [. . .] a series of unrelated facts without any narrative which can be linked with national history, [. . .] the facts that raised problems should invariably come in the gazetteers if they are to be taken as faithful registers of the country. (Chaudhuri, History of the Gazetteers of India, 1964: 163)After India became free, it was felt that a new edition of the Gazetteers should be brought out. The life of a people never stands still. Any account of a country—and a gazetteer is no exception—must therefore be revised from time to time (Gazetteer of India: Indian Union, 1965: ii).How does a nation ‘imagine itself into existence’ (Anderson 1983), particularly after it has been subjected to colonial rule? How does it (re-)appropriate its history, and what are the means at its disposal for creating and asserting an identity or specificity of its own? India has since independence achieved some political and ideological unity: from north to south and from east to west of the peninsula, although they have contested it in a number of cases, people have developed some consciousness of being Indians, ‘sons of Mother India’.

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Patel, Keshav. « Make in India : How the campaign stimulated industry led investment in the country and what are the key issues which need to be addressed ». Scholedge International Journal of Business Policy & ; Governance ISSN 2394-3351 2, n^o 9 (12 octobre 2015) : 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.19085/sijbpg.020902.

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The flagship campaign led by NDA government at the union level has brought many changed perceptions and made the industry and investors across world to consider investing in India. The red carpet for the industry has helped bringing investments into the Indian industrial activities. This work focuses on the campaign as to its relevance and favor to the investors who invested/ want to invest into Indian business sector. This paper tries to evaluate the campaign in the general terms.

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Ramjas. « Impact of Trade Unions on Productivity : A Study of the Indian Chemical Industry ». Vikalpa : The Journal for Decision Makers 14, n^o 2 (avril 1989) : 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090919890203.

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In this article, Ramjas analyses the extent to which trade unions affect productivity in the Indian context. Based on an analysis of data (1960-1980) from the Indian chemical industry, the author finds that trade unionism brings down productivity. He suggests that the potential of trade unions to increase productivity has not been fully exploited owing to factors such as managerial response to unionism, working conditions, wages of workers, and the socio-political climate in the country.

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Thippanna, G., P. Krishnaiah et T. Aditya Sai Srinivas. « Empowering Minds and Empowering Nation : India’s New Educational Policy Impact on Global Employment ». Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies 49, n^o 1 (21 septembre 2023) : 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajess/2023/v49i11094.

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As an author of this article myself found there is a path in our Indian constitution regarding Article forty five (45) in Directive precept of kingdom coverage (DPSP), which states that every one ought to be equally reachable for education. Since the training is in Concurrent list, the nation has to comply with the middle's training, but it is not mandatory. Now the primary education for kids under the age of 6 to fourteen years has turn out to be the fundamental right underneath Article 21A. The country wide training coverage has made many new educational interventions consisting of the Mid-day meal scheme, Sarva Siksha Abhiyan, NavodayaVidyalas, KendriyaVidyalayas, and so forth. This national training policy specializes in bringing adjustments in the traditional training sample in college and better schooling. The countrywide training policy 2020 has been authorized by way of the union cabinet headed by way of PM Shri. Narendra Modi. Therefore replacing the old country wide schooling coverage, that's 34 years old, to benefit globally aggressive. The policy is nicely framed with five important key areas together with accessibility, equality, exceptional, affordability, and accountability. The United Nations Sustainable improvement 2030 schedule has set a benchmark for the country wide schooling coverage. The countrywide schooling policy is converting the Indian instructional system right into a globally aggressive education machine with the desired flexibility. The multi-disciplinary issue of the countrywide instructional coverage turns into a stepping stone for boosting college students' competencies. Aim of this article is how India's expands their employment globally based on implemented Indian's new educational policy.

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Kuznetsov, Igor V. « “JUST A YOUNG TOURIST IN OUR COUNTRY” : ARCHIE PHINNEY, A NEZ PERCE LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGIST ». Antropologicheskij forum 16, n^o 47 (décembre 2020) : 53–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31250/1815-8870-2020-16-47-53-83.

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Born in Culdesac, ID, Archie Phinney, a Nez Percé, was the first Native American to receive an undergraduate degree from the University of Kansas. He collaborated with prominent Smithsonian anthropologists J. N. B. Hewitt and T. Michelson as well as the great Franz Boas; visited Leningrad after being invited by Vladimir Bogoras in the context of an academic exchange program; defended his candidate thesis at the Institute of Anthropology, Archeology and Ethnography (MAE); and returned to serve as an Indian agent in different reservations in the USA. The USSR scholarship of Phinney fell on a difficult yet crucial period in the history of Soviet ethnography, when it was not yet completely closed and remained receptive to the influences of Boas’ School. Through Phinney and other American researchers like him, who visited the Soviet Union at that time, the Soviet practice of “indigenization” had a reverse effect on J. Collier’s liberal Indian New Deal. Phinney collaborated with the Bureau of Indian Affairs, when the latter was on the Indian Commissioner’s post. Today, Phinney’s figure again attracts interest after some oblivion. The department of anthropology at the University of Idaho, Moscow, occupies a building named in his honor. The scope of the paper is based on the Boas Paper collection — his correspondence with Phinney, Bogoras, Averkieva, Barton and others, stored at the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia. The analyzed materials, representing the general atmosphere in the 1930s Soviet academic community, are still little-known to the Russian-speaking reader.

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LEAKE, ELISABETH. « AT THE NATION-STATE’S EDGE : CENTRE–PERIPHERY RELATIONS IN POST-1947 SOUTH ASIA ». Historical Journal 59, n^o 2 (26 février 2016) : 509–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x15000394.

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ABSTRACTThis article examines centre–periphery relations in post-colonial India and Pakistan, providing a specific comparative history of autonomy movements in Nagaland (1947–63) and Baluchistan (1973–7). It highlights the key role played by the central government – particularly by Jawaharlal Nehru and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto – in quelling both insurgencies and in taking further steps to integrate these regions. It argues that a shared colonial history of political autonomy shaped local actors’ resistance to integration into the independent nation-states of India and Pakistan. This article also reveals that Indian and Pakistani officials used their shared colonial past in very different ways to mould their borderlands policies. India's central government under Nehru agreed to a modified Naga State within the Indian Union that allowed the Nagas a large degree of autonomy, continuing a colonial method of semi-integration. In contrast, Bhutto's government actively sought to abandon long-standing Baluch political and social structures to reaffirm the sovereignty of the Pakistani state. The article explains this divergence in terms of the different governing exigencies facing each country at the time of the insurgencies. It ultimately calls for an expansion in local histories and subnational comparisons to extend understanding of post-1947 South Asia, and the decolonizing world more broadly.

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Yadav, Parul, et Komal Vig. « PRUNING OF SECTION 377, INDIAN PENAL CODE, 1860 AND CHANGED DYNAMICS OF MORALITY IN INDIAN SOCIETY ». Humanities & ; Social Sciences Reviews 7, n^o 6 (2 janvier 2020) : 1077–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.76157.

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Purpose: The research paper has been written in order to analyze the impact of reading down the notorious section of Indian Penal Code, 1860 which being Section 377 which penalized every sexual act other than a heterosexual union even if consensual in the judgment given by the Supreme Court of India in Navjot Singh v. Union of India on the society of India. This paper aims to see its impact on the morality of the Indian community on the known definitions and working of the morality in the social and the legal system. Methodology: In this work classical method of research has been followed which being doctrinal research also, a comparative analysis between the legal text of Section 377 of Indian Penal Code, 1860 and the judgments announced by the Supreme court of India has been undertaken with the proportional qualitative analysis done with moral set up of Indian Society. Main Findings: The analysis conducted on law and social structure of Indian Society by the researchers point out to the fact that after reading down of Section 377, the social set-up of India is resenting the recognition granted to third sex and gender because it disturbs its moral thread which has knitted the social structure known as of now and introduces a third angle in known concepts of sex and sexuality which till now have been relying on parallel tracks of male and female sex/gender. Application: This research piece will aid students in understanding the concept of morality and will demonstrate its effect on the working of the Criminal system of a country. Moreover, it will also give support in understanding the role of biological sex and sexual preferences in shaping law as known today. Novelty/Originality: This research is novel in its attempt of wherein morality has been traced in the criminal legal system of the country which is most prominent in issues related to the sex of the human body and its sexuality.

