Thèses sur le sujet « In memoriams (form) »

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Research about Educational Memorials presented as a paper for completion of the Course of Pedagogy of the Special Program for Training Teachers in Practice (PROESF), a partnership of the region of Campinas and the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP) to assist in charge teachers without higher education degree, in a proposal of emancipatory education. We present a brief contextualization of teacher education, the Program of PROESF, Memory as a resource in the re-signification through Educational Memorials, and an analysis of a sample of 24 memorials produced by students in 2007, bringing their autobiographical narratives to academic discussion, approaching everyday knowledge and teacher s knowledge, in order to recuperate the paths of constitution of teachers professional identity.
Pesquisa sobre Memoriais de Forma??o apresentados como trabalho de conclus?o do Curso de Pedagogia do Programa Especial para Forma??o de Professores em Exerc?cio (PROESF), uma parceria dos Munic?pios da Regi?o de Campinas com a Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) para atender professores em exerc?cio sem forma??o superior, numa proposta de educa??o emancipat?ria. Apresenta breve contextualiza??o da forma??o de professores, o Programa do PROESF, a Mem?ria como recurso na resignifica??o atrav?s de Memoriais de Forma??o, e an?lise de uma amostra de 24 Memoriais de Forma??o produzidos por alunas formandas de 2007, trazendo para discuss?o acad?mica suas narrativas autobiogr?ficas, abordando os saberes do cotidiano e os saberes de professor, numa perspectiva de resgatar os caminhos de constitui??o da identidade profissional do professor.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Literatura Brasileira, Florianópolis, 1996.
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Análise do livro Infância, memórias de Graciliano Ramos, com o objetivo de retirá-lo da concepção banal de veleidade pessoal do escritor. Coteja memórias de vários escritores brasileiros para expor a inovação da técnica narrativa e a posição estilística do autor em questão. O estudo demonstra que ao resgatar as experiências culturais e educacionais, o tecido narrativo expõe a marginalização infantil no ambiente familiar e escolar. Preserva-se assim, através da literatura, parte da história brasileira sem espaço na história oficial.

In today's climate of division, how can urban landscapes reflect unity? How can they remind us of what we have in common? In a city like Washington, D.C. that welcomes millions of visitors from all corners of the globe every year mainly for its many memorials, what would a memorial that invites reflection on issues that concern humanity at large look like? What would it be about? What is the best location for it? This thesis, based on the above questions, explores the memorialization of the resilience of human nature using site, water, different materials, and past and future events. The memorial will be located on Hains point, which is already a designated site for future memorials by the National Capital Planning Commission (NCPC).
This project investigates how to design a memorial with a universal theme that every visitor can relate to. The Memorial aims at providing a space that units, uplifts and invites to reflect on the Resilience of Human Nature in the face of tragedies around the world. It is a reminder that as humans we are more similar than we are different, a reminder that is needed today.

Plantea que Retablo de Julián Pérez Huarancca representa la memoria que se opone al desgaste, borradura del recuerdo y opacidades de la representación e indiferencia del discurso oficial o memoria institucional. Así se comprende la presencia de dos actos con la memoria: 1) en la novela se recrea la memoria crítica dentro del texto ficcional como vehículo de expresión o canal simbólico que denuncia y expone las luchas y los conflictos de la memoria sobre los acontecimientos de violencia social, histórica y política desatados en Ayacucho; y 2) es a la vez, una crítica a la memoria hegemónica y homogénea a través de la representación en el retablo textual que mira el pasado de la violencia política para exponerla.

Este memorial apresenta uma reflexão sobre as principais motivações que nortearam um conjunto de cinco obras: Cores; Orbitais; Ar: em movimento, em profundidade; Feixe de luz, desolado e turvo, no anoitecer; Ressonâncias Temporais, mostrando como as motivações se desenvolveram a partir do referencial teórico e como elas foram transformadas e realizadas no contexto de cada obra. Essas motivações se constituem pela forma em evolução; pela harmonia que evoca regiões com pólos e regiões modulatórias; e pelo grupo de personagens. A forma em evolução é criada a partir do modelo visual de uma bromélia e de algumas obras de Salvatore Sciarrino; a harmonia é organizada através de campos harmônicos construídos a partir da proposta de estrutura estática e dinâmica de Boulez, e também através de cadeias desenvolvidas a partir de obras de György Ligeti e Henry Cowell; e o conceito de Elliott Carter para o grupo de personagens é realizado por um caminho técnico particular. As duas primeiras motivações são comuns a todas as obras do portfólio de composições, enquanto o grupo de personagens é comum às três últimas obras.
This work presents a discussion on the motivations that guided the composition of a set of five pieces: Colors; Orbitals; Air: in movement, in depth; A ray of light, desolated and muddy, in the sunset; Temporal Ressonances. It shows how the motivations were developed from theoretical references and how they were transformed by and applied to each new piece context. These motivations are: (1) form in evolution; (2) specific use of harmony to evoke harmonic regions with centers and modulatory harmonic regions; and (3) character-groups. Form in evolution is modeled on the visual model of a bromelia and also on some of Salvatore Sciarrino's pieces; harmony is organized through harmonic fields derived from pierre Boulez's concept of dynamic/static structures; it is also organized in chains that take the works of György Ligeti and Henry Cowell as examples; finally, Elliott Carter's concept of character-groups is put to a particular use in this set of compositions. The first two motivations are found in all five pieces discussed here, while the character-groups are found in the last three pieces.

Ubicado en La Hoyada, en el nuevo distrito Andrés Avelino Cáceres en Huamanga, Ayacucho; a 20 minutos del centro de Huamanga con posibles ingresos desde las avenidas Los Robles y Cementerio. Este terreno se sitúa en lo que vendría a ser un “santuario de la memoria” en donde gran parte del terreno es intangible al tener dentro de sus 6 hectáreas un horno crematorio y fosas comunes en donde los fallecidos de esta época yacen. Las exhumaciones se siguen llevando a cabo. Este proyecto consiste en la creación de un lugar de la memoria (museo) en donde el usuario pueda ser trasladado en el tiempo para que así, este pueda experimentar los sentimientos de angustia, dolor y sufrimiento que ocasionaba el terrorismo en las personas afectadas, familiares y víctimas en la época de 1980 al 2000 utilizando la teoría de la fenomenología en donde el recorrido logra atravesar estos 20 años de historia y sus antecedentes. A su vez, logrando un lugar en donde la memoria de las victimas secuestradas, detenidas y desaparecidas sea dignificado, honrado y recordado por las generaciones actuales y futuras, así como buscar la reconciliación y la paz con el pasado entre las familias afectadas y el estado peruano.
Located in La Hoyada, in the new district Andrés Avelino Cáceres in Huamanga, Ayacucho; 20 minutes from the center of Huamanga with posible entries through the avenues Los Robles and Cementerio. This terrain is located in what would be a “santuary of memory” where much of the land is intangible by having within its 6 hectares a crematorium and mass graves where the deceased of this time lie. The exhumations continue to be carried out. This project consists in the creation of a place of memory (museum) where the user can be transferred in time so that he can experience the feelings of anguish, pain and suffering that the terrorism caused in the affected people, relatives and victims in the period from 1980 to 2000 using the theory of phenomenology where the walkthrough manages to go through these 20 years of history and its background. In turn, achieving a place where the memory of the kidnapped, detained and disappeared victims is dignified, honored and remembered by current and future generations, as well as seeking reconciliation and peace with the past between the affected families and the Peruvian state.
Tesis

Recolecta y describe la toponimia del distrito de San Marcos de Rocchac. El estudio es descriptivo, sincrónico y mixto. Uso de las técnicas cualitativas y cuantitativas como observación participante, la entrevista etnográfica directa basada en cuestionarios, la recopilación documental y la metodología propuesta por Dick (1990). Concluye que el tamaño de la muestra fue de 203 topónimos y la tasa de la respuesta fue del 100%. La gran mayoría de los topónimos son de afiliación híbrido, motivación semántica de naturaleza física y frases nominales o compuestas. Además, el poblador de dicha zona tiene una relación natural e íntima con su entorno geográfico.
Tesis

Thesis (M.M.)--Conservatory of Music. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2007.
"A thesis in music composition." Typescript. Advisor: James Mobberley. Vita. Title from "catalog record" of the print edition Description based on contents viewed Nov. 13, 2007. Online version of the print edition.