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Hussain, T. Karki. « Sino-Soviet Detente in the Making ». India Quarterly : A Journal of International Affairs 42, n^o 1 (janvier 1986) : 38–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097492848604200103.

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Increasingly, the trend in Sino-Soviet normalization has acquired the kind of high visibility which compels serious attention within India. There are several valid reasons for our interest in the matter. Historically, both the Sino-Indian dispute and the Sino-Soviet split occurred in the fifties when the parties concerned had appeared to the outside world as friends and allies. In subsequent developments, the sixties began with a border war between India and China and ended with another border war between China and the Soviet Union. Although the nature of China's bilateral controversies, leading to actual confrontation with India and Soviet Union, were not identical in their origin and evolution, chronologically, its durability with either protagonist has spanned more than a quarter of a century. More recently, an almost parallel movement towards arapprochement is taking place, formally signified by an ongoing process of seven rounds of Sino-Soviet consultations and six meetings between the Indian and the Chinese representatives till date. Although their initial differences concerning some political issues persist, China and the Soviet Union have been interacting with each other at a frequency which was unimaginable barely a couple of years ago. In 1985, for example, more than 70 visits were exchanged between the two erstwhile adversaries. Following the 27th Congress of the CPSU which ended on 3 March 1986, in the forthcoming weeks sometime, Soviet First Vice-Premier Arkhipov is scheduled to visit Beijing to review bilateral, economic, scientific and cultural relations. Later, in the summer of 1'86, Soviet and Chinese Foreign Ministers will hold important talks with each other which are expected to contribute further towards normalization. Similarly, Sino-Indian contacts at several levels have also grown considerably. It may be explained that it does not lie within the scope of this article to examine the derivative triangular linkages present in the Sino-Indian and the Sino-Soviet issues or to argue that the apparent dynamic of the Sino-Soviet thaw would weaken India's bargaining positionvis-a-vis China and therefore a border settlement should be precipitated in order to match the pace of the evolving pattern in Sino-Soviet relations. Rather, the following presentation precludes any juxtaposition with the Sino-Indian problems and focuses almost entirely on certain initiatives taken by the Chinese leadership which have rendered its earlier posturing somewhat obsolete and created an opportunity for it to weigh the Soviet factor afresh in the immediate perspective. Finally, the article seeks to analyse the imperatives behind Beijing's current moves within the larger framework of the primary objective of removing once for all the backward economic status of the country. However, to the extent that the process of Sino-Soviet normalization flows from the shifts in China's foreign and domestic policies, its implications for India are self-evident and for that very reason worthy of our deep interest.

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Magliari, Michael F. « Masters, Apprentices, and Kidnappers ». California History 97, n^o 2 (1 mai 2020) : 2–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ch.2020.97.2.2.

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Although it was admitted to the Union as a free state in 1850, labor-starved gold-rush California permitted employers to bind Native Americans as unfree leased convicts, minor custodial wards, debt peons, and, between 1860 and 1863, indentured servants or “apprentices.” As a key component of California's elaborate system of unfree Native American labor, Indian apprenticeship flourished for three years until its abolition during the Civil War in the wake of the Emancipation Proclamation. Little remembered today, much remains obscure regarding the essential details of Indian apprenticeship and the illegal slave trade that emerged to supply the considerable market demand for bound labor. This essay focuses on Humboldt County in northwestern California, where significant numbers of white residents made extensive use of Native American apprentices at the same time that many of their neighbors demanded—and began carrying out—the forced removal and outright extermination of local Indian peoples. Building on valuable data that the anthropologist Robert Heizer extracted in 1971 from the unique but now missing cache of over a hundred surviving indentures discovered in 1915 by the historian Owen C. Coy, this study offers two detailed group profiles of Humboldt County's white employers and their legally bound Native American workers. These collective portraits reveal the social, economic, and demographic compositions of frontier California's master and servant classes while simultaneously tracing both the rise and the fall of Indian apprenticeship within the violent racial context of Humboldt County during the gold rush and the Civil War.

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Brahman, Beena Sagarmal. « Performance Evaluation of Bank of India and Union Bank of India with Respect to Priority Sector ». INDO-ASIAN JOURNAL OF FINANCE AND ACCOUNTING 3, n^o 2 (2022) : 161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.47509/iajfa.2022.v03i02.08.

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It is been said that India is an agricultural country. And an Indian banking industry plays a significant role in flourishing the Indian agricultural industry. The commendable contribution of the banking sector is one of the major reasons for the upliftment of agricultural industry as a whole. As per National Statistical Office, agricultural sector contributes 20.19% to the total economy of India. Reserve Bank of India has taken an initiative specifically to foster the growth of priority sector. Establishment of Regional Rural Banks is an outcome of those reforms taken place in the banking industry. Even the major players of the Public Sector Banks are indulged vigorously to support rural India. A researcher here has put in efforts to understand and analyze the contribution and role of Bank of India and Union Bank of India in this noble initiative of Government of India. Exponential Growth rate has been considered as a tool to check the intensity of financial contribution of both banks in the upliftment of rural India.

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Brar, Dr Sumeet Pal Singh. « Article 360 of Indian Constitution – An Analysis ». International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, n^o 1 (31 janvier 2023) : 1842–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.48897.

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Abstract: The thought of emergency has passed into political hypothesis. The basic idea, to make specific emergency provisions in the Constitution, was to protect against unintended emergence of autocracy as a result of internal disorder, external attack or battle. In the Indian Constitution, there is a separate part present for the emergency provisions. Part XVIII, therefore, is a component of innovation in our Constitution. The provisions of Financial Emergency are enshrined under Article 360 of the Constitution. This provision provides a safeguard for the Union Government if any threat exists to the financial stability of India. If the President is satisfied that a situation has arisen whereby the financial stability or credit of India or of any part of the territory thereof is threatened, then he may declares a Financial Emergency. The 38th Amend 1975 states that satisfaction of President to declare a Financial Emergency is immune from Judicial Review but provision is subsequently deleted by 44th Amend which restored power of Judicial Review even over satisfaction of President. A financial emergency has never been declared. A situation for declaring it arose in 1990 to 1991 during Prime Minister Chandra Shekhar’s regime but was avoided by selling off the gold assets of India. The 1992 balance of payments crisis that soon followed, which took India to the verge of bankruptcy, was averted by restructuring and devaluing the rupee, though this situation constituted a classic reason for declaring a financial emergency. Article 360 empowers Union govt to take control over state govt on every financial matter deals by a state. The Financial Emergency has never been imposed in any part of country, neither has Article 360 been used till now.

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Das, Pintu. « India's evolving tax system : its successes and challenges ». RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary 7, n^o 7 (15 juillet 2022) : 118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2022.v07.i07.016.

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The goal of this study is to critically investigate several facets of India's tax structure. Every person of the country is responsible for paying taxes. The taxation system determines the economic power of a country. Our federal tax system is divided into three levels, the Union Government, the State Governments and the Local Bodies. As the author points out, despite the fact that the Constitution clearly divides taxing authority between the national government and the state government, due to the prevalence of several types of taxes, the Indian tax system has been exceedingly complex. Various tax compliance regulations and rules, tax administration is incompetent, and several other issues. Aside from reviewing the existing literature on the subject, the purpose of this research is to track the evolution of the Indian tax system through three different periods such as taxes in ancient India, taxes during post independent India, and taxes after independent India. Although Lists 1 and 2 of the Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution clearly define the Union government's and states' taxing powers, these original tax provisions have undergone a number of revisions over the years as a result of essential constitutional amendments. This research article also makes an attempt to provide a description of direct taxes; together with ‘Income tax’, ‘Corporation tax’, ‘Wealth tax’, ‘Gift tax’, ‘Estate duty’, and ‘other taxes on capital and property’, and indirect taxes for example ‘Customs duties’, ‘Excise duties’, ‘Sales tax’, ‘Service tax’, ‘Value added tax (VAT)’, and ‘Goods and services tax (GST)’. Finally, the research paper discusses some of the most pressing difficulties and obstacles. According to Bird (1993), ‘Fiscal crisis has been proven to be the mother of tax reform’. However, such reforms are frequently impromptu and undertaken to fulfil instant revenue needs. In most instances, such reforms are not in the nature of systemic improvements to increase the tax system's long-term productivity. The evolution of a tax system to satisfy the needs of international competition has been one of the most fundamental reasons for recent tax reforms in many emerging and transitional countries (Rao 1992). The shift from a mostly centrally planned development strategy to market-based resource allocation has altered public perceptions of the state's role in development. The transition from a public to a private sector, heavy industry reigned supreme, the shift from an import-substituting industrialization approach to one based on market signals has prompted fundamental reforms in the tax system. In an open, export-driven economy, the tax system should not only raise the required funds for social and physical infrastructure, but it should also reduce distortions. As a result, to maintain worldwide competitiveness, the tax system must adapt to the needs of a market economy. When the right approaches are followed, revenue remains stable and growth in our economy is managed. Any tax that is not backed by law or exceeds the legislative authority's powers is unconstitutional. In 1994, this authority became the basis for levying a tax on some services, and the 88th Amendment to the Indian Constitution gave the federal government the ability to tax services. The internationalisation of economic operations as a result of increased globalisation gave another reason for reform. In light of the recent shift to introduce GST, this article examines the structure of the Indian tax system, its constitutional framework, and current system modifications.

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Volodin, Andrei G. « India in the World of Regionalization ». Outlines of global transformations : politics, economics, law 10, n^o 4 (28 novembre 2017) : 178–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2017-10-4-178-191.

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The article is dedicated to the policy of India in the processes of regionalization in Asia. After the collapse of the Soviet Union (a country, which used to be the main ally of India) there appeared a great need for India to make a deep revision of its geo-economic and geopolitical paradigms. Thus, Delhi started looking for the new strategic partners in order to restore the balance between India and extremely active China. The “Look East Policy” had become the first result of those searches, because of the long history of cultural and political influence of India on the South-East Asian countries. Apart from it, due to the active participation of India in the region, the member states of the ASEAN were aimed to set a balance in relationships with China in Asia-Pacific region. By developing the partnership with the members of ASEAN and participating in the processes of regional economic integration, India attempts to “push” the economic development of its northeastern states, situated separately from the main (“continental”) part of the country. Although there are some achievements, regarding the participation of India in the processes of regional integration, the country’s economy is still only partially integrated in the production “chains” in the ASEAN countries. Moreover, there are significant obstacles regarding the economic integration in the South Asia. They appear because of the fear, experienced by the countries of the region, regarding the Indian predominance in the region. Besides, strategically those countries consider contradictions between India and China as a situation from which they potentially may benefit. During the last decades, there has been a rising importance of the Western Asian region in strategic economic activities of India. From the Western Asia India gets energy carriers and due to the financial transfers made by the Indians, working in the Persian Gulf, it covers country`s balance of payment deficit.

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Kargeti, Himanshu. « Human Resource Management Techniques Effects on the Adoption of Total Quality Management in the Private Health Care Sector ». TEST Engineering & ; Management 82 (1 janvier 2020) : 18029–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.52783/testmagzine.v82.14588.

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Whole quality management and human resource management techniques among health care professionals and their union in Haryana, India's private hospitals are the focus of this research. This study's goals are to provide a framework for comprehensive quality management, with an emphasis on the most effective human resource management techniques. The research also intends to look at how HRM practices affected the success of TQM implementation and how HRM practices affected employee satisfaction after TQM was put in place. In terms of both employment and income, India's health care businesses have grown to become a major force in the country. The healthcare industry has several obstacles, but one of the most significant is meeting the demands of its workers while simultaneously maintaining high quality and uniform standards.

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Biswas, Kausik. « Legislative Provisions and Policy Support for Wetland Conservation in India ». South Asian Law & ; Economics Review 08 (2023) : 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.55662/saler.2023.803.

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Since 1970s, wetlands started to be recognized as one of the richest ecosystems of the world which supports lives and livelihoods of a large number of people. In spite of this recognition, loss of wetlands could not be stopped. India is gifted with a vast inventory of wetlands which is depleting. Though India was a signatory of Ramsar Convention of Wetlands, it is yet to implement any legislation for the protection of these rich ecosystems. During the early years of independence when constitution of India was adopted, there was no mention of the term ‘environment’. With the enactment of Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act, 1976, marked the beginning of environmental protection in India. But wetlands were not mentioned in the List-I, List-II or List-III of the seventh schedule of the Indian Constitution. So, neither the Union government nor the state governments are empowered to legislate over the matter of wetlands. Due to this reason the Union government could not implement any legislation for wetland conservation for the country as a whole. Wetlands should be brought to the List-III of the constitution for the sake of wetland conservation. It is the obligation of the States to implement international conventions at the domestic level under a federal system. Verdicts of the Supreme Court and different High Courts reveal full support towards environmental protection. Thus, it is urgently needed to enact a Union legislation for the protection of the wetlands of the country which is supported by the state governments.

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Datta, Prabhat Kumar, et Inderjeet Singh Sodhi. « DECENTRALIZED PLANNING IN AN INDIAN STATE : AN EXPLORATORY EXERCISE ». Journal of Asian Rural Studies 4, n^o 2 (15 juillet 2020) : 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/jars.v4i2.2254.

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In India, the idea of decentralized planning gained momentum after the country became independent in 1947 but its rudimentary practice was not completely unknown before 1947. In post-independent India a number of government committees and commissions had recommended for introduction of decentralized planning at different points of time. The most remarkable event in this regard were twin Constitutional amendments which clarified the role of local bodies and institutionalized participation of the people which signaled what is often called a paradigmatic change. The amendments gave decentralized planning constitutional sanction and sanctity, and provided a model of planning for the whole country. In this paper, an attempt has been made to capture the different phases in the evolution of the decentralized planning processes in India as a backdrop and to assess and analyze the experiences of introduction of decentralized planning in one state of the Union of Indian states called West Bengal. It is one of the states where the exercise was done through active participation of people sought to be achieved through institutional structures created in the villages. This paper tries to make use of the available secondary data to arrive at some of the major conclusions and to justify the contentions made. Reference has also been made to some limited field work which was done through village survey. The authors have also highlighted some of the key emerging issues which call for further research. It also seeks to explores what could be the probable lessons the developing countries in general, and India, in particular.

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Nath, Arvind. « Which Indicator Should Be used to Monitor Malaria Elimination in India ? » Epidemiology International 7, n^o 4 (31 décembre 2022) : 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2455.7048.202212.

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The Annual Parasite Incidence (API) is currently being used by the National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) as an indicator to monitor malaria elimination efforts in states and union territories. This article is an attempt to find out how effective is the API as a tool to measure malaria elimination efforts in the country by reviewing documents published by the NVBDCP (for 2018 data) and National Statistical Office (for 2021 data) and by doing a web search. It was found that in the 2018 data set, there was no direct correlation between API and the number of malaria cases. Even in territories having low API, the number of malaria cases was high and in areas having high API, the number of malaria cases was low. From the 2021 data set, it was seen that the malaria problem was greatest in Chhattisgarh and least in Lakshadweep Islands. Thus, API by itself is not a useful indicator of malaria elimination efforts. Attention must also be paid to the actual number of malaria cases occurring in the state/ union territory, and at the present time, the focus must be on Chhattisgarh.

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Hand, Felicity. « The Fight for Land, Water and Dignity in Lindsey Collen’s The Malaria Man and Her Neighbour ». Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses, n^o 82 (2021) : 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.25145/j.recaesin.2021.82.05.

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The novels of South-African born Mauritian writer and activist Lindsey Collen expose a historical continuum of class exploitation, ranging from the slave past of the country including both pre-abolition African slavery together with indentured labour from the Indian subcontinent to post-independence sweat-shop toil, ill-paid domestic labour and exploited agricultural workers. Her latest novel to date, The Malaria Man and Her Neighbours (2010) probes this continuing class conflict and queries mainstream notions of heteronormativity. Access to water and land will be seen to lie behind the murder of the four main characters and the subsequent popular reaction. Collen insists that the underprivileged can become empowered through union, that participation and joint, communal effort can still make a difference.