The research that is described in the present dissertation is motivated by two general questions. First, it investigates whether inference-based false memories are less likely for emotional than non-emotional events, consistently with the general notion that emotional material is better remembered and is associated to fewer memory distortions (Kensinger & Schacter 2005; Kensinger, 2007). Second and most important question, it examined whether the potential “protective” effect of emotional material against false memories could be disrupted or even reversed under certain conditions, investigating the effects of both experimental manipulations and individual differences. To examine these two questions, I created a false memory paradigm that is based on pictorial scripted material, following the example of Hannigan and Reinitz (2001; see also Lyons et al., 2010, and Mirandola et al., 2012, for a more recent application), but adapting it to include emotionality as a factor. A more detailed description of the paradigm will be provided in the introductory section of Experiment 1, and an example of the material is shown in the Appendix A. In Experiment 1, I examined the effect of post-encoding elaboration of pictorial scripted material on the production of inferential false memories for negatively emotional vs. neutral events. Two groups of undergraduate students were administered an incidental memory test after having freely recalled the scripted material or having completed distracting tasks. In particular, it was examined: a) how the probability of committing inferential false memories concerning negative vs. neutral events varied in the two groups; b) whether negative events were actually re-elaborated to a greater extent compared to neutral events. In Experiments 2 and 3, I focused on the effect of sub-clinical symptoms of internalizing disorders on the production of inferential false memories for emotional vs. neutral events. In particular, in Experiment 2 I compared a group of young adults with high levels of internalizing symptoms (both depression and anxiety) with a group of young adults with medium to low levels of internalizing symptoms. In Experiment 3, I expanded the findings of the previous experiment by adding a positively valenced condition within the scripted material, and by focusing on a group of individuals with a “purely anxious” trait, that is with a high level of trait anxiety but medium to low level of depression symptoms. In Experiments 4 and 5, I focused on the role played by working memory (WM; Baddeley, 2000) capacity on the production of inferential false memories for neutral vs. positive and negative events. In particular, in Experiment 4 I examined the role played by WM capacity at the level of individual differences, while in Experiment 5 the results were replicated and expanded using an experimental condition that was intended to artificially manipulate WM capacity available during the encoding phase. As for the general conclusions, it was shown that emotional scripted events (both negative and positive) are normally protected against inferential false memories (and especially against causal errors) compared to neutral scripted events. Importantly, however, this does not hold true in any condition; indeed, especially in the case of negative events, the “protective” effect is disrupted – and sometimes even reversed – under certain conditions, which include post-encoding elaboration of viewed material, strong presence of internalizing symptoms at the sub-clinical level (and especially of trait anxiety), and low or reduced capacity of WM during the encoding.
La presente è motivata da due quesiti di fondo. Primo, se i falsi ricordi inferenziali siano generalmente meno frequenti nel caso di eventi emotivi che di eventi non-emotivi, coerentemente con l’evidenza prevalente che il materiale emotivo riduce le distorsioni di memoria (Kensinger & Schacter 2005; Kensinger, 2007). Secondo e più importante quesito, ho esaminato se questo eventuale effetto “protettivo” viene moderato da particolari condizioni, considerando sia differenze individuali che l’effetto delle manipolazioni sperimentali. Nell’Esperimento 1 mi sono concentrato sugli effetti della rielaborazione del materiale dopo la codifica. È noto che ripetere più volte il materiale dopo la codifica aumenta la probabilità di commettere falsi ricordi, a causa della tendenza a “ricostruire” il ricordo basandosi sul “nucleo” del significato del materiale studiato (Roediger & McDermott, 1995; Gallo, 2006). Ho ipotizzato che ciò sarebbe accaduto anche per gli eventi presentati in forma di script, specialmente nel caso degli errori di “gap-filling”. Inoltre, ho ipotizzato che gli eventi emotivi sarebbero stati più suscettibili all’aumento di falsi ricordi dovuto alla rielaborazione, dato che essi, per la loro salienza, vengono richiamati alla mente più facilmente e più spesso (Christianson & Engelberg, 1999; Walker, Skowronksi, Gibbons, Vogl, & Ritchie, 2009); si sa inoltre che la rielaborazione degli aspetti emotivi degli eventi conduce a maggiori falsi ricordi (Drivdahl, Zaragoza, & Learned, 2009). I risultati ottenuti su un campione di studenti universitari hanno mostrato che, mentre i partecipanti che venivano distratti durante l’intervallo di ritenzione (partecipanti di controllo) erano relativamente protetti dagli errori causali per eventi negativi rispetto agli eventi neutri, i partecipanti che venivano invitati a ripensare e a ricostruire ciò che avevano visto (partecipanti sperimentali) presentavano il pattern opposto. Inoltre, coerentemente con le ipotesi, si è osservato un aumento generalizzato degli errori di “gap-filling” nel gruppo sperimentale. L’accuratezza invece non differiva. Negli Esperimenti 2 e 3 mi sono concentrato sugli effetti dei sintomi di disturbi emotivi a livello sub-clinico. Precedenti ricerche hanno mostrato che le persone che soffrono di disturbi emotivi in generale commettono più falsi ricordi per materiale negativo (per es. Howe & Malone, 2011; Joormann, Teachman, & Gotlib, 2009). Un’ipotesi è che ciò sia dovuto a una maggiore attivazione di base dei concetti negativi nelle persone con depressione (Howe & Malone, 2011). Tuttavia, un limite dei precedenti studi è che hanno utilizzato il paradigma DRM, per cui non è chiaro se lo stesso accada anche per altri tipi di falsi ricordi. Inoltre, non è chiaro cosa accada a livello sub-clinico (è infatti possibile che disturbi sufficientemente intensi da raggiungere una soglia clinica presentino effetti specifici, diversi da quelli del corrispondente tratto nella popolazione generale), cosa accada nel caso di sintomi d’ansia (un’altra condizione che comporta un bias di memoria e un’elaborazione preferenziale per il materiale emotivo; Mitte, 2008), e con il materiale positivo. Negli Esperimenti 2 e 3 i partecipanti sono stati selezionati tramite ampi screening su studenti di scuola superiore tra i 17 e i 19 anni d’età, utilizzando il questionario Q-Pad (Sica, Chiri, Favilli, & Marchetti, 2011). Nell’Esperimento 2 ho selezionato partecipanti che avevano elevati punteggi (oltre l’80esimo percentile) sia nella scala di ansia che in quella di depressione, mentre nell’Esperimento 3 ho selezionato partecipanti che avevano elevati punteggi di ansia ma punteggi di depressione attorno o sotto la mediana. In entrambi gli esperimenti, i gruppi di controllo erano composti da giovani che si collocavano attorno o sotto la mediana sia nella scala di ansia che in quella di depressione. Nell’Esperimento 2 si è mostrato che i partecipanti con forti tratti internalizzanti hanno maggiore probabilità di commettere falsi ricordi per gli antecedenti causali quando la conseguenza è negativa rispetto a quando è neutra, mentre i partecipanti di controllo presentavano l’effetto opposto (erano quindi protetti dal materiale negativo). Nell’Esperimento 3 sono stati replicati i risultati precedenti, e si è mostrato che l’effetto è specifico per l’ansia (cioè si trova anche quando i livelli di depressione corrispondono alla media della popolazione o sono al di sotto). Inoltre, si è mostrato che l’effetto è specifico per il materiale negativo (e non si trova per il materiale positivo). Gli Esperimenti 2 e 3 hanno mostrato che anche i sintomi internalizzanti a livello sub-clinico implicano elevati livelli di falsi ricordi per materiale negativo, che questo fenomeno si può trovare anche nel caso specifico dell’ansia di tratto, e che è ristretto al materiale negativo. Inoltre, è interessante notare che l’elemento critico, cioè l’antecedente causale, non è emotivamente carico di per sé, ma è collegato ad eventi emotivi. Per questo l’ipotesi della pre-attivazione dei concetti negativi nel caso dei disturbi emotivi (Howe & Malone, 2011) in questo caso non può essere applicato. La spiegazione potrebbe piuttosto avere a che fare con una sovra-elaborazione del materiale negativo negli individui con alti livelli di ansia e di depressione (si veda Gotlib & Joormann, 2010). In effetti, è interessante notare che il quadro dei risultati negli Esperimenti 2 e 3 assomiglia a quello dell’Esperimento 1 (con i partecipanti con forti tratti internalizzanti che si comportano in modo simili a quelli che hanno rielaborato il materiale). Negli Esperimenti 4 e 5 mi sono concentrato sul ruolo della Memoria di Lavoro (ML; Baddeley, 2000, 2012). Si sa che la ML ha un ruolo cruciale nel “binding”, cioè nell’unire assieme i diversi aspetti di un ricordo, il che che permette di creare delle rappresentazioni vivide di un evento (Mitchell, Jonhson, Raye, & Greene, 2004), e dunque di evitare i falsi ricordi (Peters, Jelicic, Verbeek, & Merckelbach, 2007). Tuttavia, non è chiaro cosa succeda nel caso del materiale negativo. Si sa che il materiale negativo tende a interferire con la capacità di controllo della ML, riducendone la prestazione (Osaka, Yaoi, Minamoto, & Osaka, 2013). Di conseguenza, il materiale negativo dovrebbe portare a maggiori falsi ricordi, tuttavia di solito si osserva l’opposto (Kensinger, 2007). È dunque possibile che il materiale negativo abbia sia effetti “protettivi” (dati da una maggiore distintività e da una più accurata codifica; Kensinger & Corkin, 2004) che effetti “avversi” (interferendo con il controllo della ML) nei confronti dei falsi ricordi. Anche se normalmente prevalgono gli effetti protettivi, gli effetti avversi potrebbero emergere quando le capacità di base di ML sono ridotte. Nell’Esperimento 4 un ampio gruppo di studenti universitari è stato sottoposto al paradigma dei falsi ricordi inferenziali emotivi in condizioni di base, e la loro capacità di ML è stata misurata tramite un apposito compito attivo (De Beni, Palladino, Pazzaglia, & Cornoldi, 1998). I risultati hanno mostrato una interazione significativa tra capacità di ML e valenza del materiale sulla produzione di falsi ricordi. In particolare mentre i falsi ricordi per eventi positivi e neutri non erano particolarmente legati alla ML, quest’ultima sembrava avere un effetto protettivo sui falsi ricordi per eventi negativi. Per chiarire meglio il quadro dei risultati è stato condotto l’Esperimento 5. In questo esperimento metà dei partecipanti (gruppo sperimentale) doveva visionare il materiale mentre conduceva un doppio compito inteso ad interferire con la componente dell’esecutivo centrale della loro ML (Baddeley, 2000). I risultati hanno mostrato che la probabilità di commettere falsi ricordi era complessivamente più alta nel gruppo sperimentale rispetto a quello di controllo (si notava anche una generale caduta nell’accuratezza). Tuttavia, questo incremento nei falsi ricordi era più grande nel caso negli eventi negativi che in quello degli eventi positivi o neutri, confermando così l’importanza di avere una buona capacità di ML per essere protetti contro gli errori inferenziali nel caso degli eventi negativi. In conclusione, attraverso cinque esperimenti ho mostrato come, in genere, gli eventi emotivi (sia positivi che negativi) siano protetti dagli errori inferenziali (specialmente dagli errori di causa) a confronto con gli eventi neutri. Ciò è coerente con la letteratura. La cosa più importante, però, è che questo non succede in qualsiasi condizione. Esistono condizioni, soprattutto nel caso degli eventi negativi, nelle quali questo effetto “protettivo” è annullato o perfino capovolto. Tali condizioni includono la rielaborazione del materiale visto, la forte presenza di sintomi internalizzanti, anche a livello sub-clinico (e specialmente di ansia di tratto), e basse o ridotte capacità di ML al momento della codifica.