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Lunev, S. I. « Embarking on Friendship : Exploring Early Soviet-Indian Relations ». MGIMO Review of International Relations 17, n^o 2 (22 avril 2024) : 54–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2024-2-95-54-72.

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By the onset of the Second World War, the USSR had virtually no experience or established traditions of interaction with South Asian countries. Initially, Soviet-Indian relations could be characterized as tepid, largely due to a lack of accurate information about each other. During the wartime, the USSR underestimated the advantages of forging close ties with Indian left-wing centrists, favoring instead communists who provided the Kremlin with falsified data on the national liberation movement in the country.The article examines how bilateral relations evolved and strengthened as mutual knowledge grew. The second stage of Soviet-Indian relations (1955-1971) can be termed as a period of "birth of friendship," as the image of partnership is consolidated in the eyes of Soviet and Indian politicians and the public. Soviet diplomacy played a pivotal role in shaping policy changes: diplomats sought to gather crucial information about events in the country, transmit it to the USSR, and promote bilateral rapprochement, sometimes even acting in violation of instructions.The article pays particular attention to the activities of Subhas Chandra Bose, the leader of the left wing of the Indian National Congress, who according to Indian sociological surveys on the most prominent politicians of the 20th century, ranks second only to Mahatma Gandhi. During the Second World War, he was an uncompromising fighter against British colonialists. The Soviet Union did not pay sufficient attention to S.C. Bose, although he potentially could have been a valuable partner for Moscow.At present, the problem of mutual lack of awareness has resurfaced, hindering the development of closer political, economic, and cultural-humanitarian ties between Russia and India.

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Alfonso, Thaddeus, et Shankar Ganesan. « Perceptions of Diversity Among Faculty Members in Indian Higher Education Institutions : A Qualitative Investigation ». Contemporary Education Dialogue 16, n^o 2 (juillet 2019) : 208–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973184919858180.

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Diversity studies have mostly been done outside India and have largely focused on race, gender and ethnicity. The relevance of these studies to India remains less explored. Hence, faculties from various disciplines were interviewed across six states and a union territory. Diversity awareness was substantial regarding familiar social categories that have received socio-political attention so far like gender. However, faculty limited gender diversity to entry-level recruitment and they seldom mentioned the need for women at professorial and leadership levels. Awareness about diversity domains such as gender identity, sexual orientation and race was inadequate. While diversity was considered essential for student admissions, it was not so for faculty recruitment. Though the majority acknowledged disability and age as diversity domains, there was insufficient preparation for engagement with disabled people and members outside formal age-groups. There is a need for instilling global and country-specific diversity awareness in the faculty.

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Sinha, Anshul, Sanjay Kumar Singh et VijayLakshmi Singh. « Linkage Between Road Safety and Economic Development : A Case Study of India ». Metamorphosis : A Journal of Management Research 20, n^o 1 (juin 2021) : 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09726225211030829.

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This study examines the relationship between fatality risk (number of fatalities per 10,000 people), the level of motorization (number of vehicles per 10,000 people) and fatality rate (number of fatalities per 10,000 vehicles), and the real per capita GDP across Indian states and union territories. Two kinds of relationships—linear and log-linear—are examined. The study also aims to estimate the real per capita GDP after which the fatality risk shows a decreasing trend with further increase in per capita GDP. This inflection point is found out to be somewhere between ₹190,000 and ₹195,000 at 2011–2012 prices. We also found that, from 2015 to 2030, the number of road accidental deaths in India is expected to increase by 55%, whereas the vehicle stock in the country is likely to double.

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Vanitha, SM, Shubhadeep Roy et Neeraj Singh. « Ex-post economic impact assessment of vegetable cowpea var. Kashi Kanchan using economic surplus model ». Vegetable Science 49, n^o 02 (26 décembre 2022) : 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.61180/vegsci.2022.v49.i2.05.

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Vegetable cowpea variety “Kashi Kanchan” is an improved variety released by ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research (IIVR) in 2007. This variety is being widely adopted and cultivated by the farmers in different parts of the country. The economic impact of the variety Kashi Kanchan is analyzed using Economic Surplus Model (ESM). The results showed that, there was Rs. 111.21 crore of total economic surplus generated of which Rs. 43.81 crore was producer surplus and Rs. 67.40 crore was the consumer surplus. The net profit earned by cultivation of Kashi Kanchan variety was Rs. 36406/ac higher than that of local variety grown during rainy season and Rs. 84942 per ac during summer season. The BC ratio was 3.26 for summer crop and 3.04 for winter crop of Kashi Kanchan and 1.43 for the local variety. The total estimated area covered under the cultivation of Kashi Kanchan variety was 90314.8 ha from 2007-08 to 2019-20 covering a total of 443 districts in 29 states and 2 union territories in the country.

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Purushothaman, Uma, et John S. Moolakkattu. « The Politics of the COVID-19 Pandemic in India ». Social Sciences 10, n^o 10 (12 octobre 2021) : 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10100381.

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India responded to the COVID-19 measures abruptly and in a tough manner during the early stages of the pandemic. Its response did not take into consideration the socio-economic life of the majority of people in India who work in the informal sector and the sheer diversity of the country. The imposition of a nationwide lockdown using the Disaster Management Act 2005 enabled the Union Government to impose its will on the whole country. India has a federal system, and health is a state subject. Such an overbearing role on the part of the Central Government did not, however, lead to coordinated action. Some states expressed their differences, but eventually all complied with the central guidelines. The COVID-19 pandemic struck at a time when an agitation was going on in the country, especially in New Delhi, against the Citizen Amendment Act. The lockdown was imposed all of a sudden and was extended until 31 May. This led to a humanitarian crisis involving a large number of domestic migrant workers, who were left stranded with no income for survival and no means of transport to go home. Indians abroad who were intending to return also found themselves trapped. Dissenting voices were silenced through arrests and detentions during this period, and the victims included rights activists, students, lawyers, and even some academics. Power tussles and elections continued as usual and the social distancing norms were often compromised. Since COVID-19 containment measures were carried out primarily at the state level, this paper will also selectively draw on their experiences. India also used the opportunity to burnish its credentials as the ‘pharmacy of the world’ by sending medical supplies to over a hundred countries. In the second wave, there were many deaths, but the government was accused of undercounting them and of not doing enough to deliver vaccines to Indians. This paper will deal with the conflicts, contestations and the foreign policy fallout following the onset of the pandemic and the measures adopted by the union government to cope with them, with less focus on the economic and epidemiological aspects of pandemic management. This paper looks at previous studies, press reports, and press releases by government agencies to collect the needed data. A descriptive and analytical approach is followed in the paper.

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Mukherjee, Suparna Sanyal, et Saikat Kumar Basu. « THE FOREST DWELLING TRIBES AND COMMUNITY FOREST RESOURCES (CFR) CONTRADICT FOREST GOVERNANCE ». International Journal on Biological Sciences 14, n^o 01 (2023) : 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.53390/ijbs.2023.14107.

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India is a vast country with all geographical definitions contained within it. The Country is adorned with mountains, deserts, estuaries, deltas and forests. India is the biggest peninsula in the world. It also houses rich deposition of minerals, ores and fossil fuels. The Indian Forest Resources (IFR) with all its treasure attracted the then rulers British, who realized the immanence economic potentiality contained within it, the possible outcome which could derive out of it. The aboriginals, the tribes, with forest as their own abode developed ageold rights over it generation wise. When the British Government realized that the tribes were a step ahead in the knowledge of forest, they quickly formed a rule regarding the forest to establish their absolute supremacy, ultimately which became the Indian Forest Act (IFA) 1865 as amended in 1878 and 1927 respectively. The innocent, illiterate, poor tribes were uprooted and dislodged from the forest; they were pushed into jeopardy, without any known method of sustaining livelihood was in utter dismay. After Independence there were Forest Policies and Five Year Plans each of which had specific space for the forest and tribes, but rehabilitation remained far away from them. More over Forest Rights Act 2006 also has generated a puzzled situation for these men. Thus, it is clearly visualized the present plight of the forest dwelling tribes continue to be unsecured due to advent of the Indian Forest Act 1865. Recently the Government of India (GOI), Union Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MoTA) issued a guidelines on forest conservation, management and sustainable use of community forest resources (CFR) on September 12, 2023, disempowered Gram Sabhas (Village Assemblies) and shift controlled to the governance. They decided without any understanding of CFR's progress the country will undo any kind of progress which is forest based may impossible, hampered forest governance, depicts contradiction in between forest act/s, polices, five year plans and forest governance

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Das, Ratan Kumar, et Sandip Ratna. « Indian National Education Policy : The Knowledge and Understanding of Secondary School Teachers in West Tripura District ». South Asian Journal of Social Studies and Economics 20, n^o 2 (2 août 2023) : 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/sajsse/2023/v20i2699.

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The quality of a nation depends on the quality of its people and the quality of education the people receive. Education is the main structure of the country’s socio-economic development. The development of society and the education system are closely related. A demographic and modern welfare state has considered the responsibility of spreading education as a national task because democracy is based on the development of the education of the people of a country. Different countries provide different education based on tradition and culture and adopt different stages of school and college education to be effective. India’s National Education Policy (NEP 2020), approved by the Indian Union Cabinet on July 29, 2020 based on the recommendations of an expert committee headed by Dr. Kasthuriranjan, former Chairman of the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). It replaced the National Policy on Education of 1986. The aim of the policy was to create an education system rooted in Indian values that would directly contribute to the transformation of India by providing quality education to all, thus making India a global educational power. The current study is conducted in West Tripura District High Schol to analyze the perception of NEP -2020 among teachers. This study will help to increase awareness of NEP-2020 among secondary school teachers and provide teachers NEP 2020 awareness program accordingly for its successful implementation.

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Boboyorov, G'aybulla. « About the Halach language and some of its affinities with the Uzbek language ». Golden scripts 3, n^o 3 (10 septembre 2021) : 114–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.52773/tsuull.gold.2021.3/mkli7124.

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Khalach is distinguished among the Turkic nations by a distinctive language and a rich past of various realities. Today, living on the central regions of Iran, living nomadic life, this nation took part in the ethnic Union of several society of Central Asia and its neighbor regions. Especially among the Turkic peoples - the Turkmen, the Uzbek, the Anatolian Turks, as well as among the Afghans, many ethnic terms associated with them have been preserved. In the early Middle Ages, the Khalachs, who lived in the Yettisuw (Semirech’e) country, moved to the sides of Afghanistan and Northern India (Pakistan) between the VI–VIII centuries AD, forming their own political associations here. The role of Khalch’s in the establishment of several Turkic dynasties in these countries has a separate place. The presence of a large number of written sources in the old Indian, Chinese, Bactrian, Arabic, Persian and Turkic is proof of that.

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Dr P V Gurunath Reddy, Galla Venkataswamy et Battana Hari. « The Share Price Movement Of Indian Banking Shares, can alter the GDP, based on the interest rate ». international journal of engineering technology and management sciences 7, n^o 2 (2023) : 537–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.46647/ijetms.2023.v07i02.062.

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The stock market is the altimeter of Indian budgeting. Trading in the Stock market is subject to market risk, and therefore returns can be affected, although it provides diversification to the portfolio of Retail investors, HNI & FII clients. The investment pattern of each category affects the growth of the country. As investments are reduced due to the risk aversion factor, the GDP fell to 6.0 percent for Q1 FY23, which is the lowest of the two years as per the economic survey of the Ministry of finance, resulting in a domestic slowdown in Q2 FY23. This research work aims to study the effects of an array of fundamental factors like – interest rate risk, counterparty risk, and regulatory risk on the share price movement of Top 5 (SBI, Canara Bank, Union Bank of India, Punjab National Bank, Bank of Baroda) performing public Banking sector stocks listed on the Indian stock exchange. So, the long-term investors should look on to the fundamentals and invest wisely to earn even in the current economic slowdown situation of FY 23. The results suggest that these three factors affect most of the share prices, namely- interest rate risk, counterparty risk, and regulatory risk and explained only interest rate risk taking into consideration.

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Negi, Satya. « Forestcover in Indian Himalayan states – An overview ». Indian Journal of Forestry 32, n^o 1 (1 mars 2009) : 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2009-157z6j.

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Globally, there is increasing realization of the dependence of humans on ecosystems and the role by forests in providing important ecosystem services. Forests are the chief source of livelihood in developing countries in general and mountains in particular. The five Indian Himalayan states constitute about 12.84% of the total geographical area of the country. The Indian Himalaya holds key to India’s ecological security and is the major provider of various forest products and hydro power. The Himalaya is the store house of glaciers which provides perennial river systems for mountain inhabitants as well as millions of people living downstream for settlements, agriculture and industries. Good forest cover in Himalayan states is central to maintain ecological balance and environmental stability as it prevents soil erosion and land degradation. India’s National Forest Policy (NFP) of 1988 aims at maintaining 66% of the geographical area in the hills under forests. The present forest cover of 31.05% of the total geographical area of the Indian Himalayan states is way behind the target set by NFP-1988. But to reach the target set by NFP, the area under forest change due to direct and indirect causes. Climate change too has its impact on Himalayan forests resulting in change in forest community structures. Only strategy is to ensure that forests of Himalayan states are not further degraded. Therefore, urgent need is to utilize the forests in a sustainable manner with focus on minimum depletion. Union government and the respective state governments must lay special emphasis to mitigate all the threats that result in depletion of forest resources through multi-pronged, long-term and integrated approaches, so that Himalayan forests continue to benefit mankind for the present as well as future generations.

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Das, Dr K. C., et Adidur Rahman. « Statelessness : A Study of Chakma Refugees of Arunachal Pradesh ». Cross-Currents : An International Peer-Reviewed Journal on Humanities & ; Social Sciences 1, n^o 2 (25 décembre 2015) : 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.36344/ccijhss.2015.v01i02.005.

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The word statelessness has long been recognized as an important problem in international law. Nowhere is the problem of statelessness more acute than in South East Asia. The Sri Lankans, Tibetan, Afghani etc. in India, Burmese in Thailand and in Bangladesh, Vietnamese refugees in Cambodia and many ethnic Chinese in all parts of South East Asia are currently stateless and thus specially vulnerable the same type of human rights abuses as those suffered by the Chakmas of Arunachal Pradesh. The Chakmas are the victims of the partition of the country. They were displaced from their original homeland and migrated to Northeast India. They were rehabilitated in NEFA by the Government of India but still fighting for citizenship status. The present paper examines the statelessness of the Chakmas of North East India, especially in Arunachal Pradesh. It tries to analyze the origin of the problem of migration of the Chakmas from Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) of erstwhile East Pakistan to Mizoram and Tripura and their rehabilitation in NEFA (now Arunachal Pradesh). It examines the causes of reactions from the Arunachali indigenous tribes, the All Arunachal Pradesh Students Union and from the State Government. The paper concludes with a study of the role of the Chakma organizations, the Union Government and the Supreme Court in the fight for Indian citizenship status of the Chakmas.

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Das, Dr K. C., et Adidur Rahman. « Statelessness : A Study of Chakma Refugees of Arunachal Pradesh ». Cross-Currents : An International Peer-Reviewed Journal on Humanities & ; Social Sciences 1, n^o 2 (25 décembre 2015) : 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.36344/ccijhss.2015.v01i02.005.

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The word statelessness has long been recognized as an important problem in international law. Nowhere is the problem of statelessness more acute than in South East Asia. The Sri Lankans, Tibetan, Afghani etc. in India, Burmese in Thailand and in Bangladesh, Vietnamese refugees in Cambodia and many ethnic Chinese in all parts of South East Asia are currently stateless and thus specially vulnerable the same type of human rights abuses as those suffered by the Chakmas of Arunachal Pradesh. The Chakmas are the victims of the partition of the country. They were displaced from their original homeland and migrated to Northeast India. They were rehabilitated in NEFA by the Government of India but still fighting for citizenship status. The present paper examines the statelessness of the Chakmas of North East India, especially in Arunachal Pradesh. It tries to analyze the origin of the problem of migration of the Chakmas from Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) of erstwhile East Pakistan to Mizoram and Tripura and their rehabilitation in NEFA (now Arunachal Pradesh). It examines the causes of reactions from the Arunachali indigenous tribes, the All Arunachal Pradesh Students Union and from the State Government. The paper concludes with a study of the role of the Chakma organizations, the Union Government and the Supreme Court in the fight for Indian citizenship status of the Chakmas.