Oxapampa, ciudad ubicada en la selva central del Perú, mantiene una tradición del uso de la madera como principal materia prima de su arquitectura. Asimismo, acoge festivales y eventos culturales, lo cual, sumado al déficit de equipamiento cultural, hace pensar en la necesidad de implementar un complejo que soporte esta demanda. El lugar de intervención escogido corresponde al lote del ex Cine Lido, recientemente demolido (1957), con una ubicación privilegiada frente a la Plaza de Armas. Sin embargo este edificio carecía de un valor arquitectónico considerable, y su lenguaje, heredero de una modernidad inconclusa, resultaba muy disonante con la expresión arquitectónica del lugar. Es por ello que no se plantea el reciclaje de un edificio, sino el de una memoria constructiva. La propuesta parte del análisis de la arquitectura vernacular, ya que se observa una voluntad por techar luces cada vez más grandes desde viviendas hasta equipamientos públicos, como iglesias, centros de esparcimiento, entre otros. El proyecto se entiende como un contenedor. A partir de lo analizado, se propone una estructura de soporte que acoge diferentes actividades, las cuales se organizan de acuerdo a sus requerimientos espaciales. Un sistema de esqueleto, en el que la estructura, forma y programa se conjugan generando espacios definidos. La estructura en madera es soportada por un anillo de concreto armado, el cual le otorga rigidez al edificio y define un zócalo que determina la horizontalidad de la fachada exterior, dándole continuidad para entender el edificio como un volumen único que contiene la plaza. Es así que el proyecto propone el reciclaje a través de reforzar la vigencia de una tradición constructiva mediante su actualización tecnológica, otorgándole un valor contemporáneo a un espacio cargado de historia en la memoria de los oxapampinos.

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La recherche prend comme point de d?part la dimension formative du m?moire de formation, consider?e comme constitutive de l??criture de soi, et cherche ? probl?matiser cette dimension au tour du questionnement suivant: Comment le m?moire de formation devient-il un instrument de recherche-action-formation? Les analyses s?appuient sur les principes th?oriques du paradigme anthropoformateur, propos? par Pineau (2005), les ?tudes r?alis?es par Passeggi (2006?, 2006b, 2007, 2008?, 2008b) sur les m?moires, les travaux de recherche de N?voa (1988, 1995), de Josso (2004), de Souza (2006) et de Fontana (2000), qui con?oivent la forma??o du point de vue de l? apprenant. L?univers de la recherche s?est circonscrit ? la situation de formation des ?ducateurs de la zone rurale, ?tudiants en P?dagogie dans le PROFORMA??O (CAMEAM), ? l?Univerist? de l?Etat du Rio Grande du Nord (UERN), pendant le second semestre de 2005. La recherche a crois? dif?rents types de d?marche pour recueillir les donn?es empiriques: l?observation du processus d??laboration des m?moires; un questionnaire; des entretiens informels avec les enseignants en formation et avec les formateurs; et 09 m?moires, ?crits par les participants de la recherche. Les analyses des donn?es empiriques montrent que l??criture des m?moires, en tant que d?marche de recherche-action-formation, r?velent que la dimension formative se d?double en d?autres dimensions: etnosociologique, heuristique, herm?neutique, social et afective, autopoi?tique et politique. Dans la qu?te de soi (recherche), mise en oeuvre dans et par l??criture (action), chaque narrateur construit de nouveaux sens ? la vie et (re)signifient les repr?sentations de soi (formation). Les r?sultats confirment la richesse et les potentialit?s du m?moire, m?me dans des conditions non ideal, ce qui permet d?affirmer as valeur travail acad?mique important dans la formation des enseignants
A pesquisa tomou por base a dimens?o formativa do memorial de forma??o, constitutiva da escrita reflexiva de si e procurou problematiz?-la em torno da seguinte indaga??o: Como o memorial se constitui instrumento de pesquisa-a??oforma??o? Adotamos como refer?ncias te?ricas os princ?pios do paradigma antropoformador, tra?ado por Pineau (2005), os estudos realizados por Passeggi (2006a, 2006b, 2007, 2008a, 2008b) sobre os memoriais, os trabalhos de N?voa (1988, 1995) e os estudos de Josso (2004), Souza (2006) e Fontana (2000), que concebem a forma??o do ponto de vista do aprendente. O universo da pesquisa se circunscreve ? situa??o de forma??o de educadores do campo, alunos do Curso de Pedagogia do PROFORMA??O, oferecido pelo CAMEAM/UERN no semestre 2005.2. A pesquisa triangulou diferentes tipos de procedimentos de recolha de dados: observa??o do processo de elabora??o dos memoriais; question?rio; e 09 memoriais, produzidos pelos participantes da pesquisa. As an?lises dos dados emp?ricos mostram que a escrita dos memoriais como procedimentos de pesquisaa??o- forma??o revelam que a dimens?o formativa se desdobra em outras dimens?es: etnossociol?gica, heur?stica, hermen?utica, social e afetiva, autopoi?tica e pol?tica. Na busca de si (pesquisa), proporcionada na e pela escrita (a??o), cada narrador encontra novos sentidos para a vida e ressignifica as representa??es de si (forma??o). Os resultados validam a riqueza potencial do memorial, que mesmo em condi??es n?o ideais, constitui um trabalho acad?mico valioso em cursos de forma??o de professores

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Busca describir en la Cordillera Negra el engarce engarce de la memoria y la estrategia oral anclado en el gran marco de la tradición oral andina. Ello implica atender de manera minuciosa el nivel lingüístico y el mundo representado que sumadas ambas a la lógica reivindicativa de Uchcu Pedro configuran serios cuestionamientos a la mentalidad occidental.

Hay preguntas que acompañan a lo largo de la vida y permiten todo tipo de referencias a momentos y a espacios diferentes en la historia. Me refiero, en este caso, a interrogantes sobre el sentido y las formas del teatro en la vida social: ¿Qué es el teatro? ¿Para qué sirve? ¿Quiénes lo hacen? ¿Qué significa actuar?
Tesis

Nonvolatile memories are transforming the data center. Over the past decade, enterprise flash has evolved to provide a thousand times more random-access throughput than mechanical disks, with a thousand times lower latency and ten times more capacity. These remarkable improvements completely reshape software concerns, allowing storage systems to take a more central role in dynamic resource management, but demanding that they do so with significantly lower overheads. This thesis presents several novel software techniques for managing high-density storage systems. In particular, it describes a probabilistic approach to workload modeling that provides guaranteed error bounds while dramatically reducing memory overheads relative to existing state-of-the-art algorithms. It also documents the design and implementation of a storage controller that leverages dynamic constraint satisfaction techniques to continually optimize data and network flow placement for performance, efficiency, and scale. These advances are presented within a broader design framework that provides a flexible and robust platform for managing all aspects of storage resource allocation. Informed by experiences and insights gained over six years of building an enterprise scale-out storage appliance, it is based on three key ideas: light-weight abstraction to decouple logical resources from physical hardware, online analysis to capture workload requirements, and dynamic actuation to adjust allocations as requirements change. Together, these capabilities allow storage software to dynamically adapt to changing workload behavior and allow stored data to play a more active role in data center computing.
Science, Faculty of
Computer Science, Department of
Graduate

Orientadores: Guido Costa Souza de Araújo, José Nelson Amaral
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação
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Resumo: Nos últimos anos, Memórias Transacionais (Transactional Memories ¿ TMs) têm-se mostrado um modelo de programação paralela que combina, de forma eficaz, a melhoria de desempenho com a facilidade de programação. Além disso, a recente introdução de extensões para suporte a TM por grandes fabricantes de microprocessadores, também parece endossá-la como um modelo de programação para aplicações paralelas. Uma das questões centrais na concepção de sistemas de TM em Software (STM) é identificar mecanismos ou heurísticas que possam minimizar a contenção decorrente dos conflitos entre transações. Apesar de já terem sido propostos vários mecanismos para reduzir a contenção, essas técnicas têm um alcance limitado, uma vez que o conflito é evitado por interrupção ou serialização da execução da transação, impactando consideravelmente o desempenho do programa. Este trabalho explora uma abordagem complementar para melhorar o desempenho de STM através da utilização de escalonadores. Um escalonador de TM é um componente de software que decide quando uma determinada transação deve ser executada ou não. Sua eficácia é muito sensível às métricas usadas para prever o comportamento das transações, especialmente em cenários de alta contenção. Este trabalho propõe um novo escalonador, Dynamic Transaction Scheduler ¿ DTS, para selecionar a próxima transação a ser executada. DTS é baseada em uma política de "recompensa pelo sucesso" e utiliza uma métrica que mede com melhor precisão o trabalho realizado por uma transação. Memórias Transacionais em Hardware (HTMs) são mecanismos interessante para implementar TM porque integram o suporte a transações no nível da arquitetura. Por outro lado, aplicações que usam HTM podem ter o seu desempenho dificultado pela falta de escalabilidade e transbordamento da cache de dados. Este trabalho apresenta um extenso estudo de desempenho de aplicações que usam HTM na arquitetura Haswell da Intel. Ele avalia os pontos fortes e fracos desta nova arquitetura, realizando uma exploração das várias características das aplicações de TM. Este estudo detalhado revela as restrições impostas pela nova arquitetura e introduz uma política de serialização simples, porém eficaz, para garantir o progresso das transações, além de proporcionar melhor desempenho
Abstract: In the last few years, Transactional Memories (TMs) have been shown to be a parallel programming model that can effectively combine performance improvement with ease of programming. Moreover, the recent introduction of (H)TM-based ISA extensions, by major microprocessor manufacturers, also seems to endorse TM as a programming model for today¿s parallel applications. One of the central issues in designing Software TM (STM) systems is to identify mechanisms or heuristics that can minimize contention arising from conflicting transactions. Although a number of mechanisms have been proposed to tackle contention, such techniques have a limited scope, because conflict is avoided by either interrupting or serializing transaction execution, thus considerably impacting performance. This work explores a complementary approach to boost the performance of STM through the use of schedulers. A TM scheduler is a software component that decides when a particular transaction should be executed. Their effectiveness is very sensitive to the accuracy of the metrics used to predict transaction behaviour, particularly in high-contention scenarios. This work proposes a new Dynamic Transaction Scheduler ¿ DTS to select a transaction to execute next, based on a new policy that rewards success and an improved metric that measures the amount of effective work performed by a transaction. Hardware TMs (HTM) are an interesting mechanism to implement TM as they integrate the support for transactions at the lowest, most efficient, architectural level. On the other hand, for some applications, HTMs can have their performance hindered by the lack of scalability and by limitations in cache store capacity. This work presents an extensive performance study of the implementation of HTM in the Haswell generation of Intel x86 core processors. It evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of this new architecture by exploring several dimensions in the space of TM application characteristics. This detailed performance study provides insights on the constraints imposed by the Intel¿s Transaction Synchronization Extension (Intel¿s TSX) and introduces a simple, but efficient, serialization policy for guaranteeing forward progress on top of the best-effort Intel¿s HTM which was critical to achieving performance
Doutorado
Ciência da Computação
Doutor em Ciência da Computação