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Pandey, Neelesh. « Role of Globalisation in Women’s Health : A Key Issue ». Scholedge International Journal of Multidisciplinary & ; Allied Studies ISSN 2394-336X 3, n^o 2 (11 mars 2016) : 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.19085/journal.sijmas030204.

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The health of Indian women is intrinsically linked to their status in society. Research on women’s status has found that the contributions Indian women make to families often are overlooked, and instead they are viewed as economic burdens. There is a strong son preference in India, as sons are expected to care for parents as they age. This son preference, along with high dowry costs for daughters, sometimes results in the mistreatment of daughters. Further, Indian women have low levels of both education and formal labor force participation. They typically have little autonomy, living under the control of first their fathers, then their husbands, and finally their son. All of these factors exert a negative impact on the health status of Indian women. Poor health has repercussions not only for women but also their families. Women in poor health are more likely to give birth to low weight infants. They also are less likely to be able to provide food and adequate care for their children. Finally, a woman’s health affects the household economic well-being, as a woman in poor health will be less productive in the labor force. While women in India face many serious health concerns, this profile focuses on only five key issues: reproductive health, violence against women, nutritional status, unequal treatment of girls and boys, and HIV/AIDS. Because of the wide variation in cultures, religions, and levels of development among India’s 25 states and 7 union territories, it is not surprising that women’s health also varies greatly from state to state. To give a more detailed picture, data for the major states will be presented whenever possible. The discrimination against the girl child is systematic and pervasive enough to manifest in many demographic measures for the country. For the country as a whole as well as its rural areas, the infant mortality rate is higher for females in comparison to that for males. Usually, though not exclusively, it is in the northern and western states that the female infant mortality rates are higher, a difference of ten points between the two sexes specific rates not being uncommon.

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Sathianandan, T. V., Kolliyil Sunil Mohamed, Jayaraman Jayasankar, Somy Kuriakose, K. G. Mini, Eldho Varghese, P. U. Zacharia et al. « Status of Indian marine fish stocks : modelling stock biomass dynamics in multigear fisheries ». ICES Journal of Marine Science 78, n^o 5 (5 mai 2021) : 1744–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsab076.

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Abstract A biomass dynamics modelling study to derive biological reference points and management requirements of 223 commercially important fish stocks in different maritime states of India was conducted. Two decades (1997–2016) of fishery-related data on the harvest of resources by different types of fishing fleets formed the input. The multigear nature of the fishery situation was solved by introducing a gear standardization parameter into the biomass dynamics model. The relative positions of the fish stocks were depicted through Kobe plots generated for the ten maritime states/union territory, and the fish stocks were categorized, based on the status, into sustainable, overfished, recovering, and overfishing. The results indicate that 34.1% of the assessed fish stocks in the country are sustainable, 36.3% are overfished, 26.5% are recovering, and 3.1% are in the overfishing status. Regionally, the percentage of sustainable fish stocks were high along the southwest coast (51.6%), overfished stocks were high along the northwest coast (54.2%), and recovering fish stocks were high along the northeast coast (47.8%). The national mean B/BMSY was estimated as 0.86, which is a strong reason for strengthening fisheries management. Fishing fleets harvesting overfished stocks were examined for each maritime state, and recommendations regarding reduction in annual fishing hours are made.

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Majeed, Mehak, Javaid Iqbal Khan et Saeed Owais Mushtaq. « An Analysis of MSME’s Efficiency : A Study of Two Comparable Northern Indian Regions ». SEDME (Small Enterprises Development, Management & ; Extension Journal) : A worldwide window on MSME Studies 47, n^o 3 (septembre 2020) : 250–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09708464211038717.

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Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) and Himachal Pradesh (HP) are the two northern states of the Indian union. The two neighbouring states are mountainous and backward as compared to the rest of the country. Of the two, J&K has more natural resources and population. On the contrary, HP, over time, has demonstrated higher outcomes in terms of basic indicators, gross state domestic product (GSDP) and economic growth. This article examines these two economies and attempts to compare them on the basis of their respective efficiencies in industrial production. Although data on GSDP show that HP has grown over time and has surpassed that of J&K in 2017–2018, technical efficiencies of the two regions, as drawn from Annual Survey of Industries (2017), are low and converging. Stochastic frontier results demonstrate that industrialisation in both regions is labour-intensive. Tobit regression results point to low contribution of inputs towards technical efficiency. Also, minimal use of communication and technology, low profits and weak policies contribute negatively in the direction of the technical efficiency of the firms in the two regions. The results specifically imply that in the region of J&K, government support and interventions are needed to address both endogenous and exogenous factors contributing to firms’ inefficiencies.

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Parthasarathi, Balasamudram Chandrasekhar, Binod Kumar, Gaurav Nagar, Haranahally Vasanthachar Manjunathachar, José de la Fuente et Srikant Ghosh. « Analysis of Genetic Diversity in Indian Isolates of Rhipicephalus microplus Based on Bm86 Gene Sequence ». Vaccines 9, n^o 3 (26 février 2021) : 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9030194.

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The control of cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus, is focused on repeated use of acaricides. However, due to growing acaricide resistance and residues problem, immunization of animals along with limited use of effective acaricides is considered a suitable option for the control of tick infestations. To date, more than fifty vaccine candidates have been identified and tested worldwide, but two vaccines were developed using the extensively studied candidate, Bm86. The main reason for limited vaccine commercialization in other countries is genetic diversity in the Bm86 gene leading to considerable variation in vaccine efficacy. India, with 193.46 million cattle population distributed in 28 states and 9 union territories, is suffering from multiple tick infestation dominated by R. microplus. As R. microplus has developed multi-acaricide resistance, an efficacious vaccine may provide a sustainable intervention for tick control. Preliminary experiments revealed that the presently available commercial vaccine based on the BM86 gene is not efficacious against Indian strain. In concert with the principle of reverse vaccinology, genetic polymorphism of the Bm86 gene within Indian isolates of R. microplus was studied. A 578 bp conserved nucleotide sequences of Bm86 from 65 R. microplus isolates collected from 9 Indian states was sequenced and revealed 95.6–99.8% and 93.2–99.5% identity in nucleotides and amino acids sequences, respectively. The identities of nucleotides and deduced amino acids were 94.7–99.8% and 91.8–99.5%, respectively, between full-length sequence (orf) of the Bm86 gene of IVRI-I strain and published sequences of vaccine strains. Six nucleotides deletion were observed in Indian Bm86 sequences. Four B-cell epitopes (D519-K554, H563-Q587, C598-T606, T609-K623), which are present in the conserved region of the IVRI-I Bm86 sequence, were selected. The results confirm that the use of available commercial Bm86 vaccines is not a suitable option against Indian isolates of R. microplus. A country-specific multi-epitope Bm86 vaccine consisting of four specific B-cell epitopes along with candidate molecules, subolesin and tropomyosin in chimeric/co-immunization format may provide a sustainable option for implementation in an integrated tick management system.

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Jain, Kamal K. « Decoding the strike at Bajaj Auto's Chakan plant : a negotiator's framework ». Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 4, n^o 4 (1 octobre 2014) : 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-12-2013-0230.

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Subject area Negotiation, Human Resource Management. Study level/applicability Graduate and post graduate level course in Human Resource Management, Industrial Relations, and Negotiation. Case overview The present case unfolds sequence of events in the wake of collective bargaining between the union and the management of Bajaj Auto for settling the issue of wage revision. Since no agreement could be reached between both the parties, the workers' union called for a strike. This was the first case of strike in the plant in its 16 years of existence. Bajaj Auto is India's second-largest motorcycle manufacturer in the country, having its manufacturing plants at Chakan (Pune, Maharashtra), Pantnagar (Uttrakhand), Waluj in Aurangabad, Maharashtra. The Chakan plant, set up in 1999, has an installed capacity of over 3,000 units a day. The present case relates to workers' strike at its Chakan Plant which lasted for more than 50 days. The case is analysed from the negotiation point of view. Expected learning outcomes To understand basic principles/rules of negotiation; to explain the framework that can be used to assess the relative strength of power of the parties involved in negotiation; and to understand various power moves used by parties involved in negotiation. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.

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S., Jagadeesan, et Pranav Patel. « Epidemiology, pattern and prevalence of alcohol consumption in India : need for public health action ». International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 8, n^o 4 (25 mars 2021) : 2070. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20211282.

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As we enter the year 2021, health and population related data related to the pattern, prevalence and epidemiological dimensions of alcohol consumption and its harmful use in Indian sub-continent needs time bound update. A non-systematic narrative review was attempted to identify consistent scientific and gray literature on the prevalence, pattern and repercussions on the alcohol consumption status among Indian adults and children. As the nation has no unified data system on the substance use behaviour of it's residents, the review involved inclusion of the latest research articles from each state/ union territory being collected from an active search from PubMed, Google scholar and Europe PMC. Prevalence of alcohol consumption in India ranged from 10% to 60% with a predominant male predilection in agreement with previous studies. Peer pressure was perceived to be the most influential factor in promoting alcohol use with social occasions, urban background, family celebrations and ‘staying away from family’ playing additional role. Mere awareness of alcohol related complications was not assessed in most of the research items. Public health and administrative policies need to be focussed strongly reducing the free availability of alcohol among diverse geographical regions of the country. Policies and programmes are likely to be more effective if population heterogeneity is considered, and do address the wide range of modifiable risk and promoting factors at individual, community and social levels. Bringing public awareness with conventional and newer digital media will be contributive for both social and national productivity.

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BHANU, CHANDRA, N. RAVISANKAR, P. C. GHASAL, JAIRAM CHOUDHARY, RAGHUVEER SINGH, K. J. RAGHVENDRA, A. L. MEENA et al. « Knowledge based assessment of trained certified farm advisors (CFA) on organic farming ». Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 92, n^o 1 (31 janvier 2022) : 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v92i1.120845.

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An inter-organizational certificate course i.e. Certified Farm Advisor (CFA) in Organic Farming was jointly organized by National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management (MANAGE), Hyderabad and ICAR-Indian Institute of Farming Systems Research, Modipuram, Meerut during 2019. The objective of this certificate course was to create a cadre of â€œCertified Farm Advisorsâ€ in appropriate technologies of organic farming and enable them to deliver effective â€œTechnical Advisory Servicesâ€ and thereby solving the field level problems faced by the organic farmers/entrepreneurs/startups or other related stakeholders. A 15 days CFA module II was organized at ICAR- Indian Institute of Farming Systems Research, Modipuram, Meerut in two batches with 50 trainees from 15 different states and union territories. In the present study, the learning, knowledge and skill levels of the participants were analyzed. Multiple regression analysis showed that, gender, service experience and serving region significantly affected the learning ability of trainees. There was significant improvement in the knowledge and skill of trainees in various aspects of organic farming, viz. organic standards, certification and marketing network (study area A); technology package (study area B) and general knowledge (study area C). Based on the training effectiveness scores (TES), maximum improvement was observed with general knowledge of organic farming with 103.73% improvement. However, study area A and B exhibited 45.41% and 34.88% improvement, respectively. Further, the success of this inter-organizational training programme could serve as a model for streamlining HRD programmes on organic farming in the country.

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Christensen, Steen, Raquibul Amin et Ghulam Qadir Shah. « Regional Collaboration Among Countries in the Indian Ocean for Better Coastal and Ocean Governance ». Polaris – Journal of Maritime Research 1, n^o 1 (20 décembre 2019) : 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.53963/pjmr.2019.003.1.

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The Mangroves for the Future initiative (MFF) has operated since 2006 as a strategic regional and partnership-led programmeworking in response to the continued degradation of coastal ecosystems, which threatens the livelihoods and security of coastal communities and makes them more vulnerable to impacts from climate change. MFF follows the principle that healthy coastal ecosystems (principally mangroves, coral reefs and sea grass beds) can contribute significantly to human well-being and the resilience of man and nature to climate change. In its initial phase to 2010, MFF supported India, Indonesia, Maldives, Seychelles, Sri Lanka and Thailand to deliver a targeted response to the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004. Since then, country membership has expanded to include Bangladesh, Cambodia, Myanmar, Pakistan and Viet Nam and the initiative has grown towards a wider response to the current and emerging challenges for coastal management in the Indian Ocean and South China Sea regions. MFF is also engaged with Malaysia on an outreach basis; and with the Philippines as a dialogue country. Co-chaired by International Union for Conservation of nature (IUCN) and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and with ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity (ACB), Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP), and Wetland International (WI) as institutional partners, MFF provides a unique platform for representatives from governments, civil society and private sectors to meet, discuss and take actions together at both regional and national scales. At the regional level, MFF is governed by a Regional Steering Committee that provides strategic leadership for policy change and advocacy and also serves as a forum for country to country information exchange and discussions on emerging issues of regional importance. Within each MFF member country, a National Coordination body has oversight on the programme implementation as guided by its National Strategy and Action Plan and delivery of the small, medium and regional grant facilities1. Through its inclusive partnership approach, MFF has significantly strengthened the collaboration between the key stakeholders from governments, civil society, and private sectors addressing national and regional coastal zone management issues. In particular, the MFF initiative has supported national and local governments in developing and implementing participatory and sustainable resource management strategies, and, through awareness and capacity building activities, empowered coastal communities to participate in the decision making processes relating to the management of the natural resources on which they depend for their livelihoods. The present paper elaborates successful examples of regional collaboration initiated through MFF that have contributed to better coastal governance in India Ocean region. The examples include the transboundary cooperation between Pakistan and Iran in Gawatar Bay, between India and Sri Lanka for in the Gulf of Mannar, and between Guangxi and Quang Ninh Provinces in China and Viet Nam. The paper also highlights the importance of the Sustainable Development Goals, especially the Goal 14 and concepts like Blue Economy for sustainable ocean and coastal management in the light of the rapid development in maritime trade, race for exploration of the ocean bed for mineral resources, unsustainable exploitation of fish resources, and increasing pollution load to ocean waters from rapidly developing coastal urban growth in the Indian Ocean region.

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Tiwari, Dr Ajay Krishna, et Mr Devendra Singh Khatana. « Analytical Study of the Continuous Increase in Tax Collection Due to GST Recovery in the Indian Economy ». International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, n^o 4 (30 avril 2022) : 2514–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41834.

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Abstract: The present research paper is based on in-depth research analysis of the continuous growth in tax collection due to GST collection in the Indian economy. GST was implemented on 01 July 2017 across the country under a single tax in the Indian economy. In April 2020 Till now the minimum GST collection was INR32172 crore whereas the highest ever GST collection was done. 141384 crores have happened in April 2021 (despite the second wave of the corona). GST compensation by the Center In the form of 23 states and 3 centers by taking loans on behalf of the states and union territories having legislative assemblies. Estimated compensation of INR 110000 crore in 20 installments between 23 October 2020 to 15 March 2021 in the governed territories. More than 100% of INR110208 crore was distributed. Apart from this, by 15 March 2021, all a loan of INR 106830 crore was raised by 28 states from the open market. Tax evasion in the GST regime Fake Input Tax Credit (ITC) has been a big problem since its inception. Even today not only normal Trade INR but also star exporting are evading tax by using fake ITC and defrauding the government. are putting In the last 02 financial year, the GST Council, in its many meetings, discussed many important issues like H. SN Code, Changes in the current structure of GST, Compulsory E-bill, a Cash deposit of GAT, GST Physical verification of registrations, action against CAs involved in fake invoices, GST refund, on receipt of bills Decisions were taken on reward, reduction in GST on electric vehicles, etc. Keywords: GST Collection, Indian economy, estimated compensation, Input Tax Credit, GST Council, GST refund.

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Kumar, Piyush. « The COVID-19 Impact on Inpatient Hospital Admissions in Indiaa Cross-Sectional Study ». Public Health Open Access 7, n^o 1 (2023) : 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/phoa-16000235.