STMicroelectronics has developed a test chip, Spider-Mem, containing several instances of a 32 KB PCM array macrocell to experimentally characterize the phase change memory cells and investigate its performance when placed in an integrated circuit. This work focuses on the design of analog blocks involved in the programming operation of the phase change memory. A voltage regulator was designed in order to supplies the programming circuitry with an accurate voltage to guarantee the correct operation over the requested power supplies range and temperature interval. The voltage regulator includes a wide digital programmability that allows setting its output voltage to a value between 2.3 V and 5.4 V in order to provide the optimum supply voltage for each type of writing pulse. The operational amplifier of the voltage regulator is the most challenging block, from the performance point of view since it has to drive a current load of up to 20 mA with a small static power consumption and to guarantee a limited output voltage drop when a large current is delivered to the load. To meet these requirements, a three-stage topology stage has been chosen and a cascode compensation network was exploited to reach a faster dynamic response, as well as a larger bandwidth. The experimental characterization of the voltage regulator showed faster recovery and a smaller output voltage drop with respect to a solution designed with a standard compensation technique. In particular, the output-voltage drop has been reduced by 73%, achieving a 180-mV drop, to be compared to a drop of 680 mV in the standard regulator. An analog circuit that reduces the delay in the generation of a large programming current pulse was also implemented on the Spider-Mem chip. The circuit was designed to keep the shape of the current pulses compliant with the specifications and enables the possibility to apply sharp narrow current pulses even in the case of maximum programming parallelism. The experimental characterization of the circuit showed that the proposed solution is able to reach 80% of the required programming current in about 23 ns, thus being almost 5 times faster than the standard current mirror. A charge pump (CP) will be implemented in the future version of the test chip to make the macrocell compatible with a larger variety of applications. In this respect, a charge pump architecture with enhanced efficiency was developed. The proposed CP architecture is based on an enhanced charge transfer technique between differently sized capacitors that allows the charge transfer between adjacent capacitors with a higher efficiency with respect to the case of a standard technique. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed CP architecture, a three-stage structure was designed and compared with three conventional charge pumps. Simulation results showed an improvement in the charge transfer efficiency of the proposed CP by more than 20% when compared to any other of the three conventional charge pumps. Moreover, two theoretical studies were developed to provide useful guidelines to optimize trade-offs commonly encountered in the design of two-stage CMOS operational amplifiers and to be exploited in the design of the next Spider-Mem versions: an enhanced frequency compensation technique and a design strategy aimed to optimize the gain-bandwidth product. The simulation results of an operational amplifier exploiting the enhanced compensation technique showed a 7-time higher gain-bandwidth product utilizing a compensation capacitor about 50 times smaller with respect to the case of a Miller compensation. Finally, the proposed design strategy provides the expressions of the optimum values of transistors sizes, bias currents, and compensation capacitance that allow obtaining the maximum gain-bandwidth product for given specifications in terms of maximum power consumption, total silicon area, and load capacitance.
STMicroelectronics has developed a test chip, Spider-Mem, containing several instances of a 32 KB PCM array macrocell to experimentally characterize the phase change memory cells and investigate its performance when placed in an integrated circuit. This work focuses on the design of analog blocks involved in the programming operation of the phase change memory. A voltage regulator was designed in order to supplies the programming circuitry with an accurate voltage to guarantee the correct operation over the requested power supplies range and temperature interval. The voltage regulator includes a wide digital programmability that allows setting its output voltage to a value between 2.3 V and 5.4 V in order to provide the optimum supply voltage for each type of writing pulse. The operational amplifier of the voltage regulator is the most challenging block, from the performance point of view since it has to drive a current load of up to 20 mA with a small static power consumption and to guarantee a limited output voltage drop when a large current is delivered to the load. To meet these requirements, a three-stage topology stage has been chosen and a cascode compensation network was exploited to reach a faster dynamic response, as well as a larger bandwidth. The experimental characterization of the voltage regulator showed faster recovery and a smaller output voltage drop with respect to a solution designed with a standard compensation technique. In particular, the output-voltage drop has been reduced by 73%, achieving a 180-mV drop, to be compared to a drop of 680 mV in the standard regulator. An analog circuit that reduces the delay in the generation of a large programming current pulse was also implemented on the Spider-Mem chip. The circuit was designed to keep the shape of the current pulses compliant with the specifications and enables the possibility to apply sharp narrow current pulses even in the case of maximum programming parallelism. The experimental characterization of the circuit showed that the proposed solution is able to reach 80% of the required programming current in about 23 ns, thus being almost 5 times faster than the standard current mirror. A charge pump (CP) will be implemented in the future version of the test chip to make the macrocell compatible with a larger variety of applications. In this respect, a charge pump architecture with enhanced efficiency was developed. The proposed CP architecture is based on an enhanced charge transfer technique between differently sized capacitors that allows the charge transfer between adjacent capacitors with a higher efficiency with respect to the case of a standard technique. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed CP architecture, a three-stage structure was designed and compared with three conventional charge pumps. Simulation results showed an improvement in the charge transfer efficiency of the proposed CP by more than 20% when compared to any other of the three conventional charge pumps. Moreover, two theoretical studies were developed to provide useful guidelines to optimize trade-offs commonly encountered in the design of two-stage CMOS operational amplifiers and to be exploited in the design of the next Spider-Mem versions: an enhanced frequency compensation technique and a design strategy aimed to optimize the gain-bandwidth product. The simulation results of an operational amplifier exploiting the enhanced compensation technique showed a 7-time higher gain-bandwidth product utilizing a compensation capacitor about 50 times smaller with respect to the case of a Miller compensation. Finally, the proposed design strategy provides the expressions of the optimum values of transistors sizes, bias currents, and compensation capacitance that allow obtaining the maximum gain-bandwidth product for given specifications in terms of maximum power consumption, total silicon area, and load capacitance.

This thesis explores form and flow of space through the program of a theatre and gallery. It studies the relation between a building and its surrounding landscape, in order to create public gathering spaces. It also deals with the question of scale and its reflection on how you feel the space. In this project, the building is an extension to the landscape where the ground becomes the roof, and where the boundaries of a space are blurred. The project is also a memorial for the 2011 and 2013 revolutions in Egypt. It is a place of memory but also a space to inspire future generations. In studying the relationship between two elements, model making and sketching were the primary means of generating the form. Then the design was advanced through a series of digital models and hand sketches. My drawings in general are a rational representation of the spaces. It deals with the sense, rather than the material aspect, of the space.
Master of Architecture

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
A tese tem como objeto de estudo o acompanhamento da escrita de memoriais de forma??o, elaborados como trabalho de conclus?o do curso de gradua??o em Pedagogia (PROGRAPE). A pesquisa organizou-se em torno das seguintes quest?es norteadoras: Como se entrecruzam experi?ncia profissional das professoras-formadoras e suas pr?ticas de acompanhamento da escrita dos memoriais; Quais as inquieta??es das professoras e alunas sobre o processo de biografiza??o? Que procedimentos possibilitam o acompanhamento dos memoriais de forma??o sem perder de vista sua dimens?o formadora? O pressuposto que embasa esta investiga??o baseia-se na compreens?o de que acompanhamento da escrita do memorial de forma??o constitui-se das dimens?es de ensinar e aprender ao longo de um processo de coinvestimento nas pr?ticas de orienta??o em grupo. Participaram da pesquisa duas professoras-formadoras e um grupo de sete alunas -formandas. Como fontes de pesquisa foram utilizados: dois ensaios autobiogr?ficos escritos pelas professoras-formadoras e seus di?rios de acompanhamento das alunas elaborados durante o ano letivo de 2011; a transcri??o da intera??o entre as professoras-formadoras e a pesquisadora em dois grupos reflexivos, realizados para a discuss?o e o aprofundamento das quest?es orientadoras da pesquisa. Do ponto de vista conceitual, tr?s categorias te?ricas fundamentaram as an?lises: (i) a no??o de experi?ncia, compreendida como auto(trans)formadora da pessoa que narra e faz uma reflex?o sobre a pr?pria experi?ncia (LARROSA, 2002, 2004, 2010; JOSSO 2010, 2012); (ii) aprendizagem que resulta do trabalho de escrita para dar sentido ? experi?ncia vivida (CHARLOT, 2000, 2001, 2008; JOSSO, 2004, 2010, 2012) e (iii) identidade, que ? (re)constru?da durante o processo de biografiza??o, na intera??o social com o outro (N?VOA, 1992; DUBAR, 1997; LAWN, 2001; PIMENTA 1997). A an?lise dos dados revela a import?ncia do trabalho no grupo reflexivo com as professoras-formadoras fortalecendo, por um lado, a din?mica do coinvestimento biogr?fico para o desenvolvimento da compreens?o delas mesmas e de sua identidade docente e, por outro lado, para que sa?ssem de uma vis?o individual de acompanhamento e adotassem uma pr?tica coletiva mais prof?cua para o processo de biografiza??o. Observou-se, ainda, que experi?ncias, saberes e pr?ticas profissionais entrecruzam-se na dimens?o do cuidar do outro e repercutem para al?m das injun??es institucionais ?s quais devem responder um memorial de forma??o. Os registros realizados nos di?rios pelas professoras-formadoras sobre a pr?tica do acompanhamento oportunizaram reflex?o, reorienta??o e avalia??o no percurso de escrita de cada aluna, ao tempo em que apontaram para as possibilidades da continuidade da forma??o das professoras-formadoras. Conclui-se que as dimens?es da autoforma??o, heteroforma??o e ecoforma??o est?o imbricadas no acompanhamento do processo de biografiza??o e confirmam que o acompanhamento ? uma pr?tica de aprendizagens m?tuas e complexas que p?e em di?logo a subjetividade das pessoas envolvidas, sem deixar de atentar para os elementos contextuais e institucionais nos quais est?o inseridos

Movement and memory are two of the most fundamental components of our existence. From the moment of birth, we rely on a variety of movements to interact with people and objects around us, and as we grow, we continuously form new motor memories to improve the fidelity of these interactions by exploring and learning more about our environment, especially in unfamiliar situations, ultimately becoming better equipped to handle novel and unknown environments. In this dissertation, we explore four facets of motor memory associated with voluntary movement and postural control in the upper limbs: (1) Optimal motor memory formation via sensorimotor integration. We ask whether the motor system combines prior memories with new sensory information to produce statistically-optimal weight estimates. We find that the weight estimate that the motor system makes in order to re-stabilize one’s arm posture when an object is rapidly removed from the hand that supports it, reflected information integration in a Bayesian, statistically-optimal fashion. Remarkably, we demonstrate that when experiencing the well-known size-weight illusion, the motor and perceptual system’s weight estimates are biased in opposite directions, suggesting two divergent modes for information integration within the central nervous system. (2) Movement features important for the learning and generalization of motor memories. We show that, velocity-dependent adaptation generalizes across different movements, even from discrete straight point-to-point to continuous circular movements, however the amount of generalization is limited and context-dependent. In a series of experiments, we quantified the contributions of different movement features to the elicited adaptation transfer. In particular, we show that other movement states (i.e. position and acceleration) make only minor contributions whereas, the contexts provided by movement geometry and movement continuity are critical. (3) Internal representation of motor memories in intrinsic-extrinsic coordinates. We show that motor memories are based not on fully intrinsic or extrinsic representations but on a gain-field (multiplicative) combination the two. This gain-field representation generalizes between actions by effectively computing movement similarity based on the Mahalanobis distance across both intrinsic and extrinsic coordinates, in line with neural recordings showing mixed intrinsic-extrinsic representations in motor and parietal cortices. (4) Motor memories with local and global generalization. We demonstrate the existence of two distinct components of motor memory displaying different generalization footprints: One generalizes only locally, around the trained movement direction and with the trained end-effector, whereas the other generalizes broadly across both., We proceed to show that broad generalization results from a rapidly-learning adaptive process, dominates on easier-to-learn tasks, and performs high-level processing, producing adaptation vectors that integrate multiple sources of information, in line with a recent theory for perceptual learning.
Engineering and Applied Sciences

Book Summary: New Ways in Teaching With Humor explores the whole gamut of possibilities for using humor in English language teaching. Find ideas for beginning to advanced students, 5-minute activitiesto start a class on a humorous note to multiday projects, and silly English puns and jokes to activities for examining controversial social issues. Topics covered include: Humor and Language Development; Wordplay and Puns; Comics and Cartoons; Jokes and Joke Telling; Sitcoms and Movies; Internet Resources and Digital Literacy; and Parody, Satire, and Sarcasm.What all these lessons have in common is that they all use humor to enhance the English learning experience and provide English language learners with the linguistic and cultural knowledge they need to become more proficient users of the language. New Ways in Teaching With Humor not only shows the how of using humor in the English language classroom, but also the why.

Tesis para obtener el grado de maestro en ciencia de materiales
Los polímeros con memoria de forma (SMP) son aquellos capaces de recordar su forma original, volviendo a ella incluso después de haber sido deformados, debido a la acción de un estímulo externo. El estímulo utilizado en nuestro trabajo fue la temperatura, la cual se tiene reportado que para los SMP, su mecanismo de acción depende en gran medida de una temperatura de transición vítrea (Tg), donde est Tg puede ser modificada con la adición de nanopartículas metálicas.

Fort Clatsop National Memorial is a unit of the National Park Service in Clatsop County, Oregon. The memorial was established by an Act of Congress in 1958 to commemorate the culmination and 1805-1806 winter encampment of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. The memorial centers around a replicated fort structure. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the process of preserving historic sites under the National Park Service (NPS) by examining the history of Fort Clatsop National Memorial. Through this examination it is possible to understand the realities of the national preservation system and the ideals fostered by those involved in the system. The Fort Clatsop site became the subject of folk history in Clatsop County, which culminated in a community movement for national recognition. During the community sponsored l 50th anniversary celebration of the Expedition, local civic groups built the existing fort replica. The management needs of the replica caused the site owner, the Oregon Historical Society (OHS), to actively pursue national recognition. To achieve the creation of a national memorial, OHS and community members enlisted the help of Senator Richard L. Neuberger. Senator Neuberger drafted and successfully sponsored legislation for the creation of the memorial. Since the memorial's creation in '1958, the site has been under the management of the National Park Service (NPS). As a historical, commemorative unit, the NPS is responsible under the 193 5 Historic Sites Act for presenting the history of the Expedition to the public. Such historic interpretation includes the use of costumed demonstrations, exhibits, and other interpretive media. Fort Clatsop also represents the ideals of education and inspiration in NPS interpretive policies. In conclusion, the examination of Fort Clatsop illustrates factors involved in the creation of historic sites within the NPS and how private individuals and Congress affect the selection of historic sites for preservation. While illustrating how the private sector and Congress can decide what historic sites are preserved under the park system, this examination also illustrates how the park system handles those sites placed under its management and how NPS management helps shape public memory.

Il tema della memoria umana è oggetto d interesse di differenti discipline, quali la filosofia, le scienze umane e la psicologia le quali hanno contribuito ad arricchirne il significato. Non esiste una definizione precisa ed ultima della memoria: ci riferiamo a essa parlando di ricordi, quando compiamo azioni (memoria procedurale), quando raccontiamo la nostra storia. Possediamo una memoria genetica; le feste nazionali sono espressione di una memoria collettiva e come diceva Freud, i nevrotici sono ammalati di ricordi. Cos è quindi la memoria? Cos è il ricordo? Vi è differenza tra il percepire e il ricordare? Che rapporto c è tra il ricordo e l immaginazione? Esistono diversi tipi di memoria? Qual è il significato della memoria collettiva? La narrazione del passato può essere ritenuta una forma indispensabile di ricordo? Sin dall antichità, i maggiori filosofi si sono posti l interrogativo su questa fondamentale funzione, ponendo le basi di quella ricerca di cui poi si sarebbe occupata la psicologia in età contemporanea. Le neuroscienze cognitive hanno determinato un ulteriore cambiamento di prospettiva, indirizzando l analisi principalmente sul rapporto mente/corpo, mente/strutture nervose. Oggi è stata abbandonata l antica metafora che immaginava la memoria come un magazzino in cui potessero venire accumulate una serie di esperienze vissute dal soggetto nel corso della sua vita: nello scenario contemporaneo essa è rappresentata come un insieme di funzioni interconnesse. Ciò che introiettiamo come passato, non rimane sempre uguale a se stesso nell atto di essere richiamato alla memoria ma muta selezionato, analizzato e riorganizzato in base agli obiettivi e alle esigenze stabilite dal presente. Il ricordo ha importanza sociologica in quanto sostenuto e regolato dalla memoria collettiva, ovvero da un quadro sociale in cui convivono le rappresentazioni collettive, il linguaggio, i rapporti interpersonali ecc. Quello della memoria non è un campo di ricerca del tutto chiarito ai nostri giorni, ma, vista l efficacia dei contributi apportati dalle diverse discipline nel corso del tempo alla problematica, e la concreta possibilità di una cooperazione tra di esse, ci si auspica che la ricerca un giorno possa giungere ad una comprensione più completa di questa funzione essenziale per la vita dell uomo.

Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autor
Describe la tradición oral afropisqueña, sus temas, personajes más frecuentes, prácticas ancestrales, reglas sociales y los sistemas cognitivos con que los afrodescendientes de esta zona del país aprehenden e interpretan la realidad. Si bien la literatura escrita, 5 a veces con mirada estereotipada y discriminadora, hizo posible conocer la identidad del sujeto afroperuano y las relaciones conflictivas entre los que son afroperuanos y los que no lo son; la literatura oral permite escuchar la voz, la misma que se posiciona en el discurso y habla desde un lugar de enunciación propio para contar las historias de vida con sus fracturas, olvidos y silencios.
Tesis

L'obiettivo di questo lavoro di tesi è stato studiare le caratteristiche, le proprietà, le applicazioni con conseguenti vantaggi e svantaggi di un particolare tipo di smart materials: i materiali a memoria di forma. Il capitolo 1 tratterà delle leghe metalliche a memoria di forma, il successivo si concentrerà invece sui polimeri a memoria di forma. In ognuno di questi, relativamente al materiale affrontato, si presterà particolare attenzione agli “effetti” che contraddistinguono tali materiali da quelli più comuni, come l’effetto memoria di forma o la superelasticità. Successivamente, nei vari sottoparagrafi, l’attenzione si sposterà sulle tecniche di caratterizzazione, utili per capire le proprietà di una lega o di un polimero rispetto ad un altro, e sulle conseguenti classificazioni di entrambi. Per quanto riguarda i polimeri, si accenneranno certi parametri fondamentali di cui è necessario tener conto per conoscere bene il polimero considerato. La trattazione, in ambedue i casi, terminerà con un focus sulle applicazioni più diffuse e su quelle più interessanti di tali materiali, fornendo dettagli sulle tecnologie utilizzate e sugli stimoli dettati per eccitare i sistemi.

La presente investigación ha sido desarrollada en base al proyecto artístico Casa Tomada, gestado a inicios de la emergencia sanitara por la Covid-19 en el año 2020. A partir de la intercambiabilidad y el diálogo continuo entre la escultura, la fotografía y el grabado principalmente, esta propone indagar la arquitectura doméstica como lugar-archivo, palimpsesto de memoria que abriga y revela las huellas del habitar. Asimismo, plantea la relación casa-cámara-caja negra como forma de estudiar la casa a modo de contenedor de vida y memoria, creando un desplazamiento de la escultura hacia un terreno híbrido experimental donde convergen la materia, la luz y la magia. Mediante cartografías arqueológico-poéticas, derivas, procesos analógicos y la creación de tecnologías auto-fabricadas de exploración sensorial, la presente investigación-creación reflexiona acerca de la metodología de trabajo generada desde el confinamiento y las posibilidades que surgen para el desarrollo de la práctica artística dentro de esta nueva normalidad.
This research has been developed based on the artistic project Casa Tomada, created at the beginning of the Covid-19 sanitary emergency in 2020. Mainly based on the interchangeability and continuous dialogue between sculpture, photography and engraving, it proposes to investigate the domestic architecture as a place-archive, palimpsest of memory that preserves and reveals the traces of inhabiting. It also proposes the relationship house-camera-black box as a way of studying the house as a container of life and memory, creating a displacement of sculpture towards an experimental hybrid terrain where matter, light and magic converge. Through archaeological- poetic cartographies, drifts, analogical processes and the creation of self-fabricated technologies of sensorial exploration, this research-creation reflects about the methodology of work generated from the confinement and the possibilities that arise for the development of artistic practice within this new normality.

Although Alfred Tennyson's 1850 elegy, In Memoriam, has long been regarded for the quality of its grief and its doubt, the deepened sense of struggle and doubt produced by his allusions to Horace in both the matter and the meter of the poem have not been considered. Attending to both syntactical/tonal allusions and metrical allusions to Horace's Odes in In Memoriam, I will examine Horace's role in creating meaning in Tennyson's poem. Drawing on various critics and Tennyson's own works, I argue that Tennyson was uncommonly familiar with Horace's Odes and Horatian Alcaic (the most common meter of the Odes). I explore the similarities between the In Memoriam stanza form and the Horatian Alcaic as well as their differences to demonstrate that, while he was certainly capable of more closely replicating the Alcaic in English, Tennyson suggests but ultimately resists Horace's meter. Resistance to Horace's meter mirrors Tennyson's resistance to Horace's paganism. I conclude that Tennyson's identification with Horace, but not too close an identification, serves to enhance the themes of the poem—struggle, tension, grief, and doubt—in a way that would go unnoticed without a close examination of Horace's influence upon In Memoriam.

The human brain is an extremely powerful pattern recogniser, as well as being capable of displaying amazing feats of memory. It is clear that human memory is associative; we recall information by associating items together so that one may be used to recall another. This model of memory, where items are associated as pairs rather than stored at a particular location, can be used to implement computer memories which display powerful properties such as robustness to noise, a high storage capacity and the ability to generalise. One example of such a memory is the Binary Correlation Matrix Memory (CMM), which in addition to the previously listed properties is capable of operating extremely quickly in both learning and recall, as well as being well suited for hardware implementation. These memories have been used as elements of larger pattern recognition architectures, solving problems such as object recognition, text recognition and rule chaining, with the memories being used to store rules. Clearly, the performance of the memories is a large factor in the performance of such architectures. This thesis presents a discussion of the issues involved with optimising the performance of CMMs in the context of larger architectures. Two architectures are examined in some detail, which motivates a desire to improve the storage capacity and generalisation capability of the memories. The issues surrounding the optimisation of storage capacity of CMMs are discussed, and a method for improving the capacity is presented. Additionally, while CMMs are able to generalise, this capability is often ignored. A method for producing codes suitable for storage in a CMM is presented, which provides the ability to react to previously unseen inputs. This potentially adds a powerful new capability to existing architectures.