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Health is a subject of state as per the constitution of India. Hence different states of India have autonomy in deciding and reserving different percentages of beds for the COVID-19 cases as per their needs as well as availability of beds. As an example, Delhi had reserved 50% of ICU (intensive care unit) beds for COVID-19 patients. Due to the novel corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19), we found that there have been widespread changes in healthcare access by different types of patients suffering from different diseases. Besides fear of COVID-19 Nosocomial infection, this new arrangement and prioritization of the sudden needs of huge number of COVID-19 patients it is anticipated that this situation may have reduced the IPD patients suffering from other diseases. The key researcher has observed significant change in period prevalence of IPD patients during his duties at health centres in the COVID-19 era which tempted him to find out answer to title research question. This study was done to assess that, does the COVID-19 era has affected IPD services utilization by patient (positively or negatively) of other disease on a large countrywide basis? This study will definitely help policy and decision makers to visualize the health services delivery to IPD patients of diseases other than COVID-19. This research study is an attempt to highlight the COVID-19 impacts on IPD patients of other diseases. We have started this novel study with key aim to assess positive or any negative impact of COVID-19 situation on IPD (other than COVID-19) hospital admissions count in India to assess IPD services utilization by them. We included all (public/ private/rural/urban) health facilities across 36 states and union territories of India. The data were obtained from online HMIS (Health Management Information System) of Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, GoI (Government of India). This study was not a sample survey and we included all IPDs (indoor patients) of 36 states and union territories of India. The GoI enforced an obligatory nationwide lockdown from 25th March 2020, ending on 31st May 2020. This study revealed that the mean IPD admission reduced during COVID-19 pandemic period of this study by 2048459 numbers or in percentage it was reduced by 27.55%. This study found that there is a significant reduction in various IPD admissions for medical conditions other than COVID-19, during the COVID-19 period which must be a matter of concern to important stakeholders of the health system, in the light of our knowledge that it is not possible to reduce the burden of disease in India in a small period or overnight. Governments of India should make strategies on priority to trim down burden of morbidity and mortality due to CDs as well as NCDs, in order to reap the benefits of Demographic Dividend. The COVID-19 or any such pandemic and distress management should not be prioritized at the cost of other NCDs and CDs management.

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Bhardawaj, Broto, Kamaljeet Kaur et Aakriti Jain. « Competitive Survivability : A Study of Impact of Global Crisis on Indonesia and India ». INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCE AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION 5, n^o 3 (2019) : 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijmsba.1849-5664-5419.2014.53.1003.

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The purpose of the paper is to find the role of competitiveness parameters in international markets with particular reference to Indonesia. In a world of increasingly global competition, nations have become more, not less, important. As the basis of competition has shifted more and more to the creation and assimilation of knowledge, the role of the nation has grown. The research paper aims to understand the importance of competitive survival ability and the impact of the global crisis on Indonesia and India with special reference to Brexit. The research methodology adopted includes empirical data and case studies in the context of Indonesia. Competitive advantage is created and sustained through a highly localized process. Differences in national values, culture, economic structures, institutions, and histories all contribute to competitive success. The findings suggest that there are striking differences in the patterns of competitiveness in every country. No nation can or will be competitive in every or even most industries. Ultimately, nations succeed in particular industries because their home environment is the most forward-looking, dynamic, and challenging. The research paper has implications for managers and researchers. The paper focuses on the impact of Brexit on India and Indonesia. The geopolitical consequences of Brexit might not appear immediately. The European Union might temporarily pull together, but there would be damage to the sense of mission and Europe’s soft power of attraction. The immediate impact may not be visible. However, with globalization coming in, all the markets are interconnected. So there will be an inter-country effect of Brexit on Indonesia and India. Markets which have large domestic markets will be affected less.

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Karthik, T. T., et T. P. Ram Prasad. « SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats) Analysis of Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) Industries in India ». ComFin Research 8, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2020) : 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/commerce.v8i1.3523.

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Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) is the fourth biggest sector in the Indian economy. There are three primary segments in the sector food and refreshments, which represents 19 percent of the sector; medical services, which represents 31 percent of the offer; and family unit and individual consideration, which represents the staying 50% offer. FMCG market is relied upon to grow 5-6 percent in 2020. FMCG’s metropolitan segment developed by 8 percent, though, its rustic segment grew 5 percent in the quarter finishing September 2019, upheld by moderate swelling, increment in private consumption and country pay. Indian online basic food item market is assessed to surpass deals of about Rs 22,500 crore (US$ 3.19 billion) in 2020, a noteworthy hop of 76 percent over the earlier year. FMCG organizations are hoping to put resources into energy productive plants to profit the general public and lower cost in the long haul. Dabur had plans to contribute Rs 250-300 crore(US$ 38.79-46.55 million) in FY19 for limit extension and potential acquisitions in the homegrown market. The sector saw sound FDI inflow of US$ 16.28 billion during April 2000-March 2020. Investment goals identified with FMCG sector emerging from paper mash, sugar, fermentation, food handling, vegetable oils and vanaspati, cleansers, beautifiers, and toiletries businesses worth Rs 19,846 crore (US$ 2.84 billion) was implemented until December 2019. Developing mindfulness, simpler access, and changing way of life are the key development drivers for the consumer market. The attention on farming, MSMEs, training, medical care, framework and expense discount under Union Budget 2019-20 was required to legitimately affect the FMCG sector. Activities attempted to expand the extra cash in the possession of average person, particularly from country regions, willbe gainful for the sector. Hence, it is being a motivational factor to the researcher to have a study on the SWOT analysis of FMCG Industries in India.

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Sodhi, Inderjeet Singh, et Ashish Jha. « Inclusive Development through Municipal Governance : Issues and Prospects ». Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 8, n^o 4 (13 avril 2021) : 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.84.9955.

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Since decades the debate is going on about development where social, economic, cultural political etc. In recent years, there has been a growing call for “inclusive development” to meet contemporary development needs and challenges. It is argued that although economic growth is necessary, but it is not sufficient on its own in improving the welfare of a population. The time demands for such a development approach which can ensure that benefits of growth are shared equitably across all parts of society, particularly large groups of vulnerable poor populations. In Indian context inclusion and exclusion have multiple dimensions as the country has lot of heterogeneity and diversity in terms of many things it may culture, language, beliefs, geographical location, educational status, caste, religion, creed, races etc. So, it is very common that the level or depth of inclusion and exclusion also differs in larger sense for example a large portion of Indian population living in rural areas and rest living in urban areas and apart from that there are some areas comes under union territories, autonomous council, tribal areas etc. Keeping in view, of this dynamics, each area people has different needs and concerns and their visualization and expectation of inclusion and exclusion also differs. Therefore, each area has different system of governance structure at local level as it has very important role to cater the needs and concerns of people. In this context, the research study explores the role and efficacy of municipal governments in ensuring inclusive development. The paper also highlights the major issues in the process and put forward suggestions.

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Schess, Jaclyn, Lydia Bennett-Li, Richard Velleman, Urvita Bhatia, Alexander Catalano, Abhijeet Jambhale et Abhijit Nadkarni. « Alcohol policies in India : A scoping review ». PLOS ONE 18, n^o 11 (17 novembre 2023) : e0294392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0294392.

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Globally, alcohol consumption causes significant societal harm and is a leading risk factor for death and disability in adults. In India, 3.7% of all deaths and 3.1% disability adjusted life years (DALYs) can be attributed to alcohol. In the context of rapid economic development and emphasized by the COVID-19 pandemic, India’s lack of a consolidated and comprehensive alcohol policy has posed significant challenges to addressing this harm. In this context, the aim of our review was to undertake a comprehensive mapping of the State and national policy environment surrounding alcohol and its use in India, based on an analysis of policy documents. We did this though a scoping review of academic and grey literature, which helped to iteratively identify the websites of 15 international organizations, 21 Indian non-governmental organizations, and eight Indian Federal governmental organizations as well as State/Union Territory government sites, to search for relevant policy documents. We identified 19 Federal policy documents and 36 State level policy documents within which we have identified the specific policy measures which address the 10 categories of the World Health Organization’s Global Action Plan to Reduce the Harmful Use of Alcohol. We found that there are major gaps in regulation of marketing and price controls, with much of this controlled by the States. In addition, regulation of availability of alcohol varies widely throughout the country, which is also a policy area controlled locally by States. Through the clear elucidation of the current policy environment surrounding alcohol in India, policy makers, researchers and advocates can create a clearer roadmap for future reform.

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