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Bachelors
Arts and Sciences
Psychology

The content of this thesis encompasses the fundamentals, modelling, chip design, nanofabrication process, measurement setup, and experimental results of devices exploiting the optical properties of phase-change chalcogenide materials. Special attention is paid to integrated Si₃N₄ nanophotonic circuits for optical switching and memory applications, as well as to multilayer stacks for colour modulation. Herein, the implementation of the first robust, non-volatile, phase-change photonic memory is presented. By utilising optical near-field effects for Read, Write and Erase operations, bit storage of up to eight transmission levels is demonstrated in a single device employing Ge₂Sb₂Te₅ as the active material. These on-chip memory cells feature single-shot read-out of the transmission state and switching energies as low as 13.4pJ at speeds approaching 1GHz. The capability to readily switch between intermediate states is also demonstrated, a feature that requires complex iteration-based algorithms in electronic phase-change memories. This photonic memory is not only the first truly non-volatile memory---a long-term elusive goal in integrated photonics---but could also potentially represent the first multi-level memory, including electronic counterparts, that requires no computational post-processing or drift correction. These findings provide a pathway towards solving the throughput limitations of current computer architectures by eliminating the so-called von-Neumann bottleneck and portend a new paradigm in all-photonic memory, non-conventional computing, and tunable photonic devices. Finally, novel capabilities in electro-optic colour modulation using phase-change materials are demonstrated. In particular, this thesis offers the first implementation of Ag₃In₄Sb₇₆Te₁₇-based optical cavities for colour modulation on low-dimensional multilayer stacks. Moreover, "gray-scale" image writing is demonstrated by establishing intermediate levels of crystallisation via voltage modulation. This finding, in turn, corresponds to the first demonstration of nonvolatile colour-depth modulation in the emerging phase-change materials nanodisplay technology, featuring resolutions down to 50nm. Furthermore, a comprehensive comparison is carried out for two types of materials: growth- (Ag₃In₄Sb₇₆Te₁₇) and nucleation-dominated (Ge₂Sb₂Te₅) alloys in terms of colour, energy efficiency, and resolution. These results provide new tools for the new generation of bistable and ultra-high-resolution displays and smart glasses while allowing for other potential applications in photonics and optoelectronics.

Ferroelectric random access memories (FRAM) are considered as future memories due to high speed, low cost, low power, excellent radiation hardness, nonvolatility, and good compatibility with the existing integrated circuit (IC) technology. The non-volatile FRAM devices are divided into two categories, based on reading technique: destructive readout (DRO) FRAM and non-destructive readout (NDRO) FRAM. Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) is recently considered as one of the most promising materials for DRO FRAM devices due to its excellent ferroelectric properties. There are remarkable advances in the applications of PZT thin films, but the direct integration into high density CMOS devices is restricted by high processing temperatures. Hence, it is desirable to lower processing temperature and develop novel high temperature electrode-barrier layers for achieving high density DRO FRAM devices. The NDRO FRAM devices have been developed mainly using metal-ferroelectric-semiconductor (MFS) and metal-ferroelectric-metal-insulator-semiconductor (MFMIS) structure. This devices use the remanent polarization of ferroelectric films to control the surface conductivity of a silicon substrate. The problem of the NDRO FRAM is that the actual electric field applied to ferroelectric films is very small compared to the external electric field, because of the large depolarization field in the MFS structure and the high capacitance ratio of ferroelectric capacitor and SiO2 capacitor in series in the MFMIS structure. Since the typical ferroelectric films show very high dielectric constant over 400, it is desired to develop ferroelectric films with low dielectric constant and low coercive electric field. This research is primarily focused on developing low temperature processing and high temperature electrode-barrier layers for DRO FRAM application, and exploiting novel ferroelectric materials for NDRO FRAM application. The low temperature processing was achieved by a novel sol-gel processing, which takes advantage of in-situ electrode template layer, rapid heating-treatment without pyrolysis step, and molecularly modified precursors. The PZT films with various composition were also investigated as a function of Ti content. In order to study the integration issues for these PZT films, a substrate was constructed as Pt/TiN/TiSi2/poly-Si, which represents a scheme of capacitor in high density DRO FRAM devices. The ferroelectric films were incorporated into the substrate, and their ferroelectric properties were investigated as a function of annealing temperature. Excellent ferroelectric properties were observed for the thin films processed at a low temperature of 500 °C as contacting between top Pt and bottom polysilicon. The other approach we have taken to overcome the integration problems in high density DRO FRAM devices is to develop high temperature electrode barrier layers. In this research, Pt/IrO2/Ir hybrid layers were prepared on poly-Si substrate as high temperature electrode-barriers. The PZT films fabricated on the Pt/IrO2/Ir/poly-Si substrates exhibited good ferroelectric properties and outstanding fatigue properties after high temperature processing. It was observed from Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) profiles that the hybrid oxide electrode minimized fatigue problem by reducing the oxygen vacancies entrapment at the electrode/ferroelectric interfaces. This results indicated that Pt/IrO2/Ir high temperature electrode-barrier layers promise to solve major problems of PZT integration into high density DRO memory devices. For the NDRO FRAM devices, Sr2Nb2O7 and La2Ti2O7 thin films were prepared on Pt-coated silicon, Si(100), and Pt/IrO2/SiO2/Si substrates by metalorganic deposition (MOD) technique. The Sr2Nb2O7 and La2Ti2O7 thin films showed the dielectric constant values of 48 and 46, respectively. However, no ferroelectricity was observed at room temperature, which might be attributed to extremely small grains. Extensive studies on preparation and properties of Sr2(Ta1-xNbx)O7 (STN) both in bulk and thin film form were carried out as a function of composition. The STN films exhibited small dielectric constant of around 46, irrespective of the composition.
Ph. D.

The motor system endows us with the ability to control movement – an ability that provides us, almost exclusively, with the means through which we interact with our environment. To accomplish this, the motor system continuously maintains, adapts, or forms anew memories that support the execution of a multitude of motor tasks, from the basic but critical like breathing or reaching, to complex and elaborate patterns of motion like those of an NBA player or a master cellist. Here, I use a series of behavioral paradigms to probe the mechanisms behind the formation and retention of motor memories related to motor adaptation. Specifically, I investigate the learning of both internal representations of the expected state of the environment but also representations of the uncertainty associated with that expectation. First, I focus on the interplay between the formation of estimates for the expected environmental dynamics and the formation of estimates about the variability of these dynamics. I show how variability estimates are critical for the control of the safety margin associated with grip forces, and that grip force control is, in fact, three times more sensitive to changes in variability – specifically, the standard deviation, σ – than the expected value of environmental dynamics. This ratio of sensitivities effectively acts to provide a 3-σ confidence level (>99%) against slip. A consequence of heightened sensitivity of grip forces to uncertainty that we observe, is that grip forces strongly increase upon a change in environmental dynamics, regardless of whether that change increased or decreased the strength of the load. This in turn leads to bizarre, asymmetric grip force learning curves to step increases vs. step decreases in dynamics, explaining previous studies where grip force adaptation appeared to outpace manipulatory force adaptation. I proceed to show that this variability-driven safety margin control is based on a low-order variability metric that is robust to outliers in the distribution of environmental dynamics. Second, I examine the temporal stability of motor adaptation. Using a visuomotor adaptation task, I investigate the speed and breadth of decay due to the passage of time, and find that adaptation consists of distinct temporally-labile and temporally-stable components. Whereas temporally-labile adaptation decays within the timecourse of only a few tens of seconds, the remaining temporally-stable adaptation persists well beyond that timeframe. Moreover, this temporally-stable adaptation predicts and acts as a gateway towards the long-term retention of the trained adaptation. Comparison of the temporal stability of motor adaptation formed from one training session to the next reveals wide-ranging differences that are not only driven by differences across individuals, but, remarkably, by considerable differences across different sessions for the same individual. Based on a brain stimulation study and the reanalysis of previous studies on cerebellar patients, I proceed to identify the primary motor cortex and the posterior parietal cortex as likely parts of a network involved with temporally-labile adaptation, and the cerebellum as a part of a network involved with temporally-stable adaptation. A different study revealed that, in spite of the fact that temporally-stable adaptation is remarkably persistent even after prolonged active washout, savings – the phenomenon of faster relearning of a previously learned adaptation – is not driven by the reemergence of this strong, stable memory, but, instead, by an increased propensity of the temporally-labile component to relearn the task at hand. Third, I examine how the rate of adaptation to changes in the environment is modulated by the statistics of that environment. Specifically, I show how the rate at which the motor system adapts to changes in the environment is primarily determined not by the degree to which environment change occurs – i.e. environmental variability – but by the degree to which the changes that do occur persist from one movement to the next – i.e. the trial-to-trial consistency of the environment. Finally, I find that repetition of the same learning stimulus can greatly potentiate the effect of consistency, although, unlike consistency, repetition alone does not increase adaptation rate.
Engineering and Applied Sciences - Engineering Sciences